ANNALS OF OHIO ADMINISTRATIONS - 651 parade was limited to a guard of honor consisting of the regiment of Ohio National Guard from his home county—Stark. The term of United States Senator John Sherman would expire the following year and it was the duty f the General Assembly of 1892 to elect his successor. Sherman was again a candidate, but he had a vigorous and formidable rival in ex-Governor Joseph B. Foraker, and the contest between their respective adherents was spirited. Sherman won in the Republican caucus, receiving fifty-eight votes to fifty-three for Foraker, and he was reelected by a vote of eighteen to eight in the Senate and ninety-three to twenty-nine in the House. The democratic votes were cast for James E. Neal, of Butler County. The World's Fair at Chicago had been authorized by Congress in 1890 and was now in active preparation. Ohio did not stint in her contribution to the success of this great event. On March 21, 1892, the General Assembly urged that Congress act favorably on a proposal, then before it, to appropriate $5,000,000 to the project. Ohio had a board of managers for the state's part in the exposition, and Daniel J. Ryan resigned his office of secretary of state to become the executive commissioner. The Legislature was liberal in its financial support. An appropriation of $30,000 was made for a monument in the form of a granite column surmounted by a figure representing Ohio as the Roman matron, Cornelia. Circumscribed on the pedestal at her feet were the words : "These are my jewels." Below and around the column on which this figure stood were bronze statues f Generals Grant, Sheridan, Sherman and Garfield, Salmon P. Chase and Edwin M. Stanton. These distinguished Ohioans had risen to eminence in the Civil war. Two afterward attained the presidency of the United States. To this group the statue of Rutherford B. Hayes was added in 1894. This memorial, more than thirty feet high, is now a conspicuous object in the capitol grounds at Columbus, to which location it was removed at the conclusion f the exposition. The Ohio building was an imposing edifice, erected at a cost of $30,000, and the state was adequately represented in many of the departments of the fair. A "labor law" f importance was passed by the Assembly on April 14, 1892. It made it unlawful for any employer to discharge a working man because of membership in a labor union, and imposed a fine of $100, with imprisonment for six months, for violation of its provisions. On March 22, 1893, the General Assembly established "central standard time" as official throughout the state. It had been in use on all railroads for some years, but it was now decreed that at noon of April 1, 1893, clocks in all public offices, banks and courts should be set in accordance with the time of the ninetieth degree of longitude west of Greenwich. There was some opposition on the part of individuals to do the same, but eventually the change was generally accepted. Eastern standard time is now established in a large portion of the state. The republican Legislature of 1892 did not fail to redistrict the state for congressional purposes, undoing the democratic act f the preceding Assembly. As a result a republican majority was restored in the congressional delegations from Ohio. For the campaign of 1892 state tickets were presented in conventions of the republicans at Cleveland on April 27, of the prohibitionists at Columbus on May 26, of the democrats at Cleveland on June 15, and of the people's party, called "Populists," at Massillon on August 17. The republicans named Myron T. Herrick of Cuyahoga County and Lorenzo Danford of Belmont to be senatorial presidential electors. The men chosen for delegates-at-large to the national convention of the party were as follows: William McKinley, Jr., of Stark County, Asa S. Bushnell of Clark, Joseph B. Foraker of Hamilton, and William M. Hahn f Richland. The district delegates were : George B. Cox, Charles Fleishman, Norman G. Keenan and George B. Fox, all of Cincinnati William E. Crume f Dayton, Robert C. McKinney of Hamil- 652 - HISTORY OF OHIO ton, Levi S. Jamison of Celina, James I. Allread of Greenville, Guilford L. Marble of VanWert, Oscar Eaton of Bryan, Erskine Carson of Hillsboro, George W. Stanley of Lebanon, Oliver S. Kelly of Springfield, David I. Worthington of Washington Court House, Cary C. Harris of Findlay, Isaac Newton Vearing f Bellefontaine, William H. Tucker of Toledo, John B. Wilson of Bowling Green, Lucien J. Fenton of Winchester, Samuel Llewellyn of Coalton, John C. Entrekin of Chillicothe, Charles E. Spencer of New Lexington, George K. Nash and Cyrus Huling of Columbus, George C. Gormley of Bucyrus, Wilber C. Brown of Fostoria, William C. Cooper of Mount Vernon, Harry Griffith of Mount Gilead, John H. Riley of Marietta, William A. Johnson of Zanesville, Isaac H. Taylor of Carrollton, George A. Keepers of Beallsville, Martin Luther Smyser f Wooster, William C. Lyon of Newark, Jacob A. Ambler of Salem, George E. Baldwin of Canton, Charles W. F. Dick of Akron, William Ritezel of Warren, Isaac P. Lampson of Cleveland, James A. Allen of Painesville, Louis Black and Amos Dennison of Cleveland. In their state convention the democrats nominated J. P. Seward of Richland County and H. S. Sternberger of Miami for electors-at-large, and elected ex-Governor Campbell, Senator Brice, Lawrence T. Neal and Robert Blee of Cuyahoga County as delegates-at-large to their national convention. Ohio was prominent at the Republican National Convention, held in Minneapolis beginning June 7, 1892, in that Governor McKinley was the presiding officer and that ex-Governor Foraker, as chairman of the Committee on Resolutions, read the platform for the approval of the delegates. Only one ballot for the presidential nominee was required, President Harrison being successful by an overwhelming majority. McKinley's name had not been presented for nomination, but in the face of his protest, he received 182 votes, of which forty-four were cast by Ohio. Whitelaw Reid, of New York, was made the candidate for vice president. Ex-President Grover Cleveland was again nominated by the democrats in national convention at Chicago in the week of June 21. Adlai E. Stevenson, of Illinois, was named for vice president. The campaign of 1892 was without great interest—particularly on the part of the republicans, who were not enthusiastic over President Benjamin Harrison. In Ohio the democrats very nearly carried the state for Cleveland. Indeed, one democratic elector was actually chosen, the first since 1852. The state's vote on the national election was : Benjamin Harrison, republican, 405,187 ; Grover Cleveland, democrat, 404,115 ; John Bidwell, prohibition, 26,012 ; James B. Weaver, people's party, 14,850. Harrison's plurality, 1,072. The new congressional delegation consisted f eleven republicans and ten democrats. At the adjourned session of the General Assembly, January, 1893, the canvass of the vote on state officers showed the following results : Secretary of State—Samuel M. Taylor, republican, 402,540 ; William A. Taylor, democrat, 401,451 ; republican plurality, 1,089. Judge of Supreme Court, long term—William T. Spear, republican, 402,932 ; John B. Driggs, democrat, 400,955. Judge of Supreme Court, short term—Jacob F. Burket, republican, 402,847 ; Thomas Beer, democrat, 401,048. Clerk of Supreme Court—Josiah B. Allen, republican, 402,888 ; William H. Wolfe, democrat, 401,018. Member Board of Public Works—Edwin L. Lybarger, republican, 402,756; John Myers, democrat, 400,784. Interest in Ohio political affairs greatly revived in 1893, which was again the year for electing a governor. The republicans made the first nominations of the year—in convention at Columbus on June 7 and 8. With great acclaim William McKinley was again nominated without opposition. The platform favored biennial sessions of the General ANNALS OF OHIO ADMINISTRATIONS - 653 Assembly and discouraged the holding of "adjourned" sessions. This policy was adhered to for several years thereafter. The democrats convened in Cincinnati on August 9, nominated a ticket with Lawrence T. Neal at its head, condemned extravagance of the late national administration, and bitterly opposed the McKinley tariff law. The prohibition and people's parties also entered the field again. The campaign was almost exclusively on national issues, and was full of stirring incidents. Both candidates for governor made speeches in all parts of the state and were heard by immense crowds of people. The result of the vote was the greatest victory achieved by either party since the exciting days of war times. McKinley's plurality was over 80,000, and those of all the other republican candidates were above 75,000. The new State Senate stood twenty-six republicans to five democrats, and the House eighty-five republicans to twenty-two democrats. SEVENTY-FIRST GENERAL ASSEMBLY Regular Session, January 1 to May 24, 1894 Lieutenant Governor Andrew L. Harris was again president of the Senate. Alexander Boxwell, of Warren County, presided as speaker of the House. The result of usual canvass f the vote on state officers, January 5, was announced as follows : Governor—William McKinley, republican, 433,342 ; Lawrence T. Neal, Democrat, 352,347 ; Gideon P. Macklin, prohibition, 22,406 ; Edward J. Bracken, populist, 15,563. McKinley's plurality, 80,995. Lieutenant Governor—Andrew L. Harris, republican, 423,873: William A. Taylor, democrat, 347,593. Treasurer of State—William T. Cope, republican, 422,483 ; Brisbin C. Blackburn, democrat, 346,849. Judge of Supreme Court—Joseph P. Bradbury, republican, 422,256 ; John W. Sater, democrat, 346,823. Attorney General—John K. Richards, republican, 422,449; John P. Bailey, democrat, 346,707. Member Board of Public Works—Frank J. McColloch, republican, 422,349 ; Louis B. Wilhelm, democrat, 346,717. Dairy and Food Commissioner—Frederick B. McNeal, republican, 422,018 ; Patrick McKeown, democrat, 345,224. At the session of the Assembly the highly interesting and important act was taken which extended to women a limited power to vote—the first in the history of the state, in which full and equal suffrage had been urgently advocated for many years by a small but persistent number of women. The law was dated April 24, 1894, and was entitled : "An act to secure a voice in school affairs to the women of Ohio on equal terms with men." The first section was as follows: "Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, That every woman born or naturalized in the United States, of the age of twenty-one years and upward, who shall have been a resident f the state one year, and of the county, town, township or other election district such time as the law provides for men preceding any election held for the purpose of choosing any school director, member f th hoard of education or school council under the general or special laws f the state, shall be entitled to vote and be voted for at such election for any such office or officers." An act by this Assembly has been of incalculable benefit to the people f Ohio. Medical science had demonstrated that many blind people might have been saved their sight by proper care immediately after birth. At the instance f the medical profession the Assembly, on March 16, 1894, passed "An act for the prevention f blindness in the State of Ohio." It provided that "should one or both eyes f an infant 654 - HISTORY OF OHIO become inflamed or swollen or show any unnatural discharge at any time within ten days after its birth, it shall be the duty of the midwife, nurse or relative having charge of such infant, to report in writing within six hours to the physician in attendance upon the family or, in the absence of an attending physician, to the health officer of the city, village or township in which the infant is living at that time * * the fact that such inflammation, swelling or unnatural discharge exists." This act also provided for proper treatment in all such cases. One of the noted events of Governor McKinley's second administration was a riotous outbreak at Washington Court House, Fayette County, extending over the two days of October 16 and 17, 1894. The previous week a young negro, known as Jasper Dolby, had committed a heinous crime at Parret's Station in that county. He had fled, but was apprehended in Delaware, and on October 16 a Fayette County officer conveyed him to the county seat and locked him in the jail. A mob gathered, composed largely of country people who lived near Parret's Station, with the purpose of lynching him. Governor McKinley was informed of the situation and immediately sent two companies of the Fourteenth Regiment from Columbus to cope with it. The next day the soldiers, with great difficulty, took Dolby from the jail to the courthouse, where he was hastily indicted, arraigned, and, on his plea of guilty, sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment in the penitentiary. Notwithstanding this prompt action, the mob, which had now grown to more than 1,000 men, determined to end his life at once. They made an attack upon the building where the prisoner was held, in the court room. Soldiers inside guarded all of the courthouse doors, under orders from their commanding officer, Col. A. B. Coit, to open fire on the rioters should they succeed in breaking in. The crowd was clearly warned of this fact from a balcony over the main entrance, but with a large beam f wood they partially battered in one f the doors, and the soldiers fired on them. Two were killed on the spot, two more were mortally wounded and died shortly afterwards, and almost a score were injured in lesser degree. This act of the soldiers quelled the riot at once, but threats were made of a resumption of it the next day. Several hundred more troops arrived during the night and under their guard the convicted prisoner was conducted through a great menacing throng to a train, and thence to the penitentiary in Columbus. Many people f Fayette County were incensed against Colonel Coit for crdering his men to fire on the crowd, and the grand jury indicted him for manslaughter. His trial was held, under change of venue, in Pickaway County, and it continued through almost four months, but the fury acquitted him with but a few moments' deliberation, and the Legislature at the next session compensated Colonel Coit for the heavy expense he had incurred. Governor McKinley, although greatly deploring the loss of life incident to the riot, unequivocally approved the finding of the jury. "Lynching cannot be tolerated in Ohio," he said. "The law of the 'state must be supreme over all, and the agents of the law, acting within the law, must be sustained." On June 5, 1894, the republican state convention was held in Columbus to nominate candidates for secretary f state, judge f the Supreme Court, commissioner of common schools and member f the Board of Public Works. Ex-Governor Foster was the chairman. Nearly all the incumbents of the offices were renominated by acclamation, but three ballots were necessary to make choice of a candidate for supreme judge, the honor falling to John A. Schauck f Montgomery County, who became one of the eminent jurists f the state. The democratic state convention met in Columbus on September 19, and nominated all their candidates by acclamation or on the first ballot. Again the populists and prohibitionists presented candidates and they. polled an unusually large number of votes. At the election in November the democrats polled 127,000 votes 656 - HISTORY OF OHIO fewer than were cast for Cleveland two years before, and that the republican candidates received about 8,000 more than had been given for Harrison. They won by the largest pluralities ever given candidates f either party in the state—more than 135,000. They also carried an unprecedented number of congressional districts—nineteen out of twenty-one. The General Assembly, under the new policy of holding no adjourned sessions, did not make a canvass f the election returns of 1894, but the official figures are as follows : Secretary of State—Samuel M. Taylor, republican, 413,988 ; Milton Turner, democrat, 276,902 ; Charles R. Martin, populist, 49,495 ; Mark G. McCaslin, prohibition, 23,237. Taylor's plurality, 137,086. Judge of the Supreme Court—John A. Schauck, republican, 410,011 ; James D. Ermston, democrat, 274,635. Commissioner of Common Schools—Oscar T. Corson, republican, 411,043 ; James A. Leach, democrat, 273,266. Member Board of Public Works—Charles E. Groce, republican, 410,448; Harry B. Keffer, democrat, 274,119. A fifth party organization entered the political contest of 1895—known as the socialist-labor party. It nominated a full list of candidates, from governor down to member of the board of public works, as did also the populists and prohibitionists. The republicans, at Zanesville on May 28, held a strenuous convention in which there was a vigorous contest for almost every nomination. Eight candidates strove for gubernatorial honors, and it required six ballots to decide upon Asa S. Bushnell, of Springfield. Walter D. Guilbert, of Noble County, defeated five others in the contest for the nomination for state auditor. Among those defeated was Charles W. F. Dick, of Akron, who afterwards became a United States Senator, and who for many years was the manager of republican campaigns in Ohio. There were also seven candidates for attorney-general and six for treasurer of state. The democrats nominated their ticket at Springfield on August 21. Ex-Governor Campbell, against his will, was again made the candidate for governor. The main thought of the people, including many thousands of democrats, was that President Cleveland's administration was unsatisfactory to all classes, and the democratic candidates were accordingly greatly handicapped. The republicans were again successful by immense pluralities—almost 100,000. The new State Senate contained thirty-one republicans, six democrats and one populist ; the House eighty-seven republicans and twenty-five democrats. An event in the first year of the administration of Governor McKinley, not regarded by the citizens of the state at the time as noteworthy or important, was the organization of the Anti-Saloon League, in Oberlin, Ohio. It was the culmination of a movement to organize against the liquor traffic on a non-partisan basis. The movement, under its suggestive and wisely chosen name, soon rose to prominence and power. In 1895 it became national in the scope of its activities, actual and contemplated. Though non-partisan, it became a power in politics with which parties and candidates were soon compelled to reckon. The Anti-Saloon League's first president, Dr. Howard H. Russell, is still living in Westerville, Ohio, the headquarters of the Anti-Saloon League of America. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR ASA S. BUSHNELL SEVENTY-SECOND GENERAL ASSEMBLY Regular Session, January 6 to April 27, 1896 The newly elected lieutenant governor, ex-officio president of the Senate, was Asahel W. Jones. An interesting new face among the 658 - HISTORY OF OHIO senators was that of James R. Garfield, son f the martyred President James A. Garfield. David L. Sleeper, of Athens County, was elected the new speaker of the House of Representatives. The canvass of the 1895 election officially recorded the number of votes received by the candidates as follows: Governor—Asa S. Bushnell, republican, 427,141 ; James E. Campbell, democrat, 334,519; Jacob S. Coxey, populist, 52,675 ; Seth H. Ellis, socialist-labor, 1,867. Bushnell's plurality, 92,622. Lieutenant Governor—Asahel W. Jones, republican, 425,871 ; John B. Peaslee, democrat, 331,521. Auditor of State—Walter D. Guilbert, republican, 427,457; John W. Knott, democrat, 329,400. Treasurer of State—Samuel B. Campbell, republican, 427,706 ; William B. Shober, democrat, 329,209. Attorney-General—Frank S. Monett, republican, 427,485 ; George A. Fairbanks, democrat, 329,252. Judge of Supreme Court—Thaddeus A. Minshall, republican, 427,- 809 ; William T. Mooney, democrat, 328,970. Clerk of the Supreme Court—Josiah B. Allen, republican, 430,869 ; John W. Cruikshank, democrat, 331,188. Member Board of Public Works—Edwin L. Lybarger, republican, 430,599 ; Harry B. Keffer, democrat, 331,341. It was well known that ex-Governor Foraker was to be the next United States Senator from Ohio, to succeed Calvin S. Brice, whose term would expire the following year. The election was without contest. Governor Foraker received the 116 republican votes of the two houses. The democrats were somewhat divided, twenty-seven votes being cast for Senator Calvin S. Brice and one each for John H. Thomas, Isaac Kagy, Edwin J. Blandin, Lawrence T. Neal and George A. Groat. The members of the General Assembly were not unmindful that the state was approaching the one hundredth anniversary f its birth and it now took a step intended to provide for a fitting centennial celebration of that important event. On February 19, 1896, a joint resolution was adopted with a preamble setting forth "a widespread feeling on the part f the people of the state, favorable to the observance of the one hundredth anniversary of the admission of Ohio into the Union" and setting forth the "marvelous growth, development and civilization of the commonwealth." The resolution provided that there should be appointed by the governor, as soon as practicable, a commission of seven men to formulate a plan and devise ways and means for the due observance of the centennial year, 1903. On March 30 of the following year, 1897, another joint resolution recited that no report had been received from the commission thus provided and requested the governor to inform the commission that a report would be expected within one week. On April 26 a law was passed determining that a "grand exposition" should be held in Toledo from June 15 to October 15, 1903, and authorized the governor to appoint a new commission of twenty-one members. one from each congressional district, to examine the ground on which it was proposed to hold such exposition and to investigate the whole subject in all its details. An appropriation f $5,000 was carried in the act to pay the preliminary expenses. The Assembly also authorized the City of Toledo to lease property for the purpose and to issue $150,000 bonds to cover cost of erecting buildings and making the other necessary provisions. There followed extensive negotiations of various kinds, and Congress was asked to appropriate $1,000,000 in support of the enterprise. But the grand exposition never materialized, and the project was suddenly brought to an end in the administration of Governor Nash. Governor Asa S. Bushnell was a business man of large and successful experience. He brought to office a ripe knowledge of the ANNALS OF OHIO ADMINISTRATIONS - 659 practical principles that he had applied in the management of one of the largest manufacturing concerns of the state. He was ambitious chiefly to give the state a good business administration. He was noted for his charities and the benevolent institutions were the objects of his early interest. He found the financial affairs of Ohio in a rather unsatisfactory condition. Frequently in past administrations it had been necessary to make advance drafts on the counties to meet the current expenses of the state whose needs were growing and whose indebtedness was still in part unpaid, with no additional sources of revenue in sight. He recommended to the General Assembly the levying of a tax on corporations to meet the requirements of the state treasury. Early in the session following his inauguration, two bills were introduced to accomplish this purpose. One of these, passed March 16, 1896, provided for an excise tax of "one-half of one percentum" on the gross earnings of "electric light, gas, pipe-line waterworks, street-railroad, railroad, and passenger or signal companies." The other act, passed March 30 of the same year, provided for a tax on the value of the capital stock "of freight lines and equipment companies." The increased revenues from these sources enabled the state to meet all legitimate demands, rapidly reduce its indebtedness and maintain a growing surplus in the treasury. In the language f Dr. George K. Knight, "It was the unqualified success f this class f taxes that made possible the more recent propositions f his successor, to abolish altogether the direct -property tax for state purposes." On April 22 a law was enacted providing for the appointment by the governor of a library commission to have charge of the state library. Five days later an act was passed "to provide for the improvement of the state house." The governor, a judge of the Supreme Court, the president f the Senate, the speaker of the House of Representatives and the adjutant-general were to choose plans. A building commission appointed by the governor was to proceed with the work, for which an aggregate of $400,000 was appropriated.. Plans were submitted, but the "improvement" was not made, ostensibly because of a defect in the act, but chiefly, it is said, because of the expense involved, "which was likely to exceed ultimately $1,000,000." The political campaign of 1896 was of unusual interest to the people of Ohio because this state had a favorite son as a candidate for president of the United States. The contest really had its beginning in 1895 since the friends of the men ambitious to attain the great goal began to organize in their behalf almost a year before the National Republican Convention was to be held. It was expected that there would be but one real issue—the tariff, and on that issue the name of the author of the McKinley Tariff Act was by far the best known throughout the country. The republican delegates of Ohio met in state convention in Columbus on March 10, 1896, nominated a state ticket, and elected Asa S. Bushnell, Joseph B. Foraker, Charles H. Grosvenor and Marcus A. Rama delegates-at-large to the national convention, with instructions to vote and work for the nomination of William McKinley as the party's candidate for president. Isaac F. Mack of Sandusky and Albert Douglas of Ross County were designated as the candidates for electorsat-large. The district delegates to the convention were as follows : George B. Cox, Thomas W. Graydon, John A. Caldwell and Andrew Hickenlooper, all of Cincinnati ; Robert Wilson of Middletown, William E. Crume of Dayton, George R. Davis of Wapakoneta, James I. Allread of Greenville, John M. Sheets of Ottawa, M. E. Lose of Napoleon, William B. Harrison of Xenia, Edward J. West of Wilmington, George W. Wilson of London, Howard E. Jones of Circleville, George M. Eichelberger of Urbana, James C. Howe of Kenton, George H. Ketcham of Toledo, John M. Longnecker of Wauseon, Albert C. Thompson of 660 - HISTORY OF OHIO Portsmouth, John K. Richards of Ironton, David Meade Massie of Chillicothe, Jeremiah L. Carpenter of Carpenter, Charles L. Kurtz and Henry C. Taylor of Columbus, Linn W. Hall of Sandusky, George D. Copeland f Fremont, Arthur L. Garford of Elyria, Jacob Cohn of Ashland, James R. Barr of Cambridge, David Miller of Caldwell, Joseph J. Gill of Steubenville, David Cunningham of Cadiz, George A. Hay of Coshocton, William H. Stoutt of Uhrichsville, Caleb E. Wick of Youngstown, William L. Smith of East Liverpool, Frank E. Hutchins of Warren, Charles W. F. Dick of Akron, and Andrew Squire, Robert M. McDowell, Myron T. Herrick and Sylvester T. Everett, all of Cleveland. The convention of the democratic state delegates occurred at Columbus on June 23 and 24. It nominated a ticket for state officers and sponsored Thomas E. Powell and Jacob Fechheimer for presidential electors-at-large. The "big four" delegates-at-large to the national convention were John R. McLean of Hamilton County, L. E. Holden of Cuyahoga, E. B. Finley f Crawford, and A. W. Thurman of Franklin. The Democratic National Convention met at Chicago on July 7, 1896. Those favorable to unlimited coinage f silver at a ratio of sixteen to one were largely in the ascendency. Upon the presentation f the silver plank in the platform before the convention a very spirited debate occurred, and in this passage at arms William Jennings Bryan, a delegate from Nebraska, delivered a dramatic address which included two sentences that made him famous: "You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall not 'crucify mankind upon a cross of gold." The effect of this outburst was to electrify the throng and to make Bryan the nominee of the convention, although he had not previously been seriously considered in connection with the presidency. Arthur Sewell, of Maine, was made the candidate for vice president. The Republican National Convention at St. Louis held its first session on June 16. Senator Foraker of Ohio again reported the platform as chairman of the Committee on Resolutions. It was adopted after a determined attempt had been made by far western delegates to defeat the plank against free silver. The names presented for the presidential nomination were William B. Allison of Iowa, Thomas B. Reed of Maine, Levi P. Morton of New York, Matthew S. Quay of Pennsylvania, and William McKinley of Ohio. The nomination was made on the first ballot—McKinley, 661 1/2 votes; Reed, 84 1/2; Quay. 61 1/2; Morton, 58, and Allison, 35 1/2. Garret A. Hobart of New Jersey was made the candidate for vice president. The campaign in Ohio was unique in that McKinley's part in it consisted entirely in addressing, almost daily, large crowds who went to Canton to visit him at his home. These front porch speeches were made to more than 750,000 people. Bryan, who was remarkable as an orator, made a whirlwind campaign throughout the eastern part of the country, including Ohio. The currency question was his principal theme, and it was forced upon the republicans even to some extent at the expense of the tariff issue, although they pressed that issue and McKinley made it a prominent subject in all his addresses. Mark Hanna was chairman of the National Republican Committee. He had been largely instrumental in bringing about the nomination of McKinley, and his powers f organization were apparent in a wonderful way throughout the campaign. Major McKinley was elected president by a decisive vote. He carried Ohio by 51,109 plurality. The state ticket was elected by substantially the same vote and the republicans elected fifteen f the twenty-one congressmen for the state. The official figures of the vote cast were: President—William McKinley, republican, 525,991; William J. Bryan, democrat, 474,882; Joshua Levering, prohibition, 5,068; Charles ANNALS OF OHIO ADMINISTRATIONS - 661 E. Bentley, national, 2,716; John M. Palmer, national democratic, 1,858 ; Charles H. Matchett, social labor, 1,165. Secretary of State—Charles Kinney, republican, 525,000; Chilton A. White, democrat, 473,462 ; Samuel H. Rockhill, prohibition, 5,469 ; Wesley C. Bates, national, 3,382; Daniel W. Wallace, social labor, 1,234. Judge of the Supreme Court—Marshall J. Williams, republican, 525,084 ; Everett D. Stark, democrat, 473,094. Member Board of Public Works—Frank A. Huffman, republican, 525,144 ; William Beaumont, democrat, 473,202. Dairy and Food Commissioner—Joseph E. Blackburn, republican. 525,353 ; Thomas J. Creager, democrat, 472,834. In 1897 the republicans of the state met in convention at Toledo on June 23. Mark Hanna, who had been appointed United States Senator by Governor Bushnell, upon the resignation of Senator Sherman when appointed secretary of state in President McKinley's cabinet, was now firmly established as the great leader of the party, and he controlled the destinies of the candidates before this convention. Asa S. Bushnell, of Springfield, was renominated for governor. The democrats, at Columbus on June 29, nominated Horace L. Chapman, a capitalist and mine owner, and endorsed free silver. This was greatly opposed by a large wing of the party which adhered to the gold standard, and it registered its disapproval of the silver fallacy. Its movement was known under the party name of National Democrats. The campaign divided public interest with a great strike of 200,000 coal miners in Ohio and other states, which caused great distress and widespread apprehension of violent consequences, but the canvass for votes was very active nevertheless. The candidates made speaking tours into all corners of the state, as did many leaders from other states. Conspicuous among these were United States Senators John M. Thurston of Nebraska and Knute Nelson of Minnesota for the republicans, and William Jennings Bryan, who made an active campaign for the democrats. It was a rush from the beginning and the republicans were again victorious by pluralities ranging around 25,000. SEVENTY-THIRD GENERAL ASSEMBLY Regular Session, January 3 to April 25, 1898 Again Asahel W. Jones was lieutenant governor and ex-officio president f the Senate. Representative Harry C. Mason, of Cuyahoga County, was speaker of the House. The usual canvass of votes cast in the preceding election showed : Governor—Asa S. Bushnell, republican, 429,915 ; Horace L. Chapman, democrat, 401,750; Jacob S. Coxey, people's party, 6,276; John C. Holliday, prohibition, 7,555 ; Julius Dexter, national democrat, 1,662 ; William Watkins, social labor, 4,246; Samuel J. Lewis, negro protection, 477; John Richardson, liberty, 3,105. Lieutenant Governor—Asahel W. Jones, 427,966; Melvin D. Shaw, democrat, 400,946. State Treasurer—Samuel B. Campbell, republican, 427,521 ; James W. Wilson, democrat, 401,024. Attorney-General—Frank S. Monett, republican, 427,337; William H. Dore, democrat, 401,338. The session of this Assembly was marked by a sharp contest over the election of a United States Senator to fill the vacancy caused by Senator Sherman's resignation to become President McKinley's secretary of state. As before noted, Governor Bushnell appointed Marcus A. Hanna to the position, to serve until the General Assembly should be in session and elect. Hanna was a candidate for the election, not only for the unexpired term but for the full term to follow. In this he was opposed by Mayor Robert E. McKisson of Cleveland, also a 662 - HISTORY OF OHIO republican, who secured pledges from a number of the republican legislators, and the party controversy became an extremely bitter one. Charges of bribery and corruption were freely made, and intense personal animosity was engendered. Hanna was elected in joint session January 12, by a very narrow margin. This was the most strenuous and spectacular factional contest ever staged in Ohio. The student who takes this as the theme for a monograph will find a wealth of illuminating material in the newspapers f the state, almost all of which were drawn into the controversy. The General Assembly took cognizance of the fact that the name "Ohio" was not borne by any United States naval vessel, and on March 17, 1898, adopted a joint resolution requesting that Congress give that name to one of the great battleships then under construction. The resolution reminded Congress that "the State of Ohio, by virtue f her history and progress in all that contributes to the good name and glory f a member f the American Union, has earned the rank she now enjoys." Also that "in the hours of our country's peril Ohio's brave sons and daughters have ever done their utmost to protect our flag and sustain the strength f the government." Congress responded to this petition by conferring the name "Ohio" upon one of the finest f the new battleships. It was built in San Francisco and launched May 18, 1901. After a highly honorable and useful career it was scrapped on April 16, 1923, in accordance with the international agreement on limitation of naval armaments, and the magnificent silver service of the Ohio was, on July 1, 1924, transferred to the museum of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society in Columbus, where this beautiful and interesting exhibit is enclosed in a large, handsome glass cabinet. A law which mirrored the prevalence of bicycling in 1898, and which now is interesting because it is archaic, was passed April 26 of that year. It required that in the larger cities the sprinkling of streets should be done in such a way as to leave dry strips not more than four feet wide for the use of bicyclers, and that they should have the right of way over these dry strips at all times. Another act, dated April 21, 1898, required licenses for all bicycles, the fee of $1 each to be used wholly in constructing bicycle paths on, or along the side of, country highways. But the myriads of bicycles vanished a few years later and the dry strips and special paths disappeared with them. The advent of the war with Spain, early in 1898, became the all-absorbing subject of popular interest. Ohio, as in all previous wars, was alive with patriotic ardor, and more than met all demands of the national government. The General Assembly was still in session when, on April 19 and April 23, the breach with Spain was made by Congress. On April 1, while the whole country was seething with excitement over the destruction of the battleship Maine in Havana harbor, the Legislature adopted a joint resolution endorsing the stand taken by Senator Foraker in Congress in favor of the freedom and independence of Cuba. The Ohio resolution was as follows: "Whereas, Ohio's distinguished Senator, Joseph Benson Foraker, has introduced into the Senate of the United States resolutions recognizing the independence of the republic of Cuba and authorizing and directing the President of the United States to use, if necessary, the entire land and naval forces of the United States to carry these resolutions into effect ; and "Whereas, The people of Ohio, without regard to party or faction, believe that the hour for intervention and the independence of Cuba is at hand ; therefore "Be it resolved by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio, That we most heartily endorse the action of Senator Foraker and urge him to do promptly everything in his power to secure the adoption of the ANNALS OF OHIO ADMINISTRATIONS - 663 aforesaid resolutions, to the end that barbarous warfare shall cease in the island and Cuba shall be free." Two calls were made on Ohio for soldiers, existing military organizations to be given preference. If these calls had not been limited, and had been for general volunteers, the state would doubtless have furnished ten times the number of men who were actually enlisted. The best estimate, in absence of official figures, of the numbers of soldiers and officers from Ohio is as follows : Infantry, 13,432 ; cavalry, 847 ; light artillery, 736; in marine corps, signal corps, hospital corps, engineers, etc., 1,978. Total, 16,993. This number was approximately 2,000 in excess of the actual quota of the state. The organizations, names of their commanding officers, and locations of their headquarters are herewith given : First Regiment—Col. Charles B. Hunt commanding. Headquarters at Cincinnati. Second Regiment—Col. J. A. Kuert commanding. Headquarters at Kenton. Companies : A, of Findlay ; B, of Upper Sandusky ; C, of Lima ; D, of VanWert; E, of Tiffin ; F, of Bellefontaine ; G, of Kenton ; H, of Bloomdale; I, of Kenton ; K, of North Baltimore ; L, of Wapakoneta ; M, of Paulding. Third Regiment—Col. Charles Anthony commanding. Headquarters at Springfield. Companies : A, of Covington ; B, of Springfield ; C, of Gettysburg ; D, of Urbana; E, of London; F, of Hillsboro; G, of Dayton ; H, of Ripley ; I, of Dayton; K, of Piqua; L, of Sidney ; M, of Sabina. Fourth Regiment—Col. A. B. Coit commanding. Headquarters at Columbus. Companies : A, B and C, of Columbus ; D, of Marysville ; E, of Washington C. H.; F, of Columbus ; G, f Marion ; H, of Portsmouth ; I, of Lancaster ; K, of Delaware; L, of Mount Vernon ; M, of Circleville. Fifth Regiment—Col. C. L. Kennon commanding. Headquarters at Cleveland. Companies : A, of Lorain ; B and C, of Cleveland ; D, of Berea ; E, of Geneva ; F, of Cleveland ; G, of Norwalk ; H, of Youngstown ; I, K and L, of Cleveland ; M, of Bainesville. Sixth Regiment—Col. W. V. McMaken commanding. Headquarters at Toledo. Companies: A, of Toledo; B, of Sandusky ; C, of Toledo ; E, of Bryan ; F, of Napoleon ; G, of Wauseon ; H, of Toledo ; I, of Clyde; K, of Fremont ; L, of Toledo ; M, of Defiance. Seventh Regiment—Col. A. L. Hamilton commanding. Headquarters at Chillicothe. Companies : A, of New Lexington; B, of Athens ; C, of Gallipolis ; D, of Lower Salem ; E, of New Matamoras ; F, of Coshocton ; G, of Newark ; H, of Chillicothe; I, f Ironton; K, f Hebron ; L, of Middleport; M, f Dennison. Eighth Regiment—Col. C. V. Hard commanding. Headquarters at Wooster. Companies : A, f Bucyrus; B, of Akron ; C, of Polk ; D, f Wooster ; E, of East Liverpool; F, of Canton ; G, of Wadsworth; H, of Shreve; I, of Canton; K, of Alliance; L, of Canton ; M, of Mansfield. Ninth Battalion Colored Infantry—Major Young commanding. Headquarters at Columbus. Companies: A, of Springfield ; B, of Columbus ; C, of Xenia ; D, of Cleveland. First Light Artillery—Maj. Charles T. Atwell commanding. Headquarters at Zanesville. Batteries : A, of Cleveland ; B, of Cincinnati ; C, of Zanesville; D, f Toledo; E, of Springfield ; F, of Akron ; G, of Newark H, of Columbus. First Regiment of Cavalry—Lieut.-Col. Matthias W. Day commanding. Headquarters at Cleveland. Troops : A, B and C, of Cleveland ; D, of Columbus; E, of Toledo; F, of Dayton; G, of Marysville; H, of Cincinnati. Tenth Regiment—Col. Henry A. Axline. Organized at Camp Bush- 664 - HISTORY OF OHIO nell, Columbus, from companies made up at Columbus, Toledo, Cleveland, Cincinnati, Zanesville, and other points in the state. Political activities in 1898 started with the republican convention in Columbus on June 21. The Hanna-McKisson contest was renewed and fought out there, Hanna retaining his control. A ticket was named, again headed by Secretary of State Charles Kinney, whose term was about to expire. The democrats met at Dayton on August 23, nominated their state ticket, and again endorsed free silver and the democratic national platform of 1896. Candidates were also named by the prohibitionists, the social laborites, and the union reformers. The campaign was a comparatively quiet one. The republicans again won, their pluralities being over 60,000. The detailed vote follows : Secretary of State—Charles Kinney, republican, 408,213 ; Upton K. Gutherey, democrat, 347,074; Thomas Brown, prohibition, 7,089; John E. Flynn, social labor, 5,793; James A. Graft, union reform, 19,911. Judge of the Supreme Court—William T. Spear, republican, 408,879 ; Hugh L. Nichols, democrat, 345,883. Member Board of Public Works—Washington G. Johnston, republican, 408,220 ; T. Dwight Paul, democrat, 346,354. Clerk Supreme Court—Josiah B. Allen, republican, 407,900 ; David S. Fisher, democrat, 346,459. Dairy and Food Commissioner—Joseph E. Blackburn, republican, 388,885 ; John Baker, democrat, 362,478. A street railway strike in Cleveland in the year 1899 assumed serious proportions. It extended from June to December and was attended with great bitterness and violence. The local militia and police were unable to handle the situation alone, and national guard regiments from other parts of the state were called in. It gradually subsided, but during its continuance it was the source of untold inconvenience and real suffering to the public, and was disastrous in its effects on business. The political campaign of the year was of unusual interest because of the entrance into it of Samuel M. Jones, who had long been mayor of Toledo and was famous throughout the country under the title of "Golden Rule Jones." While he did not make a great impression, he received far more votes than had been cast for any f the minor party candidates before. The republican delegates to the state convention met in Columbus on June 2, 1899, and nominated for governor, George K. Nash, who had grown to large political stature since that day in 1877 when he was defeated for attorney-general. The democrats, at Zanesville on August 29 and 30, nominated John R. McLean, proprietor of the Cincinnati Enquirer, one of the most potent democratic organs, as it was one of the greatest newspapers, in the country. In addition, there were the usual prohibition and socialist tickets, and also one by the union reform party, successor f the several other new parties which had been born within the few preceding years. It is worthy of note that in this campaign Warren G. Harding made his first essay into the political field, being the republican candidate for state senator in the Marion district. It would have required a vivid imagination at that time to picture the young newspaper editor as a future president of the United States. The election gave the republicans another victory, the pluralities favorable to their candidates approximating 50,000. The detailed official figures were : Governor—George K. Nash, republican, 417,199 ; John R. McLean, democrat, 368,176 ; Seth H. Ellis, union reform, 7,999 ; George Hammill, prohibition, 5,825 ; Robert Bandlow, social labor, 2,439 ; Samuel M. Jones, non partisan, 106,721. Lieutenant Governor—John A. Caldwell, republican, 428,304 ; Abraham W. Patrick, democrat, 415,584. ANNALS OF OHIO ADMINISTRATIONS - 665 Auditor of State—Walter D. Guilbert, republican, 446,239; George W. Sigafoos, democrat, 398,396. Treasurer of State—Isaac B. Cameron, republican, 445,764 ; James I. Garman, democrat, 399,721. Attorney-General—John M. Sheets, republican, 445,105; William H. Dore, democrat, 400,036. Judge of Supreme Court—William Z. Davis, republican, 445,612 ; DeWitt C. Badger, democrat, 399,299. Board of Public Works—Frank A. Huffman, republican, 446,005 ; Fletcher D. Molin, democrat, 398,335. Governor Bushnell's second administration had been an eventful one. It included the period of the war with Spain. As war governor he brought to the service of the state the experience f a Civil war veteran, and the business sagacity developed in handling large affairs through succeeding years. Politically his later term had in it more of storm than sunshine. Factional feeling ran high, but he did not permit it to sway him from his conception of his duty to the people. He set a high standard in the administration of state affairs and left in the treasury a larger surplus than it had ever before shown. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR GEORGE K. NASH SEVENTY-FOURTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY Regular Session, January 1 to April 16, 1900 The Senate at this session was presided over by John A. Caldwell, lieutenant governor and president ex-officio, and Arlington G. Reynolds, of Lake County, presided over the House as speaker. The political division of the Senate was twenty republicans to eleven democrats, and the House sixty-four republicans and forty-three democrats. The General Assembly desired that the state be officially represented at the great international exposition to be held in Paris in this year, and it authorized Governor Nash to appoint six citizens of the state to go to that world show in an official capacity—three men and two women for the state at large and one man on behalf of the department of work shops and factories. They were, however, to receive no salaries and were to pay their own expenses. An incident of this session demonstrated in an interesting way the change of the popular attitude concerning the Civil war and the South. When, in 1888, it had been proposed that Confederate flags captured by Union regiments should be returned, there had been a great outcry against it, and Governor Foraker had received great praise for his emphatic answer, "No rebel flags shall be returned while I am governor." But now a joint resolution of the General Assembly displayed exactly the opposite sentiment, doubtless due in large part to the fact that in the Spanish-American war soldiers from North and South had fought side by side in a common cause against a common foe. The resolution was dated April 12, 1900, and was as follows : "Whereas, A memorial has been presented to the senate and house f representatives by the survivors of the Forty-sixth Ohio veteran volunteer infantry asking for power to return the flag and banner of the Twentieth Louisiana confederate regiment ; and "Whereas, This nation now recognizes no north, no south, no east, no west, but fraternity and good will everywhere ; therefore, "Be it resolved, That the governor of Ohio is hereby authorized and empowered to withdraw from the relic room of the capitol building and deliver to the survivors of the Forty-sixth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, the flag and banner of the Thirtieth Louisiana Confederate Infantry, in accordance with the petition and memorial." On April 16, 1900, a legislative resolution assigned rooms in the new judiciary building of the state house, popularly called the "Annex," ANNALS OF OHIO ADMINISTRATIONS - 667 which had been provided for a few years previously, as previously noted, and which was just now completed at a total cost of $400,000. It devoted the entire third floor to the Supreme Court and furnished space to the agricultural, legal and other departments, which had been greatly crowded in their former quarters. The great American hero of 1900 was Admiral George Dewey, who had commanded the American squadron in the victory of Manila Bay on May 1, 1898, and who in this year made a tour of the country. He was everywhere received with adulation, millions of people participating in showering honors upon him. On April 16 the Legislature appropriated $11,240 to meet the expenses f the Ohio National Guard in the Ohio demonstration. This took place in Columbus on June 6 and 7, in conjunction with a large reunion of soldiers and sailors. The famous admiral was applauded by enormous crowds of people gathered from all parts f the state. The federal decennial census again revealed the continued rapid growth of the population of Ohio. During the ten years since the last enumeration the number of people had increased by 455,216—from 3,672,329 in 1880 to 4,157,545 in 1900. This total was almost one hundred fold more than that of a century before, when the state had begun to consider asking to be admitted as a member of the Union. The 1900 census showed that there were in the state 96,901 colored people, 371 Chinese, twenty-seven Japanese and forty-two civilized Indians, mingled with the white population. Cleveland had surpassed Cincinnati in number of inhabitants and had become the sixth largest city in the United States. There had also been marked increases in other cities of Ohio, the ten largest now being in the following order : Cleveland, 381,768 ; Cincinnati, 325,902 ; Toledo, 131,822 ; Columbus, 125,- 560; Dayton, 85,333 ; Youngstown, 44,885 ; Akron, 42,728 ; Springfield, 38,253 ; Canton, 30,667 ; Hamilton, 23,914. The political battle of 1900 again included a contest for the presidency of the United States( and was therefore f great interest, especially in Ohio, the home of President William McKinley. The democrats of the state men in convention at Columbus on June 13, nominated a ticket for state officers, and elected James Kilbourne of Franklin County, W. S. Thomas of Clark, A. W. Patrick of Tuscarawas, and Horace L. Chapman of Jackson as delegates-at-large to the national convention. Gen. Adoniram J. Warner of Washington County and Gen. Isaac N. Sherwood of Cuyahoga were nominated for electors-at-large. The candidates for district electors were : David L. Baumgarten, Harlan Cleveland, James A. Gilmore, James O. Amos, Elwin C. Peck, Rodney C. Trimble, John C. Dunn, Uriah L. Mann, Washington Gordon, Charles E. Belcher, John H. Blacker, Pearson R. Murphy, Jay A. Hare, William A. Weygandt, Theobald Dietz, William R. Spratt, Jacob Kummer, Edward S. Raff, Joseph J. Devney, Fletcher D. Malin, and Patrick J. McKenney. The republicans, at Columbus on May 24, prepared for the contest by nominating Lewis C. Laylin for secretary of state and renominating several other officers whose terms would soon expire. The delegates-atlarge designated for the national convention were Senator Joseph B. Foraker, Governor George K. Nash, Gen. C. H. Grosvenor and Gen. Charles Dick. The candidates for electors-at-large were William P. Orr of Piqua and Myron T. Herrick f Cleveland. The district presidential electors nominated were : Joseph T. Carew, Thomas P. Egan, William H. Manning, Emil H. Moser, John B. White, F. M. Cunningham, John N. Van Deman, Otis H. Kimball, Noah H. Swayne, Joseph A. Shriver, William L. Stinson, William B. Woodbury, Henry B. Hane, William T. Francis, Martin B. Archer, Samuel K. McLaughlin, Harry J. Hoover, Julius Whiting, Jr., William Wallace, E. J. Kennedy and James W. Conger. The minor parties—Union reform, prohibition, social labor, people's 668 - HISTORY OF OHIO and social democrat—also named state tickets and candidates for electorsat-large and delegates to their respective national conventions. The National Democratic Convention was held at Kansas City, Mo., on July 5, 1900. William Jennings Bryan's strength with the party had increased rather than diminished . His free silver views prevailed, and the platform of the convention reaffirmed them. He was nominated by acclamation. Prior to this he had been nominated, also by acclamation, by the populists at Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and the democrats were thus placed in the position of endorsing the populist candidate. Adlai E. Stevenson was again the democratic nominee for vice president. The republicans held their national convention at Philadelphia, the first session on June 25. Marcus A. Hanna, as chairman of the national committee, called the convention to order and his domination was complete throughout. Col. Theodore Roosevelt, who had achieved great fame in the Spanish-American war and who was now governor of New York, was a delegate to this convention. William McKinley was renominated for president with the wildest enthusiasm. Roosevelt was made the candidate for vice president, much against his own will, as he believed the chief object of Hanna and the other leaders was to "shelve" him—to obliterate him politically. But fate—the "lottery f assassination," as it was cynically termed by his enemies, decreed otherwise. The campaign in Ohio, while very exciting, was carried on without apprehensions on the part of the republicans as to the result. The democrats found that Bryan's free silver issue had lost much f its attractiveness. McKinley and Roosevelt carried the state by 69,037 votes over Bryan and Stevenson, and the country by almost a million-7,207,923 to 6,318,133. The vote of the electoral college was : McKinley, 292 ; Bryan, 155. The Ohio vote in detail on national and state tickets was as follows : President—William McKinley, republican, 543,919 ; William J. Bryan, democrat, 474,882; Seth H. Ellis, union reform, 4,284; John E. Wooley, prohibition, 10,203 ; Joseph F. Malloney, social labor, 1,688 ; Wharton Barker, people's, 251; Eugene V. Debs, social democrat, 4,874. Secretary of State—Lewis B. Laylin, republican, 543,389; Henry H. McFadden, democrat, 474,078 ; Frank Frankenberg, union reform, 4,647 ; J. Knox Montgomery, prohibition, 9,983 ; Samuel Borton, social labor, 1,707 ; Louis F. Hemse, social democrat, 4,650. Judge of Supreme Court—John A. Schauck, republican, 543,418 ; Allen Smalley, democrat, 474,138. Member Board of Public Works--Charles A. Goddard, republican, 543,490 ; Peter W. Brown, democrat, 474,018. Commissioner of Common Schools—Lewis D. Bonebrake, republican, 542,928 ; Joshua D. Simpkins, democrat, 474,626. Dairy and Food Commissioner—Joseph E. Blackburn, republican, 539,871; Ballard B. Yates, democrat, 476,794. Early in the year 1901 Governor Nash gave the sporting element of Cincinnati and f the country a surprise and shock by his stand with reference to a fistic encounter in that city. Mayor Julius Fleishman had issued a license to permit it, but the governor was shown that instead of being a mere "competitive physical contest" it was in reality to be a genuine prize fight between two famous pugilists, and he determined that it should not be held. Upon his request the emergency board of the state placed in his hands a fund f $50,000 to be used, if necessary, to meet the expense f sending Ohio militia to Cincinnati to prevent the fight. This bold and courageous attitude on his part put a summary end to the plans of the Cincinnati sports, greatly to their displeasure. They threatened vengeance at the polls at the coming election, but the governor carried the city in 1901 by a majority of more than 5,000, although he had lost it in 1899. ANNALS OF OHIO ADMINISTRATIONS - 669 The republican state convention of 1901 met in Columbus on June 22. Governor Nash was renominated without opposition. The democrats, at Columbus on July 10, placed Col. James Kilbourne, head f a very large manufacturing establishment of Columbus, in nomination for governor. All was prepared for a vigorous campaign. The democrats were hopeful because f the prominence and high character of their candidate for governor, because of the harmony which prevailed in their ranks, and also because they had abandoned the free silver issue, which they recognized as having been a losing one for them. But before the campaign was well started an appalling event threw everything into confusion. President McKinley, in the midst f an occasion which had been a very happy one for him, was shot by an anarchist. He stood in the Temple f Music at the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, on September 6, 1901, shaking hands with a great number f admirers who were passing in line before him. One of those in the line, with a handkerchief over his hand, fired a pistol thus concealed, and the wound inflicted on the President proved fatal. He lingered for eight days, and expired. Thus was another chief magistrate f the nation, the second from Ohio and the third within thirty-six years, brought to his death by the hand of an assassin. Funeral services were held in Buffalo on September 19, a day which was by proclamation appointed for mourning and prayer throughout the nation. His body lay in state at the national capitol in Washington, followed by a public funeral of the greatest impressiveness. A funeral train bore the remains of Ohio's idol to Canton. Theodore Roosevelt had been hurriedly sought in the mountain wilds of Northern New York and had taken the oath of office f president of the United States. The entire character of the political campaign was changed by this tragic occurrence. The only issue the democrats could have discussed were those concerning the republican national administration, and this was now impossible. Nash was reelected governor by 67,567 votes. Detailed figures on all the candidates were as follows : Governor—George K. Nash, republican, 436,092 ; James Kilbourne, democrat, 368,525 ; E. J. Pinney, prohibition, 9,878 ; John Richardson, union reform, 2,718 ; John H. T. Juergens, social labor, 2,994 ; Harry C. Thompson, socialist, 7,359. Lieutenant Governor—Carl L. Nippert, republican, 438,764 ; Anthony Howells, democrat. 360,314. Treasurer of State—Isaac B. Cameron, republican, 440,812; Rubin P. Aleshire, democrat, 357,633. Attorney-General—John M. Sheets, republican, 439,710 ; Michael B. McCarthy, democrat, 359,170. Judge of Supreme Court—James L. Price, republican, 441,274 ; Joseph Hidy, democrat, 356,618. Member Board of Public Works—Washington G. Johnson, republican, 440,049 ; James B. Holman, democrat, 358,026. Clerk of the Supreme Court—Lawson E. Emerson, republican, 439,- 709; Harry Young, democrat, 357,915. SEVENTY-FIFTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY Regular Session, January 6 to May 12, 1902 Extraordinary Session, August 25 to October 22, 1902 The Senate was presided over by Lieutenant Governor Carl L. Nippert, president ex-officio. William S. McKinnon, of Ashtabula County, was speaker of the House of Representatives. On January 14, the day fixed by law for balloting for United States Senator, Joseph Benson Foraker was reelected, receiving the votes of twenty-one senators and 110 members of the House. The democrats—twelve in the Senate and forty-two in the House—voted for Charles 670 - HISTORY OF OHIO W. Baker. One week later, in joint session of the two houses, report of these totals was formally made, and Senator Foraker was officially declared elected to succeed himself. The time of this Assembly was largely occupied in amending existing laws and in making a complete change in the method f compensating county officers for their services. The fee system, which had applied in all counties, had come to be a burden, and regular salaries for the officers were substituted. On January 20, 1902, a joint resolution was adopted fixing January 29 as the date for holding memorial exercises by the General Assembly "in commemoration of the life, services and tragic death of the late President of the United States, William McKinley of Ohio." This service was held on the afternoon of the day set, in the hall of the House of Representatives. The chamber, which was appropriately and elaborately draped, was crowded with spectators, and the exercises were of the most impressive character. The rostrum was occupied by Governor Nash, President Nippert of the Senate, Speaker McKinnon of the House, and Maj. Lewis M. Hosea, who, as chairman of the joint legislative committee in charge, presided. There was sacred music by the choir of St. Paul's Church of Columbus, and notable addresses were delivered by Governor George K. Nash on behalf of the state, by Gen. Charles H. Grosvenor f behalf of Congress, by Hon. J. O. Royer on behalf of the democrats of the Senate, by Hon. George T. Thomas for the republicans of the House, by Hon. Charles W. Stage for the democrats of the house, and by Hon. Warren G. Harding on behalf of the republicans of the Senate. The chief address was an oration upon "McKinley, the Patriot and Martyr," by Congressman W. R. Warnock. On February 6 the two houses adopted a joint resolution sending to Mrs. McKinley official information of these memorial exercises. On April 28 a resolution was adopted providing for the impressive memorial to McKinley which was completed and erected a few years later at the west entrance to the state house grounds. The citizens of Columbus had initiated this movement by subscribing $20,000 toward it, which was later increased to $25,000. The General Assembly added to this by appropriating a like amount. On April 8, 1902, a statute was enacted which was prompted by the assassination of President McKinley. It provided the death penalty for any person who should, within the state, successfully attempt to take the life of a president, vice president or any cabinet officer in the line of succession to the presidency; in case the attempt should not result in death, then the penalty inflicted should be imprisonment for life. The law also made provision that in case of successful attempt on the life of a governor or lieutenant governor of Ohio the penalty should likewise be death ; and, in case of death not resulting from the attempt, imprisonment for not less than twenty years or for life, at the discretion of the court. On May 9, 1902, an official Ohio flag was adopted by the Legislature. It is described in the act as follows : "The flag of the state shall be pennant shaped. It shall have three red and two white horizontal stripes ; the union of the flag shall be seventeen five-pointed stars, white, in a blue triangular field, the base of which shall be the staff end or vertical edge of the flag, and the apex shall be the center of the middle red stripe. The stars shall be shaped around a red disc superimposed upon a white circular O." The book of statutes for the year contains an engraved illustration of the flag thus described. As before noted in these annals of the state, no constitution of Ohio had given the governor the right to veto acts passed by the General Assembly. On May 2, 1902, a resolution was adopted proposing a constitutional amendment to confer this power upon him, to be voted on ANNALS OF OHIO ADMINISTRATIONS- 671 by the people at the election f November, 1903. The amendment was at that time accepted by a vote of 458,681 "yes" to 338,317 "no." On May 12, 1902, the General Assembly made provision for a proper representation of the state at the great Louisiana Purchase Exposition which was to be held at St. Louis in 1904. Appropriations were made to a total amount of $75,000 for this purpose, and an Ohio Building was erected on the grounds that did credit to the commissioner, Mr. Stacey Rankin, a banker of South Charleston. Thousands of Ohio visitors to the exposition were very proud of the showing made by their state. Perhaps Governor Nash's greatest contribution to the welfare of the people was accomplished in amending the taxing system of the state. In this he had the whole-hearted and earnest cooperataion f the General Assembly. His message of January 6, 1902, set forth "the desirability f securing all the revenue required by the state without resorting to a levy upon real estate and personal property." In conformity with his wishes two bills were introduced in the House of Representatives by men who afterwards attained great prominence in affairs of the state. One of these, by Representative Frank B. Willis, required that all domestic corporations for profit should make annual reports to the state containing certain necessary information,and that they should pay an annual fee of one-tenth of 1 per cent f their outstanding capital stock. The other, by Representative Ralph D. Cole, related to public utility corporations, and required them to pay a tax of 1 per cent on their gross annual receipts. Still another bill, by Representative Hallis C. Johnson, transferred to the state treasury the 21/2 per cent tax paid by foreign insurance companies upon their gross receipts in Ohio. On April 1, 1902, Governor Nash sent a special message to the General Assembly recommending the passage of these three bills. He answered objections which had been made as to their constitutionality, and stated that under their operation it would be possible to reduce the rate of taxation on real and personal property more than one-half—from $2.89 to $1.35 per $1,000 valuation. The bills were passed and the benefits derived from them placed the finances of the state in a highly prosperous condition, and eventually enabled the paying of the public debt and accumulation of a surplus while at the same time very materially reducing the tax burden upon the owners of property. Governor Bushnell, as we have seen, was pioneer in securing legislation of this character for Ohio. On April 21 a joint resolution was unanimously adopted by the Assembly requesting the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society to have charge of a fitting celebration f the anniversary. The society had previously planned to do so, and had made much progress in its preparation the legislative resolution was adopted for the purpose of placing the Assembly's official stamp of approval upon it. The program covered two days, at Chillicothe, the first capital—May 20 and 21, 1903—and it provided an elaborate and splendid celebration, in which many eminent men, representative f the educational, political and material progress f the state, took part. Governor George K. Nash and Gen. R. Brinkerhoff, respectively, presided at the two meetings, at which very large and highly representative audiences were present. Addresses were delivered by W. D. Yaple, mayor of Chillicothe, Gen. J. Warren Keifer of Springfield, Judson Harmon of Cincinnati, Prof. Martin B. Andrews of Marietta, Judge Rush R. Sloan of Sandusky, Hon. E. O. Randall of Columbus, Gen. Thomas Anderson of the United States Army, Murat Halstead of Cincinnati, David Meade Massie of Chillicothe, ex-Governor James E. Campbell, Senator Joseph B. Foraker, Gen. Charles H. Grosvenor, Judge Moses M. Granger of Zanesville, Senator Marcus A. Hanna, Hon. Lewis D. Bonebrake of 672 - HISTORY OF OHIO Columbus, President William Oxley Thompson of Ohio State University, Mrs. J. R. Hopley of Bucyrus, Gen. B. R. Cowen of Cincinnati, Gen. Thomas Ewing of New York, S. S. Knabenschue of the Toledo Blade, Prf. W. H. Venable of Cincinnati, and Bishop C. C. McCabe of Omaha, Nebraska. In the latter part of June, 1902, the Ohio Supreme Court handed down two decisions that caused Governor Nash to convene an extra session of the General Assembly on August 25 of that year. One decision related to the filing of cases in the Supreme Court under what was known as the Royer act the other declared unconstitutional the federal form of government under which the City of Cleveland was organized. The latter was really against special legislation which was in contravention of the constitution of Ohio in fact though not in form. The General Assembly had gradually fallen into the habit of enacting such legislation in form something like the following: "In all counties which by the federal census of 1890 had a population of not less than twenty-seven thousand three hundred (27,300) and not more than twenty-seven thousand four hundred and fifty (27,450), each county commissioner elected or appointed after the passage f this act shall devote his entire time or so much thereof as may be necessary to the duties of his office, and for his compensation shall receive a salary of one thousand dollars ($1,000) per annum. * * * 1 The purpose of the act from which this is quoted was to fix the above salary for one county of the state. Much legislation of this kind found its way to the statute books. This class included the so-called "ripper" legislation. The Legislature, yielding to local factional or partisan interests, often at the request of a state senator or representative, would enact special measures of this character to throw out of office men who had been elected or appointed in some city or village. The decision of the Supreme Court against such legislation marks an era of genuine reform in the state. It virtually put an end to "ripper" legislation and other special acts dictated by purely local or partisan interests. The situation resulting from these decisions was carefully considered by able attorneys under the direction of Attorney-General Wade H. Ellis, and a bill was ready for introduction when the General Assembly convened. It was introduced in the House by Hon. A. S. Comings and in the Senate by Hon. Nicholas Longworth. After consideration and hearings it was enacted without material change. It was known as the municipal code of Ohio. It was criticised by political opponents, but was generally satisfactory and accomplished the important reform inaugurated by the Supreme Court. The Ohio political campaign f 1902 was a highly spectacular one. made so by Mayor Tom L. Johnson f Cleveland, who canvassed the state in a novel way. He had been successful politically in Cleveland and was believed to be ambitious to attain the governorship in 1903. Some of his ideas of government were regarded as socialistic by conservative members of his own party as well as by the republicans. These he persuaded the democratic convention (at Sandusky on September 2nd) to adopt. The convention nominated for secretary of state, Herbert S. Bigelow, a Cincinnati minister who shared Johnson's opinions as to government. The chief feature of the campaign was an extended itinerary by Mayor Johnson in a big red automobile and with an immense tent in which to hold his public meetings. The republicans, at Cleveland on May 27, 1902, had renominated Secretary of State Laylin as well as several of the other republican state officers. Marcus A. Hanna again conducted the campaign for the 1 - Ohio Laws, vol. 92, p. 143. ANNALS OF OHIO ADMINISTRATIONS - 673 republicans and they won by large pluralities, the detailed vote being as follows : Secretary of State—Lewis C. Laylin, republican, 436,171 ; Herbert S. Bigelow, democrat, 345,706 ; Andrew L. White, prohibition, 12,336 ; Max S. Hayes, socialist, 14,270 ; Theodore Adams, social labor, 2,983. Judge of Supreme Court—William B. Crew, republican, 436,990 ; Michael Donnelly, democrat, 343,051. Member Board of Public Works—William Kirtley, Jr., republican, 437,868 ; Joseph J. Pater, democrat, 342,659. Dairy and Food Commissioner—Horace Ankeny, republican, 433,702 ; Philip H. Bruck, democrat, 347,567. In 1903 Tom L. Johnson again controlled the democratic convention, which was held in Columbus on August 25. His supporters regarded him as presidential timber and made wide distribution of campaign buttons bearing the words "Johnson, 1904." His arrival in Columbus for the convention, heading a Cleveland delegation which formed a large procession with a brass band in front, caused a sensation on the streets. He named his ticket, with himself for governor, and pledged his party for John H. Clarke, of Cleveland, as the next United States Senator, to be elected by the Legislature then to be chosen at the polls. The republicans had held their conclave, also at Columbus, on June 4th. Senator Hanna was the temporary chairman, and Senator Foraker was the permanent presiding officer. The platform adopted was on regular republican lines and it declared for the reelection of Hanna to the United States Senate. Myron T. Herrick of Cleveland was made the candidate for governor, and Warren G. Harding for lieutenant governor. The campaign was a very lively one, but Johnson's views met with intense disfavor among the voters and he was defeated by 113,812 plurality. The new General Assembly was overwhelmingly republican in both branches—the Senate twenty-nine to three, and the House eighty-eight to twenty-two. Hanna's reelection to the United States Senate was assured, and Mayor Johnson was eliminated as a presidential possibility. The state had now been in existence just a century. That old-time first governor, Edward Tiffin, had in 1803 received all the votes cast, and they numbered 4,564. The total vote cast at the election of 1903 was 877,203—more than 192 times as many as Tiffin had received. The official records in the office of the secretary of state show that the candidates of 1903 were given support of the voters as follows : Governor—Myron T. Herrick, republican, 475,560 ; Tom L. Johnson, democrat, 361,748; Isaac Cowen, socialist, 13,495; Nelson D. Creamer, prohibition, 13,502 ; John D. Goerke, socialist labor, 2,071. Lieutenant Governor—Warren G. Harding, republican, 474,311 ; Frank B. Niles, democrat, 357,573. Auditor of State—Walter D. Guilbert, republican, 473,565 ; Charles A. Kloeb, democrat, 357,201. Treasurer of State—William S. McKinnon, republican, 474,033 ; Volley J. Dahl, democrat, 356,617. Attorney-General—Wade H. Ellis, republican, 470,589 ; Frank S. Monett, democrat, 360,916. Judge of Supreme Court—Augustus N. Summers, republican, 471,742 ; Edward J. Dempsey, democrat, 358,898. Member Board of Public Works, to fill vacancy—George H. Watkins, republican, 473,332 ; William A. Wynn, democrat, 356,529. Member Board of Public Works, full term—George H. Watkins, republican, 472,687 ; Thomas H. B. Jones, democrat, 356,687. Commissioner of Common Schools—Edmund A. Jones, republican, 473,252 ; John H. Secrist, democrat, 356,083. 674 - HISTORY OF OHIO ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR MYRON T. HERRICK SEVENTY-SIXTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY Regular Session January 4th to April 25th, 1904 Lieutenant Governor Warren G. Harding presided over the Senate. George T. Thomas, f Huron county, was elected speaker of the House of Representatives. The inauguration of Governor Herrick was in keeping with the best traditions of Ohio. The attendance was large and the formal induction of the new governor into office was dignified and impressive. Lieutenant Governor Harding, who had previously served in the state senate, was already attracting attention as a young man of ability and promise, though no one then would have predicted the distinguished career that awaited him. Herrick and Harding belonged at this time to opposing factions of the republican party. Former Governor Asa S. Bushnell was present at the inaugural ceremonies. In the evening, at the railway station, he was suddenly stricken and taken at once to a hospital where he died four days later (January 15). His funeral at Springfield, where he had been popular with all classes, was largely attended. Friends from different sections of the state were present to pay the final tributes of respect. Two days previous to the inauguration, ex-Governor Charles Foster, while on a visit to Springfield, died after a brief illness. It was reported that he had gone to Springfield to accompany Governor Bushnell to the inauguration. With a republican majority of ninety-one on joint ballot, one of the first acts of the general assembly was to reelect Marcus A. Hanna United States senator. On January 13 he appeared and thanked the general assembly for the honor conferred, made a kindly reference to former Governor Foster, who had recently died, and former Governor Bushnell who was lying at the point of death. Governor Herrick spoke briefly, congratulating Senator Hanna and the state on his "splendid vindication." Governor Bushnell and Senator Hanna were identified with opposing factions in the republican party and their relations had at times been seriously strained. While Governor Bushnell would have preferred to name an able friend identified with his faction as successor to Senator Sherman, he appointed Senator Hanna in response to the evident wish f a majority f the party leaders. He and his friends afterward felt that this concession on his part had not been kindly received. He was sometimes taunted with, "You did this because you had to." There was an element of truth in this, but that fact naturally did not help matters with the governor and his sensitive friends. In view of their past differences, the reference f Senator Hanna in his speech to Governor Bushnell was appreciated especially by the friends of the latter. The political triumph of Myron T. Herrick and Marcus A. Hanna was not complete. The approval of the people at the previous election had been so emphatic that it silenced partisan and factional opposition. Senator Hanna's leadership of the republican party in Ohio seemed assured for years to come. The political prophets would not have hesitated to predict the election f Governor Herrick two years hence. Hanna was at the zenith f his power. He could now return to the Senate backed by the overwhelming approval of his state. While McKinley lived, Hanna, because of his political influence, his aggressive methods and the patronage at his disposal, overshadowed Senator Foraker. It now seemed that the mantle of McKinley had fallen on his shoulders. In every department f the national government were appointive and elective officers who owed their positions to his support. That they should desire his elevation to the presidency was perfectly natural. Others who regarded him as the logical successor of McKinley