750 - HISTORY OF OHIO. HON. ROBERT LUCAS. [See page 489.] The romance of frontier life, with all its hardships, has peculiar charms for the imagination. The log house in the primitive forest, crowded with game of every variety ; the crystal stream flowing by the door ; the boundless prairie, at one time a perfect wilderness of bloom, with its flowers of gorgeous hues, again blazing in sublime conflagration, and again covered with deer and buffaloes, whose numbers are to be counted by thousands ; the Indian canoe, floating like a bubble upon the sea ; the bands of savage hunters and warriors in their picturesque costume, all these combine to give attractions to men of imaginative mood. Amid essentially such scenes Governor Lucas passed his early days. He was born at Shepherdstown, Jefferson County, Virginia, on the 1st of April, 1781. His father was a descendant of William Penn. His mother was of Scotch extraction. Dissatisfied with slavery, Mr. Lucas freed every one of his adult slaves and made humane provision for all. He then removed to the soil of the Northwestern Territory, north of the Ohio, which was consecrated to freedom. He took up his abode in the beautiful but solitary village of the Scioto at the commencement of the present century. Ohio had not then been admitted into the Union, and there were but few settlers scattered over its vast expanse. Robert was then about nineteen years of age. We infer that his father was a man of considerable means, since he was able to give his son a good practical education. A Scotch schoolmaster taught him mathematics and surveying. As a skillful surveyor he found remunerative employment immediately in the new and unexplored territory. In 1810 he married Miss Elizabeth Brown, who died two years after, leaving an infant daughter. In 1816 he married Miss Sumner, a young lady from Vermont, who had accompanied her parents in their emigration from the rugged hills of New England to the fertile prairies of the West. When young Lucas was but twenty-three years of age he was appointed County Surveyor of Scioto County. The standing of the family is evidenced by the fact that his elder brother, Joseph, was at that time associate judge of the Court of Common Pleas. When twenty-five years of age he received a commission as justice of the peace for Union Township, Scioto County. In those days every able-bodied man was bound to be a soldier. Robert Lucas passed through all the military grades to that of major general of the Ohio militia. In the war of 1812, when the military science of Great Britain was united with the ferocity of savage warriors, all the energies of Mr. Lucas were called into requisition. He sent twelve hundred of his brigade to march to Detroit. Placing himself at the head of a small company of picked men he advanced through the forest to Greenville to watch the movements of the Indians. Then volunteering his services in the dangerous capacity of a scout, he passed through adventures of peril, of hardships, of hair-breadth escapes, the detail of which would fill a volume. Governor Lucas accompanied Hull's army in crossing the Detroit River and invading Canada. He took so active a part in all the movements there that HISTORY OF OHIO - 751 many, dissatisfied with General Hull, and inspired with confidence in the military ability of young Lucas, indiscreetly urged him to take the command, which, of course, he refused to do. Hull's army, defeated and humiliated, retreated across the river, and Detroit was surrendered to the enemy. From this surrender Mr. Lucas made his escape by putting his sword into his brother's trunk, exchanging his uniform for a citizen's dress, and walking into the town before the British. After taking notes of all that was transpiring, he embarked on board a small vessel and reached Cleveland in safety. He was this year commissioned as captain in the regular army, and rose to the rank of colonel in that service, when other duties called for his resignation. In 1816 he became a member of the Ohio Legislature, and for nineteen consecutive years served either in the House or the Senate. In 1820, and again in 1828, he was chosen as one of the Presidential Electors of Ohio. In 1832 he was elevated to the distinguished honor of chairman of the Democratic National Convention, in Baltimore, which nominated General Jackson for his second term of service. Robert Lucas had thus become one of the most prominent men in Ohio. His name was known throughout the state. In 1832 he was elected governor of Ohio, and re-elected in 1834. He declined a third nomination. It was during his administration that the perplexing question rose respecting the boundary line between Ohio and Michigan. We have already described the nature of this controversy and its results. Governor Lucas removed from Portsmouth, in Scioto County, to Piketon, in Pike County. Here he resided twenty-two years, He was then appointed by President Van Buren Governor of the Territory of Iowa. To this office was joined the great responsibilities of Superintendent of Indian Affairs. A journey from the interior of Ohio through the pathless wilderness to the banks of the Upper Mississippi was then a great undertaking. It occupied weeks, and exposed one to great hardships and not a few perils. We have not access to any record of the incidents of this journey. The governor set out from home, leaving his family behind him, on the 25th of July, and did not reach Burlington, then the temporary seat of the territorial government, until the middle of August. He was accompanied by Mr. Jessie Williams, as clerk of the Indian Department, and by Mr. Theodore S. Parvin, as his private secretary. It was not until the next year that his family joined him. His subsequent history was troubled and eventful, as he was called to encounter many very serious political difficulties, and to struggle against the most formidable opposition. But this portion of his career is connected with the annals of Iowa rather than with those of Ohio. God preserved his life through more than the allotted three-score years and ten. He died on the 7th of February, 1853, at the age of seventy-two. It is said that all the members of the family save one were gathered around the dying bed of the affectionate husband and the tender father. His remains now repose in the cemetery adjoining Iowa City. Iowa is much indebted for her prosperity to the impulse given by her first governor. He zealously advocated the common school system, now one of the crowning glories of the state. No gambler or drunkard could receive an appointment from him. Through his influence probably Iowa was, it is said, 752 - HISTORY OF OHIO. the first of the states to enact by the popular voice a prohibitory liquor law. The marble shaft which marks his grave bears the inscription, ROBERT LUCAS, Died February 7th, 1853. Aged 71 years, 19 months and 6 days. He served his country in the war of 1812 ; was elected twice Governor of Ohio, and was the organic Governor of Iowa Territory. " I am the Resurrection and the Life. He that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live." HON. JOSEPH VANCE. [See page 503.] Joseph Vance was Governor of Ohio from 1836 to 1838. He was born on the 21st of March, 1786, in Washington County, Pennsylvania. The blood of the Scotch-Irish Presbyterians circulated in his veins. In 1788 his father, a poor man, with his small family, emigrated to the Northwestern Territory. Joseph was a toddling babe two years old. The family floated down the river on a raft, and for a time resided in the solitude and silence of the wilderness of the southern or Kentucky shore of the river. These were the dreadful days on Indian warfare, of war-whoops and tomahawks and scalping-knives. The savages were numerous, and were led at that time by a renowned Indian called Captain Pipe, and by the renegade white man, Simon Girty. Mr. Vance built him a strong block-house, where his neighbors could join him for defense, in case of alarm. Their home was in the region to which we have alluded as traversed by McArthur's scouts. Here young Joseph became acquainted with McArthur, and a friendship was formed which lasted through life. In the year 1801, when Joseph was fifteen years of age, his father crossed the river into Ohio. After moving from place to place he reared the first cabin erected in what is now Urbana, Ohio, and became a permanent resident there. Under these circumstances the educational advantages of Joseph Vance were very limited. Tie had no instruction save the little teaching which his father could give him, and six months' schooling from an itinerant Irish schoolmaster. Young Joe, as he was familiarly called, commenced life as a plow-boy and a wood-chopper, ready to turn his hand to any job which might present itself. He was a stout, energetic boy, never afraid of hard work, and remarkably skillful in swinging the ax. After working very industriously one season he laid up sufficient money to purchase a yoke of oxen. With this team, having purchased several barrels of salt, he traveled through all the distant and scattered settlements of Kentucky, peddling out his load at the log cabins. This shows certainly very remarkable force of character in a boy of fifteen. The cattle moved at a snail's pace. The roads were often horrible, with bogs to wade through and rivers to ford. The gloomy forest was to be traversed, the path being often obstructed by gigantic trees blown down by the wind. Often HISTORY OF OHIO - 753 for weary leagues he would find no cabin. At night, all alone, he would camp out, building a large fire to keep off the howling wolves and panthers, and standing guard through the night, rifle in hand, to protect his oxen from these ferocious beasts of prey. The chivalry of this world is not all to be found on the field of battle. The arduous enterprises of peaceful life often call into requisition all the noblest and most heroic traits of human character. Young Vance continued this business for several years, finding it very profitable. He often suffered severely from hunger, thirst and exposure. Not unfrequently he would find a stream so swollen by the rain that it was necessary for him to wait several days in the tangled forest on its banks for the water to subside so that he could cross the ford. Sometimes he would find a swamp so wet and soft that it became necessary to unload the team and drive the cattle over first, and then roll each barrel over by strength of hand. At twenty-one years of age Joseph Vance married Miss Mary Lemen, of Urbana. Two years after this he was elected captain of a rifle company, which was several times called out to fight the Indians in the murderous excursions upon which the savages entered just before the war of 1812. As a rendezvous for his company on its expeditions, he built a strong block-house on the edge of a prairie, a few miles north of Urbana, which the wary savages could not approach unseen. With his brother John, in 1812, he piloted Hull's army through the pathless forest to Fort Meigs, on the Maumee. In 1817 he contracted with two others, Samuel McCulloch and Henry Van Metre, to furnish the northern army with provisions. On foot they drove cattle and swine several hundred miles through the forest, while flour, whisky and other necessaries were transported on sleds and wagons. With versatility characteristic of these western emigrants, he entered into mercantile business for three years at Urbana and Fort Meigs, now Perrysburg. It was extremely difficult at that day to transport goods to those distant wilds. They were carted through the dark and dense forest, across the country to Fort Findlay, on the upper waters of Blanchard's Fork. There they were paddled or poled in canoes down the shallow and winding stream to the Auglaise. Thence they pushed down that stream, full of whirling eddies and shallows, upon which their boat not unfrequently grounded. Upon reaching the Maumee they had good boat navigation to Fort Meigs. The remarkable fact is stated that on one occasion, when hopelessly stranded on the Auglaise, having unavailingly used every effort again to get afloat, a friendly Indian chief appeared upon the bank and shouted out to them in broken English : " Get heap brush ; make big fire ; heap smoke : make cloud ; get rain." This indicates, it has been said, that the theory of M. Espy, the Storm King, was not original with him. The industry of Joseph Vance was untiring. Whatever he undertook prospered. In the midst of all these accumulated labors he was in 1812 elected to the State Legislature, and continued a member of that body for four successive years. Increasing in wealth, he, with two others, in 1820, purchased a large tract of land upon the upper waters of Blanchard's Fork and founded the town of Findlay. At the same time he was elected Representative in Congress, and for fifteen years, until 1836, continued 754 - HISTORY OF OHIO. a member of that body. He was always at his post, and though seldom attempting to speak, was highly regarded for his sound judgment. Politically, he was a Whig, and a warm admirer of Henry Clay. In the year 1836 he was elected Governor of Ohio. Nothing of interest occurred during his term of office. From the gubernatorial chair he retired to his farm near Urbana, intending to spend the remainder of his days free from the agitations of office. But the voice of the people soon called him again to the State Senate ; and in 1842 he was re-elected to Congress. In 1850, while attending a constitutional convention, he was struck with paralysis, and died at Urbana on the 24th of August, 1852. Governor Vance has left behind him a high reputation for industry, ability and enlightened patriotism. To his tireless energies the state is much indebted for its prosperity. HON. WILSON SHANNON. [See page 513.] In the year 1802 Mr. Shannon, father of Wilson Shannon, emigrated from Pennsylvania, and took up his residence in Belmont County, Ohio. One year after Mr. Shannon had reared his humble home in these solitudes, through which Indian bands were ever roving, his son Wilson was born, on the 24th of February, 1803. In this deep seclusion and silence of the wilderness Wilson remained, assisting his father in the varied duties of the farm, until he was fifteen years of age. His opportunities of getting an education were of course very limited. In 1818 he was sent to school, for one year, at what was called the Ohio University, at Athens. With such preparation, at the close of the year he entered Transylvania University, at Lexington, Kentucky. In this school he remained two years, and then returned to his native county, to commence the study of law, Having completed these studies, he opened an office in the little struggling village of St. Clairsville, which had become the shire town of Belmont County. Here, for eight years, Mr. Shannon continued engaged in the various pursuits of a country lawyer, ever rising in reputation as a man of ability and integrity. In the year 1832 his neighbors indicated their estimate of his worth by nominating him as the Democratic candidate for a seat in Congress. But Whig principles then ruled the state, and Mr. Shannon, as was expected, lost the election. Two years after this, in 1834, he was nominated for the office of district attorney of the county. His appreciation by his neighbors is evidenced in the fact that he was chosen by a majority of twelve hundred votes. The duties of this office he discharged with such ability that his reputation was greatly extended. In 1838, the Democrats of Ohio, in looking over the state in search of the most popular man they could find as their candidate for the gubernatorial chair, selected Wilson Shannon. He was nominated by the convention, and after a very closely contested election was chosen by about thirty-six hundred majority. At the close of the term he was re-nominated by acclamation. Hon. Thomas Corwin, one of the most popular and eloquent of men, was the Whig candidate. HISTORY OF OHIO - 755 Party politics then ran very high throughout the whole nation. The slavery question was becoming one of absorbing interest. Martin Van Buren and William Henry Harrison were rival candidates for the Presidency. Governor Shannon addressed the people in nearly every county in the state. Mr. Corwin did the same. In this conflict " Greek met Greek." " Tom Corwin," as he was familiarly called, possessed unrivaled powers to move the masses. The day of election came. " Tom " was chosen by a majority of fifteen thousand votes. The personal popularity of Governor Shannon was manifest from the fact that the state went against Van Buren, the Democratic candidate for the Presidency, by a majority of twenty-five thousand. Governor Shannon, retiring from office, returned to the practice of law in Belmont County. Two years after this, in 1842, the Democratic Convention again, with entire unanimity, nominated Governor Shannon for the chair of the chief executive. Governor Corwin was again the Whig candidate. Both men canvassed the state. Governor Shannon won by about four thousand majority. In the Spring of 1843, the National Government tendered to Governor Shannon the office of Minister to Mexico. In June he repaired to the " Halls of the Montezumas," and discharged the then exceedingly difficult and delicate duties of ambassador at the Mexican Court for two years. Upon the annexation of Texas, when the Mexican authorities renounced all diplomatic intercourse with the United States, Governor Shannon returned home and again resumed the practice of law. In the discharge of these peaceful labors he continued for seven years. In 1852 he was nominated as the Democratic candidate for Congress from the Belmont district, and was chosen by a majority of thirteen hundred votes. His action in Congress gave such satisfaction to his party, then in power, that he was appointed by the President Governor of the Territory of Kansas. The direful conflict which soon culminated in civil war was even then beginning to develop its energies upon those far-distant plains. It was the great struggle between freedom and slavery which soon deluged our land in one of the most sanguinary wars this war-scathed globe has ever witnessed. Of Governor Shannon's administration in Kansas we know but little. No mortal man could then satisfy the antagonistic parties. After holding the office about fourteen months, in 1856 he was superseded by John W. Geary. In 1857 Governor Shannon removed his family to Kansas, and opened a law office in Lecompton, then the capital of the territory. His reputation was such that he. immediately entered upon a very extensive practice. An immense amount of litigation grew out of contested land claims, under the preemption laws of the United States. Upon the admission of Kansas as a state of the Union the capital was removed to Topeka. Governor Shannon then removed to the City of Lawrence, where he still resides, in the year 1874, revered and beloved by all who know him. He has already passed his three-score years and ten. May a kind Providence lead him serenely through the evening of his days, till his laborious and useful earthly life shall terminate in translation to a better land. 44 756 - HISTORY OF OHIO. HON. THOMAS CORWIN. [See page 535.] In the year 1798, when the present State of Ohio was an almost unbroken wilderness, Matthias Corwin—a man of some note in his day—took up his residence in what is now called Warren County, Ohio. Though one of the most respectable and honored men in the state, his children in their wide seclusion and log cabin could enjoy but few advantages of education. His son Thomas was a bright boy, who was sure to triumph over all adverse circumstances. The first school the child entered was held in a log shed which his father and some neighbors, who were anxious for the education of their children, had constructed by the labor of a few hours. It stood upon the right bank of a little stream called Turtle Creek, about a mile from the thriving town of Lebanon. A young man by the name of Dunlevy, who subsequently attained some distinction, taught the school. It was however in operation only one or two months in the year. In 1803, eight years after Mr. Corwin's removal to that region, the growing settlement numbered about fifty families, mostly dwelling in log houses and quite scattered in the cultivation of their farms. A continuous school was established. Still Thomas could attend only during the winter months. His services during the summer were required in the labors of the farm. He was, however, an earnest student, eager to learn, and endowed with unusual natural abilities. His leisure hours he improved, and thus laid the foundation of his future fame and fortune. Thomas was about fifteen years of age when, in 1812, our country became involved in the second war with Great Britain. Our unnatural enemies were stimulating the savages all along our northern frontier to kill, burn and destroy. General Hull had made his disastrous surrender of Detroit. All the plans of the War Department in the Northwest were thus deranged. Our soldiers, unsupplied with food, were in danger of starvation. In this emergence Judge Corwin, the father of Thomas, determined to send a team to the extreme frontier loaded with supplies for the suffering troops. Young Thomas drove the team. This is almost the only exciting adventure during his life. He was a politician, a statesman, an orator. His great efforts and his great triumphs were in addressing popular assemblies and in legislative halls. And yet this apparently trivial incident probably exerted a powerful in. fluence in promoting his future success in life. The backwoodsmen in former years were very fond of striking titles. Strang, as it may seem, there were thousands who in those days of comparative ignor. ance deemed a man better qualified to fill the highest office in the state because when a boy he had driven a wagon through an almost pathless wilderness. Ant. it can not be denied that, as " the boy is father of the man," the energies displayed in youthful years will doubtless be developed in mature life. When in 1840 Thomas Corwin was candidate for Governor of Ohio, the rallying cry of the campaign was " Tom Corwin, the Wagoner Boy." A vast assemblage of his supporters was congregated at Columbus. One of the speakers roused the enthusiasm of the masses by the following words : " When the brave Harrison and his gallant army were exposed to the dangers HISTORY OF OHIO - 757 and hardships of the Northwestern frontier, separated from the interior, on which they were dependent for their supplies, by the brushwood and swamps of St. Mary's country, through which there was no road, where each wagoner had to make his way wherever he could find a passable place, leaving traces and routes which are still visible for a space of several flays' journey in length, there was one team managed by a little, dark-complexioned, hardy-looking lad, apparently about fifteen or sixteen years old, who was familiarly called Tom Corwin. Through all of that service he proved himself a good whip and an excellent reinsman. And in the situation in which we are about to place him he will be found equally skillful." A popular song aided in exciting the enthusiasm of the masses during this successful canvass. The first verse, which we give, will show the character of the whole: " Success to you, Tom Corwin ! Tom Corwin, our true hearts love you Ohio has no nobler son, In worth there's none above you. And she will soon bestow On you her highest honor ; And then our state will proudly show Without a stain upon her." In this mysterious life of ours we seldom know what are blessings and what are calamities. Thomas returning from the frontier, resumed his labor upon the farm. One day he seriously injured his knee, which so crippled him that for some time he was incapable of performing any physical labor. During tedious months of confinement his only resource and his delightful resource, was books, He thus enlarged and disciplined his mind, laid up valuable stores of knowledge, and acquired that command of language which made him one of the most effective extempore speakers our country has ever known. The scholarly tastes and habits he thus acquired led him to engage in the study of the law. He was a hard student, and acquired the reputation of an accomplished scholar. In 1817 he was admitted to the bar, and at once took a commanding position. He was not only a well-read lawyer, but he was a sound reasoner and an eloquent speaker. The reputation of the young lawyer rapidly increased. In 1822 he was elected to the General Assembly of Ohio. He served but a short time, and very wisely retiring from the Assembly, devoted all his energies to his profession. His practice became very extensive and lucrative. In 1829 partisan politics ran very high. to the disgust of all sober men. Mr. Corwin, much against his will consented to be the candidate of the intelligent portion of the community, who wished to rebuke the demagogism of the times. The popularity of Mr. Corwin was such chat he was elected by a large majority of votes. In 183o he represented his district in the Congress of the United States, where he continued, by successive elections, for ten years. In 1840, as we have mentioned, he was nominated for governor at a great mass convention, held at Columbus. He was quite triumphantly elected. He served but one term, from 1840 to 1842. The fluctuation of politics gave a rival candidate a plurality of votes. The office of governor, with the limited powers which, under the constitution, he then possessed, had few attractions for Mr. Corwin. Facetiously he remarked : " The principal duties of the governor are to appoint notaries public and pardon convicts in the penitentiary." 758 - HISTORY OF OHIO. A generous and humane spirit characterized the administration of Governor Corwin. He made special inquiry into the conduct of those in the state's prison. If there was anyone whose deportment had been good during his confinement, and who gave promise of reformation, the governor would sign a pardon a few days before the expiration of his term, that he might be saved the disgrace of lifelong exclusion from all political franchises. His two annual messages were greatly admired for the sound doctrine advocated, and for the eloquence with which his ideas were expressed. In 1845 Mr. Corwin was elected to the honorable and responsible post of United States Senator. He discharged the duties of this office with distinction, until 185o, when President Fillmore appointed him Secretary of the Treasury. In 1852 he returned from public life to his home among his old neighbors and friends in Lebanon. He had now a national reputation, and though regarding Lebanon as his home, he opened a law office in Cincinnati. But it is seldom that one who has occupied a responsible position amidst the excitements of Washington, can long be contented with the tranquil scenes of private life. He consented again to stand as a candidate for the Thirty-sixth Congress, and was triumphantly elected. He never rose to speak unless he had something important to say. The consequence was that whenever he appeared upon the floor he commanded the undivided attention of the house. There were occasions when he exhibited powers of eloquence which were rarely excelled. No man was more quick to discern the weakness of an adversary's position. In wielding the weapons of sarcasm and ridicule he was almost unrivaled. These dangerous powers were so under the control of his amiable and gentle disposition, that he rarely excited the animosity of his opponents. The unquestioned sincerity which pervaded every word he uttered, gave great persuasive power to all he said. In March, 1861, President Lincoln appointed Governor Corwin Minister to Mexico, for which post he sailed the following month. He remained in Mexico until May, 1864, when he returned to the United States, and opened a law office in the City of Washington. Mr. Corwin continued here in the practice of his profession until his death on the 18th of December, 1865. While in attendance at a party given to members of Congress and other prominent persons from Ohio, at the residence of Mr. Wetmore, on the evening of December 16, he was suddenly stricken down by an attack of apoplexy. In two hours he became unconscious, and remained in this condition till death relieved him. His remains were conducted to his old home in Lebanon, Ohio, by a committee of Congressmen and other prominent citizens of Ohio. Governor Corwin, in his conversational eloquence, ever drew social groups around him. Though not a man of collegiate culture, he was a highly educated man, far surpassing in his mental furniture thousands of those who have spent listless years in collegiate halls. From boyhood he had exhibited, in private life, the utmost integrity and purity of character. In his professional career, a high sense of honor distinguished him. He was a diligent student through his whole life, ever enlarging and strengthening his mental faculties. And when, at a good old age, he was summoned from the scenes of his useful and active earthly career the whole nation mourned the loss of one of the most illustrious of her sons. CHAPTER XLI. LIVES OF THE GOVERNORS - CONTINUED. MORDECAI BARTLEY, WILLIAM BEBB, SEABURY FORD, REUBEN WOOD, WILLIAM MEDILL. HON. MORDECAI BARTLEY. [See page 551.] Mordecai Bartley came from an old English family, engaged in agricultural pursuits. The grandfather of Mordecai came to this country as early as the year 1724, and landed at Jamestown, Virginia. In those early colonial days life with every family was spent in toil and privation. The father of Mordecai married an English woman, and commenced his family life on a farm which he had purchased in Fayette County, Pennsylvania. Mordecai was born the 16th of December, 1783. His early years, until he attained maturity, were spent in hard work on his father's farm. During this time he attended school sufficiently to obtain a good English education. In 1804 he married Miss Wells, and five years afterwards moved to Jefferson County, Ohio. Here, upon the banks of the beautiful river, and near the mouth of Cross Creek, he purchased a farm. Three years after this his peaceful labors were interrupted by the breaking out of the war with Great Britain. Vigorously he raised a company of volunteers, of which he was captain, and he rendered good service under General Harrison. At the close of the war he removed to the almost unbroken wilderness of Richland County, in the interior of the state. There was then a small settlement at Mansfield. But west of that there was a region the white man's foot had seldom traversed, and which civilization had never penetrated. Here, with his ax, he opened a clearing in the forest and reared his home. Upon this farm he worked diligently and successfully for twenty uneventful years. In 1834 he removed to Mansfield, the county seat, and with the savings of his long years of labor entered into mercantile business. He must have early developed a character which won the confidence of the community, for while on the farm, in 1817, he was elected a member of the State Senate. At the same time he was appointed by the Legislature to an important position called Register of the Land Office. This gave him charge of the Virginia Military District School Lands. 760 - HISTORY OF OHIO. In 1823, when forty years of age, he was elected a member of Congress, and contiuued to fill that office for eight years. At the end of his fourth term he declined a re-election. Though while in Congress he rarely entered into the debates, he was very faithful in the performance of his duties, He was the first to propose the converting of the land grants of Ohio into a permanent fund for the support of common schools. He secured an appropriation for the improvement of the harbors of Cleveland, Sandusky City, Huron and Vermillion. He was a warm friend of Henry Clay, and supported the administration of John Quincy Adams. In 1844, Mr. Bartley, having retired from Congress, and being engaged in mercantile and agricultural pursuits, was nominated for Governor. He was elected by a small majority over David Tod, the Democratic candidate. Both parties testify to the ability of his administration and to his unselfish devotion to the public interests. A serious difficulty arose at this time between the States of Ohio and Virginia. A band of armed men from Virginia crossed the river, seized and bound three citizens of Ohio, and carried them back into Virginia, accusing them of having aided in the escape of a slave. The grand jury of Washington County, Ohio, indicted the perpetrators of this violation of law, and Governor Bartley made a requisition on the Governor of Virginia for their persons. He refused to surrender them. This led to a long and very able correspondence. The question was finally carried to the Court of Appeals in Virginia. In 1846 the war with Mexico broke out. Many were strongly opposed to the war, regarding it as a measure of the pro-slavery party to wrest land from Mexico to be cut up into slave states. The party which elected Mr. Bartley almost universally entertained this view. When the President of the United States issued his call for troops, Mr. Bartley's friends were not in favor of Ohio filling her quota. But the governor took the ground that Ohio was constitutionally bound to respect the requisitions of the National Government. He adopted prompt measures to raise the necessary volunteers. They were organized under his personal supervision, and delivered to the United States authorities. The executive messages of the governor prove him to have been a man of real ability. He thoroughly comprehended the somewhat complex principles of our noble institutions, recognizing the sovereignty of the National Government in all those questions surrendered to its jurisdiction, while with equal clearness he recognized those local rights which each state had reserved to itself. He declined a second nomination, though strongly urged to permit it. Governor Bartley was an earnest Christian. He adorned his profession by his life, and did what he could by example and active influence to lead neigh.. bors and friends to embrace that religion of Jesus, whose fundamental principles are, " God is our common father, man is our brother." His comprehensive mind could not be shackled by narrow sectarianism. In his early years he united with the Baptist Church. As at Mansfield there was no church of his own denomination, he united with the Methodist Episcopal Church, and engaged actively in the promotion of its interests. He passed the evening of his days at Mansfield, beloved by his children, who HISTORY OF OHIO - 761 were justly proud of their eminent Christian father, and revered by the whole community. After his term of office as governor expired, he abstained entirely from public life, and divided his attention between the practice of the legal profession and agricultural pursuits, near the City of Mansfield. For the six years previous to his death he was severely afflicted with paralytic strokes, from the effects of which his sight and hearing became injured, and from which he died at his home in Mansfield, on the loth of October, 187o. Governor Mordecai Bartley has three children still living— Ex-Governor Thomas W. Bartley, practicing law in Washington, D. C.; Mrs. Arnold, wife of G. B. Arnold, a merchant in Mansfield, Ohio, and Mrs. Susan B. Steele, the wife of Colonel Steele, of New Orleans, Louisiana. Three of his children have deceased, two of them leaving families to mourn their departure. They were Mrs. Bishop E. Thompson, of the M. E. Church ; Dr. David Bartley, and John P. Bartley. The latter died while a cadet at the West Point Military Academy. HON. WILLIAM BEBB. [See page 565.] William Bebb was Governor of Ohio from 1846 to 1848. His father, Edward Bebb, emigrated to this country from Wales, in the year 1795. Crossing the mountains on foot, with a companion, to explore the Far West, he visited Cincinnati ; and thence the fertile valley of the Miami. He was delighted with the climate, and forseeing the future wealth of the valley, though it was then but a wilderness, purchased an extensive tract of land, and on foot retraced his steps on the long journey back to Pennsylvania. Here he met a lady, Miss Roberts, to whom he had been engaged in Wales, and, marrying her, with his bride returned to his wilderness home in Ohio. Mr. Bebb was a superior man, of sound judgment, joyous and ever hopeful disposition, and one who made himself agreeable to all who approached him. Mrs. Bebb was a lady of refinement and culture. It must have been a strange home, amidst the solitudes of the forests, to which Mrs. Bebb was introduced. Their neighbors were scattered, in log huts, at distances of several miles. Many of them were vagabonds, fugitives from justice. Wild looking, unshorn, half naked savages were continually entering her door. Under these circumstances her son William was born, in the year 1804. There were no schools there. But both father and mother took the deepest interest in the instruction of their children. They saw and deplored the fact that many children were growing up around them mere white savages. William learned to read at home. His father took a weekly paper, published at Cincinnati, called the Western Spy. It was distributed by a private post-rider. At that time all the world was watching, with eager interest, the achievements of Napoleon I. William Bebb read with the greatest avidity the brief narrative of his campaigns which was contained in the small provincial sheet. At length, as the country advanced, a very eccentric man came along who established a school. Under him William studied diligently English, Latin and 762 - HISTORY OF OHIO. Mathematics, working in the meantime, and especially in the vacations, on his father's farm. When twenty years of age he opened a school at North Bend, and resided in the home, very moderate in its appointments, of General Harrison. In this employment he remained a year, and in 1824 married Miss Shuck, a very estimable lady, who was the daughter of a wealthy German. Soon after marriage he commenced the study of law, continuing his school and boarding many of his pupils. This double labor rendered it necessary for him to rise very early. He was eminently successful as a teacher, and his school attracted pupils from the most distinguished families of Cincinnati. Mr. Bebb was a strong Whig, in favor of Henry Clay. Most of his neighbors were equally strong Democrats, supporters of General Jackson. Still he was very popular with his neighbors. He was invited to deliver an address before the Butler County Agricultural Society. He wrote it with great care, and delivered it from memory. It added greatly to his reputation. In 1831 he rode on horseback to Columbus, where the Supreme Court was in session, and was admitted to the bar of the state. He removed to Hamilton, on the Miami, about twenty-five miles north from Cincinnati, and opened a law office. Here he continued, in quiet, successful practice, fourteen years. During all this time he took an active interest in political affairs. During what was called the " Plaza Cider Campaign," he stumped the state in favor of General Harrison. In 1846 he was elected Governor. The conflict between the Democrats and Whigs was intense and angry. William Bebb was born in Ohio. Never before had a native-born citizen been a candidate for the Governor's chair. This added to his popularity, and he received the campaign name of the " Buckeye Boy." When he was inaugurated the Mexican war was in progress. Though strongly opposed to it, as originating in a desire to perpetuate slavery, yet he felt bound to give his energetic support to all the measures ordered by the General Government. Party feeling ran so high that there was not a little danger of civil war. The moderation of the governor aided in averting the terrible calamity. Governor Bebb, a humane man, was much interested in prison reform. He did much to ameliorate the condition of the prisoners. They were provided with books, and their gloomy cells were so lighted, until nine at night, that they could read. There was great activity in constructing railroads and turnpikes. The currency was sound. Free schools were established ; all the arts of industry were amply rewarded, and the whole state was in a condition of high prosperity. In the year 1847 Governor Bebb purchased five thousand acres of land in Rock River County, Illinois. The location was delightful, and the Soil rich. Five hundred acres of the pristine forest constituted a magnificent natural park. Other portions consisted of a beautiful prairie, flower-enameled, waiting for the plow. A stream of crystal water ran through the lands fed by perpetual springs. In July, 1850, Governor Bebb removed to his attractive and valuable purchase. He took with him five horses and quite a number of cattle of the choicest breeds. They would find the best of pasturage on the rich prairies. He continued to take an active interest in politics as an earnest Whig. HISTORY OF OHIO - 763 In 1855 he visited Great Britain and the Continent of Europe. Finding many in Wales inclined to emigrate to America, he took an active interest in the enterprise. A company was formed, and a tract of one hundred thousand acres of land was purchased in East Tennessee. Just before the arrival of this party, Charles Sumner was struck down in the Senate, by the bludgeon of Brooks. Secession and civil war were threatened. The whole country was in intense agitation. There was no safety for any one, in a southern state, who was not an advocate for slavery. The few of the colonists who had arrived were in great consternation. Governor Bebb deemed it his duty to go to them, lend them his countenance and aid, and share their peril. Civil war broke out. Governor Bebb and his family fled. Parson Brownlow warned him that he could not return but at the peril of his life. The discouraged emigrants were scattered, and they settled in different parts of the Union. Horrid war, with its devastation, swept the region. Governor Bebb lost his house, furniture, library, and everything which the rebels could take or destroy. Thus plundered and outraged by his own countrymen, he returned to his home in Illinois, where he remained until the inauguration of President Lincoln. He then received the appointment of Examiner in the Pension Department. In 1866 he resigned this position, and returned to the peaceful pursuits of agriculture. The scale upon which he carried on farming may be inferred from the fact that in 1868 he broke up with the plow, for crops, one thousand acres of fertile prairie, and enclosed another thousand to pasture his numerous herd. In the Fall of 1868 he took a warm interest in the success of the Republican ticket, and entered the campaign for Grant and Colfax. One cold, cloudy night in October, after addressing a meeting in Pecatonica, he rode home, nine miles, in an open wagon. This exposure immediately following the exhaustion of the speech, brought on a severe attack of pneumonia, and for several days his life was despaired of ; but an iron constitution that had never known a strain severe enough to bend it, together with careful attendance, carried him through, and he was able, by election day, to be taken in a carriage to the polls to cast his vote, and thence to the depot, where he took the cars and returned to Washington, where he spent the Winter of 1868-9. Most of his time was occupied listening to the debates in the Senate upon the important measures for civil rights and personal liberty of that winter. In March, 1869, he returned with his wife and daughter to Illinois. From the effect of this attack of pneumonia he never entirely recovered. It was the beginning of the descent, and from that time he very slowly, but none the less surely and steadily failed from a general breaking down of the vital forces rather than from any functional disease. Feeling that he was no longer able to superintend his farming land, he purchased a residence in Rockford, where he could quietly spend the remaining few years of his life. Shortly after his return to Rockford, Dr. Kerr, a man of marked ability and advanced liberal views of Christianity, withdrew from the Baptist Church, of which he was the pastor, and organized the Church of the Christian Union. In this movement he took an active part, became a member of the church and of its executive board. A warm personal friendship 764 - HISTORY OF OHIO. grew up between him and Dr. Kerr, which only terminated with his life. His mind remained clear and active up to the last moments of his life, and he was able to perform mental labor far surpassing his physicial strength. He read much, and kept well posted on all the leading events of the day. In 1872, although no longer able to enter the canvass, he was an ardent supporter of General Grant's reelection. He was much interested in the last gubernatorial contest in Ohio, although occurring but a few weeks before his death. He died on the 23d of October, 1873, as calmly as a child falling to sleep. HON. SEABURY FORD. [See page 571.] About the year 1805, John Ford, an energetic man of Scotch descent, set out 0n foot from Cheshire, Connecticut, to explore the lands of the Western Reserve in Northern Ohio. It must have been a weary journey, of many hardships. But he was poor, had a growing family, and the lands of the reserve could be obtained for a small sum. He purchased a thousand acres of fertile soil, but of unbroken wilderness, within the limits of the present town of Burton, in Geauga County. He put up a rude cabin, as a shelter from the weather, and set to work vigorously with his ax in felling the forest and grubbing up the bushes to prepare a field for corn. In the Winter he went back to his family in Cheshire. The next Spring he again repaired on foot to his new purchase, planted his cornfield, built a comfortable log cabin, and returned to Connecticut for his family. In the Autumn of 1807, John Ford, with his wife and four children, commenced their dreadful journey, through almost pathless wilds, for a distance of six hundred miles. Their equipage consisted of a huge, strong lumber wagon, without springs, drawn by four oxen. The roads were often frightfully rough and miry, and not unfrequently, for a long day's journey, not a single human residence was to be seen. Forty-two days of sunshine and of storm were occupied in this painful emigration. The youngest child of this family was Seabury Ford, then a lad but five years of age. And yet that child, of such humble parentage, was destined to be the Governor of Ohio, when that state should have attained the position of one of the most populous, wealthy, and intelligent states in the American Union. There were no schools in that rude region. For ten years the boy was mainly employed in aiding his father in hewing out a farm from the tangled forest. Fortunately for Seabury, his mother was a devoted Christian, and a woman of much capacity and intelligence. Amidst all the cares of her toilsome life she found time to teach her child to read and write, to inspire him with a love of learning, and above all, to instil into his mind those principles of integrity and piety which ennobled and embellished his future days. Very early the boy developed unusual intellectual capacities, and eagerly read all the books he could borrow in the scattered cabins around. Both father and mother were alike interested in the moral culture and the intellectual improvement of their children. When Seabury attained the age of fifteen, for two winters he was sent to a HISTORY OF OHIO - 765 common school, working on the farm with his father during the Summer. When eighteen years of age, he became so anxious to obtain a collegiate education that his father, then in comparative prosperity, decided to gratify him. By this time the progress of the country had been so rapid that there was an academy in Burton, taught by an accomplished scholar, Rev. David L. Coe. The studies of two years fitted him for college, In the Autumn of 1821, Seabury Ford, with a young companion by the name of Dexter Witter, who subsequently became an eminent preacher of the gospel, started to enter Yale College, in New Haven, Connecticut. They took a light wagon, drawn by one horse, and with their few articles of clothing in carpetbags, commenced their arduous journey. The distance can now, in the cars, be even luxuriously accomplished in about thirty-six hours. Then the route occupied more than three weeks of toilsome, painful, exhaustive journeying. Arriving at New Haven, they sold their horse and wagon, and entered upon their college duties. Seabury Ford graduated in 1825, with a high reputation for honorable conduct and for assiduity as a student. Returning to his home in Ohio, he very energetically entered upon the study of the law, and was admitted to practice in the year 1827. His character and attainments promptly secured for him extended and lucrative employment. He took a lively interest in the organization of the militia of his district, in which he attained the rank of major general, and devoted considerable time to agricultural pursuits, of which he was very fond, but took no active part in. Politics until the year 1835, when he was elected by an immense majority to represent Geauga County in the State Legislature. He was chosen for six successive sessions, and in his last term was elevated to the dignity of Speaker of the House. His speeches upon finance indicated unusual ability in that difficult branch of political economy, and widely extended his fame as a statesman. In 1841, Mr. Ford, with ever increasing reputation, represented the counties of Cuyahoga and Geauga in the State Senate. He was an ardent admirer of Henry Clay, and so intensely consecrated his energies to the election of his favorite candidate to the Presidency, as seriously to injure his own health. Though Clay was defeated, the vote of Ohio was cast in his favor. In 1848, after one of the most hotly contested elections Ohio has ever witnessed, between Whig and Democrat, Seabury Ford was chosen Governor by the small majority of eight hundred and seventy-one votes. The whole number of votes then cast was two hundred ninety-five thousand five hundred and eleven, indicating a population of nearly a million and a half. His inaugural address commanded the respect of all parties and the admiration of his friends. In that day threats of dissolving the Union, unless slavery should be made national, were like snow-flakes filling the air. Boldly and eloquently Governor Ford denounced these menaces. When he retired from the gubernatorial chair, it was the unanimous verdict of Ohio that his administration had been conducted with great ability. He retired to his pleasant homestead in Burton, with his constitution much shattered by the arduous labors of office. After a lingering sickness, he died on the 8th of March, 1855, at the age of fifty-three. 766 - HISTORY OF OHIO. For more than twenty years Governor Ford had been an honored and useful member of the Congregational Church in Burton. He died respected and beloved by the whole community. " As a neighbor, he was obliging and affable ; as a friend, generous, sympathetic, and faithful ; as a husband and father, kind and indulgent, while the genial warmth of his social temperament fitted him to be the life and ornament of the social circle." HON. REUBEN WOOD. [See page 577.] Reuben Wood, the twenty-second Governor of Ohio, was born in Middletown, Rutland County, Vermont, in the year 1792. His father was a clergyman and chaplain in the Revolutionary army. The whole family was distinguished for its devotion to the patriotic cause. Young Reuben's intelligent father was able to confer upon his son unusual advantages for the cultivation of the mind. He obtained a good English and classical education in Upper Canada, and entered upon the study of the law. Hon. Marshall S. Bidwell, an eminent lawyer, who recently died in New York, was one of his classmates. In 1812 Reuben was drafted by the Canadian authorities to serve in the war against the United States. Determined not to fight against his native flag, one dark and stormy night, with a companion, Bill Johnson, he took a birch canoe and set out to cross the ocean-like Lake Ontario, to the American shore. It was an exploit of which any knight of ancient chivalry might well be proud. A gale of wind swept the lake. The rain fell in torrents. Pitch darkness enveloped them. They were in imminent danger of being swallowed up by the waves, when they succeeded in reaching a small island. Here the storm ho. prisoned them for three days. They suffered severely for food and from exposure. As deserters from the British army, if captured, their lives would be in danger. At last, in a deplorable condition, they reached Sackett's Harbor, on the New York shore of the lake. As they entered the harbor in their frail canoe, they were arrested as spies by the patrol boats of a small American fleet there. For four days they were held as captives on board of one of the ships. An uncle of Mr. Wood, residing in the neighborhood, hearing of his arrest, gave such assurance of the patriotism of the two young men as to secure their release. Reuben Wood returned to his native town and raised a company, of which he was chosen captain. As they were marching rapidly to repel a threatened invasion on the northern frontier, the battle of Lake Champlain took place, in which the British were defeated. The volunteers, consequently, returned to Woodville and were disbanded. Mr. Wood then entered the law office of Gen. Jonas Clark, a distinguished attorney of that day. In 1818, two years after his marriage, he emigrated to Cleveland, Ohio, then farther from the New England States than Oregon is now. As he stepped ashore, at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, he found a small hamlet of straggling, scattered huts. The clearing, opened upon the river banks scarcely encroached upon the boundless forest. But a few years before the savages alone wandered through these woods, and their birch canoes glided over these still, silent waters. HISTORY OF OHIO - 767 It was necessary for Mr. Wood to apply to the Supreme Court, then in session at Ravenna, for authority to practice in the Ohio courts. His finances were such that he took this journey on foot. His wife and infant daughter soon joined him at Cleveland, taking the steamer " Walk-in-the-Water," from Buffalo. This was the first steamer on Lake Erie. A relative writes of him : " When he thus finally made up his residence in Ohio, his worldly possessions were his wife, his daughter, and a silver quarter of a dollar." His ability, industry and virtues, soon brought him into notice, and gave him constantly increasing practice. In 1825 he was elected to the Senate of Ohio, and filled that office for three consecutive terms of two years each. He was soon appointed presiding judge of the Court of Common Pleas of his district, and was subsequently promoted to the bench of the Supreme Court. In this position he exerted a powerful influence in shaping the judiciary of the state. His unsullied integrity, commanding person, dignified demeanor, and kindness of heart, won for him both affection and esteem. One familiar with his character and career, writes of him : " In the various official positions he filled the breath of suspicion was never lisped against him. In his long career of public life he maintained a character above reproach. Even the heat and injustice of party conflict never left its mark upon his character. His warm, personal, private friendships were never chilled by the bitterest political excitements. As a candidate for the suffrages of his fellow citizens, he was very popular with his party. His tall, erect form and commanding mien won for him the title of the " Old Cuyahoga Chief." Thus, when in October, 185o, he was nominated for Governor by the Democratic party, though the dominant party had been Whig for a number of years, he was elected by a majority of eleven thousand. Although the canvass was a very spirited one, not a line of abuse or any blemish on his private character was even hinted at by any paper in the state. Indeed such was his personal popularity that many Whigs, personal friends, were found electioneering or voting for him. He took his seat as Governor in 1851. The passage by Congress of the odious Fugitive Slave Law had filled the country with bitterness and dissension. Governor Wood, in his inaugural, expressed his abhorrence of slavery, while at the same time he counselled obedience to the law. " I must not," he wrote, " by any means be understood as attempting to defend the propriety and expediency of the law. It is unacceptable to a very large majority of the people of the North. It has crowded Northern feelings to its utmost tension. Public disapprobation will continue to hamper its execution and agitate its repeal. " But with all these objections to the propriety of the law, violence is not to be thought of for a moment. There is a constitutional and legal remedy which will not overthrow that stately edifice of freedom erected by our ancestors on the ruins of colonial oppression, and which has hitherto been protected by the majesty and supremacy of law. The remedy is amendment or repeal." During his administration Ohio was in a state of great prosperity, and it was generally admitted that the gubernatorial chair had never been more worthily filled. A new constitution went into effect in March, 1851, thus vacating the 768 - HISTORY OF OHIO. office of governor. Reuben Wood was re-nominated by the Democratic party, and re-elected by a majority of twenty-six thousand votes. This second term commenced in January, 1852. At the assembling of the great Democratic Convention at Baltimore, in 1852, to nominate a candidate for the presidency, the division in the party was such that forty or fifty unavailing ballots were taken. The Virginia delegation then offered to the Ohio delegation to give the entire vote of Virginia to Governor Wood if Ohio would bring him forward. The hostility of one man prevented this arrangement. The same offer was then made to the New Hampshire delegation. It was accepted, and Franklin Pierce became President of the United States. It is not improbable that the yielding of one man, causing the election of Governor Wood, would have saved our country from all the horrors cf our awful civil war. Upon incidents apparently so trifling are the destinies of nations suspended. Governor Wood devoted himself so engrossingly to pubic affairs that he neglected his private interests. Pecuniary considerations probably influenced him to accept the proffered office of the Consulate at Valparaiso, South America. This was one of the richest offices in the gift of the Government. In 1853, resigning the chair of the Chief Executive, he embarked, with his family, for that far-distant land. He addressed an affectionate letter of farewell to the people of Ohio, and thousands regretted his departure. Not finding the office as remunerative as he expected, he resigned, and in a year returned to his native land. For a short time he resumed the practice of law,and then devoted the remainder of his years to the cultivation of his splendid farm, called Evergreen Place, about eight miles out from the city. It was a beautiful home, which he had spent many years in adorning, and which was rendered doubly attractive by his generous hospitality. He continued to watch with lively interest the progress of public affairs, and foresaw the inevitable conflict between freedom and slavery. A strong Union man, he supported with all his powers the efforts of the Government to suppress the rebellion. In October, 1864, though he had already passed his three-score years and ten, he attended a large Union meeting in Cleveland. Returning home that night he was the next morning violently attacked with colic. For thirty-six hours he suffered great pain, but retained entire consciousness. At three o'clock Saturday afternoon, October 1, 1864, he died, surrounded by his weeping family. His remains now lie in Woodland Cemetery, Cleveland, surmounted by a shaft bearing the simple inscription : " REUBEN WOOD." For the above incidents the writer is indebted to a sketch admirably written by Mr. Noble H. Merwin, a grandson of Governor Wood. These pages would be enriched did our space allow us to insert the whole article. HISTORY OF OHIO - 769 HON. WILLIAM MEDILL. [See page 583] The following sketch of Governor Medill has been furnished by a gentleman who was intimately acquainted with his character and career : Governor Medill was born in New Castle County, State of Delaware, in the year 1801 ; graduate of Delaware College in 1825 ; studied law under Judge Black of New Castle, Delaware ; removed to Lancaster, Ohio, in 1830 ; entered law office of Hon. Philemon Beecher, and was regularly admitted to practice in the supreme court and the several courts of this state in 1832. In 1835, he was elected to represent this ( Fairfield ) County in the Ohio Legislature, and served in that capacity for several years, and was twice elected Speaker of the House of Representatives, which he filled with distinguished ability. In 1838 he was elected as a representative in Congress from this district, then comprising Fairfield, Perry, Morgan and Hocking Counties ; and was re-elected in 1840, and was an active and influential member of that body. In 1845 he was appointed by President Polk, Second Assistant Postmaster General, the duties of which he performed with marked ability. He was afterwards (the same year) appointed to the office of Commissioner of Indian Affairs, in which his administration was characterized by various long-needed reforms in that department and by a spirit of justice to the Indians whose guardianship he held. At the close of Mr. Polk's administration he returned to his home in Ohio, and resumed the practice of law. In 1849 he was elected a member of the convention to form a new constitution for the State of Ohio, and was elected by that distinguished body, comprising many of the most able men of the state, president of the convention. His selection from so many able and distinguished men as president, was but a just recognition of his abilities as a statesman and his great tact as a presiding officer. In 1851 he was elected lieutenant governor, and in 1853 was elected as the first governor under that new constitution he was so largly instrumental in forming and establishing. In 1857 he was appointed by President Buchanan first comptroller of the United States Treasury, which he held until the advent of Mr. Lincoln's administration. Upon his retirement from that office he returned to his home to end his days among the people whom he loved and had served, and who had ever honored and trusted him with undoubting confidence. Governor Medill was a man of undoubted talent and of great administrative ability. His private and public life was remarkably pure and unsullied from the least stain of private or official corruption. His character will be fully portrayed by pronouncing him to be what he eminently was, a true patriot ; a citizen of spotless reputation ; a trusty and confiding friend ; an able, faithful and incorruptible public servant, and a courteous Christian gentleman. Governor Medill died at his residence in Lancaster, Ohio, September 2, 1865. CHAPTER XLII. LIVES OF THE GOVERNORS — CONTINUED. SALMON P. CHASE, WILLIAM DENNISON, DAVID TOD, JOHN BROUGH, CHARLES ANDERSON. HON. SALMON P. CHASE. [See page 589.] Salmon P. Chase was born among the rough granite hills of New Hampshire, at Cornish, on the 13th of January, 1808. His father was a respectable farmer, and both of his parents were ennobled by superior intelligence and by devout Christian principle. They trained their child, who, unknown to them, was destined to so illustrious a career, to revere the Bible, the Sabbath, and all those institutions of religion upon which the welfare of every community so signally depends. When Salmon was seven years of age, his father removed to Keene, New. Hampshire, where his son enjoyed the advantages of a good common school. Two years after this his father died, leaving the widowed mother and her orphan children in very humble circumstances. Salmon had five uncles, who were men of liberal education and of considerable eminence. One of these, Philander Chase, was Episcopal Bishop of the diocese of Ohio. The bishop was at that time President of the Cincinnati College. He kindly offered to take his orphan nephew and educate him. Salmon was at that time fourteen years old. He went to Cincinnati and spent two years with his uncle. He then, at the age of sixteen, returned to New England and entered the junior class in Dartmouth College, where he graduated in the year 1826. One of young Salmon's uncles was Senator in the National Congress. This probably led him to the City of Washington, where he opened a private classical school. But the school did not prove a success. Having spent all his money, and being quite discouraged, he applied to his uncle to get for him a clerkship in some one of the departments. The senator was somewhat of a stern man. He had that characteristic want of courtesy which so many New Englanders have inherited from their British forefathers. To this application he replied: " Salmon, I will give you half a dollar with which you can buy a spade, for then you may come to something at last. But let a young man once settle down in a government office, and he never does anything more. It is the last HISTORY OF OHIO - 771 you hear of him. I have ruined one or two young men in that way, and I am not going to ruin you." Thus goaded, the energetic young man redoubled his exertions, and obtaining the patronage of Henry Clay, William Wirt, and Samuel L. Southard, whose sons were entrusted to his care, became moderately successful as a teacher. At the same time he studied law under William Wirt, whose forensic abilities had given him a national reputation. In 1829, Mr. Chase having completed his legal studies, resigned his school, and was admitted to the bar of the District of Columbia. Crowded with the labors of the school he had not been able to devote much time to his legal studies. It would seem that his examination was not very satisfactory to the judges, for he was told at its close that he had better read for another year. But he replied that he could not do that as he had already made arrangements to commence practice immediately in Cincinnati. The presiding judge seemed to think that any law was good enough for that wild region, for he promptly replied : "In Cincinnati ? Oh, very well ; in that case, Mr. Clerk, you may swear in Mr. Chase." The great West was crowded with young lawyers in all its thriving settlements. Mr. Chase had before him weary months of waiting. At length one client came. A poor man wanted an agreement drawn up, for which he paid half a dollar. It is surprising that that half dollar could have remained a week in Mr. Chase's pocket. But it seems that it did so, for in a week his client came and borrowed it back again. But real ability, combined with energy and industry, will force its way in this tumultuous world. Gradually Mr. Chase gained reputation and practice. In the year 1834, being then twenty-six years of age, he was called to argue a case before the United States Court at Columbus, Ohio. It was an important case, and it was an august tribunal before which the young lawyer was to appear. No man can ever become an eloquent orator who has not intense sensibilities. The sensitive nature of young Chase was so aroused upon this • occasion, that when he arose, his agitation quite overcame him. Though he had made the most careful preparation he could scarcely utter a word. He actually had to sit down, and greatly embarrassed, wait some time to collect his thoughts. He then rose again and made his plea, but not at all to his satisfaction. As he closed, one of the judges came forward, and shaking him by the hand, said, with rare good sense : " Mr. Chase, I congratulate you most sincerely. A person of ordinary temperament and abilities would have gone through his part without any such symptoms of nervousness. But when I see a young man break down in that way, I conceive the highest hopes of him." Cincinnati had gathered, in its busy and thriving streets, many families from the most cultivated classes in the older states. Mr. Chase was an unusually fine looking man, of courtly bearing. He was scrupulously neat in his dress. These advantages, combined with his talents and his reputation for scholarship, at once opened to him the doors of the best society and introduced him gradually to its patronage. 45 772 - HISTORY OF OHIO. He was indefatigable in his industry, finding time, in addition to the increasing labors of his office, to prepare a history of the State of Ohio, with a digest of its statutes. This important work, in three large octavo volumes, is still a standard authority in the Ohio courts. The slavery question was at this time beginning to assume the most portentious aspect. Mr. Chase was not a man of vivid and transient feelings, but of profound principles, which were not to be warped by either menaces or bribes. With all the imperturbable intensity of his nature he espoused the cause of freedom. A young girl was arrested on the free soil of Ohio, whom a man, crossing the river from Kentucky, claimed as his slave. The girl, friendless, penniless, seemed to have none but God to whom she could look for protection. Mr. Chase, with great moral courage, undertook her defense. By so doing, in that day, he arrayed against hint all the most powerful influences of politics and commerce. The trade of the South was deemed of great importance to the North, and both political parties were willing to make every concession by which Southern votes could be obtained. The Hon. James G. Birney emancipated his slaves, moved across the Ohio River to Cincinnati, and established there a paper in advocacy of freedom. A Kentucky mob followed him, stirred up all the loose fellows of the baser sort, sacked the printing office, smashed the press, threw the types into the river, burned the houses of the colored people, mobbed women and children, and then, frenzied with rum and rage, rushed, yelling like savages, towards the residence of Mr. Birney to tar and feather him and hang him upon a gibbet. Mr. Chase, who had thrown himself among the mob to watch their proceedings, hurried to Mr. Birney's house to warn him of his danger. Boldly he took his stand in the doorway to face the mob. His commanding person, the perfect courage he displayed, and the earnest words with which he remonstrated against their acts of lawless violence, held the mob in check until Mr. Birney affected his escape. The course he was pursuing, in thus allying himself with the opponents of slavery, then a peculiarly obnoxious party, was declared by most of his friends to be suicidal. Not long after this he eloquently but unavailingly defended a slave girl, Matilda, who, weeping in despair, was dragged back to bondage. As he was leaving the court-room, a looker on, who had been impressed by his abilities, said : " There goes a fine young fellow who has just ruined himself." Another man, however, who was prominent in public life, was so influenced by the integrity, the moral courage, and the intellectual power displayed, that he became an efficient co-operator in placing Mr. Chase in the Senate of the United States. In this plea, Mr. Chase took the ground that the magistrates of the slave states could not constitutionally call upon the magistrates of the free states to capture and return those flying from bondage. Mr. Birney was arrested and brought to trial, charged with having sheltered a fugitive slave. Mr.Chase defended him. Here he took the ground which Hon. Charles Sumner subsequently took so effectually in Congress, that slavery was only sectional, while freedom was national, but the court, as usual then, went against him. HISTORY OF OHIO - 773 John VanZandt was one of nature's noblemen. He figures in Uncle Tom's Cabin as VanTromp. Loathing slavery, with whose horrors he was well acquainted, he liberated his slaves and moved into Ohio. Never could the trembling, hungry fugitive stop at his door and be driven empty away. The good old man was prosecuted for harboring fugitive slaves. He was defended by Salmon P. Chase and William H. Seward. Notwithstanding their unanswerable argument, the decision of the United States Supreme Court was against VanZandt, and he was fined so heavily that he was utterly ruined, and died of a broken heart. But the friends of freedom were rapidly increasing in numbers and in power. Uttered truth, like God's word, never returns void. The State of Ohio and the nation were awakening to the consciousness of the "irrepressible conflict" between freedom and slavery. In 1841 a " Liberty Party " was organized in Columbus, Ohio. The Democracy of Ohio at that time pronounced in favor of freedom. In 1849 Mr. Chase was chosen United States Senator, receiving the entire vote of the Democratic members of the Legislature, as well as that of a large number of the Free Soilers. Modest, unobtrusive, yet fearless, he immediately occupied a commanding position among those distinguished men. In a debate upon the compromise resolutions of 1850, Senator Mason, of Virginia, alluded to a granite obelisk erected in that state in honor of Thomas Jefferson, which bore the inscription : " Here is buried THOMAS JEFFERSON, Author of the Declaration of American Independence, of the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom and Father of the University of Virginia." " It is," said Senator Chase, " an appropriate inscription, and worthily commemorates distinguished services. But if a stranger from some foreign land should ask me for the monument of Jefferson, I would not take him to Virginia and bid him look on a granite obelisk, however admirable in its proportions or inscriptions. I would ask him to accompany me beyond the Alleghanies, into the midst of the broad Northwest, and would say to him : " 'Si monumentum quæris, circumspice.' " Behold on every side his monument ! These thronged cities, these flourishing villages, these cultivated fields, these million happy homes of prosperous freemen, these churches, these schools, these asylums for the unfortunate and the helpless, these institutions of education, religion and humanity, these great states—great in their present resources, but greater far in the mighty energies by which the resources of the future are to be developed — these, these are the monuments of Jefferson. His memorial is all over our Western land : "' Our meanest rill, our mightiest river Rolls mingling with his fame forever !' " Valiantly Chase fought the terrible battle which was waged between freedom and slavery. In the year 1855 Mr. Chase was elected Governor of Ohio. His 774 - HISTORY OF OHIO. inaugural address was a document of marked ability, and his fame was so national that he was now widely talked of as a candidate for the Presidency. At his own request, his name was at that time withdrawn. He was re-elected to his high office by the largest vote ever given for governor in Ohio. Upon the election of President Lincoln, and when the most direful war was desolat. ing our country and exhausting our finances, Governor Chase was placed in the responsible post of Secretary of the Treasury. But for the financial skill which he manifested, it may be doubted whether the country could have been successfully carried through the terrible struggle. There were thousands of miles of frontier to be guarded. We were without an army and without a navy. Treason in the government had for years been busy in depriving the nation of all means of defense, that it might be presented helpless before its foes. Millions upon millions of money were to be raised, when all the ordinary transactions of business were broken up, when the European monarchies, rejoicing in our prospective overthrow, refused to aid us by loans, when more than half of our territorial expanse was in rebellion, and when nearly every young man was compelled to abandon the pursuits of industry for fields of distinction and carnage. The financial abilities of Secretary Chase carried the nation grandly through the gigantic contest. He resigned the Secretaryship to accept the office of Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, to which position he had been appointed by President Lincoln upon the death of Chief Justice Roger B. Taney. His de. cisions in this position are marked for their clearness and soundness, and are accepted as the best of authority the world over. In this position he died. There is not perhaps another man in our land to whom our government is more indebted for its signal victory than to Governor Chase. Christian principle guided him through life and sustained him in the hour of death. He left this stormy world for the spirit land in the year 1873, and a nation of forty million people mourned its loss. As a devout Christian, and as an able and a conscientious statesman, his name will ever occupy one of the most prominent positions in the annals of our land. He died in the communion of the Episcopal Church. HON. WILLIAM DENNISON. [See page 607] We regret exceedingly that we have not been able to obtain a more full record of one of Ohio's best governors, William Dennison, This man by his abilities and patriotism has won national gratitude. We are first introduced to him in the year 1847, as a lawyer in successful practice at Columbus, the capitol of the state. He was elected by the Whig party, to a seat in the State Senate in the year 1859, where he served one term. His abilities attracted the attention of the government at Washington and he was called to the responsible and difficult station of Postmaster General of the United States. In January 1860, when forty-five years of age he was placed in the gubernational chair of Ohio. He has been favored with a collegiate education, graduating at Miami University in the year 1815. Being a man of large wealth HISTORY OF OHIO - 775 he has exerted a powerful influence in the construction of railroads and other internal improvements in Ohio. At the close of the civil War he returned to his residence in Columbus where he resided, ever actively engaged in useful labors, until called by President Grant to fill the important post of Commissioner in the District of Columbia where at the time of this writing he resides. HON. DAVID TOD.* [See page 633.] David Tod was one of nature's noblemen ; one of the many men of whom our nation may be justly proud. George Tod, the father of David, emigrated from Connecticut to Ohio in the year 1800. Ohio was then but a wilderness of the Northwestern Territory, spreading far and wide its sublime solitude. Bears, wolves, panthers, and savages, more to be dreaded than any wild beasts, roamed its almost unbroken forests. Mr. Tod was not a man of property. He had but little to depend upon but his ax and his energies. His wife was a very superior woman, noted for her beauty and her rich intellectual and social endowments. Her sister was the wife of Governor Ingersoll, of Connecticut. With sinewy arms the young emigrant felled the trees, opened his clearings, and reared his humble log but amidst the stumps on the lonely banks of the Mahoning River, in the extreme north of the present State of Ohio. George Tod was a man of mark. His intelligence and virtues speedily raised him to conspicuous positions of trust and honor. The very year in which he first took up his residence in his log cabin he was applied to by Governor St. Glair to accept the office of Secretary of the Territory. Two years after, when the State of Ohio was organized, he was elected one of the judges of the Supreme Court. When the war which England provoked in 1812 broke out, Judge Tod resigned his seat upon the bench and entered the army as major and then colonel, to protect the frontiers from the allied Indians and British, At the close of the war, in which, by his heroism, he won many laurels, he returned to his mansion, still of logs, in Trumbull County, and was soon elected Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. He passed the remainder of his peaceful and useful life in the faithful discharge of all his duties as a neighbor and a citizen until 1841. He then died, universally beloved as well as respected. David Tod, the subject of this memoir, was born in the log house in what is now the City of Youngstown, Mahoning County, in February, 18o5, but soon after he removed to the old log house at Briar Hill where his youth was spent. David was reared as a farmer's boy, hard at work, remote from companionship, cutting down the forest, digging up the stumps, burning the brush, smoothing the rugged ground, and creating a farm. He had no access to the school, the church, or the library. And yet this noble boy, in the career of life, far outstripped thousands who have enjoyed every advantage earth can give. Availing himself of every opportunity for mental improvement, he found his thirst for knowledge increasing with every acquisition he made. As the * For most of the incidents in this narrative, I am indebted to an admirable sketch of the Life of Governor Tod, from the pen of B. F. Hoffman, Esq., who has enjoyed the best opportunities for truthfully portraying his character. 776 - HISTORY OF OHIO. population increased he entered the common school, which afforded but very meagre instruction. He then entered Burton Academy, paying his own expenses, as his father could furnish him with no pecuniary aid. A young man, thus struggling for an education, not only improves every moment, but consecrates his most intense energies to his work. David Tod was by nature endowed with strong powers of mind. They needed but cultivation to enable him to stand among the foremost of his generation. In his career there was a beautiful exemplification of the familiar words of Longfellow : " The heights by great men reached and kept, Were not attained by sudden flight; But they, while their companions slept, Were toiling upward in the night." Finishing his academic course, and with no assistance but from his own energies, he entered the law office of Colonel Roswell Stone, at Warren, Trumbull County, and was admitted to the bar in 1827, at the age of twenty-two. He was then in debt for his education about one thousand dollars. His father and mother still lived, with quite limited means, in the log house at Briar Hill. The farm was heavily mortgaged. Mr. Tod opened a law office in partnership with Hon. Matthew Birchard. There is probably not one of the Western States to which so many men of intellectual eminence and moral worth emigrated from the East as to Ohio. The courts of Trumbull County were attended, in those days, by lawyers of great distinction. Some of them, as Joshua R. Giddings and B. F. Wade, have attained national celebrity. Trumbull bar was then regarded as the ablest in Ohio. David Tod soon acquired eminence as a jury lawyer. His commanding person, genial manners and musical voice always secured for him a favorable hearing. His practice became large and profitable. He was not only able to pay the expenses of his education, but enjoyed the great happiness of lifting the mortgage from his father's farm. Thus he conferred an unencumbered farm upon his beloved parents. He was a man of warm heart, and his noble mother had won his enthusiastic devotion. He ever spoke of her as his " precious mother." After her death she was his " sainted mother." To her influence he ascribed all that was good in his character, and all his success in life. He could not doubt that in her heavenly home she was still his guardian angel. Through life he was cheered by the hope that he should be reunited with her in the mansions of the blessed. In a beautiful tribute to the memory of Governor Tod, written by Hon. Samuel Galloway, we find the following interesting statement. Speaking of his mother, he says : " To her influence and example he ascribed the elements of his prosperity and successful career. He loved to dwell upon the fact that kindness to his mother was the key which unlocked the treasures which became the source of his wealth. At the beginning of his professional career, when he was without pecuniary resources, owing about one thousand dollars to friends who had advanced him the means of procuring an academic and professional education, he was painfully assured that his father's creditors were about to sell the old family mansion, and that forbearance so long shown could no longer be extended. HISTORY OF OHIO - 777 The thought that his aged father and good old mother, tottering with the infirmities of age, should become homeless wanderers, stirred his soul to its utmost depths, and inspired him with the resolve that such a calamity must not and should not occur. Kind friends, admiring and sympathizing with such rare filial devotion, came to the rescue of the young but courageous and affectionate son. With this kind interposition he was enabled to assume all the responsibilities of the debt, and to become the owner of the farm. This act of manhood and of love was afterwards crowned with a rich compensation in the discovery of the coal mine imbedded in the Briar Hill premises, which afterwards became an abundant source of his prosperity and wealth." This same spirit of self-sacrificing affection was extended to all the family, and to all whom he knew. Never was there a better neighbor or a better friend. There was a poor widow living in his vicinity. He sent some workmen to repair her humble, dilapidated home. " Governor," the grateful woman exclaimed, " how can I ever repay you for your kindness." The governor, with his accustomed playfulness, replied, " All I ask of you is that you will attend my funeral." A young man who followed him to his grave, exclaimed, with gushing tears, " I have lost my best earthly friend, He cheered me in my days of poverty, and aided me more than all others to my present condition and competence." Upon the same occasion another said : " He has been to me not only a tutor, but a father, a brother, a friend, a happiness for thirty-five years." Blessed is the man who can leave such memories behind him. Mr. Tod continued the practice of the law with great success until the year 1844. He was a great admirer of Andrew Jackson, and became an active member of the Democratic party, though his father was a Whig. To this party he adhered until the defeat of Stephen A. Douglas in 186o, and the breaking out of the civil war seemed to obliterate all former party lines. In the year 1844 he removed to the home of his childhood at Briar Hill. Here he entered upon the project of developing the coal fields which had been discovered in that region. His integrity, abilities, and social qualities had rendered him very popular with both parties. In the Spring of 1847 President Polk appointed him Minister to Brazil, to succeed Henry A. Wise. The Brazilian Court had requested of our government the withdrawal of Mr. Wise, as his course threatened to embroil us in a war with that Empire. Mr. Tod, entirely unacquainted with the intrigues of diplomacy, and a stranger to court etiquette, accepted the appointment with no little solicitude. It soon became so evident to others that he could not but admit himself that he was the right man in the right place. He remained four years in Rio Janiero, leaving home in June, 1847, with his wife and children, and returning in December, 1851. His intelligence, sound judgment, spirit of fairness, and genial nature, all aided him in unraveling entanglements, and in creating the most friendly feelings where before there was distrust and animosity. He succeeded in concluding a convention by which the Brazilian Government paid the United States three hundred thousand dollars. This claim had been under negotiations for more than thirty years. Mr. Tod conducted the affair in so 778 - HISTORY OF OHIO. frank and friendly and honest a spirit as to secure the warm commendation of the Emperor of Brazil. At the same time he rendered such signal service to his countrymen residing at Rio Janiero that, upon his retirement, he was presented by them with a very elegant piece of silver plate. His important mission was recognized by the government as a complete success. Upon his return to the home of his childhood, his youth and his manhood, his neighbors and fellow-citizens, without distinction of party, gave him one of those cordial greetings which remind one of an ancient Roman triumph. During his long absence his private affairs had necessarily suffered from want of his attention. He now devoted all his energies to the development of his coal mine, and to opening routes to market by railroads and canals. But for his energetic action, it is not probable that the Mahoning Valley Railroad would have been constructed. He embarked in the undertaking with his whole soul, and his high reputation for integrity and administrative ability enabled the company to secure those loans which were essential to the project. His enterprise gave a new impetus to the beautiful City of Youngstown, adding greatly to its wealth and its attractions. David Tod was sent, by his Democratic friends, as a delegate to the Charleston Convention of 1860. He was then a warm advocate of Stephen A. Douglas for the Presidency of the United States. Caleb Cushing was chosen President of the Convention ; David Tod, Vice - President. The arrogant, dictatorial air assumed by the pro-slavery party of the South disgusted Mr. Tod. He bade defiance to their threats of secession. The Convention adjourned to Baltimore. The ultra pro-slavery party withdrew, with Caleb Cushing at their head. Mr. Tod was recognized as President of the Baltimore Convention, and Douglas was its nominee for the National Presidency. One of the most exciting political campaigns our country ever knew ensued. Mr. Tod " stumped " the state for Douglas. Upon the defeat of Douglas and the election of Lincoln, like a true patriot, he declared his resolve to support the administration of Mr. Lincoln. When our national flag was treasonably assaulted at Fort Sumter, Mr. Tod cast aside all party trammels in entire devotion to the integrity of the Union. Again his eloquent voice was raised as he traveled far and wide, advocating the vigorous prosecution of the war till every rebel should be subdued. From that eventful hour he did everything he could do, with both voice and purse, to maintain the supremacy of that dear old flag, in whose folds the interests of all humanity seem to be enshrined. He fully recognized the fact that there was not, upon this globe, another flag which so fully symbolized the brotherhood of man. He subscribed largely to the war fund of his township. He provided Company B, of the Nineteenth Regiment, with their first uniform. And thus till the war ended, he consecrated himself to the salvation of his country. When President Lincoln's Proclamation of Emancipation reached Youngstown, Mr. Tod, having perused it, sent for two of his friends, and, with a countenance beaming with animation, inquired: " Have you read the President's Proclamation, and are you ready to sustain it." HISTORY OF OHIO - 779  " Yes," they replied, " and whatever else President Lincoln may do to maintain the cause of freedom." " That is right," Mr. Tod replied ; " Lincoln knows better than you or I what is the best policy for our dear country. We must have a public meeting to-night, and we must all address the people." The meeting was called and Mr. Tod made the opening speech. He avowed it as his conviction that we could not expect that God would crown our arms with victory until we did justice by the emancipation of the enslaved. In the darkest hour, and when our country seemed to be in the most deadly peril, the patriots of Ohio met, without distinction of party, and nominated David Tod for Governer. He was elected by a majority of fifty-five thousand. During the years 1862 and 1863 great discouragement prevailed. In Ohio, as in all the other states, there were many who did everything in their power to embarrass the actions of the government. Ohio was threatened with invasion from the South. Being quite unaccustomed to war, our military affairs were in a very chaotic state. We needed more troops, better organization, immense sums of money, means of transportation, surgeons, nurses. Governor Tod was then found to be the right man in the right place. He was unwearied in his devotion to the sick and the wounded. The widows and orphans of those who fell in this cruel war received his constant care. His sound judgment enabled him to appoint officers of great efficiency. His first inquiry was, in reference to any candidate for office : " Does the applicant ever indulge to excess in intoxicating drinks ? " If this question could not be answered in the negative, he would not even look at any other qualifications. It can not be doubted that, during the war, thousands of precious lives were sacrificed to the orders of drunken officers. Governor Tod made but few requests of President Lincoln, or of Mr. Stanton, Secretary of War. This drew from the President the remark : "David Tod aids me more and troubles me less than any other governor." Upon his retirement from the Executive office, the Legislature of Ohio, passed a series of resolutions complimentary, in the highest degree, of his rule. These resolutions were entered on the journals and published in the volume of Ohio laws for 1864. The war was still raging. The following extract from this important document demands insertion here : "Resolved, That the thanks of the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, are hereby tendered to Governor Tod, for the able self-sacrificing and devoted manner, in which he has discharged all the duties of chief magistrate of the state ; for his devotion in ministering to the sick and wounded soldiers ; for his kindness, courtesy, and assistance to the friends and families of the soldiers, in their anxious inquiries for those exposed in camp, upon the battle-field, and in hospitals ; for his pecuniary sacrifices for the soldiers' encouragement and comfort ; for his patriotic addresses made to the regiments, from time to time, when going into service ; for his well-arranged system of half-fare tickets, by which the relatives of the soldiers were enabled to visit the hospitals and battle-fields, to convey relief, or bring to their resting place amid the homes of the loyal North, the remains of those who had given their lives for their country's protection ; for the enduring memorials to the dead of the rank and file, in the 780 - HISTORY OF OHIO, cemeteries of Spring Grove and Gettysburg ; for the preservation of the peace and order of the state ; for the speedy suppression of disloyalty and resistance to the laws ; for untiring industry in the business of the state ; for deep-toned loyalty ; for the full and faithful discharge of the trust which two years ago was intrusted to him by a loyal people. "For all this he takes with him in his retirement our thanks, our approval, and our desire for his future welfare and happiness. And when the terrible drama of this infamous rebellion shall have closed, his official discharge of duty will remain, a proud monument to his memory, and a rich legacy to his children. (Signed,) " JAMES R. HUBBEL, Speaker of the House. " CHARLES ANDERSON, President of the Senate. January 19, 1864. From these all-engrossing cares, Governor Tod, much worn down, retired to his peaceful and delightful home at Briar Hill. Here in the society of his beloved wife and children his wearied spirit found repose. When the Hon. Salmon P, Chase resigned his office of Secretary of the Treasury, President Lincoln tendered the important position to Governor Tod. But the governor needed rest ; and his private affairs, long neglected, demanded attention. He therefore felt constrained to decline the honor thus urged upon him. In 1868, he was chosen by the Republicans, for the state at large, as one of the Electors of President of the United States. But on the 14th of November, a fortnight before the meeting of the Electoral College, he was seized with sudden sickness and died. The Electoral College, at its meeting, adopted a series of resolutions very similar to the joint resolutions of the Legislature of the state. The Hon. Samuel Galloway was appointed to pronounce an eulogy upon the life and character of the deceased. The remains of this great and good man now repose in the family vault on the banks of the Mahoning, awaiting the summons of the Resurrection Trump. HON. JOHN BROUGH. [See page 643] In the year 1806 a ship crossed the Atlantic, bringing to our shores two young men whose subsequent careers were very different. One of these was Blennerhassett. The tragedy of his life caused his name to be widely spread throughout England and America. The other young man was John Brough. He was the intimate friend of Blennerhassett, and for years remained in the most friendly relations with him. He had, however, sufficient sagacity to avoid being involved in the entanglements which Aaron Burr threw around his victim. Mr. Brough married a lady of Pennsylvania, who was distinguished for her intelligence and force of character. A family of five children, consisting of three sons and two daughters, was eventually gathered around their fireside. John Brough, the subject of this memoir, was the second child. He was born in Marietta, Ohio, on the 17th of September, 1811. When he was but eleven years of age his father died. Mrs. Brough was left with a group of little children, and was mainly dependent upon her own exertions for support. HISTORY OF OHIO - 781 John went into a printing office in Marietta. But anxious for an education, after the lapse of a few months, he entered the Ohio University, at Athens. Here he supported himself by working nights and mornings at his trade. And yet his mental energies were such, it is said, that he was at the head of his classes in every department of study. He was also distinguished for his skill in athletic games. From the University he passed to the law office. Before completing his studies and entering upon the practice of the law, he went to Petersburg, Virginia, and edited a newspaper in that place, Thence he moved to Marietta, Ohio. Here he published and edited a Democratic paper called the Washington County Republican. Again he removed to Lancaster, where he edited the Ohio Eagle. In each of these papers, warmly espousing the principles of the Democratic party, he wrote spirited leaders, and acquired considerable local reputation. During much of this time he spent his winters in Columbus, acting as Clerk to the Upper House of the General Assembly. His stern, uncompromising sense of justice won for him the respect of the best men of both parties. In 1839 he was chosen to the responsible post of Auditor. It was by a union of the most upright men of both Whigs and Democrats that he was elected. Bitter partisanship says, " Our party, right or wrong." John Brough adopted the far nobler sentiment, " Our party ; if right to be kept right ; if wrong, to be set right." Political expediency taught him that " Right is right, as God is God, And right shall surely win ; To doubt would be disloyalty, To falter would be sin." For six years Mr. Brough filled the office of Auditor. His annual reports were esteemed very valuable. Great mismanagement, perhaps it is not too severe to say, great corruption, had crept into the administration of the finances. Mr. Brough starched out all the labyrinthine windings of fraud, and dragged all secret transactions into the light. We have not space here to enter into the detail of those reformatory measures which rendered his administration of the office conspicuous. It is sufficient to say that there was no wrong, affecting the interests of the people, which he did not seek to have redressed. The whole financial system of the state was in a condition of apparently inextricable confusion. It had been quite impossible, from the records and reports, to obtain any correct idea of the receipts and disbursements of the treasury. Time alone could bring order from this chaos. Mr. Brough, regardless of menaces and abuse, persevered, year after year, until the management of the finances was thoroughly changed. He secured the passage of new revenue laws, and established an admirable system of accountability between the several departments of government. More than a million acres of land were added to the taxable list. The state was gradually relieved from all its pecuniary embarrassments, and its credit became stable. Very vigorously Mr. Brough assailed the doctrine that " a national debt is a national blessing." Admitting this sentiment to be true in monarchies, where the government needed this safeguard against the revolt of the people, he 782 - HISTORY OF OHIO. declared it to be emphatically false, under a government where all power and sovereignty were in the hands of the people themselves. In the year 1840 our country owed British money-lenders two hundred million dollars. The revenue of the General Government and of the several states did not exceed seventy millions. Of this sum twelve millions were paid to capitalists upon the other side of the ocean, The revenue of Ohio, from taxation and her public works, was but little over one million dollars. More than half of this was sent across the Atlantic to pay interest upon loahs. Such a mania for public improvements had risen, that between the years 1835 and 1843 the debt of Ohio had increased from a little over five millions to nineteen millions. And still new schemes of public expenditure were continually urged upon the people. Earnestly and successfully Mr. Brcugh, in the Legislature, remonstrated against this extravagance. While auditor he bought the Phoenix newspaper, in Cincinnati, changed its name to the Enquirer, and entrusted its editorship to his brother Charles. He opened a law office in Cincinnati, occasionally writing editorials for the paper. Some of the leaders of the Democratic party, at that time, manifested strong pro-slavery inclinations. This utterly anti-democratic spirit disgusted Mr. Brough's stern sense of justice. He withdrew from the organization, resolving to have but little more to do with politics. He sold out one-half of the Enquirer, was chosen President of the Madison and Indianapolis Railroad Company, and removed to Madison as his place of residence. Here he remained until 1853. He was remarkably successful in the management of the affairs of this company. He then administered, with great ability, the affairs of the Bellefontaine line. When the horrors of civil war were ravaging our country, Mr. Brough was called from his retirement to be the standard-bearer of the State of Ohio. This call he could not refuse to hear. Placed in the gubernatorial chair, he administered the affairs of the state in such a way as to render Ohio one of the firmest supporters of the General Government during the dreadful. conflict. For three years the war raged with unabated fury. In 1864 both parties gathered all their strength for a decisive campaign. By day and by night Governor Brough consecrated all his tireless energies to the maintenance of the national flag. General Grant took command on the Potomac, and the strength of the nation was placed in his hand to bring the conflict to a close. Governor Brough proposed to several of the western governors that they should send to General Grant an extra force of one hundred thousand men. This was agreed to. On Saturday, April 23, Governor Brough telegraphed to the Adjutant General of Ohio to call thirty thousand militia into the field, to serve for one hundred days. They were to report at their several places of rendezvous on the 2d of May. The day came with dismal gloom and storm. At half-past eight o'clock that evening thirty-eight thousand of the citizens of Ohio were in camp, eager to be led forward to aid their brethren against the foe. They were scattered along the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Some garrisoned the posts in Baltimore. Many were sent forward to meet the brunt of the battle on the bloody field. This energetic action was of unspeakable benefit to the country, and won loud expressions of gratitude from President Lincoln HISTORY OF OHIO - 783 and General Grant. Governor Brough and President Lincoln cherished very warm respect for each other. The President often conferred with the governor in hours of embarrassment. The energetic Secretary of War, Stanton, and Governor Brough were truly congenial friends. In many respects they resembled each other. I am indebted to an admirable sketch of the character of Governor Brough, from the pen of William Henry Smith, Esq., Secretary of State, for the most of the facts in the above account. In one of Mr. Smith's concluding paragraphs he says : " Brough was a statesman. His views of public policy were broad and catholic, and his course was governed by what seemed to be the best interests of the people, without regard to party expediency or personal advancement. He was perfectly honest and incorruptible, rigidly just, and plain even to bluntness. People thought him ill-natured, rude. He was not. He was simply a plain, honest, straightforward man, devoted to business." As a public speaker he had few equals in this country. His style was clear, fluent and logical, while at times he was impassioned and eloquent. His influence on the stump has scarcely ever been excelled. Twice he was married. His first wife was Miss Achsah P. Pruden, of Athens, Ohio. She died at the age of twenty-five, in September, 1838. After the lapse of five years he married Miss Caroline A. Nelson, of Columbus, Ohio. "During his last sickness," writes Mr. Smith, " Governor Brough exhibited extraordinary patience and fortitude while suffering under intense pain. The first day he reached home he said to his wife that he had come home to die. Upon greeting his daughter, the wife of the Rev. T. M. Cunningham, of Philadelphia, he said to her : You have come to see your old father die.' " It seems that through his entire sickness, while he exhibited a strong determination to conquer the disease, if possible, he nevertheless was impressed with the presentiment that he should never recover. " Though not a member of a church, nor during the last ten years an active attendant at any place of public worship, he was nevertheless a Christian. The evidence of this he repeatedly exhibited during his illness. He espoused no particular sect, but believed in the fundamental principles of Christianity. He has expressed himself freely on this subject to his family during his recent affliction, and there can be no doubt of his sincerity. " He stated very calmly, yet with deep feeling, that he was, and had always been, a firm believer in the doctrines of Christianity ; that he had full faith and hope in Jesus Christ, and through Him he hoped for eternal life. He remarked that he had never been a demonstrative man, but his faith had nevertheless been firmly and deeply grounded. John Brough breathed his last at 1 o'clock on the afternoon of August 29, 1865." 784 - HISTORY OF OHIO. HON. CHARLES ANDERSON. [See page 663.] Colonel Richard Clough Anderson, a gentleman of intelligence, property, and commanding character, emigrated from Virginia in the year 1783, to the wilds beyond the Alleghanies and south of the Ohio. He went in the capacity of surveyor general of the lands which Virginia had reserved to pay her revolutionary soldiers. Some of these lands were in the vast untrodden wilderness north of the Ohio, between the Scioto and the Little Miami Rivers. Others were south of the Ohio, in the then almost unexplored domain now called Kentucky, between the Cumberland and Green Rivers. Three years after this the Territory of Kentucky was recognized, and seven years after the state. Colonel Anderson took up his residence at Fort Nelson, at the Falls of the Ohio, near where the flourishing City of Louisville now stands. That place, about midway between the lands, he was to survey. Around the fort there was a small hamlet of between twenty and thirty log-huts. At that time there was not a single white settler in Ohio. It is said that Colonel Anderson built the first house in Louisville which was not of logs. The Anderson family was one of note. Mrs. Anderson was second cousin of Chief Justice Marshall. Mr. Anderson's eldest son, Richard C., attained distinction for his mental ability and his social virtues. He represented his district in Congress ; was our first minister to Columbia, and commissioner to the Congress at Panama. General Robert Anderson, the hero of Fort Sumter, was another of the sons. It must be admitted that there is something in blood. Charles Anderson, the subject of this sketch, was born at his father's residence, called Soldiers' Retreat, on the first of June, 1814. In his early days he enjoyed unusual advantages of education and of culture. Under the best of teachers he prosecuted his studies both in the English branches and in the ancient classics, and in 1829 entered Miami University, at Oxford, Ohio. Here he graduated in 1833, under the presidency of the venerable Doctor Bishop. Even at this early period he was distinguished among his fellow-students for his broad national patriotism. His brother Robert was then in command of the arsenal at St. Louis, Missouri. With very strong predilections for a farmer's life, Charles Anderson, still but nineteen years of age, visited his brother, and entering into partnership with him, purchased a farm of nearly a thousand acres. This farm, called Herdsdale, was on a small stream near the barracks. For these rich acres, with buildings, stock, and farming utensils, they paid seven thousand five hundred dollars. St. Louis then had a population of but seven thousand. He then and there made the acquaintance of Jefferson Davis, whom, he has often been heard to say, he then admired as much as he has since abhorred. Soon after this, Major Robert Anderson was ordered far away to the command of the arsenal at Augusta, Maine. Thus this enthusiastic lad, still in his teens, a young man of gentle culture, scholarly tastes and habits, totally unacquainted with farming, was left alone to the management of this large estate. This summoned his guardian, an elder brother, to look into the state of affairs. After taking counsel of the most intelligent citizens of St. Louis, he became HISTORY OF OHIO - 785 satisfied that Charles had made a very unwise purchase. One thousand dollats were paid to the former proprietor, Frederick Dent, to rescind the contract. The estate now belongs to President Grant. Charles, thus thwarted in his favorite pursuit, and being of enthusiastic and restless turn of mind, was anxious to enter the army. But his friends so strenuously remonstrated against this course, that he relinquished the Oran. He then resolved to turn trapper. His imagination was captivated by the thought of exploring the sublime solitudes of the Rocky Mountains, of paddling in the birch canoe over the crystal waters of rivers hitherto unexplored and nameless, of sharing the hospitality of the Indians in their wigwams, and of gaining wealth by the rich furs he should take, and which ever found a ready sale in the St. Louis market. But in opposition to these wild dreams of youth his judicious friends again so vigorously interposed, that he felt constrained to abandon this enterprise also. Thus bitterly disappointed, there seemed to be no resource left for him but to study law. Eight of the sons and sons-in-law of Colonel Richard Clough Anderson were lawyers. Charles returned to Louisville and entered himself as a student in the distinguished firm of Pirtle & Anderson. He was a young man of genius, of brilliant parts, with a great command of language, and an intuitive power of disentangling intricacies. We infer, from the whole of his career, that patient, plodding industry was not the most prominent of his virtues. In the year 1835, having completed his law studies, he went to Dayton, and on the 16th of September was married to Miss Eliza Jane Brown, a young lady whom he met three years before, at his college commencement, and for whom he had formed a strong attachment. Dayton was a pleasant, growing place, and Mr. Anderson decided to remain and open an office there. He had but little zeal in his profession, and was inspired with no glowing desire to become distinguished. For ten years he remained in Dayton, half lawyer and half farmer, but ever displaying a strength of moral principle, a magnanimity and calm independence of character which won for him the increasing respect of the community. What was called the township of Dayton then comprehended not only the present Dayton, but Van Buren, Harrison and Mud River Townships. Mr. Anderson, in consequence of his earnest advocacy of popular education, was elected Town Clerk and Superintendent of the Common Schools. To carry into vigorous effect the new school law of 1836, he traversed the whole of this wide region on foot, taking a census of the entire population. Soon after he was elected Prosecuting Attorney of his county. In 1844 he became a member of the State Senate. Here the moral courage which conspicuously marked his life was displayed, in being the first man in Ohio who dared to propose and vote for the repeal of the cruel law which disqualified colored men for appearing as witnesses in legal trials. The pro-slavery spirit was then so rampant in our land that for this act Mr. Anderson was bitterly denounced as an abolitionist and a fool. It is said that but a single one of his constituents ever expressed to him any commendation for this legislative act. Being a man of exquisite taste, by nature endowed with a remarkable love of the fine arts, especially of architecture, he was heartily 786 - HISTORY OF OHIO. ashamed of the old state house, and gave the grand jury no peace until they presented it as a nuisance, and it was replaced by the present beautiful and classical edifice. His influence undoubtedly also originated the park between Second and Third Streets, which now embellishes the city. For his distinguished services, in these respects, the citizens of Columbus presented him with two beautiful canes. During his senatorial term Mr. Anderson's health failed from very severe attacks of asthma. As the disease baffled the efforts of our ablest physicians, he undertook a voyage to Europe, to place himself under the care of the renowned Dr. Priessnitz, the discoverer of the water-cure treatment, in Gräfenberg, Austria-Silesia. This led him to an unusually extensive European tour, He descended the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers to New Orleans. Thence he took a sail vessel to Havana. At that port he embarked for Barcelona, Spain, by the way of the Azores. Fortunately he entered this interesting and beautiful city as the populace were in a state of great excitement in receiving their young Queen, Isabella, with her splendid court. The Queen and her younger sister, the Duchess of Montpensier, were then in their teens. The queen-mother was also present, It was a very brilliant display of royalty ; far different from any thing to which American eyes have been accustomed. But Mr. Anderson was far too severe a republican to be dazzled by this display which was mainly, to his mind, indicative of the ignorance and impoverishment of the people. But he was intensely interested in the architectural splendor of this magnificent city. The old palace of the Kings of Aragon rose before him, a majestic pile of grandeur. The great cathedral, with its windows of gorgeously stained glass, presented one of the finest specimens of Gothic architecture. And the celebrated promenade, the Rambla, which the wealth of ages had embellished, opened to his view scenes which must have been surpassingly attractive to one born and bred beyond the Alleghanies. As by a step, he had passed from all the freshness of the wilderness of the new world, to all the sublimity of the time-worn memorials of the most ancient days. We have not space here to describe the incidentS of his continued tour, every hour of which was replete with intensest interest. He passed through the beautiful province of Catalonia, whose early history is lost in the maze of the past. In imagination the conquering legions of Rome passed before him ; then the shaggy wolfish hordes of the Goths. They were followed by the agile Moors, with blood-dripping cimeters, as war's most horrid billows swept over the doomed land. He crossed the Pyrenees ; visited Montpelier, Nismes, Narbonne, and Avignon. Every city and almost every mile of the way were crowded with the most exciting historic events to a mind familiar with the past. At Avignon he took a steamboat and descended the rapid Rhone to Marseilles. The boats then upon the river were very different from the floating palaces which now adorn our great streams. They were about one hundred feet long and twenty-five feet wide. In their general appointments they were scarcely equal to our canal packets. The pilot stood at the helm with the tiller in his hind. These boats could make but four miles an hour against the stream, and fourteen with its aid. But the scenery was enchanting, unsurpassed perhaps in picturesque beauty HISTORY OF OHIO - 787 by that of any other river on the globe. The stream wound its way through continued vineyards, sheltered by mountains rising from five hundred to two thousand feet. Every variety of landscape charms was presented. The eminences assumed every imaginable form ; now rugged, now smooth. Again a space most gloomily sterile, would be succeeded by Eden-like luxuriance and bloom, as the terraced eminences were cultivated to their summits. Through the breaks in the mountains the snow-clad summits of the Alps could be seen in the distance, rising majestically to the skies. Often the river would be so enclosed by hills that one could not imagine where it escaped. There was almost an unbroken line of large towns, villages, hamlets, cottages, beautiful villas, and baronial castles, with their battlemented walls and massive towers, reaching back from the river's bank to the mountains. The valley, sometimes contracted to a mile in width, would again expand into a plain of marvelous luxuriance ten or or twelve miles broad. We describe these scenes thus minutely, since they afford so striking a contrast to anything which could then or even now can be seen on the Ohio, the Scioto, or the Miami. After spending ten days at Marseilles, he passed on to Genoa, the Superb, by the famous route of the Riviera ; thence on to Leghorn, Florence, Rome, Naples, Syracuse, /Etna, Malta, Corfu, the Gulf of Lepanto, Athens, the Isles of Greece, Smyrna and Constantinople. From this most wonderful city he passed through perhaps the most attractive sheet of water on the globe to the Black Sea. Then he ascended the whole course of the Danube, touching at every place of interest, until he reached Vienna. At all these places he devoted the most eager attention to the study of the fine arts. He particularly enjoyed the rich music of the highly cultivated bands and choirs of those regions. From Vienna he explored the battle-fields of Wagram and Austerlitz ; visited Olmutz, renowned as the seat of La Fayette's five years of captivity ; and thence to Gräfenberg. Here he soon found his health materially improved. After spending six weeks, subject to the water-cure treatment, he passed through Saxon-Switzerland to Prague. While descending the River Elbe in a canal-packet he made the acquaintance of the Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar. The duke had traveled in this country. Though doubtless glad that an ocean three thousand miles in breadth rolled between republican America and his baronial halls, he was exceedingly interested in what he saw here, so totally different from anything he had ever witnessed, or even conceived of, in his own land. He said that he called upon Governor Jeremiah Morrow, of Ohio. He found the governor, in the coarse garb of a common laborer, wearing a red flannel shirt, at work burning the brush in a clearing. His hands and his face were besmeared with charcoal. The duke, from his ancestral halls, ever clothed in regal purple, surrounded with the splendors and almost idolatrous obsequiousness of feudal homage, must have gazed upon such a spectacle with the greatest astonishment. He expressed much admiration for Ohio's model governor ; but it is very certain that he had no wish to imitate his example. From Dresden Mr. Anderson passed through Leipsic, Weimar, Frankfort, to Weisbaden, and thence down that beautiful river where 46 788 - HISTORY OF OHIO. " The castled crags of Drachenfels, From o'er the wide and winding Rhine." Tarrying a short time at innumerable places of interest, he spent a week in Paris, and, crossing over to Liverpool, took passage in a Cunard steamer for his native land. As he returned to his home, from this instructive tour, with health greatly renovated, he removed to Cincinnati and entered into partnership, for the practice of his profession, with Rufus King, Esq. For eleven years he continued in the busy offices of the bar. His health again failing, he decided to seek a milder climate. His original farming propensities still clung to him. He went to Texas, there to imitate the lives of the patriarchs, amidst his herds, in raising horses and mules. He had ever been an earnest Henry Clay Whig, and was much opposed to the action of the Democratic party in its attempt to annex Texas as a measure of slavery propagandism. When he reached Texas he soon found that all the prominent men there, and the masses of the people, were fanatically excited in favor of a dissolution of the Union, and the establishment of a new government for the Southern States, with monarchical forms, and based on slavery. They would seek the protectorate of England ; send their cotton to England, and receive goods of English manufacture in return. This was in 1859. His discerning mind soon perceived that there was a widely-organized and treasonable conspiracy to accomplish this end. Rapidly the treason made headway among the ignorant masses of the South. The plan adopted waS very cunning. The South, while seemingly opposed to the election of any northern candidate opposed to slavery to the Presidency, was to lend its secret aid for such a result. There was no term which could be uttered to the southern mind more full of opprobium than that of Abolitionist. Having elected one not friendly to the extension of slavery, they could then declare it to have been a northern measure, and, appealing to southern fanaticism, would call loudly for a dissolution of the Union, on the ground that as an Abolitionist was in the Presidential chair, the safety of the South demanded the dissolution of the Union. Mr. Anderson, with moral courage rarely surpassed, and with integrity worthy of all praise, opposed these suicidal measures, when he stood alone exposed to the fury of pro-slavery fanaticism. Revolutions bring the dregs of society to its surface. Mr. Anderson received anonymous letters threatening him with assassination and every conceivable indignity. There was a large gathering of the secessionists at San Antonio, Texas, on the loth of November, 186o. Many inflammatory speeches were made. Mr. Anderson then addressed the excited multitude in a strain of patriotic eloquence rarely surpassed. We have room but for one short extract : " We have truly fallen upon evil times. A meeting of American citizens is here solemnly convened, seriously to discuss and decide the further existence of our blessed Union. And has it indeed come to this ? Has the madness of faction, the virulence of fanaticism, at last reached this point ? Have sectional partisans finally dared to make or devise an assault upon this beloved and most glorious Union which our fathers of the South and the North shed their united blood to cement and establish ; which our mothers blessed in the earliest prayers HISTORY OF OHIO - 789 of our infancy ; which nurtured and protected our .first and best years, and which, under God's providence, is, I trust, destined to be to our children's children, to the latest generation of mankind, the very greatest boon and blessing which human minds and hands ever planned and executed, or which the Divine will has ever permitted. " Oh, may it stand, my friends, as deep in the earth and as high in the air as the grandest mountain ; as wide and glorious as old ocean, and as enclosing and vitalizing to its generations as the circumambient air. Whilst ever these fair, blue and bended skies, with their kindling lights of day and night, shall surround our earth, may this dear Union of our native land continue to encompass us and ours forever." There was, perhaps, not another man in Texas who would have had the moral courage to make such a speech on this occasion. There were many noble Union men there, but they could not express their sentiments but at the peril of their lives. Such men were continually visited by a vigilance committee, tarred and feathered, and hung. The most prominent man in these murders was one of the wealthiest citizens of San Antonio, and a prominent member of the Methodist Church. Notwithstanding this bold denunciation of treason and traitors, Mr. Anderson's dignity of character and high reputation for integrity and honor, were such that even the most fanatic secessionists did not venture immediately to assail him. But ere long the Confederate Congress, at Richmond, passed a law allowing forty days for any citizen of the United States, and who still adhered to the United States, to leave the Southern Confederacy, or else to be thereafter subject to the pains and penalties of treason. Mr. Anderson was compelled to abandon his property, disposing of it at whatever sacrifice. He could not with any safety run the gauntlet of the Confederate States. He therefore started for home by the way of Mexico. He was pursued by an armed force, captured and brought back to Antonio. Here he was imprisoned, and his life was in great peril. There was in San Antonio an aged and friendless widow, Mrs. Ann C. Ludlum, who loved " the dear old flag," and who revered the man who so nobly defended it. Her heart was moved with the most tender sympathy for the imperiled stranger. This heroic woman enlisted the services of an equally heroic and noble German, Mr. T. Z. Houzeau, and actually accomplished Mr. Anderson's escape. And this they did while fully conscious that if they should be detected in this, their deed of heavenly mercy, they would surely die upon the gibbet. Ere long Mrs. Ludlum's undisguised love for the Union caused her to be driven from her home into Mexico. The names of Ludlum and Houzeau, Americans should ever remember and honor. Mr. Anderson, through many perils, succeeded in reaching the Northern states. England, not unwilling to see our Union broken up, was in sympathy with the rebels. Mr. Anderson was urged to go to England, and by lectures there to endeavor to turn the tide of British public opinion and feeling in regard to the whole question. The special necessity for this service seemed to be the impending crisis caused by the seizing by Commodore Wilkes of Mason and Slidell. To this end he was furnished with the best possible testimonials to the 790 - HISTORY OF OHIO. Hon. Charles Francis Adams, then our very able Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James, as also to Messrs. Cobden and Hope, Miss Martineau, and many other influential personages of England. The result we give in the language of another. We give it without comment, simply as a very clear explanation of his failure in England. " But he soon found that the American affairs had already been superabundantly discussed by Mr. Train and others ; and moreover that the particular class who, in that stage of the question, were at all amenable to influence in favor of the Union party, was far more alive to the black philanthropy than to the white civilization of the case. Whereas, of course, with much sympathy for the slaves, and a decided opinion that slaveholders should lose, and would forever lose that property, he could not honestly put himself in accord with the current ideas of that class, that slavery could qualify its victims, the slaves, to equal rights of suffrage in the new and stupendous issues then imminent" hi the great trial of Republican institutions. " For the rest, he frankly advised his friends over the water, that between these sentiments, in so far as they were separable, patriotism was with him a very far stronger passion than philanthropy. As between the two classes, if forced to make an election, he was compelled to prefer his own color and race to the African or any other. For these reasons he gave up all ideas of delivering his course of lectures upon the rebellion to the British people. Treating this loss of time and money, therefore, as another vain sacrifice to that cause of his country which had ever been his religion, he again returned to the United States." It was not to have been expected that Mr. Anderson, born in Kentucky, and from infancy surrounded by slaves and breathing the atmosphere of slavery, could have regarded that subject as it was looked upon in the North by millions who had never seen a slave. Returning to America, Mr. Anderson was appointed colonel of the 93d Regiment of Ohio Volunteers, as gallant a band as patriotism ever sent to the battle-field. But we have not space to enter into the details of his military service, of his chivalric courage, his wounds, and his almost miraculous escape from death at the battle of Stone River. Wounds, and the exhaustion of this terrible cam-paining, so impaired his health that he was compelled to resign his commission. But he now stood so high in the esteem of his fellow citizens that he was soon chosen Lieutenant Governor of Ohio. Governor Brough was the Chief Executive. Ili; sudden death transferred Colonel Anderson to the gubernatorial chair, and he became Governor of Ohio. Thus he took his position in the ranks of that long line of noble men whose administrative ability has raised Ohio to the proud position which the imperial state now occupies. At the close of the war Governor Anderson advocated immediate and general amnesty. Ile was strongly opposed to that impartial ballot which disclaimed all tests of color. This led him to pass into the ranks of the Democratic party. Upon retiring from the office of governor, with fortune much diminished by the war, he removed to Kentucky, and settled upon a large iron estate upon the Cumberland River, in Lyon County. Here he now lives, in 1874, in the seclusion of private life, revered and beloved by all who know him. CHAPTER XLIII. LIVES OF THE GOVERNORS — CONTINUED. JACOB D. Cox, RUTHERFORD B. HAYES, EDWARD F. NOYES, WILLIAM ALLEN. HON. JACOB D. COX. [See page 679.] In January, i866, Jacob D. Cox was inaugurated Governor of Ohio. He was horn in Montreal, Canada, on the 27th of October, 1828. His parents were residents of New York, but his father had been called temporarily to Montreal, to superintend the carpenter work upon the magnificent Cathedral of Notre Dame!, in that city. In 1829 the family returned to New York, where the son passed his childhood and youth. Here he received the rudiments of a good education. In 1846, when but eighteen years of age, he entered the renowned college at Oberlin, Ohio, whose fame had then begun to extend through all the states. Here he remained for about three years, prosecuting his studies with great diligence and great success. Graduating, he married in 1849 a daughter of President Finney, and in 1852 was admitted to the bar in Warren, Trumbull County, Ohio. As was to have been expected of a young man who had distinguished himself at Oberlin, Mr. Cox early espoused and earnestly and untiringly advocated the cause of universal freedom. He believed, and under all circumstances announced his belief, in the brotherhood of man, and that all men should be equally protected by the law. In 1859 he was elected by those who held similar views with himself to represent the Trumbull and Mahoning District in the State Senate. He had Chen a high reputation for integrity, native talent, and accomplished scholarship. He was especially distinguished for the thoroughness with which he pursued any studies or prosecuted any enterprise in which he might engage. He was alike capable of forming the most comprehensive plans, and of attending to the minutest details essential for the accomplishment of those plans. This combination of powers is one of the highest attributes of successful genius. Mr. Cox was a fine classical scholar, and also a proficient in both the French and German languages. Some one made the very true remark that a person, 792 - HISTORY OF OHIO. might have a special aptitude for the acquisition of languages, and yet might be very deficient in other mental operations. " For instance," said he, " I doubt very much whether Mr. Cox could master the difficulties of short-hand writing, or phonography." But it afterwards appeared that Mr. Cox, aS one of the amusements of his leisure hours, had become such a proficient in that difficult art that he could rival the most skillful reporters. From an impartial and admirable sketch of the life of Governor Cox, by William H. Busbey, Esq., who waS apparently personally acquainted with his career, I make the following valuable extract : " This same quality of mind carried him forward in scientific investigation, in political discussion and inquiry, in the walks of literature, and in the work of his profession. He possessed the rare quality of comprehending great measures without losing sight of necessary details. He had his mental powers so well in hand that they accomplished results always without loss of time. " Mr. Cox took his seat in the Ohio Senate on the first Monday in January, 186o. This session of the Legislature was a notable one. One of the most noteworthy of the legislative struggles was over the effort to repeal the kidnapping law, so-called. " Senator Cox was on the judiciary committee. The other Republicans on the committee were conservatives, and united with the Democrats in a report favoring repeal. Mr. Cox made a minority report, defending the law, and carried the Republicans of the Senate with him againSt the majority report of the committee. " This law provided for penaltieS against those who should attempt to carry free blacks out of the state without legal proceedings. It was, like personal liberty bills, a counterbalance to the fugitive slave act. In many other important struggles of the session the personal influence of Senator Cox was felt, and he was extremely popular with the radical wing of his party. " The tremendous queStions sprung upon the people by the threatening indications of civil war, found Senator Cox ready to grapple with them. Convinced that the country was in imminent danger, he held that while no unnecessary provocation should be given, there should be no further yielding to slavery ; and that if the advocates of slavery made war we should fight it out. He comprehended the necessity for preparation, and assisted in the organization of the state militia. His knowledge of military systemS and duties was already very great, and he was made brigadier general." When treason opened its fire upon our national flag at Sumter, and sought the demolition of this Republic, founded upon equal rights for all men, that there might be reared upon its ruins another government whose corner-stone should be slavery, Mr. Cox espoused, with all the inflexible enthusiasm of his nature, the cause of human rights and of the integrity of the Union. Immemediately, relinquishing all other engagements, he consecrated his tireless energies day and night to patriotic labors. Very efficiently he aided Governor Dennison and General George B. McClellan in organizing troops. So entire was his consecration to this work that he found time to enter the Senate chamber only to vote upon the most important questions. At this early HISTORY OF OHIO - 793 period he was associated with all the military measures adopted by the state to rescue our country from impending perils. A large number of troops in the service of the general government were rendezvoused at Columbus, Ohio. General Cox was placed in command of them, at what was called Camp Jackson, on the 23d of April, 1861. Immediately after this he was commissioned by President Lincoln Brigadier General of United States Volunteers. With the assistance of General Rosecrans, as engineer, he laid out Camp Dennison, and remained in command of the gathering forces there until the 6th of July, when, by orders of General McClellan, he took position with his troops at the mouth of the Grand Kanawha, in Virginia. The upper portion of this valley was held by the rebels, under General Henry A. Wise. With prompt and vigorous movements, the details of which we have not space here to give, General Cox drove his opponents from the valley. He sounded no trumpet to proclaim his achievements, but those best qualified to judge declare that much military ability was displayed in his strategy and his tactics. Marching triumphantly into the interior, he took possession of the city of Charleston, from which the rebels had fled, and ascended the valley some forty miles farther, established a fortified camp at the mouth of the Gauley River. From this point he successfully carried on operations against the foe during the whole Summer. Though the rebel troops outnumbered the patriots three or four to one, and though General Cox was in the very heart of the enemy's country, they were unable to obtain any foothold in the valley, or to cut off his communications with the Ohio. We must glide over many adventures in which he took part, while participating in movements against Wise, Floyd and Lee. When General Reno fell at the battle of South Mountain, General Cox succeeded him in command of the Ninth Corps. In this battle and in the subsequent bloody conflict at Antietam, the troops he led so distinguished themselves that he was promoted to the rank of Major General, to date from October 7, 1862. The District of West Virginia, and soon after the District of Ohio, were entrusted to his protection. In December, 1863, he was placed in command of the Twenty-third Corps, with his headquarters at Knoxville, Tennessee. In the Atlanta campaign General Cox led the third division of that corps. But he commanded the entire corps in the engagement at Columbia, and in the sanguinary battle of Franklin, on the 30th of November, 1864. In this engagement he signalized himself for coolness and courage. In the desperate engagement at Nashville, General Cox took a prominent part. In 1865 there was an important movement of the patriot army against the rebels at Wilmington. General Cox took part in this movement. His entire force was engaged in the battle of Kingston, on the 5th of March of that year. Being placed permanently in command of the Twenty-third Army Corps, he advanced with his well-trained band upon Raleigh. Then he was entrusted with the protection of the western half of North Carolina, and superintended the parole of Johnston's troops at Greensboro. In July, 1865, he was again placed in command of the District of Ohio, and superintended the mustering out and discharge of the Ohio soldiers. Mr. Bus-bey writes, in his interesting biographical sketch : 794 - HISTORY OF OHIO. " While still in active service, he was brought forward as the soldiers' candidate for governor of the state. In June, 1865, he was nominated by acclamation as the candidate of the Union Republican party. The political campaign which succeeded was peculiar on account of the after-war issues involved, and the sensitiveness of the different factions of the Republican party. Conscious that he was entering the political field at a critical period, General Cox defined himself, both in letters and speeches, with great distinctness. He did not hesitate to express his views on any subject presented by the people. Having carried the state by a handsome majority, he was inaugurated in January, 1866. " In his first message, and in subsequent ones he discussed the state financial system, the common school system, and questions bearing on reform in charitable and reformatory institutions. In all departments he made recommendations which formed the basis of subsequent legislative action. His discussion of the proposed constitutional amendments attracted very general attention, and had much influence. His culture, his dignified bearing, his strong individuality, his freedom from any feeling of petty partisanship, his ability to grapple with questions as soon as presented, and his good judgment in settling them, made his administration very popular." At the close of his term of two years he declined a re-nomination and resumed the practice of law in Cincinnati. In 1869, President Grant chose him as Secretary of the Interior. The appointment was received with universal approval. The position was environed with difficulties. The reforms he urged met with opposition. He was unwilling to surrender points which seemed to him important, and, after a few months, tendered his resignation, and retiring from the Cabinet, returned to his law office in Cincinnati. Since that time, he has vigorously engaged in all those civil duties which can Promote the welfare of his fellow men. In 1873, being intrusted with the re. sponsible office of President of the Toledo, Wabash and Western Railway, he removed to the city of Toledo, where at the present writing, he resides. I cannot close this brief sketch more satisfactorily than in the words of Mr. William H. Busbey, who, from his personal acquaintance with the governor, is entitled to speak upon his moral, social, and intellectual traits : " Ex-Governor Cox is a man of fine culture and great strength of character In person he is tall and commanding ; in manner the personification of gentle- manly dignity. As has been intimated, he is a genius in mastering details and in concentrating his powers of mind for immediate and determined action. He is thorough in everything he undertakes, and however brilliant or worthy any special act of his may appear at first glance, it is sure to be more brilliant or worthy on investigation. The power to meet emergencies, to master things, and the disposition to grapple with questions of all kinds, are distinguishing characteristics. He examines carefully, decides quickly, acts unhesitatingly. He entered the Ohio Senate without legislative experience, and yet his qualifications were those of a leader. He entered the army with complete knowledge as to a soldier's duties—as far as the opportunities of civil life would allow. He could excel any of his subordinates in executing all the minutiae of the manual and drill, and surprised old officers by the fact that he fenced well. He planned a campaign or conducted a battle with a full sense of the emergency to HISTORY OF OHIO - 795 be met, and a full knowledge of plans to meet it. As a soldier, he was without parade or flourish, a man of unfailing resources, and in all his career there is the record of no blunder in the management of a department or the conduct of a battle. Where others learned by mistakes, he avoided mistakes by the application of principles. " He plunged into the first complications of the war, ready to meet the difficulties and competent to act. At the close of the war, he entered a critical political campaign, as ready to meet the issues presented, and more fearless than his party cared to have him, in grappling with vital questions over which the people were puzzling. " Imperious and earnest in carrying out measures which meet his approval, he is frank and determined in opposing measures that he cannot approve. But he always leaves with his opponents a clear conviction of his honesty of purpose, a respect for his integrity, and a consciousness of his ability." HON. RUTHERFORD B. HAYES. [See page 689.] The parents of Rutherford Birchard Hayes emigrated from Windham County, Vermont, to Delaware, Ohio, in the year 1817. Delaware then, half a century ago, in the center of the state, was a small but unusally pleasant village of four or five hundred inhabitants. Here Gen. Hayes was born, Oct. 4, 1822. At the age of twenty he graduated at Kenyon College, Ohio, and commenced the study of law at Columbus. After three years of study, having attended a course of lectures at the celebrated law school of Harvard University, Mass., he was admitted to the bar, and commenced the practice of his profession at Fremont. After remaining here four years, he removed in 1849 to Cincinnati. In 1852 he married Miss Lucy Ware Webb, of Chillicothe, and was thus fairly embarked upon that ocean of life which is ever swept by storms. A few years passed peacefully away when the bugle blasts of civil war called him to the horrid scenes of the battle-field. Heroically he performed his part on many a bloody field. Mr. Reid, in his excellent history of Ohio during the war, writes : " In October, 1864, Colonel Hayes was appointed Brigadier General ' for gallant and meritorious services at the battles of Winchester, Fisher's Hill, and Cedar Creek.' In the Spring of 1865, he was given command of an expedition against Lynchburg, by way of the mountains of West Virginia, and was engaged in preparations for that campaign when the war closed." He was then in honor of his distinguished services breveted Major General. The following incident is related by General Comly, in his account of Sheridan's victory of Winchester : " After the usual amount of marching and counter-marching, from the 4th to the 18th of September, the battle of Winchester was fought on the 19th. General Crook's command was in reserve, but was very soon brought into action and sent to the extreme right of the line to make a flank attack. Hayes' brigade had the extreme right of the infantry. The position was reached under cover of an almost impenetrable growth of cedar 796 - HISTORY OF OHIO. crossing a swampy stream. Here the division was halted and formed : First brigade (Hayes') in front, and the second (Johnson's) in the rear. Throwing out a light line of skirmishers, the brigade advanced rapidly to the front, driving the enemy's cavalry. The national cavalry at the same time advanced out of the woods on the right. After advancing in this way across two or three open fields, under a scattering fire, the crest of a slight elevation was reached, when the enemy's infantry line came into view, off diagonally to the left front, and he opened a brisk artillery fire. Moving forward double-quick under this fire, the brigade reached a thick fringe of underbrush, dashing through which it came upon a deep slough, forty or fifty yards wide and nearly waist deep, with soft mud at the bottom, overgrown with a thick bed of moss, nearly strong enough to bear the weight of a man. " It seemed impossible to get through it, and the whole line was staggered for a moment. Just then Colonel HayeS plunged in with his horse, and under a shower of bullets and shells, crossed over. When he was about half the way over, his horse mired down. He dismounted and waded, and pushed his way through—the first man over. The Twenty-third was immediately ordered by the right flank and crossed over the slough at the same place. In floundering-through this morass men were suffocated and drowned ; still the regiment plunged through, and, after a pause long enough partially to reform the line, charged forward again, yelling and driving the enemy. Sheridan's old cavalry kept close upon the right, having passed around the slough, and every time the enemy was driven from cover, charged and captured a large number of prisoners. This plan was followed throughout the battle ; by which the cavalry was rendered very effective. In one of these charges, Colonel Duvall, the division commander, was wounded and carried from the field, leaving Colonel Hayes in command. He was everywhere exposing himself recklessly as usual. He was the first over the slough, and he was in advance of the line half the time afterward. His adjutant general was severely wounded, and men were dropping all around him, but he rode through it all as if he had a charmed life." He was wounded four times, once very severely. Just before the termination of this dreadful strife, he was elected to Congress from the Second Cincinnati District, and re-elected in 1866. He was ever an able and highly valued supporter of the principles of the Republican party. In 1867, this party, in Ohio, by general acclaim, nominated him for the governorship of the state. There were many complications in this election ; the community being greatly agitated and divided by the " negro suffrage" question.. General Hayes, who had won much esteem by his dignified bearing during the conflict, was elected by about three thousand majority, and in 1869 he was reelected by an increased majority. Governor Hayes' administration was illustrious in the benefits it conferred upon the state. A home for the orphan children of soldiers was provided. A reform school was established. Great improvements were introduced in the treatment of the insane. The penitentiary was enlarged, and vigorous measures of improved prison discipline adopted. Additional authority was given to the Board of State Charities to investigate and bring to light all abuses in the penal and charitable legislation of the state. An Agricultural College was founded. HISTORY OF OHIO - 797 A geological survey of the state was undertaken. New efforts were adopted to protect all important historical documents. Portraits of the governors and other distinguished citizens were secured. Casts of the pottery of the mound-builders were obtained and carefully preserved. A Lincoln and soldiers' monument was erected in the rotunda of the State House. And last, but by no means least, the true democratic doctrine of extending the right of suffrage to colored citizens was adopted. Governor Hayes still lives. One who knows him well has paid the following fine tribute to hiS character : " General Hayes is one of the few men capable of accomplishing much without any egotistical assertion of self. As a soldier in the army, an advocate at the bar, or an earnest supporter of radical measures he has been content to do his duty with an unpretending, noiseless energy that makes him a marked man. The people will find his utterances full of sound thought, and his deportment modest, dignified and unassuming. He proved himself not only a gallant soldier, but a model officer. We had opportunities of close observation while serving with him in Virginia, and found him cool, self-possessed, and as thorough in the discharge of his duties as he was gallant in action." It is also pleasant to give the following still more decisive testimony to the merits of Governor Hayes from one of the leading papers of the state. This testimony was repeated by many other public journals, without, so far as we know, any dissentient voices : " That the gubernatorial chair of Ohio has never been filled by a man more personally and specially esteemed by the people than Governor Hayes, is a fact admitted by everybody of all parties. He is recognized as a most efficient, discreet, practical executive officer. His messages, proclamations, etc., have been universally complimented by the press for their brevity, directness and good common sense. Editors and reporters have never been obliged to trouble themselves about condensing any state paper he issued — it was always couched in the fewest words possible, clear and forcible. He retires with a splendid record,, high in the confidence of the people of our noble state." HON. EDWARD F. NOYES. [See page 703.] Edward Follensbee Noyes was born at Haverhill, Mass., October 3, 1832. His parents were Theodore and Hannah Noyes, both of whom died before he was three years of age, leaving the little orphan child with the world before him, in which his battle was to be fought single-handed and alone. He was taken in charge by maternal grandparents, Edward and Hannah Stevens, who resided at East Kingston, Rockingham County, New Hampshire. At twelve years of age, his grandfather having died, he went to live with his guardian, Joseph Hoyt, of Newton, New Hampshire. To New Hampshire boys life is not altogether playtime. At thirteen the youth took care of twenty head of cattle, worked on the farm in Summer, and in Winter made a daily pilgrimage of four miles and cut and piled his half cord of swamp maples—certainly a fair day's work for a youngster in the beginning 798 - HISTORY OF OHIO. of his teens. But here was laid the foundation of robust, vigorous health, that stood him well in hand in times of after trial, when less hearty strength would have succumbed. At forty-two years of age Governor Noyes is of a hale, cheery temperament. His good nature is infectious. His vivacity is inspiring, and his intellect clear and incisive. lie is not put down by adverse circumstances, but attacks difficulties and overcomes them by persistency, or if vanquished in turn, bears ill-success with equanimity. How much of character, of energy and of mental faculty depend upon the simple fact of good health is not generally appreciated. A sound mind cannot flourish in an unwholesome body ; and to the complete and perfect exercise of such powers as have been given to men, the first and most essential requisite is unimpaired physical condition. It does not exceed the truth to say that Governor Noyes is one of the foremost political orators in the West ; and those who have been moved by the power of his pathos until their eyes became misty—who have been excited to boisterous laughter by the overflowing humor of his happy nature or exalted by his eloquence—are not perhaps aware how much of the subtle influence is owing to the twenty head of cattle, the maple cord-wood, and that early life which gave to an active mind an entirely healthful body. At fourteen young Noyes was apprenticed as a printer in the office of the Morning Star, the organ of the Free Will Baptist denomination, published at Dover, New Hampshire, and boarded in the family of the editor, Wm. Burr, a kind-hearted and good man, where he remained for four years. By the necessary indentures the future governor of Ohio was a " bound boy," whose term of service was to last until he reached the age of twenty-one. Mr. Burr was well pleased with his youthful charge, who was smart and active, and did his work intelligently and well, and was surprised one day when the boy went to his room, and with a form of statement at once precise and emphatic said, " Mr. Burr, I want to quit your office." The good editor inquired the reason, and was informed by the lad that he had no cause for dissatisfaction or complaint, that he had been always treated with the consideration that a father might show to a son," but I feel that there is something more in me than a journeyman printer"; he added, " I want to go home and go to school." The old gentleman pondered a moment, and then said, " Yes, Edward, you can go ; and if ever I can be of assistance to you, call upon me freely." So they parted. Mr. Burr lived long enough to see his bound boy successful in life, but not long enough to see him as he afterwards became—a leading man in Ohio. Young Noyes prepared for college at the academy in Kingston, New Hampshire, under the tutelage of Professor Joseph Eastman ; entered Dartmouth College in 1S53, graduating in 1S57, one of the foremost scholars in his class. Even then were recognized in him brilliant possibilities for the future. He was at that time considered the best speaker in his class ; and whenever he had occasion to appear upon the rostrum he always commanded the attention of his fellows to a degree that foreshadowed the power of after years. Upon commencement day he was requested by the Faculty to deliver a poem, and it is suggestive that the theme assigned him was " Eloquence." In the Winter of his senior year Noyes commenced the study of law in the HISTORY OF OHIO - 799 office of Stickney & Tuck, at Exeter, New Hampshire. This was Amos Tuck, for many years a member of Congress, and a man of considerable note in those days. Before leaving the halls of his Alma Mater the collegiate had imbibed. from such men as AmoS Tuck, John P. Hale, Henry Wilson, Charles Sumner and John G. Whittier, the intimate friend and townsman of his father, those ideas which made him an old school Liberty man, a Free Soiler, an Independent Democrat and a Republican—following the party that opposed slavery through all its changes of name and vicissitudes of fortune. In 1856, at the request of the State Central Executive Committee of New Hampshire, he stumped the state for John C. Fremont, much to the disgust, as one of his class-mates tells us, of the theological professor of old Dartmouth. In 1857 Governor Noyes went to Ohio, rather by accident than otherwise, to visit a college classmate, never for a moment dreaming that it was to be his future. home. Some people call it luck ; others, more thoughtful, might ascribe it to Providence ; but whatever the fact, the young New Englander was not long in discovering that the West was the field for self-reliant energy. It is not an exaggeration to say that his career thus far in the State of Ohio has been exceptionally brilliant. He went there a poor boy, without a dollar in his pocket, or at his command, a perfect stranger outside the family in whose household he visited, yet within fourteen years he was governor of that great commonwealth, and perhaps as widely and favorably known as any of her distinguished public men now on the stage of action. The visit to Cincinnati was altogether a pleasant one, and the new-corner was welcomed to a hospitable society. Being one of those who easily make friends, his circle of acquaintance was soon enlarged, and not lacking in qualities of address that impress themselves favorably upon others, those who knew him soon liked him. As he pondered upon the proposition of returning to his native hills, he could not avoid an involuntary contrast between the staid, sober, plodding ways of his old home, and the dash, energy, and vivacious pluck of the West. Without yet any definite plan of action, he resumed the study of law in the office of Tilden, Rairden & Curwen, attending the lectures of the Cincinnati Law School, in the Winter of 1857-58. In Mr. M. E. Curwen, then Professor in the Law School, and a lawyer of high standing and character, Mr. Noyes found a faithful friend and most conscientious mentor. To this preceptor, whose wise judgment and perfect integrity of life may now be spoken of, as it is worthy to record the virtues of the dead, the pupil acknowledges a debt of gratitude for the advice and friendly conduct which induced him to make Cincinnati his home. An office was opened in Cincinnati in 1858. Business began to come, and came quite rapidly, and the way to success seemed opening, when the tocsin of war sounded in 1861. Those who had studied the political history of the country with any reasonable degree of appreciation, foresaw that the struggle was to be for life or death, and the young lawyer did not believe that the impending contest was such as could be determined by the three monthst volunteers. He turned his thoughts towards the army. He knew nothing about war, but in this he was not different from the thousands and thousands of others who, in the end composed the victorious cohorts, whose heavy tread shook from its throne the