600 - HISTORY OF OHIO was a clear cut division between republican and democratic members upon this question, and as the republican majority in each House was very small, the democrats tried to defeat ratification by parliamentary tactics. After the vote had been taken they thought to annul it by claims of improper influence on the part of Salmon P. Chase, then chief justice of the United States Supreme Court, to secure affirmative votes. The vote in the Senate was nineteen to eighteen, and in the House fifty-seven to fifty-five. Crowds of excited people filled the hall of the House, and when the vote was officially announced there were cheers, groans and hisses. The date was January 19, 1870. Governor Hayes received congratulatory telegrams from many prominent republican leaders, which he transmitted to the two Houses. The political campaign of 1870 was devoid of excitement. Only national issues were involved, and on these the republicans were sure of THE TOMB OF RUTHERFORD B. HAYES In beautiful Spiegel Grove State Park success at the polls. A prohibition party ticket was nominated at a convention held in Columbus, Wednesday, June 1, but it received less than 3,000 votes on election day. The democratic ticket, named in Columbus on June 1st, was as follows : William Heisley, of Cuyahoga County, for secretary of state; Richard A. Harrison, of Madison, for supreme judge ; John H. Heaton, of Belmont, for comptroller of the treasury ; William Spencer, of Licking, for member of the board of public works. The republican convention, on August 10th, was attended by many colored delegates, who had already been thus recognized at home under the Fifteenth Amendment. Isaac R. Sherwood, of Williams County, was renominated for secretary of state ; George W. Mcllvaine, of Tuscarawas, for judge of the Supreme Court ; William T. Wilson, of Portage, for comptroller of the treasury, and Philip V. Herzing, of Auglaize, for member of the board of public works. The official abstract of the votes cast at the election was as follows : Secretary of State—Isaac R. Sherwood, 221,709; William Heisley, 205,014; Jay Odell, 2,862. Sherwood's majority, 13,833. Judge of the Supreme Court—George W. Mcllvaine, 222,629; Richard A. Harrison, 204,287 ; Gideon T. Stewart, 2,810. ANNALS OF OHIO ADMINISTRATIONS - 601 Comptroller of the Treasury—William T. Wilson, 221,711 ; John H. Heaton, 204,287; Thomas Edmonson, 2,780. Member of Board of Public Works—Philip V. Herzing, 220,704; William A. Spencer, 205,081 ; Enoch G. Collins, 2,965. In addition, the republicans elected fourteen of the nineteen members of Congress from the state—a gain of one in the delegation. Among them was Charles Foster, of Fostoria, who served in Congress until 1879, and was then elected governor of the state, which office he held from 1880 to 1884. He was secretary of the. treasury in the cabinet of President Benjamin Harrison from February 25, 1891, to March 3, 1893. Foster was forty-two years old when first elected congressman. The federal census of 1870 was interesting to the people of Ohio because it showed that the state had made fine progress during the preceding decade, notwithstanding the war. The population had increased 13.92 per cent, from 2,339,511 in 1860 to 2,665,260 in 1870. There were in the state 63,213 colored people and one Chinese, with no other race represented except Indians, of whom there were 100 who were outside of any tribal relations. These ten cities had 10,000 or more people each : Cincinnati, 216,239 ; Cleveland, 92,829 ; Toledo, 31,584 ; Columbus, 31,214 ; Dayton, 30,473 ; Springfield, 12,652 ; Portsmouth, 10,592; Zanesville, 10,011 ; Akron, 10,006. The year 1871 saw the beginning of a republican defection from President Grant, led by United States Senators Carl Schurz, of Missouri, and Charles Sumner, of Massachusetts, and by Horace Greeley, the famous editor of the New York Tribune. The contest thus begun in the party was greatly deplored by republicans of Ohio. Its culmination in 1872 was one of .the outstanding incidents in the political history of the country. Another subject of much importance to Ohioans in 1871 was the election of a United States Senator, which was to occur at the next session of the General Assembly. John Sherman was a candidate for reelection, and his friends feared that he would have opposition within the party. The prospect greatly agitated the newspaper editors and the people. This was the year for another election of a full state ticket, including the governor, and it proved to be a time of turbulence and excitement, notwithstanding the fore-knowledge that the republicans would be successful. Clement L. Vallandigham, who had had such a stormy career in the state, still held a strong position in the councils of the democratic party. He astonished the country by coming forward with a "new departure," in which he declared that the democratic party must renounce its position on slavery and secession, and accept emancipation of the slaves, negro suffrage, and reconstruction without further resistance. He succeeded in carrying this policy through the democratic state convention, at Columbus on June 1, but only after a fierce and determined opposition, during more than an hour of the greatest tumult. The platform embodying Vallandigham's new ideas was adopted by a vote of 365 yeas to 129 nays. Many delegates immediately withdrew from the convention to emphasize their disapproval of the act. The following nominations were made : Governor, George W. McCook, of Jefferson County ; lieutenant-governor, Samuel F. Hunt, of Hamilton ; Judge of Supreme Court, George W. Geddes, of Richland ; attorney-general, Edward S. Wallace, of Clark ; auditor of state, Joseph R. Cockerill, of Adams ; treasurer of state, Gustavus Buehl, of Hamilton; member of the board of public works, Arthur Hughes, of Cuyahoga. On June 21, 1871, the republican convention, presided over by ex-Governor William Dennison, nominated Edward F. Noyes, of Hamilton County, for governor ; Jacob Mueller, of Cuyahoga, for lieutenant-governor ; James Williams, of Champaign, for auditor of state; Isaac R. Welsh, of Belmont, for treasurer of state; Francis B. Pond, of Morgan, for attorney-general; William H. West, of Logan, for judge of 602 - HISTORY OF OHIO the Supreme Court ; Rodney Foos, of Clinton, for clerk of the Supreme Court ; Thomas W. Harvey, of Lake, for commissioner of common schools, and Stephen R. Hosmer, of Muskingum, for member of the board of public works. In the evening a great ratification meeting was held at the west front of the state house, addressed by John Sherman and James A. Garfield. The preelection campaign was without unusual incident, and the republican majorities on all candidates approximated 20,000. The vote on holding a convention to revise and amend the constitution stood : For the convention, 267,618 ; against, 200,992 ; not voting (counted against) 9,858. Majority in favor of the convention, 56,768. The new General Assembly contained eighteen republicans and eighteen democrats in the senate ; fifty-seven republicans and forty-eight democrats in the House. The majority of nine on joint ballot assured the election of a republican United States Senator. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR EDWARD F. NOYES SIXTIETH GENERAL ASSEMBLY Regular Session, January 1 to April 2, 1872. Adjourned Session, January 2 to May 16, 1873 Jacob Mueller was ex-officio president of the Senate by virtue of his office as lieutenant-governor. The speaker of the House was Nelson H. Van Voorhes, of Athens County. A peculiar situation existed in the Senate because of the fact that the members were a tie politically—eighteen democrats and eighteen republicans. Both parties presented names of men for clerks and sergeant-at-arms, and the republican lieutenant-governor cast deciding votes for all the republican candidates. This was regarded by the democrats as of doubtful legality, but the employes were retained as elected. Canvass of the votes cast at the October, 1871, election, made in joint session of the Assembly, showed results as follows: Governor—Edward. F. Noyes, 238,273; George W. McCook, 218,- 105 ; Gideon T. Stewart (prohibition), 4,068. Total, 460,446. Lieutenant-Governor—Jacob Mueller, 236,828; Samuel F. Hunt, 217,883 ; P. M. Weddell, 4,470. Auditor of State—James Williams, 237,809; Joseph R. Cockerill, 217,883; William B. Chadwick, 4,094. Treasurer of State—Isaac Welsh, 237,398; Gustavus Buehl, 218,- 390 ; Thomas Evans, Jr., 4,115. Attorney-General—Francis B. Pond, 237,718; Edward W. Wallace, 218,077 ; James W. Stinchcomb, 4,098. On January 10th John Sherman was reelected United States Senator, notwithstanding opposition in his own party, a few members refusing to enter the republican caucus or to abide by its decision. He fell two short of a majority in the Senate, but on joint ballot received seventy-three votes, a majority of six. The democrats voted for George W. Morgan. The inauguration of Governor Noyes was a notable occasion. There was an unusually large attendance of republicans from all parts of the state, partly due to the senatorial contest, and great crowds listened to the governor's inaugural address with much interest. The 1870 census and the apportioning act of Congress following it increased Ohio's representation to twenty members in the Lower House at Washington. During the session of 1872 a new apportionment of congressional districts was made by the Assembly. It was the source of much difference of opinion and of acrimonious discussion, as congressional district apportionments had been many times before, and it 604 - HISTORY OF OHIO was not until April 27, almost four months after the Assembly had convened, that the act was finally passed. At the adjourned session, under date of January 14, 1873, definite enactment was made providing for the convention to revise the state constitution, in pursuance of the vote of the people favorable to the holding of such a convention. The act provided that on the first Monday of the following April there should be an election of delegates to the convention, and that those elected should convene in the hall of the House in the state capitol on the second Tuesday in May. This they did, and devoted 188 days to their task. Their deliberations were finished in Cincinnati on May 15, 1874, but the new constitution they presented for ratification of the people was rejected by a vote of 250,169 against it to 102,885 for it. The presidential election of 1872 occasioned unusual scenes in the state. The opposition to the reelection of General Grant which developed became very pronounced and produced a split in the republican party which was viewed with much concern in Ohio. On May 1, 1872, the representatives of the opponents to the President held a national convention in Cincinnati. Stanley Matthews of that city was the temporary chairman, and Carl Schurz, United States Senator from Missouri, was permanent chairman. The name taken by the faction was "Liberal Republican." It adopted a platform of twelve planks and nominated a ticket—Horace Greeley, of New York, for President, and Benjamin Gratz Brown, of Missouri, for Vice President. On July 9th the democratic national convention at Baltimore, by overwhelming majorities, accepted Greeley and Brown as their own nominees also. The Ohio delegates to the convention were fully in accord with this action. The leaders were Henry B. Payne, of Cuyahoga County ; John A. McMahon, of Montgomery ; Chilton A. White, of Brown, and M. A. Daugherty, of Franklin, who constituted the Big Four delegates-at-large. That part of the national democracy which opposed Greeley, who had long been their party's bitterest enemy, held a convention at Louisville on September 3d and nominated for President Charles O'Connor, of New York, and for Vice President John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts. The labor reform party met in national convention in Columbus and nominated candidates for President and Vice President, but they both subsequently declined to stand for election. The prohibitionists met in national convention, in Columbus, on February 23d and 24th, and named a ticket consisting of James Black, of Pennsylvania, for President, and John Russell, of Michigan, for Vice President. These various factions and small parties all had their adherents in Ohio. The republican state convention, at Columbus, on March 27th, nominated a state ticket headed by Allen T. Wikoff, of Adams County, for secretary of state, and elected delegates-at-large to the national convention as follows : Jacob Mueller, of Cuyahoga County ; Samuel Craighead, of Montgomery ; Henry Kessler, of Hamilton, and James Madison Bell, of Lucas. The state was entitled to two more delegates than the number of then existing congressional districts, inasmuch as Ohio under the new apportionment, not yet made, would have one more district than before. Accordingly ex-Governor Rutherford B. Hayes, of Hamilton County, and Thomas F. Sanderson, of Mahoning, were designated by the convention as the two extra delegates. The convention adopted resolutions unequivocally approving the administration of President Grant and urging that William Dennison, of Ohio, be named for Vice President. But, by reason of conditions which Dennison imposed, his name was not presented before the national delegates. The republican district delegates to this convention were : James W. Sands, Henry Eckelman, Josiah L. Keck and William F. Tibballs, all of Hamilton County ; William D. Bickham, of Montgomery ; J. Kelly O'Neil, of Warren ; Griffith Ellis, of Champaign; Alexander G. Con- ANNALS OF OHIO ADMINISTRATIONS - 605 over, of Miami ; David Harpster, of Hancock ; James L. Price, of Van Wert ; Jefferson Hildebrandt, of Clinton ; Andrew J. Wright, of Highland Perry Stewart, of Clark ; Edward F. Noyes, of Franklin ; John H. Myers, of Richland ; S. E. De Wolf, of Marion ; J. G. Sherman, of Huron ; J. S. York, of Seneca ; William Crouse, of Lucas ; P. C. Hayes, of Williams ; John B. Gregory, of Scioto ; William H. Enochs, of Lawrence ; Nelson J. Turney, of Pickaway ; John S. Brazee, of Fairfield ; Daniel Applegate, of Muskingum ; William C. Cooper, of Knox ; Aaron Pardee, of Medina ; L. J. Sprengle, of Ashland ; Nelson H. Van Voorhes, of Athens ; Samuel S. Knowles, of Washington ; Isaac Welch, of Belmont ; W. H. Gooderel, of Guernsey ; Washington Butler, of Carroll : A. W. Williams, of Stark ; John Huntington and Joseph Turney, of Cuyahoga ; F. G. Servis, of Mahoning, and William M. Eames, of Ashtabula. The national convention of the republicans—the fifth since the organization of the party—was held at Philadelphia, commencing on June 5th. General Grant was renominated for President without opposition. When Ohio's vote was called for, Samuel Craighead, chairman of the delegation, arose and said : "Ohio, the birthplace of Ulysses S. Grant, presents a united front for this nomination today ; Ohio, that never failed or faltered when republican work was to be done. Ohio promises to this convention and to the country fifty thousand majority for the nominee. Ohio casts her united vote, forty-four in all, for Ulysses S. Grant." Henry Wilson, of Massachusetts, was made the vice presidential nominee. The campaign was a highly picturesque one. It was not known what measure of strength the liberal republican party might develop, and no efforts were spared on either side to arouse enthusiasm and to secure the votes As the weeks passed, however, it became evident that Grant would carry the state by a large majority, and it was no surprise when the vote was announced : Grant, 281,852 ; Greeley, 244,321 ; Black, 2,100 ; O'Connor, 1,163 ; scattering, 162. The Ohio electors for General Grant were : At large, John C. Lee, of Delaware County, and Alphonso Hart, of Portage. For the districts. Joshua H. Bates and William E. Davis, of Hamilton County ; Thomas Moore, of Butler ; William Allen, of Darke ; Matthew C. Hale, of Shelby ; George R. Haynes, of Lucas ; Marcus Boggs, of Ross ; Charles Phellis, of Madison ; John S. Jones, of Delaware ; Christopher Columbus Keetch, of Erie ; Homer C. Jones, of Vinton ; Luther Donaldson, of Franklin ; Isaac Smucker, of Licking ; Isaac M. Kirby, of Wyandot ; Charles H. Grosvenor, of Athens ; Jonathan T. Updegraff, of Jefferson ; Joshua A. Riddle, of Mahoning ; John R. Buchtel, of Summit ; Aaron Wilcox, of Geauga, and John C. Grannis, of Cuyahoga. The republicans elected thirteen congressmen, and the democrats seven. On December 29th, before the electoral votes were cast and counted, Horace Greeley died at Chippaqua, New York. He had fully expected to be elected, and he died, it was believed, of a broken heart. The vote on the state ticket in Ohio, as canvassed at the adjourned session of the General Assembly in January, 1873, was as follows : Secretary of State—Allen T. Wikoff, republican, 265,925 ; Aquila Wiley, democrat, 251,778 ; Ferdinand Schumacher, prohibitionist, 2,035. Judge of the Supreme Court—John Welch, 263,223 ; John L. Green, 252,036. Member Board of Public Works—Richard R. Porter, 266,829 ; Isaac B. Riley, 250,365. At the session of Congress which convened in December, 1872, an act was passed raising the salaries of members from $4,500 to $7,500 per year. This act, which was almost universally condemned throughout the country as a "salary grab," was intensely and excitedly condemned by both parties in the Ohio General Assembly, which was in session at 606 - HISTORY OF OHIO the time. On May 6th they adopted a joint resolution declaring the raise of salaries "unnecessary, uncalled for, and distasteful to the people of Ohio," and calling upon Ohio's representatives in Congress to use their most zealous efforts to have the law repealed. Another resolution expressed the sense of the Assembly that all Ohio representatives in Congress who had voted for the increase, or, voting against it had accepted it, deserved the censure of the people. Then, some historian among the members recalled the fact that among the first twelve amendments to the Federal Constitution which had been submitted by Congress on March 4, 1789, was one as follows : "No law varying the compensation for the services of the senators and representatives shall take effect until an election of representatives shall have intervened." This proposed amendment had never, of course, been submitted to the Legislature of Ohio, since Ohio was not in existence when it was submitted by Congress. It had never been ratified, but had lain dormant and unknown for eighty-four years. But the Ohio Assembly now promptly ratified it as an expression of its indignant protest against the "salary grab" of 1873. The storm of censure with which the obnoxious act was received was so great that the succeeding Congress repealed it. The year 1873 saw a partial reversal of the political fortunes of the republican party in Ohio, in that William Allen, democratic candidate for governor, was elected by a plurality of 817 votes, and the General Assembly elected at the same time had a democratic majority in both Houses—seven in the Senate and ten in the House of Representatives. This assured the return of Allen G. Thurman to the United States Senate. The republicans were successful in electing all state officers except the governor. Allen was the first democrat to be elected governor of Ohio since 1853. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WILLIAM ALLEN SIXTY-FIRST GENERAL ASSEMBLY Regular Session, January 5 to April 20, 1874. Adjourned Session, January 1 to March 20, 1875. The Senate of this General Assembly was presided over by Lieutenant-Governor Alphonso Hart, president ex-officio. George L. Converse, of Franklin County, was speaker of the House of Representatives. Converse was a lawyer of celebrity. He had been a member of the House, 1860-1863, and of the Senate, 1864-1865. He served in the Lower House of Congress from 1879 to 1885 ; and died in Columbus, March 30, 1897. The vote of the election of 1873, as announced after the official canvass of the Assembly, was as follows : Governor—William Allen, democrat, 214,654; Edward F. Noyes, republican, 213,837; Gideon T. Stewart, prohibitionist, 10,278; Isaac C. Collins, liberal republican, 10,109. (Allen's plurality over Noyes was 817, but his vote fell short by 19,570, of a majority of the total number cast for the other three candidates.) Lieutenant-Governor—Alphonso Hart, 214,228 ; Barnabas Burnes, 213.593. Judge of the Supreme Court (full term)—William White, 214,333 ; Henry C. Whitman, 213,705. Judge of the Supreme Court (short term)—Walter F. Stone, 214.363; Charles H. Scribner, 213,551. Treasurer of State—Isaac Welsh, 213,527; George Weimer, 213,349. Comptroller of the Treasury—William T. Wilson, 214,244 ; James K. Newcomer. 213.237. 608 - HISTORY OF OHIO Attorney-General—John Little, 213,983 ; Michael A. Daugherty, 213,413. Member of the Board of Public Works—Philip V. Herzing, 214,- 558 ; Christian Schunck, 212,793. Governor Allen was inaugurated on Monday, January 12, 1874, with the happy acclaim of the democrats. There was a gorgeous military parade, and a brilliant ball. The inaugural ceremonies occurred on the east front of the capitol, in the presence of an enormous concourse of people. As this Assembly was democratic on joint ballot, Allen G. Thurman was reelected to the United States Senate. The republicans voted for Ex-Governor Edward F. Noyes. Legislation enacted was not of large importance in the progress of the state. The protection of workers in the coal mines had become necessary, and an act had been passed in 1872 for that purpose. On March 21, 1874, this law was superseded by one of much broader scope. Requirements were rigid as to provision of outlets from the mines, ventilation, communication between the various points by means of tin speaking tubes, and use of safety lamps exclusively. It was forbidden to employ boys under twelve years old in mines. A state mine inspector was to be appointed to investigate conditions and enforce the new law. The movement was already under way to hold the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876. Ohio, as one of the most populous and enterprising of the states, was desirous of being fittingly represented, and on February 18, 1874, the General Assembly authorized and empowered the governor to appoint five suitable persons to be "Centennial Managers in Ohio," to secure thorough representation of the state's resources of all kinds. Five thousand dollars was appropriated for their immediate use. This amount was afterwards increased, from time to time, to a total of $46,130. Ohio's centennial managers included seven of the most distinguished men of the state : Rufus P. Ranney, of Cleveland Rutherford B. Hayes ; Edward F. Noyes, of Cincinnati ; George W. McCook, of Steubenville ; Barnabas Burnes, of Mansfield, and Ralph P. Buckland, of Fremont. The.director general of the entire exposition was Alfred T. Goshorn, of Cincinnati, and upon him devolved the final responsibility for its organization and success. The Ohio Building was the only state edifice accepted by the Philadelphia Park Commission for preservation after the exposition was over. It was visited by from 250,000 to 300,000 Ohio people, and was "conceded to be the handsomest and the best adapted for its purpose of all the state buildings." The display of minerals, agricultural products, machinery, pottery, art objects, and especially of archaeological remains was extensive and highly instructive. Prior to 1874 there had been some steps to protect wild game and birds in the state, but the law dated April 20 of that year formed the basis of the complete system in that regard which has since been in effect. It provided that at no time of the year, or • at any place in the state, should it be lawful to catch, injure or kill any of the following birds : Sparrow, robin, bluebird, martin, thrush, mocking bird, swallow, oriole, redbird, grossbeak, catbird, chewit or ground robin, pewee or phoebe bird, wren, cuckoo, indigo bird, yellow hammer or flicker, warbler or finch, maris, red starb, dummock, nightingale, cross bill or corn crake, Hungarian robin, European blackbird, great tit or blue tit. Open seasons were defined for hunting other birds and for animals. It was made unlawful to kill any wild deer between December 1st and October 1st, under fine of $50 and imprisonment for thirty days. It was not permitted to use weasels in driving rabbits out of holes. No hunting was to be done except by permission of owners of the lands. The first labor strike of real proportions among railroad employes occurred early in January of 1874, on the roads controlled by the Pennsylvania Company, and Ohio was greatly affected. Thousands were ANNALS OF OHIO ADMINISTRATIONS - 609 involved and there was much bad blood. It was impossible through several weeks to secure adequate service into and out of Cincinnati, Columbus, Steubenville and other important points. The Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers was in charge of the interests of the strikers. This was followed three years later by far more serious railroad labor disputes, accompanied by violence and destruction of property. Early in 1874, Morrison R. Waite, of Toledo, was appointed chief justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was at the time president of the convention to revise the state constitution. Judge Waite had achieved a national reputation by his success as a representative of the United States Government at the Geneva arbitration conference of 1871, which grew out of the Government's claims against Great Britain for depredations of the Alabama during the war. Perhaps the most remarkable feature of the history of 1874 in Ohio was the new agitation of the temperance question brought on by the "Woman's Temperance League," which had its origin in Hillsboro, Highland County. It quickly spread all over the state and into other states. The crusade's operations consisted in the formation of processions of good women who visited saloons, prayed, read the Bible and sang hymns, after which they begged the proprietors to desist from their business of selling liquor. In many localities they were successful by this means in temporarily eradicating the liquor traffic, but in many others they were met with violent opposition. A newspaper report from Xenia stated that a saloon keeper there assaulted an elderly lady among the crusaders, knocked her down and threw her into the gutter, for which brutality he was severely punished. This movement led directly to the organization of the Women's Christian Temperance Union, which afterward grew to great proportions throughout the country and in foreign lands. The campaign of 1874 was fought out largely on the national issue of "Hard Money versus Greenbacks." President Grant had pronounced unequivocally for a currency based on gold and silver in accordance with the republican position, and the democratic convention at Columbus, on August 26th, espoused the cause of a basic greenback currency. The campaign was not exciting, and the voting public was almost apathetic. The result of the election was a signal democratic triumph. When, at the adjourned session of the General Assembly, the official vote was reviewed, it was found to be as follows : Secretary of State—William Bell, Jr., democrat, 238,406 ; Allen T. Wikoff, republican, 221,204 ; John R. Buchtel, prohibitionist, 7,815. Judge of the Supreme Court (long term)—William J. Gilmore, democrat, 237,556 ; Luther Day, republican, 221,701. Judge of the Supreme Court (short term)—George Rex, democrat, 238,307; William W. Johnson, republican, 221,182. Clerk of the Supreme Court—Arnold Green, democrat, 238,089; Rodney Foos, republican, 221,581. Commissioner of Common Schools—Charles S. Smart, democrat, 237,044; Thomas W. Harvey, republican, 221,621. Member of Board of Public Works—Martin Schilder, democrat, 238,106; Stephen R. Hosmer, republican, 220,625. Thirteen democrats were sent to Congress, while the republican delegation dwindled to seven. The time of the adjourned session of the General Assembly was largely taken up in consideration of a bill to compel parents and guardians to send their children to school. No attempt to do so had been made prior to that time. It was shown that the total number of children of school age in the state was 991,708 and that of these 287,790 had not attended school for a single day the previous year. The bill required that all children between the ages of eight and fourteen years should attend public schools at least twelve weeks out of each year. Three excuses might be accepted for non-attendance : (1) That 610 - HISTORY OF OHIO the child's bodily or mental condition precluded attendance ; (2) that his time and labor were essential in the support of indigent parents ; (3) that he attended other than the common schools, and the nearest public school was two miles from his home. The bill was passed by the House of Representatives ; no action was taken on it in the Senate. But this was a forerunner of later rigid laws upon the subject. Gen. Rutherford B. Hayes was again, unexpectedly, nominated for governor at the republican convention held in Columbus on June 2, 1875. There had been much hesitation in taking this action. Alphonso Taft, of Cincinnati, was the principal avowed candidate for the honor, but he had enemies because he was suspected of being favorable to a sectarian division of the school funds of the state—a division which was desired by many adherents of the Roman Catholic Church. Another term for Hayes had been advocated, but he had declared that he would not accept a nomination in opposition to Judge Taft. Therefore his name was not placed before the convention. During the first ballot taken some delegates voted for Hayes, and before it was finished and the result announced, a Taft delegate arose and moved that Hayes be nominated by acclamation. Confusion arose over the question of his authority to do this, and also because of General Hayes' previous refusal to accept the nomination as opposed to Taft. A telegram was sent to Hayes informing him of the situation, but before he replied to it Charles P. Taft, a son of Judge Taft, removed all the difficulty by moving, on behalf of his father, that General Hayes' nomination be made unanimous. This was done. The rest of the ticket was made up without difficulty. The democrats, on June 7th, named their candidates at Columbus. Governor William- Allen was again at the head of the list. The prohibitionists also placed a ticket in the field. The campaign was very active. Many noted outside speakers of both parties came to Ohio to help their political friends here. The result of the election was a victory for the republicans, not only as to the state officials but also in the General Assembly, the complexion of which was completely changed, with a republican majority of three in the Senate and seventeen in the House. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR RUTHERFORD B. HAYES SIXTY-SECOND GENERAL ASSEMBLY Regular Session, January 3 to April 12, 1876. Adjourned Session. January 2 to May 7, 1877. Lieutenant-Governor Thomas L. Young presided over the Senate by virtue of his office, and Charles L. Grosvenor, of Athens County, was speaker of the House of Representatives. Young became governor in 1877 upon resignation of General Hayes. General Grosvenor had had a distinguished military career, and was now entering upon a long period of important civil service which made him conspicuous in Ohio for thirty years. He represented his district in Congress for more than twenty years ; was delegate-at-large to two republican national conventions. The Senate contained twenty republicans and fifteen democrats, and the House sixty-three republicans and forty democrats, so that the roster of employes was republican. When in 1877 United States Senator John Sherman resigned to become secretary of the treasury, Stanly Matthews, of Cincinnati, was elected to fill the vacancy. In 1881 Senator Matthews was made an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, in which exalted position he remained for the remainder of his life—until 1889. 612 - HISTORY OF OHIO The official vote at the election of 1875 was found by the Assembly to be as follows : Governor—Rutherford B. Hayes, republican, 297,817 ; William Allen, democrat, 292,273 ; Jay Odell, prohibition, 2,503. Lieutenant-Governor—Thomas L. Young, republican, 297,931 ; Samuel F. Cary, democrat, 287,968. Auditor of State—James \Villiams, republican, 296,210 ; Edward M. Green, democrat, 292,271. Treasurer of State—John M. Milliken, republican, 296,617 ; John Schreiner, democrat, 292,714. Judge of the Supreme Court—George W. McIlvaine, republican, 296,944 ; Thomas Q. Ashburn, democrat, 292,238. Attorney-General—John Little, republican, 296,858 ; Thomas E. Powell, democrat, 292,487. Member Board of Public Works—Peter Thatcher, republican, 296,- 901 ; Henry E. O'Hagan, democrat, 292,067. Legislation by the Assembly was chiefly routine, and had little to do with subjects of popular interest. Governor Hayes' inauguration in January, 1876, was attended by imposing ceremonies, and he entered upon his third term with no premonition of the tumultuous events of the year, in which he would be one of the central figures, and which were finally to place him in the chair of the chief magistrate of the Nation. On February 6, 1876, the people of Ohio were startled by details of a catastrophe which took a toll of seven lives in a tragic and unusual manner. On the previous afternoon, in Robinson's Opera House in Cincinnati, while the place was crowded at a matinee performance, someone started a false cry of "fire." Instantly a panic ensued. Men in mad fear charged for the doors, ruthlessly trampling down all who fell in their path, and crushing the lives out of seven helpless women and children. The public condemnation of this act of cowardice and cruelty was bitter throughout the country. On December 5th of the same year the people of the state, in common with those of the whole country, were horrified by a much greater theater disaster in the burning of the Brooklyn Theater, by which many hundred men, women and children lost their lives. Judge Alphonso Taft, of Cincinnati, who had been an unsuccessful candidate for the republican nomination for governor at the 1875 convention, was in 1876 made President Grant's secretary of war upon the impeachment and resignation of Secretary W. W. Belknap, and later in the year was appointed attorney-general. In 1882 he became United States Minister to Austria. In February, 1876, Senator John Sherman wrote a letter, which was made public, suggesting Governor Rutherford B. Hayes as the successor of President U. S. Grant, and the suggestion was well received by republicans all over the country—so favorable, indeed, that Ohio republicans were enthusiastic in presenting him before the Nation for the nomination. On March 26th the republican convention at Columbus, after nominating a state ticket, adopted a platform which, among other thing, said : "The Republican party of Ohio, having full confidence in the honesty, ability and patriotism of Rutherford B. Hayes, cordially present him to the national Republican convention for nomination for president of the United States, and our state delegates to that convention are instructed, and the district delegates are requested, to use their earnest efforts to secure his nomination." Delegates-at-large to the national convention were elected as follows : Benjamin F. Wade, of Jefferson, Ashtabula County ; Edward F. Noyes, of Cincinnati, Hamilton County ; William H. Upson, of Akron, Summit County, and J. Warren Keifer, of Springfield, Clark County. The district delegates were: Benjamin Eggleston, Christian Moer- ANNALS OF OHIO ADMINISTRATIONS - 613 lein, Henry Kessler and Louis C. Weir, all of Cincinnati ; Henry C. Morey, of Hamilton ; Frank Browing, of Wilmington ; William D. Bickham, of Dayton ; Barney Collins, of Greenville ; James L. Price, of Van Wert ; James Irvine, of Lima ; N. M. Howard, of Toledo ; Earl W. Merry, of Bowling Green ; Samuel H. Hurst, of Chillicothe ; John A. Smith, of Hillsboro ; Henry W. Smith, of London ; R. Byrkett, of Troy ; Thomas C. Jones, of Delaware ; Hylas Sabine, of Richwood ; Ralph P. Buckland, of Fremont ; J. B. Rothschild, of Findlay ; Homer C. Jones, of McArthur ; Samuel H. Bright, of Logan ; Leander J. Critchfield, of Worthington ; John Groce, of Circleville ; Edwin L. Lybarger, of Coshocton ; John Mcllvaine, of New Philadelphia ; D. W. Wilson, of Belleville ; Henry C. Carhart, of Galion ; Valentine B. Horton, of Pomeroy ; Jewett Palmer, of Marietta ; Jonathan T. Updegraff, of Mount Pleasant ; John Lemmox, of Freedom ; Cornelius Aultman, of Canton ; Jacob A. Ambler, of Salem ; Addison S. McClure, of Wooster ; George P. Perkins, of Akron ; Henry B. Perkins, of Warren ; George H. Ford, of Burton ; Edwin C. Cowles and Hiram Garretson, of Cleveland. The republican "senatorial electors" nominated at the state convention were : Aaron F. Perry, of Hamilton County, and Edward H. Bohm, of Cuyahoga. Those nominated in the districts were : John W. Herron and John W. Warrington, of Hamilton County ; George W. Hulick, of Clermont ; John C. Williamson, of Darke ; Isaac N. Alexander, of Paulding ; James B. Luckey, of Ottawa ; Orange Edwards, of Brown ; Anson T. Howard, of Champaign ; John J. Hane, of Marion ; John S. Davis, of Erie ; John L. Jones, of Jackson ; Augustus R. Keller, of Fairfield ; Edward M. Downer, of Crawford ; Andrew M. Burns, of Richland ; Columbus Downing, of Morgan ; David Cunningham, of Harrison ; John H. Whitcraft, of Mahoning ; Samuel G. Barnard, of Wayne ; Benjamin F. Wade, of Ashtabula, and Worthington G. Streator, of Cuyahoga. The democrats, in convention at Cincinnati on May 17th, nominated their state ticket. In their platform they incorporated a resolution declaring that William Allen was their choice for President and calling upon the Ohio delegates to the national convention "to use all honorable means to secure his success." Again the money issue was put f or-ward. The "soft money faction" in the convention, led by Allen, outnumbered the "hard money" supporters, among whom Senator Thurman was the chief leader. The prohibitionists also nominated a state ticket, and on May 17th their national convention at Cleveland presented to the country as its candidate Green Clay Smith, of Kentucky, for President, and Gideon T. Stewart, of Ohio, for Vice President. The straight-out greenbackers of the country held a convention at Indianapolis on May 18th, and named Peter Cooper, the aged New York philanthropist, for President, and Newton Booth, of California, as his running mate. Subsequently Booth declined the honor, and Samuel F. Cary, of Ohio, was substituted. The national conventions of the republicans and of the democrats were notable for the intensity of strife for the nominations. At Cincinnati on June 15th the republicans nominated Governor Hayes over such powerful men as James G. Blaine, of Maine, Roscoe Conkling, of New York, and Oliver P. Morton, of Indiana, three of the greatest national figures of the day, as well as Benjamin H. Bristow, of Kentucky, Grant's secretary of the treasury ; Governor John S. Hartranft, of Pennsylvania ; Postmaster General Marshall Jewell, of Connecticut, and William A. Wheeler, of New York. Blaine's name was presented in the famous "Plumed Knight" speech of the noted orator, Robert G. Ingersoll, of Illinois. Ex-Governor Noyes presented the name of Governor Hayes, and Senator Ben Wade made the seconding speech. There was trouble with the gas lighting system in the hall, which prevented a night session after the nominating speeches were finished, and the balloting 614 - HISTORY OF OHIO was deferred to the next day. The Blaine men always afterwards believed that this circumstance prevented his nomination, as various combinations were made against him during the night. Seven ballots were taken the next morning. On the sixth Blaine received 308 votes. Hayes 113, Bristow 111, Morton 85, Conkling 81, Hartranft 4, and Wheeler 2. Then all names were withdrawn except those of Hayes and Blaine. On the seventh ballot Hayes received 384 votes, Blaine 351, and Bristow 21. The nomination of Governor Hayes was made unanimous on motion of a Blaine delegate from Maine. William A. Wheeler, of New York, was made the candidate for Vice President. It was at St. Louis on June 28th that Samuel J. Tilden, of New York, was made the democratic candidate—defeating five others, including William Allen, of Ohio. Only two ballots were necessary. The campaign of 1876 in Ohio centered about Hayes and Tilden exclusively. The election of state officers was of comparatively no importance, and was all but lost sight of. The struggle over the presidential candidates was of the fiercest character, both sides putting forth their utmost efforts. The total vote, 660,221, was nearly 70,000 greater than that cast the previous year, which had itself been by many thousands the greatest ever registered in the state up to that time. The official figures as to President were : R. B. Hayes, republican, 330,698 ; Samuel J. Tilden, democrat, 323,182 ; G. Clay Smith, prohibition, 1,636 ; Peter Cooper, greenback, 3,507 ; scattering, 1,198. For some days after the election it was believed, even by the republicans, that Tilden had been elected, or at least that the result was doubtful. But as the official count of votes was made in the various states it began to appear probable that Florida, South Carolina and Louisiana, which had at first seemed safely democratic, had elected republican presidential electors. This would make the electoral vote 184 for each candidate, with one vote in Oregon in doubt. Such a situation was sure to create a superheated controversy over attempts to secure the small number of votes necessary to throw the election one way or the other. And, in fact, the strain became so tense that for more than three months business in the country was almost prostrated. There seemed no constitutional means of solving the problem, but conditions were intolerable, and it was absolutely essential to determine before the 4th of March who was to hold the presidential office. The great party leaders on both sides worked feverishly to arrive at a plan which would be acceptable to the country. In January a congressional committee was appointed to draft a suitable bill, and before the end of the month a "Compromise" was brought in for consideration. It was generally opposed by the republicans in Congress, and favored by the democrats. It was not regarded as a partisan measure, and no particular protest was made against it after it had been passed. It provided for the creation of an electoral commission of fifteen members—five to be appointed by each House of Congress, and the other five to be associate justices of the Supreme Court. This commission was to make a finding in the case, which should be of full authority. Then came weeks of consideration by the commission. Renowned attorneys for both sides appeared before it, and the country awaited in breathless anxiety for the decision. As late as the first of March there was no word—and the inauguration of a President must occur on Monday, the 5th. On the 2d of the month the final vote of the commission was taken, and it was decided that Hayes and Wheeler were entitled to a majority of the electoral votes. The tension was lifted, and, with the exception of some protests from unofficial democratic gatherings, there was no hint anywhere in the Nation of a refusal to accept the verdict, even though the vote in the commission had been eight to seven in arriving at it. It was an example to the whole world of the firmness and stability of the foundations of the American Government that so close ANNALS OF OHIO ADMINISTRATIONS - 615 a decision, on so momentous an issue, was universally accepted by the people. Meanwhile the General Assembly of Ohio, in January, had officially canvassed the vote of the October, 1876, election of state officers, finding as follows : Secretary of State--Milton Barnes, republican, 317,856; William Bell, Jr., democrat, 311,220 ; Edward S. Chapman, prohibition, 1,863. Judge of the Supreme Court—Washington W. Boynton, republican, 318.772 ; William E. Finck, democrat, 309,933. Member Board of Public Works—James C. Evans, republican, 318,373 ; Horace P. Clough, democrat, 310,348. The delegation in Congress consisted of twelve republicans and eight democrats. Among the defeated republicans was Stanley Matthews, of Cincinnati, who, in a total of 28,191 votes cast, had fallen short of a majority by only seventy-five. In the seventeenth district an entirely new name appeared. William McKinley, Jr., republican, was elected as representative in Congress over Levi L. Sanborn, democrat, by a majority of 3,304. Then began a public career for Major McKinley, thirty-three years old at that time, in which he achieved the supreme heights. Also, another new name appeared on the returns of votes for congressman. George K. Nash, republican, was defeated in the twelfth district by Thomas Ewing, democrat, but this proved no great obstacle in the path which led Nash through many honors to the governor's office in 1899. John Sherman became President Hayes' secretary of the treasury on March 7, 1877, and his resignation as United States Senator created a vacancy which was filled on March 20 by the election of Stanley Matthews. There were five candidates for the place before the republican caucus of the General Assembly, but Matthews won on the third ballot. He received eighty-four votes in the General Assembly's joint session. The democrats voted blanks, having no candidate. The year 1877 was notable in Ohio for another extraordinary temperance agitation which began in April and stirred the state to its depths. The "Murphy Movement," which had been started in Pennsylvania the preceding year, raged in Ohio with great fury. Francis Murphy attempted to accomplish the great reform by securing signatures to personal pledges to abstain from the use of intoxicating drinks. Signers distinguished themselves by wearing blue ribbons. Meetings were held in every hamlet, town, and city in Ohio through some months, and the campaign aroused very great excitement and interest. Almost all the other states witnessed similar scenes, and before the movement subsided it was claimed by its originator that signatures thus secured by his efforts numbered as many as 10,000,000. In July of this year Governor Young was called upon to deal with very serious rioting, incident to a railroad strike which had its beginning in Pennsylvania on July 22d, and quickly reached Ohio. At Pittsburg, Baltimore and Harrisburg furious mobs destroyed many millions -of dollars of property, and a number of lives were lost in clashes with the militia. In Columbus, Newark, and a number of other Ohio points on the lines of the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad companies, there was great disorder and fear of disaster. Governor Young ordered the state militia into active service, and took personal charge of the situation. The danger had disappeared by early August, and the troops were then ordered home. The political campaign and election of 1877 resulted in a decisive victory for the democratic candidates, who were elected by pluralities ranging from 17,000 to 22,000. The anti-republican majority reached 56,857. There was great apathy, as shown in the total vote, which fell 104,000 below that for President of the year before. Of this decrease more than 81,000 was suffered by the republicans. The Legislature was 616 - HISTORY OF OHIO also overwhelmingly democratic—twenty-six to ten in the Senate, and sixty-six to forty-one in the House of Representatives. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR RICHARD M. BISHOP SIXTY-THIRD GENERAL ASSEMBLY Regular Session, January 1 to May 17, 1878. Adjourned Session, January 7 to June 23, 1879. As Lieutenant-Governor Young had assumed the office of chief executive after Governor Hayes resigned to become President, and the new lieutenant-governor could not be inducted into office before the vote had been canvassed and the result of the last election officially declared, it was necessary for the Senate to elect a President ad interim. James W. Owens, senator from Newark, Licking County, was accorded this honor, and he continued as President pro tempore after the regularly elected lieutenant, Jabez W. Fitch, was inaugurated. The speaker of the House was James E. Neal, of Butler County. The clerks, sergeantsat-arms, and other employes of both Houses were selected by the democratic majority. On January 9th the canvass of the vote was made, and the following official figures declared. Governor—Richard M. Bishop, democrat, 271,625 ; William H. West, republican, 249,105 ; Stephen Johnson, national, 16,912 ; Lewis H. Bond, workingman, 12, 489; Henry A. Thompson, prohibition, 4,836. Lieutenant-Governor—Jabez W. Fitch, 268,606; Ferdinand Vogeler, 241,437. Judge of the Supreme Court—John W. Okey, 271,393 ; William W. Johnson, 251,758. Clerk of the Supreme Court—Richard J. Fanning, 269,957; Dwight Crowell, 252,676. Attorney-General—Isaiah Pillars, 269,506 ; George K. Nash, 252,- 155. Treasurer of State—Anthony Howells, 270,461 ; John M. Millikin, 250,746. Commissioner of Common Schools—James J. Burns, 269,646 ; Joseph F. Lukens, 250,844. Member Board of Public Works—Martin Schilder, 269,499 ; Augustus W. Luckey, 251,131. As the term of United States Senator Stanley Matthews (elected in 1877 to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of John Sherman) would expire of March 4, 1879, it devolved upon the General Assembly at this time to elect his successor. The new senator was, of course, to be a democrat, and all interest centered upon the caucus of the democratic assemblymen. Three ballots were necessary to decide upon the man, and George H. Pendleton, of Cincinnati, won. He had six rivals before the caucus—George W. Morgan, of Knox County ; Thomas Ewing, of Fairfield ; Durbin Ward, of Warren ; Frank H. Hurd, of Lucas ; George L. Converse, of Franklin, and Henry B. Payne, of Cuyahoga, the last two being "receptive candidates" only. The republicans had no candidate, and voted blanks. Governor-elect Bishop was inaugurated January 14th, with the greatest display of state and independent militia ever before witnessed on a similar occasion. It even surpassed in numbers those of inaugurations in war times. In the General Assembly the chief consideration was a new code of all the laws then in force. Few new enactments of general interest were passed. Blackmail was defined and punishment for it fixed at imprisonment for from one to five years, with fines up to $1,000. 618 - HISTORY OF OHIO Bribery at elections was made a higher offense than before. It was made a misdemeanor to take fish from streams by any other means than with hook and line. Thomas D. Jones was paid $3,350 for his fine bust of Lincoln and the soldiers' memorial then in the rotunda of the capitol but many years later transferred to a location near the entrance to the Senate chamber. The state was redistricted for congressional election purposes ; it was expected that this would assure the democrats thirteen members of Congress, and the republicans seven, but in this the democrats were disappointed, for at the next congressional election eleven democrats and nine republicans won seats. Congress, at its session of 1878, passed the "Bland Silver Bill" after great travail. It was vetoed by President Hayes, but repassed over his veto. The law remonetized silver, and was in accordance with a fundamental democratic policy. The Ohio Assembly adopted a joint resolution expressive of its high approval of this act, "whereby the dollar of the fathers is restored to its proper place as legal money of the United States," and instructed the adjutant general of the state to fire a national salute of thirty-eight guns at sunrise of March 4, 1878, in honor of the passage of the bill. Another joint resolution condemned the "Resumption Act" of January 14, 1875, under which specie payment would be resumed on January 1, 1879, as "in direct opposition to our industries, commerce and public improvements generally," and called upon Ohio members of Congress to do all possible to secure its repeal. These two resolutions referred to the two most important national questions of the time. But although the Lower House of Congress passed a bill to repeal the Resumption Act the Senate failed to do so, and it was not annulled. When the time came for putting it into effect, under direction of Secretary John Sherman, of the United States Treasury, resumption of specie payment was accomplished without incident. The General Assembly of 1877-1879 was dubbed the "O'Connor Legislature" by its political enemies because of a series of events which occupied a large part of its attention, centering about John O'Connor, a member of the House from Montgomery County. He was at first accused of being a deserter during the war and of having committed perjury in securing his naturalization papers as a citizen of the United States. The republicans in the House were unceasing in their attacks upon him, but without avail until an investigation disclosed that he had, on September 29, 1869, been convicted of larceny in Michigan, that he had served three years in the penitentiary of that state, and that he had never been restored to his rights of citizenship. He was then expelled from the Ohio House of Representatives. All these proceedings were made the subject of long and extremely bitter comment by the press of the state. One of the greatest sensations of the year 1878 was occasioned by the operations of an organized gang of grave robbers in Ohio. Certain medical colleges were also believed to be involved. At Zanesville three men were arrested for the crime, including a young physician of Columbus. They were convicted and sent to the penitentiary. In other localities there were similar incidents. In May, 1878, the whole state was thrown into a state of horror by the discovery at the Ohio Medical College in Cincinnati of the corpse of J. Scott Harrison, son of the old hero and President of the United States, Gen. William Henry Harrison. He had died very recently, his body placed in a grave in the Congress Grove Cemetery at North Bend. The circumstances were grewsome. One of his younger sons, searching for the body of a friend whose grave was found to have been robbed, unexpectedly found the corpse of his father hanging by its neck in a chute at the medical college in Cincinnati. Benjamin Harrison, of Indianapolis, an elder son, ten years later elected President of the United States, was notified by his brother, and immediately went to Cincinnati for the purpose of having the ghouls brought to justice. On June 1st, from the Grant Hotel in that city, he issued ANNALS OF OHIO ADMINISTRATIONS - 619 a public letter to the citizens in which he charged directly that members of the faculty of the college were shielding the men from whom they had purchased the body and had made it impossible for him to learn their identity. A direct result was the passage, later, of laws under which medical colleges could legally obtain subjects for dissection in the necessary demonstrations of anatomy before their students. Four tickets were placed in nomination for election in 1878 democratic, republican, prohibition and "National Greenback Labor." The last named was a coalition party which former a national organization in convention at Toledo on February 22d. Delegates were present from twenty-eight states. The state convention of this party nominated candidates at Columbus on July 23d. It was largely attended, especially by coal miners of the state. At the election it polled more votes than any third party had ever clone since the beginning of the Civil war. The prohibition party placed a full ticket in the field, as it had done regularly for many years, notwithstanding the very small vote its candidates had always received. The democratic state convention was held in Columbus on June 26th. Besides nominating its ticket it adopted a platform very largely devoted to condemnation of the financial policy of the republican national administration. The inflation of the currency by issue of greenbacks, the remonetization of silver, the approaching date for the resumption of specie payment under the act of 1875—all these gave rise to questions which were uppermost in the minds of the people, and formed the basis of division between the two major parties. In addition, there was excitement over investigations of the election of 1876 and charges that President Hayes had been illegally declared elected. And there was very pronounced opposition in the republican party itself to the President's policy of reconciliation of the South, as well as disapproval by many leaders of his views as to civil service reform. These strife-producing questions came prominently to the surface at the republican state convention, which was held in Cincinnati on June 12th. Attempts were made to prevent endorsement of the Hayes administration, and much bitterness was engendered. But the President's critics were overruled and the platform adopted accorded him unequivocal commendation. The election contest was a sharp one, and unusual efforts were made because no one could estimate the strength of the labor party. Thomas B. Reed, the famous congressman from Maine, made a speaking tour for the republicans, and Dennis Kearney, who had achieved much notoriety as"The Sand Lot Orator of California," campaigned for the laborites. The result was a republican victory by a small plurality over the democrats, but with almost 40,000 votes less than a majority over all. The official vote, as canvassed by the General Assembly in January, 1879, was as follows : Secretary of State—Milton Barnes, republican, 274,120; David R. Paige, democrat, 270,966 ; Andrew Roy, national greenback labor, 38,332 ; Jeremiah N. Robinson, prohibition, 5,682. Judge of the Supreme Court—William White, 274,337; Alexander F. Hume, 270,839 ; Chilton A. White, 38,033 ; William F. Ross, 5,507. Member Board of Public Works—George Paul, 273,927; Rush H. Field, 271,178; J. R. Fall, 37,926; Delmont Locke, 5,685. Among the republicans elected to Congress was Gen. J. Warren Keifer, of Springfield. He had first been elected to a seat in the Lower House at Washington two years before. Three years after his present election he became speaker of that body. The year 1878 was notable for the appearance in practical use of three great devices which were to revolutionize living conditions among the people, and natives of Ohio were the inventors of all of them. On March 1st the newspapers of Ohio noted that "it is proposed to light the capitol and grounds at Washington with electricity." On April 26th 620 - HISTORY OF OHIO they had much to say about Thomas A. Edison, who was then before the National Academy of Science exhibiting his phonograph and his "carbon telephone," which was a distinct improvement over the transmitter used in the invention of Alexander Graham Bell. Edison sprang into world-wide fame because of these inventions. In 1876 Charles Francis Brush, another Ohioan, perfected his dynamo-electric machine, and the next year produced his electric arc light. These creations of Ohio genius began to come into practical use in 1878, and the people of the state were not slow in availing themselves of the benefits they conferred. In January, 1879, it was well known that John Sherman and Allen G. Thurman were avowed candidates for nomination for the presidency by their respective parties in 1880. Both of these Ohioans were men of national fame. Sherman had attained great prominence as a United States Senator and as secretary of the treasury during the trying financial difficulties. Thurman was "the noblest Roman of them all" to the democrats of the Nation. Both were destined to bitter disappointment in the great ambition of their lives. James A. Garfield was looked upon as certain to be the next United States Senator from Ohio if the Legislature now to be elected should be republican, but there was no hint connecting his name with the presidency. Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock was one of the last men in the public mind as a presidential possibility. Yet fate decreed that these two men should be the standard bearers of their parties the following year. The campaign of 1879 was of paramount importance to the leading parties, because it was believed that the result would have a deciding influence upon the political destinies of either Sherman or Thurman. At the republican state convention, held in Cincinnati on May 28th, Charles Foster, congressman from the Fostoria district, was nominated for governor by a very narrow margin over Alphonso Taft, and the democrats, in Columbus on June 4th, nominated Ex-Senator Thomas Ewing. Both were strong candidates, and all the others on both tickets were prominent men of exceptional qualifications. The greenbackers, the prohibitionists, and the socialists also held conventions and nominated tickets, but none of these was of importance. The campaign was a strenuous and exciting one, participated in by many notable political orators from other states as well as those of Ohio. The total votes numbered 669,157, which was almost 10,000 more than had been cast at the presidential election of 1876. The republicans won by large pluralities, and both branches of the General Assembly were republican, with a total majority of twenty-nine on joint ballot. The stage was set for the election of James A. Garfield as United States Senator at the legislative session of 1880. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR CHARLES FOSTER SIXTY-FOURTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY Regular Session, January 4 to April 20, 1880. Adjourned Session, January 5 to April 17, 1881. The president ex-officio of the Senate was Lieutenant-Governor Andrew Hickenlooper, and Thomas A. Cowgill, of Champaign County, was speaker of the House of Representatives. The result of the election of October, 1879, was officially declared in joint session, held January 7th, as follows : Governor—Charles Foster, republican, 336,361 ; Thomas Ewing, democrat, 319,132 ; A. Sanders Piatt, national greenback, 9,072 ; Gideon T. Stewart, prohibitionist, 4,145 ; John Hood, socialist, 547. Lieutenant-Governor—Andrew Hickenlooper, republican, 335,140 : Americus V. Rice, democrat, 319,542. 622 - HISTORY OF OHIO Judge of the Supreme Court—William W. Johnson, republican, 336,009 ; William J. Gilmore, democrat, 316,994. Auditor of State—John T. Oglevee, republican, 335,184 ; Charles Reetnelin, democrat, 317,442. Treasurer of State—Joseph Turney, republican, 335,670 ; Anthony Howells, democrat, 317,193. Attorney-General—George K. Nash, republican, 336,100 ; Isaiah Pillars, democrat, 316,778. Member of the Board of Public Works—James Fullington, 336,591 ; Patrick O'Marah, democrat, 315,958. Governor Foster was fifty-one years old at the time of his inauguration. He was not a professional man. In his boyhood he had occupied an important position in his father's mercantile business at Fostoria, and in his maturer years had achieved business success of high order. He had been a congressman from 1870 to 1878. He served two terms as governor, and in 1891 was named secretary of the treasury by President Benjamin Harrison. His death occurred January 9, 1904. On January 13, 1880, the General Assembly elected Gen. James A. Garfield United States Senator, for the term to begin March 4, 1881. There had been expectation of a rather sharp contest among the republican members of the Assembly over the choice of a man for the office, as Stanley Matthews, William Dennison and Alphonso Taft all had supporters and all three were ambitious. But it became evident that Garfield would win easily, and at the republican caucus he was nominated without formal opposition. In the joint session of the Assembly he received eighty-six votes, to fifty-eight cast by the democrats for Allen G. Thurman. Governor Foster was inaugurated on January 12th. Although the weather was very unpropitious there was an immense crowd present and the military parade even excelled that of two years before. In his inaugural address the governor urged the enactment of a law which would provide an advisory board of pardons, to make recommendations to the governor upon all applications for pardon of persons in the penitentiary. This was a reflection of the great dissatisfaction with Governor Bishop in that regard. He had been severely criticized for his liberality in pardoning convicts, a policy that he had carried to the morning of the very day on which he was to pass out of the governor's office. In the evening of January 14th a brilliant reception was tendered Senator-elect Garfield in the Senate chamber. Addresses were delivered by Governor Foster, Ex-Governor Bishop and General Garfield. On March 26, 1880, as a result of public agitation over the robbing of graves the previous year, the General Assembly amended the old law on that subject so as to include in its inhibitions instructors in medical colleges. Any such persons operating on or making demonstrations from bodies known to have been taken from graves were subjected to heavy fines and imprisonment. Grave robbers were to be sent to the penitentiary for from one to five years. At the adjourned session it was provided (by the law of February 19, 1881) that it would be lawful for medical colleges to receive and use the bodies of persons who had died at hospitals, charitable and penal institutions, when such bodies were not claimed for burial by friends or relatives. On February 26, 1880, the Assembly repealed the act of the previous session establishing a new division of the state into congressional districts and revived the districts as they had been apportioned by the law of 1872. On April 18, 1881, it was for the first time made unlawful to practice medicine and surgery without diplomas from medical colleges, under penalty of $100 fine for the first offense and thirty days' imprisonment ANNALS OF OHIO ADMINISTRATIONS - 623 for the second ; but the act did not apply to non-graduate physicians who had been in recognized, reputable and continuous practice for ten years. The agitation against the liquor traffic, which had been incessant during many years, became more pronounced in 1880. On January 1st a large state "local option" convention was held in Columbus, and following this throughout the session of the General Assembly, a flood of petitions poured in, with tens of thousands of signatures, praying for the passage of a law permitting communities to decide by vote whether the sale of liquors should be permitted within their limits. Much of the time and attention of the legislators was given to this subject and to the whole liquor question. The republicans generally were willing to pass acts in accordance with the requests of the petitioners, but the democratic policy was opposed to "sumptuary laws," and a certain number of other members would not consent to anything short of absolute prohibition. A bill was passed by the Senate levying a graduated tax upon the liquor traffic, but it failed of passage in the House. By the Federal census of 1880 Ohio still ranked third in population among the states. Her inhabitants now numbered 3,198,062, an increase of 532,802 in the decade since 1870. As to races represented, 3,117,920 were whites, 79,900 were negroes, 109 were Chinese, 3 were Japanese, and 130 were Indians. The foreign-born population was 394,943. The ten most populous cities were : Cincinnati, 255,139 ; Cleveland, 160,1.46 ; Columbus, 51,647 ; Toledo, 50,137 ; Dayton, 38,678 ; Springfield, 20,730 ; Zanesville, 18,113 ; Akron, 16,512 ; Sandusky, 15,838, and Youngstown, 15,435. The outstanding event of 1880 in the country, and one which was of peculiar and special interest in Ohio, was the presidential election. Members of both of the great parties were deeply interested in the state conventions that were to name their representatives at the national convention, and incidentally to name tickets as strong as possible for state officials. The republicans, in convention at Columbus on April 28th, unanimously declared for John Sherman for President, and the democrats, on May 6th, also at Columbus, with equal unanimity and with great enthusiasm, adopted a resolution instructing its delegates to vote as a unit for Allen G. Thurman. They named as delegates-at-large to the national convention, Durbin Ward, of Warren County James B. Steedman, of Lucas ; J. H. Wade, of Cuyahoga, and Americus V. Rice, of Putnam. The republican delegates to the party's national convention were : At Large—William Dennison, of Franklin County ; Warner M. Bateman, of Hamilton ; James A. Garfield, of Lake, and Charles Foster, of Seneca. For the Districts—Benjamin Butterworth, Albert Schwill, Henry Kessler and Charles Fleishman, all of Hamilton County ; David W. McClung, of Butler ; Andrew R. Creamer, of Fayette ; William D. Bickham, of Montgomery; Frank G. Thompson, of Preble ; Joseph Morris, of Allen ; John W. Conklin, of Mercer ; J. M. Richie, of Lucas ; W. \V. Touvelle, of Fulton ; Marcus Boggs, of Ross ; Alphonso Hart, of Highland ; Calvin B. Wright, of Miami ; John F. Gowey, of Champaign ; William C. Cooper, of Knox ; Amos Glover, of Delaware ; Isaac F. Mack, of Erie; David M. Harkness, of Huron ; William Nash, o f Gallia ; Daniel Willetts, of Vinton ; Francis C. Sessions, of Franklin ; John Groce, of Pickaway ; Jerome Buckingham, of Licking; Albert W. Train, of Muskingum ; Henry C. Hedges, of Richland ; S. D. Hunt, of Wyandot ; Rodney M. Stimson, of Washington ; John L. Dougherty, of Monroe; J. S. Pierce, of Harrison ; Joseph D. Taylor, of Guernsey ; John H. Tripp, of Carroll ; Asahel W. Jones, of Mahoning ; W. H. Williams, of Medina ; L. A. Sheldon, of Lorain ; Evan Morris, of Trumbull ; John C. Beatty, of Portage ; Sylvester T. Everett and James Barnett, of Cuyahoga. The candidates for President before the republican national conven- 624 - HISTORY OF OHIO tion at Chicago, in the order of their presentation, were : James G. Blaine, of Maine ; William Windom, of Minnesota ; Ulysses S. Grant, "of Appomatox" (as designated in the eloquent address of Roscoe Conkling in presenting his name) John Sherman, of Ohio ; George F. Edmunds, of Vermont, and Elihu B. Washburne, of Illinois. It was Garfield who addressed the convention on behalf of Sherman. Balloting began on Monday, June 7th, the fifth day of the convention. On the first ballot the Ohio delegation gave Sherman thirty-four votes, Blaine nine, and Edmunds one. Sherman votes came from sixteen other states, the total of all being ninety-three. Grant received 304 ; Blaine, 284 ; Edmunds, 34 ; Washburne, 30, and Windom, 10. On the second ballot Garfield was given one vote ; on the sixth he received two, and for thirty-two ballots thereafter these two votes were recorded for him consistently ; they came from Pennsylvania. On the thirtyf ourth ballot Wisconsin unexpectedly cast seventeen votes for Garfield, and on the thirty-fifth he had an accession of thirty-three more. The totals then stood : Grant, 313 ; Blaine, 257 ; Sherman, 99 ; Garfield, 50 ; Washburne, 23 ; Edmunds, 11 ; Windom, 3. At this point General Garfield arose to protest against the votes being recorded for him, on the ground that no man had the right to announce his name or to vote for him without his consent, which he had not given and could not give ; but he was declared out of order by the chairman of the convention, Senator George F. Hoar, of Massachusetts. On the next ballot several other states cast their votes for Garfield, and when Ohio was called Chairman Butterworth electrified the great throng by announcing forty-three votes for him. (This act was afterwards justified by the reading of a telegram received from Senator Sherman appealing to the Ohio delegation to vote for Garfield as soon as it should become apparent that such a course would assure his nomination.) On the final ballot General Garfield received 399 votes, a majority ; Grant, 306 ; Blaine, 42 ; Washburne, 5, and Sherman, 3. Senator Conkling, who had held Grant's grim phalanx of 306 steady through the long continued balloting, in a graceful speech moved that Garfield's nomination be made unanimous, and the motion was carried. The scenes thus enacted were dramatic in the extreme. Excitement rose to a frenzy. Garfield was all but smothered by the crowds which surged about him at the convention hall, in the streets of Chicago, and at his quarters in the Grand Pacific Hotel. Chester A. Arthur, of New York, was nominated on the first ballot for Vice President, over six competitors. The democratic national convention was held at Cincinnati on Tuesday, June 22d. John Stevenson, of Kentucky, was the permanent chairman. Turmoil was occasioned by the exclusion of the Tammany delegation from New York because of its declaration that it would not support Samuel J. Tilden if he were nominated. The candidates presented for the presidential nomination were : Stephen J. Field, of California; Thomas F. Bayard, of Delaware ; William R. Morrison, of Illinois ; Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana ; Allen G. Thurman, of Ohio, and Winfield Scott Hancock, of Pennsylvania. Votes were also cast on the first ballot for twelve others, but they were not really candidates. Hancock was nominated on the second ballot, after a recall of the states. He received 705 votes ; Hendricks, 30; Bayard, 2, and Tilden, 1. Senator Thurman was given 68 1/2 votes on the first ballot, of which 44 were cast by the Ohio delegation. On the second ballot, before the stampede to Hancock and the recall of the states, he received 50. Ex-Governor Bishop's name was formally presented for nomination for Vice President, but it was withdrawn before the voting began, and William H. English, of Indiana, was unanimously selected as General Hancock's running mate. Meanwhile, both the leading parties in Ohio had nominated tickets for the state offices, as had also the greenbackers and the prohibitionists.