300 - HISTORY OF OHIO Ripley, ten miles from Georgetown, was laid out about 1812 War days. It was first called Staunton, but changed to Ripley, after General Ripley. When the county was organized, the courts were ordered held at the house of Alexander Campbell, in this town, until a permanent seat of justice should be established. A courthouse was commenced, but soon Georgetown won the county seat. As long ago as 1827, steamboats were built at Ripley. In 1846 it was second to Cincinnati in pork packing. The pork in barrels mostly went south on flat-boats. The first station ever established on the "Underground Railroad" was at the residence of Rev. John Rankin of this place. Thousands of slaves made their escape in this way to Canada. The house was in plain view from the Kentucky side of the Ohio River. In 1920 its population was 1,529. Other towns of this county are Higginsport, laid out in 1816 by Col. Robert Higgins. In the late '80c this place shipped 2,000,000 pounds of tobacco annually from the seventeen warehouses located at this point. In 1920 its population was 353. Aberdeen, in this county, opposite Maysville, Kentucky, was laid out in 1816 and in 1840 had 477 population. This is another tobacco shipping point. Its population in 1920 was 477. Fayetteville and Russellville date back in history to 1816-18. The present officials of Brown County are : Probate judge, Howard D. Waters ; clerk of the courts, Fred Innis ; sheriff, Edgar H. Neu ; auditor, John P. Stephan ; county commissioners, W. L. Borden, C. V. Hughes, W. H. Dawley ; treasurer, William T. Wilson ; recorder, Charles E. Kelly ; surveyor, Herbert Klinker ; prosecuting attorney, E. B. Stivers ; coroner, Dr. R. L. Chambers ; county superintendent, E. P. Stephan. In 1923 the following agricultural products were reported : There were raised 1,972,000 bushels of corn ; wheat, 315,000 bushels ; oats, 132,000 bushels ; rye, 68,183 bushels ; buckwheat, 925 bushels ; hay, 28,000 tons ; potatoes, 39,960 bushels ; all cattle in county, 20,120 ; dairy cows kept, 12,820 ; swine, 34,190 ; sheep, 10,100 ; farms in county averaged 89.6 acres. BUTLER COUNTY Butler County was formed in 1803, from a portion of Hamilton and named for Gen. Richard Butler, of Revolutionary war fame. He it was who fell in St. Clair's disastrous defeat. Butler County has well been termed "Garden of Ohio." It has for a subsoil strata the blue limestone formation ; the great Miami River courses through its territory; it has a valley of twelve miles in width and unsurpassed in the state for productiveness. That there are many lesser streams is evidenced by the fact that the county maintains over 1,000 bridges over them—big and little. The first settlers here were of German origin, mostly. St. Clair passed through this county on his fated campaign in 1791. Fort Hamilton was built that season at the crossing of the Great Miami on the site of Hamilton. This was a stockade fifty yards square. Through this country Gen. Anthony Wayne led his famous "Legion" that triumphed in August, 1794, at the battle of Fallen Timbers. The civil townships of this county are : Fairfield, Hamilton, Hanover, Lemon, Liberty, Madison, Middletown, Milford, Morgan, Oxford, Reily, Ross, St. Clair, Union, Wayne. The county officers today (1923) are as follows : Probate judge, Robert Woodruff ; clerk of the courts, Karl Clark ; sheriff, Ruby Laubach ; auditor, Harry J. Long; county commissioners, Frank Kinch, Walter F. Carr, Ed. F. Rosencrans ; treasurer, Stanley H. Kinger ; recorder, Louis A. Hamann ; surveyor, W. S. Conklin ; prosecuting COUNTIES OF OHIO - 301 attorney, Peter P. Boli ; coroner, Edward Cook ; county superintendent of schools, J. W. Fichter ; agricultural agent, W. D. Hunnicutt. The growth of population of Butler County will be seen by the following United States census figures, by decades : In 1820 it had 21,755 ; 1840, 28,207 ; 1860, 35,840 ; 1870, 39,912 ; 1880, 42,579; 1890, 48,597 ; 1900, 56,870 ; 1910, 70,271; 1920, 87,025. Area of county, 452 square miles ; population per square mile, 192.5. An index to the agricultural resources of the county is seen in the following figures taken from recent state agricultural reports : In 1923 it raised 2,688,000 bushels of corn ; wheat, 893,000 bushels ; oats, 135,000 bushels ; barley, 7,000 bushels ; rye, 7,695 bushels ; tons of hay, 36,000 ; bushels of potatoes, 79,000 ; cattle on farms in 1923-24, 24,580 ; dairy cows, 15,300 ; swine, 62,040 ; sheep, 8,690. The county now has 272,248 in farm acres, and the average size farm is 107 acres. The cities and villages of this county are : Hamilton, Middletown, Oxford, College Corner, 'Vest Chester, Somerville, Seven Mile Village, Jacksonburgh, Trenton, Monroe. The seat of justice of this county is Hamilton, with a population in 1920 of 39,675. It is twenty miles north of Cincinnati and stands on the left bank of the Great Miami. It has come to be a brisk manufacturing city. It has had at least two magnificent courthouses.. The following reliable statement was published in 1887: "Hamilton has two immense industries—the manufacture of malt, distilling and brewing. Malt aggregates in one season 500,000 bushels ; the Hamilton Distilling Company handles 2,500 bushels of corn daily and pays an annual tax of $1,000,000. Schwabs brewery turns out 30,000 barrels of beer annually." Times have changed and the manufactured products now include : Machinery, machine tools, paper, safes, bank vaults, engines, sugar mill machinery, paper mill machinery, woolens, felts, coke, pig iron, stove fixtures, interior marble, stoves, castings, flour, agricultural machinery. Middletown is twelve miles northeast of Hamilton and twelve below Dayton. It is surrounded by a fine farming section. The Miami Canal runs through the place and the Miami River is at its western border. The thing that has made the place known most has been its immense paper factories. Murat Halstead, the great journalist, was born and 302 - HISTORY OF OHIO reared here. It is now an enterprising, busy city where brains and muscle are all in tune. Like the City of Hamilton, Middletown is eminently a manufacturing city, with a steady, rapid and substantial growth. Its population in 1900 was 9,215. In 1920 it had risen to 23,594. Its chief manufacturing concern is the American Rolling Mill Company, with a capitalization of $41,500,000, operating two large plants in the city. A number of companies are engaged in the manufacture of paper. There are also important manufactures of electric fixtures, folding boxes, paper bags, rope bags and bicycles. These and other establishments in the city give employment to over 9,000 men. Oxford, a station on the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroad, is thirty-nine miles out of Cincinnati to the northwest. This place is best known for its early and later excellent educational institutions. The Miami University was established here, as well as two noted female seminaries. Oxford Female College, founded in 1849 ; the Western Female Seminary was founded in 1853. Other schools have made the place an educational center of later times. The corner-stone of the university above named was laid in 1816. Among the early instructors here are recalled the famous W. H. McGuffey, author of the splendid series of "Eclectic" readers and spellers. CARROLL COUNTY, In the legislative session of the state, in the winter of 1832-33, Carroll County was formed from Columbiana, Stark, Tuscarawas, Harrison and Jefferson counties. The surface is quite rough and hilly ; it has an area of 387 square miles. It was first largely settled by some German and Scotch-Irish stock, but mostly from Pennsylvania, Virginia and Maryland. It took the name Carroll from Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, Maryland, the last survivor of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, who died in Baltimore in 1833, aged ninety-six years. The old Sand and Beaver Canal was constructed through this county, beginning with 1835, and was used more or less until 1850. The stockholders lost almost $2,000,000 in the enterprise. Population—The Federal and State census reports give figures as follows concerning Carroll County : In 1840 it had 18.108 ; 1850, 17,685 ; 1860, 15,738 ; 1870, 14,491; 1880, 16,416 ; 1890, 17,566 ; 1900, 16,811; 1910, 15,761; 1920, 15,942. Number of inhabitants to square mile is 41.2. Present civil townships are : Augusta, Brown, Centre, East, Fox, Harrison, Lee, Loudon, Monroe, Orange, Perry, Ross, Union and Washington. The present villages include : Malvern and a part of Minerva villages ; Carrollton, the county seat ; Dellroy, a part of Sherrodsville ; Leesville, Magnolia. The present (1923) county officials are as follows : Probate judge, Robert E. McDonald ; clerk of the courts, Carson Myers ; sheriff, Richard M. Hayes ; auditor, Scott Brandon ; county commissioners, Jasper H. Roundebush, James Cameron and P. I. George ; treasurer, James S. Borden ; recorder, John Haugh ; surveyor, Vance T. Grimes : prosecuting attorney, J. Lee pickering ; coroner, R. E. Miller ; county superintendent of schools, George E. Bell ; agricultural agent, R. W. Gardner. Among the families of this county who have won much distinction through military achievements has been that of what is well termed "The Fighting McCooks." This name was assigned them during the Civil war period. There were really two families—one the descendants of Maj. Daniel McCook of Cannonsburg, Pennsylvania, known as of the "Tribe of Dan." The other line was from Dr. John McCook, who headed the "Tribe of John." Of the former family there were engaged COUNTIES OF OHIO - 303 in military service the father, Maj. Daniel McCook, Maj.-Gen. R.obert L. McCook, Maj.-Gen. A. McDowell McCook ; Gen. Daniel McCook, Jr.; Maj.-Gen. Edwin Stanton McCook, Pvt. Charles Morris McCook, Col. John J. McCook—ten in all. Another son, Midshipman J. James McCook, died in the naval service before the Rebellion. Of the "Tribe of John" there were engaged in the service Maj.-Gen. Edward M. McCook, Gen. Anson G. McCook, Chaplain Henry C. McCook, Commander Roderick S. McCook, U. S. N., and Lieut. John J. McCook—fiv.e in all. This makes a total of fifteen, every son of both families, all commissioned officers, except Charles, who was killed at the first fight at Bull Run, who declined a commission, preferring to be a private soldier. While it cannot be said that Carroll is the richest section of Ohio, yet it possesses many fertile acres and has an annual production of the following articles : In 1923 it raised 495,000 bushels of corn ; 182,000 A HOME IN THE WILDERNESS of wheat ; 420,000 of oats ; 500 bushels of barley ; rye, 3,000 bushels ; buckwheat, 360 bushels ; tons of hay, 49,000 ; potatoes, 54,270 bushels ; number of cattle in county, in 1924, 17,450 ; dairy cows, 8,970 ; swine, 10,810 ; sheep, 42,420. Number of acres farmed in the county in 1920, 229,597; average size of farms, 115.4 acres ; number of acres improved in county, 171,631. Towns and Villages—There are no large incorporated places in this county. Of Carrollton, the seat of justice, it may be said that including the surrounding township, there was in 1920 a population of 2,192. This town is situated 125 miles northeast of Columbus and was origi-nally called Centretown. It is on the C. & C. Railroad, eighty-seven miles southeast of Cleveland. The fine courthouse there was completed in 1886 at a cost of $150,000. The old courthouse sold at auction for $196, while the old bell in its tower sold at $138. The first clerk of the court in this place was Daniel McCook, father of the famous families of "Fighting McCooks." General Eckley and his late son, Judge Eckley, and the McCooks, Butlers and others, still represented in this town, were among the strong characters who helped make the county- what it is today, by their good judgment and integrity. Milling and pottery business are the chief plants of the thriving town. The population of the village in 1920 was 2,192. Leesville is twelve miles to the southwest of Carrollton, was laid out August 1, 1812, by Thomas Price and Peter Saunders. In several 304 - HISTORY OF OHIO ways this town has an interesting history wrapped around it. Before the Civil war it was a noted station on the Underground Railroad and within its little town hall were wont to be heard the voices of William Lloyd Garrison, Fred Douglass, Wendell Phillips, Parker Pillsbury and other anti-slavery advocates. Again, it is noted as the home of that distinguished patriotic poem writer, Mrs. Mary E. Kail, authoress of "Crown Our Heroes," published through the influence of Mrs. Leland Stanford. She also wrote a poem on "Ohio" which will long be read and remembered for its beauty. The population of the village in 1920 was 198. Mechanicsburg, nine miles east of Carrollton, was platted in 1836 by Thomas McGovern. This is a small hamlet of local importance. Kilgore is twelve miles southeast of Carrollton. It is in the center of a coal mining district, and its people are mostly of the mining class. New Harrisburg, another small village five miles southwest of Carrollton, was a rival for the county seat in 1883. This was the birthplace of Bishop Jonathan Weaver, bishop of the United Brethren Church and president of Otterbein University. Harlem Springs is six miles southeast of Carrollton and fifty or sixty years ago was noted for its mineral spring waters. Among noted visitors to drink these medicinal waters were Gen. Robert E. Lee and our own Edwin M. Stanton. The Harlem Spring College was founded here in 1858. CHAMPAIGN COUNTY This county was formed from portions of Greene and Franklin, March, 1805, and a temporary seat of justice made at Springfield in the house of George Fithian. Five per cent of the land in this county is prairie ; one-half is level, one-quarter rolling, one-fifty hilly. Mad River and its beautiful branches furnish water and drainage for the entire county. It contains 421 square miles and has had a population as follows : In 1820 it had 8,479 ; 1840, 16,720 ; 1850, 19,782 ; 1860, 22,698 ; 1870, 24,188 ; 1880, 27,817 ; 1890, 26,980 ; 1900, 26,642 ; 1910, 26,351 ; 1920, 25,071 ; its population per square mile is now 59.6. Its townships are named : Adams, Concord, Goshen, Harrison, Jackson, Johnson, Mad River, Rush, Salem, Union, Urbana and Wayne. Its people are largely Ohio-born and are true to American principles. THRESHING SCENE COUNTIES OF OHIO - 305 Its present county officers are : Probate judge, Harry H. Banta; clerk of the courts,• James F. Gannon ; sheriff, Irvin W. McRoberts; auditor, W. B. Crim ; county commissioners, W. G. Boyer, Homer R. Long, M. R. Todd ; treasurer, N. 0. Hoak ; recorder, L. L. Harner ; surveyor, Charles M. Richey ; prosecuting attorney, N. B. Owen; coroner, J. F. Stultz ; county superintendent of schools, A. G. Welshimer ; agricultural agent, F. Sandhammer. The towns and villages within this county are : North Lewisburg, Woodstock, Mutual, Mechanicsburg, St. Paris, Urbana, county seat, Springhills Village, Christianburg Village. Urbana was laid out in 1805 by Col. William Ward, who named it Urbana from the word Urbanity, meaning politeness or refinement. The first two settlers were the clerk of the court, Joseph C. Vance, father of ex-Governor Vance, and George Fithian, who opened a tavern in a cabin. The first store was opened by Samuel McCord. In 1807 a temporary courthouse was erected of brick. The Methodists were the first denomination to form a church and build here. Urbana University was established 1850. Urbana has ever been more noted for its mercantile than its factories. The surrounding country is remarkably rich and produces heavy yields annually of all that grows in this portion of Ohio. At the time of the War of 1812, Urbana was a point where the main army of Hull concentrated before leaving for Detroit. There were several Indian councils here, which were usually held in the groves near by, where now is located the "Old Burying Ground." Tecumseh was quartered here in the spring of 1795. Great political conventions have been held at Urbana. One of the largest was the Harrison meeting in 1840. A parade miles in length passed by a given point in honor of General Harrison, who was introduced by Moses B. Corwin and spoke two full hours. Oxen and sheep were barbecued and good old fashioned cider supplied all with plenty of drink. Among the banners floating in the breeze was one with the words, "The People is all Korrect." This was doubtless the origin of our modern "0. K." As far back as 1888, Urbana boasted of her old camp grounds, comprising forty acres on which were built hundreds of small cottages and an auditorium holding 3,500 people. National camp meetings and conventions were formerly held there. The industries of Urbana are chiefly strawboard, paper, saw and flouring mills, railway car works, fruit packing, canning plants, glass factory, the manufacture of telephones of the automatic type, and an oil refinery. Every lover of American art will remember that one of our first real sculptors was John Q. A. Ward, native of Urbana, born in 1830 and won great fame. Urbana of today has a population of 7,621 and is a lively, modern city with that bustle and prosperity known to all good American cities of its size. The Ohio agricultural statistics show these figures on Champaign County : Number bushels corn grown in 1924, 2,814,000; wheat, 476,000 bushels ; oats, 595,000 bushels ; barley, 22,680 ; rye, 45,314 bushels ; hay in tons, 30,000 ; potatoes, 52,000 bushels ; number cattle in 1924, 24,500 ; dairy cows, 12,770 ; swine, 66,760 ; sheep, 18,990 ; number acres cultivated, 221;010 ; size of farms upon the average, 104.1 acres. CLARK COUNTY Clark County, Ohio, was formed March 1, 1817, taken from territory belonging to Champaign, Madison and Greene counties, and derives its name from Gen. Rogers Clark. Chibb's Station was the first locality at which a settlement was effected by white men. It was at the forks of Mad River and the date was 1796. Its soil is wonderfully productive and has been well tilled and cared for as the generations have come COUNTIES OF OHIO - 307 and gone. The state agricultural bulletins give figures as follows on this country : In 1923 -the number of bushels of corn produced was 2,440,000; wheat, 576,000; oats, 510,000; barley, 10,500 ; rye, 81,130 ; tons of hay, 41,000 ; potatoes, bushels, 113,970; number of horses kept in 1924, 9,600; cattle in county, 24,900 ; dairy cows, 13,900; swine, 6.4,350; sheep, 18,080. Number acres cultivated, 204,277; average size farm, 82.1 acres. The present civil townships are as follows : Bethel, German, Greene, Harmony, Mad River, Madison, Moorefield, Pike, Pleasant, Springfield. Population—At various census enumeration periods Clark Counfy has stood : In 1820 it had 9,553 ; 1840, 16,853; 1850, 22,178; 1860, 25,300 ; 1870, 32,070 ; 1880, 41,948; 1890, 52,277; 1900, 58,939; 1910, 66,435 ; 1920, 80,728. Area, 407 square miles ; population to square mile, 198.3. The political and official administrations in this county have always reflected well as to the integrity, and ability to manage the affairs of their county's business. The present county officers are: Probate judge, .Harry Gram ; clerk of the courts, Mont C. Hambright ; sheriff, David T. Jones ; auditor, William C. Mills ; county commissioners, James L. Welsh, Frank L. Funderburg, David F. Snyder ; treasurer, Roy A. Goodfellow ; recorder, Fred G. King; surveyor, W. H. Siverling; prosecuting attorney, O. H. McKinney ; coroner, Theo F. Schaefer ; county superintendent of schools, O. T. Hawke; agricultural agent, E. W. Hawkins. The cities and villages of the county include: Springfield, of which later ; Catawba, village, South Charleston, Enon, Vienna, Clifton, Tremont City, village, New Carlisle, village. Perhaps the most distinguished character born in the county, at least among the Indian race, was. Tecumseh, the great chieftain. He was born at old Piqua, of which a former description of the place here follows : "The old Indian town of Piqua stood on the north side of Mad river, five miles west of Springfield, and occupied the site on which the small town of West Boston was later built. The ancient Piqua stood upon a plain, twenty feet above the river ; on the south was a beautiful prairie—on the northeast a bold cliff coming down to 308 - HISTORY OF OHIO the river's edge. At the period of its destruction, Piqua was quite populous. There was a rude log-hut within its limits, surrounded by pickets. It was, however, sacked and burnt on an August day, by an army of one thousand men, from Kentucky, after a well directed battle with the Indians who inhabited it. All improvements and crops were ruthlessly destroyed. The town was never rebuilt, but its people built up another Piqua on the Great Miami River." The City of Springfield, county seat, is forty-three miles west of Columbus on the National Road. It was laid out in 1803 by James Demint. The eastern fork of Mad River washes it on the north and was described long years since as "an unequalled stream for fine mill sites, its current very rapid, and the water never so low in the driest season as to interfere with the mills now. upon it." Buck Creek is another fine stream, rushing through the city. Within a few miles of Springfield there are more than twenty old mill seats. The Methodists located their college for both sexes here many years ago. This is the seat of Wittenberg College, another noble institution of learning, well known everywhere among students and educators. The business interests and manufacturing industries commenced to exist at this point in 1804 when a "grist mill" was built. Then came other important plants till the city became known 'round the globe for what it produced from wood and iron in way of machinery, especially its turbine water-wheels and the Champion reaper and mower works, both used extensively in every state and clime. Grain drills and other agricultural implements were also manufactured. In 1885, 8,000 men were constantly employed in these various manufacturing plants. It is not only a business like city, but also is as handsome and clean a city as Ohio affords today. While the "starters" of great industries and fortunes in Springfield have had their golden days and passed on, others are now well taking their places and by their brain and muscle are making a new, better city than ever written about before now. In recent years the list of manufactured articles has been greatly extended, and includes rubber tires, electric motors and fans, leather belting, gas and steam engines, piano plates, machinery, tools, mechanical appliances and factory supplies, flour, medicine, food, clothing. The Crowell Publishing Company issued, in 1924, from its establishment in this city the following periodicals with designated circulation of each: American Magazine, 2,215,026 ; Farm and Fireside, 855,675 ; Woman's Home Companion, 1,915,731. These periodicals also bear New York City as place of publication. Springfield still leads in the manufacture of agricultural implements. The value of these produced in 1919 was $7,205,752. The foundry and machine shop products for the same year were valued at $7,166,220 ; and of engines, steam, gas and water, the product was valued at $4,180,910. In 1914 the number of wage earners employed in the manufacturing industries was 7,868, and the value of the products, $27,721,789. In 1919 the number of the wage earners had risen to 12,264, and the value of the manufactured products to $67,759,001. The city is noted for its greenhouses and gardens. "Its floral industries," we are told, are "exceeded in aggregate extent by no other state in the Union." The city is noted for its excellent public buildings which include the following, erected at the cost indicated : High school, $300,000 ; Memorial Hall, $250,000 ; county courthouse, $200,000 ; City Hall, $250,000 ; City Hospital, $100,000; Warder Public Library, $100,000. Four state fraternal homes have been erected on beautiful and commanding sites around the city. They are maintained respectively by the following orders: The Masons, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Knights of Pythias and the Eagles. The sites for these institutions were purchased from money voluntarily contributed and aggregating $100,000. COUNTIES OF OHIO - 309 Following are some of the more notable gifts by public spirited citizens: Kelly Fountain, by Oliver S. Kelly, who donated $8,000 ; Ross Mitchell and J. H. Thomas founded City Hospital ; Asa L. Bushnell gave to Masonic Home $10,000; Edwin S. Kelly and Asa S. Bushnell each contributed $5,000 toward the Young Men's Christian Association Building which was erected at a cost of $90,000; Benjamin H. Warder contributed $100,000 for the Public Library Building which bears his name; the gifts of John Snyder include the following : Endowment of hospital, $100,000; presentation to city of 275 acres of land for a city park. Schools and churches attest the interest of citizens in educational progress and moral welfare. This is the seat of Wittenberg College, elsewhere noted in this work. A score of public school buildings and four Roman Catholic parish schools are maintained. There are six national banks, two savings banks and "two building and loan associations with assets in excess of $1,500,000." The aggregate value of real and personal property assessed for taxation in 1923 was $92,447,030. CLERMONT COUNTY This was the eighth county created in Ohio while it was yet known as the Northwestern Territory. The -date was December 9, 1800, by proclamation of Governor St. Clair. Its name came, evidently, from Clermont, France. It is a well watered county, and is generally quite rolling in its surface. It has an area of 465 square miles and a population of 60.8 per square mile. Its census figures by decades is as follows : In 1820 it had 15,820 ; 1840, 23,106; 1850, 30,455; 1860, 33,034; 1870, 34,268; 1880, 36,713 ; 1890, 33,553 ; 1900, 31,610; 1910, 29,551; 1920, 28,291. The county governmental affairs today, as in the past, is in safe, capable hands in the person of the following officials : Probate judge, Clarence N. Young; clerk of the courts, Jesse M. Jorden; sheriff, John B. Rapp; auditor, R. E. Eveland ; county commissioners, C. P. Donley, John F. Hutson and Henry Bergman, Jr.; treasurer, Charles L. Haworth; recorder, Wilbur West ; prosecuting attorney, Edward J. West ; coroner, C. E. Kinzel; county superintendent of schools, E. H. Pattisch. 310 - HISTORY OF OHIO The county seat is Batavia, on the east fork of the Little Miami, 103 miles southwest from Columbus. It was laid out in 1814 and was made the seat of justice in 1824. Its population in 1920 was 1,088. The oldest Methodist Church in Ohio, some say, was located in Milford, this county, established in 1797. Many men of note have lived in and near Bethel, this county. These include the celebrated Dr. David Swing, born in Bethel; General Hamer, came here a friend-less boy in 1818; Jesse R. Grant, father of Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, settled here in 1845 and was here ten years or more. Grant visited his father after graduating at West Point. United States Senator Thomas Morris lived and was buried' in this village. Lorenzo Dow, the great Methodist Evangelist, preached much in this county in the long ago. Ulysses S. Grant was born at Point Pleasant, in 1822. Not far from the village Henry C. Corbin was born. He was a graduate from West Point and attained the rank of major-general. The villages of this county include : Batavia, Felicity, Loveland, Milford, New Richmond, Amelia (part of), Owensville, Bethel, Moscow, Neville, Newtonsville and Williamsburg. The agricultural statistics on this county of recent years are as follows : In 1923 there were harvested 1,890,000 bushels of corn ; wheat, 192,000 bushels ; oats, 154,000 bushels ; barley, 2,400 bushels ; tobacco, 3,060,000 pounds ; rye, 49,055 bushels ; tons of hay, 42,000; potatoes, 208,000 bushels ; number cattle, 20,106; dairy cows, 15,400 ; swine, 26,240 ; sheep, 5,560. Land in farms, 276,070 ; average size of farms in county, 60.6 acres. CLINTON COUNTY This county was organized in .1810, and was named for George Clinton,. Vice President of the United States. He it was who projected the great canal system of New York in 1791, and his ideas were carried out by his nephew, De Witt Clinton. He was a great man in his day, both as a soldier and civilian. De Witt Clinton made a celebrated visit to Ohio in 1825 and was present at the inauguration of work on the Ohio. Canal and the Miami and Erie Canal. The general surface of Clinton County is even and level, with some more undulating land in the west. It originally also had a goodly amount of prairie land. The soil is good and produces all that grows in this section of Ohio. The agricultural reports for 1923-24 give these figures : In 1923 there was 3,690,000 bushels of corn produced ; of wheat, 798,000; oats, 204,000 ; barley, 2,400 bushels ; rye, 26,180; tons of hay, 22,000; potatoes, 17,500 bushels ; number of cattle in 1924, 18,200; dairy cows, 9,140 ; swine, 83,810 ; sheep, 17,570. Land in farms 1920 was 256,686 acres ; average size of farms, 106.5. The civil sub-divisions of Clinton County are: Adams, Chester, Clark, Green, Jefferson, Liberty, Marion, Richland, Union, Vernon, Washington, Wayne and Wilson townships. Present county officers : Probate judge, Joseph M. Brant ; clerk of the courts, Leo Weltz ; sheriff, Will Kirk ; auditor, Harry Gaskill; county commissioners, Walter S. Osborn, Lindley O. West, Dennis Stephens ; treasurer, Charles L. Haworth; recorder, Wilbur West ; prosecuting attorney, Edward J. West ; coroner, C. E. Kinzel ; surveyor, Howard Collett; county superintendent of schools, H. W. Hodson; agricultural agent, F. G. Hall. Population--The official returns in census periods have shown : In 1820, the county had a population of 8,085; 1840, 15,729; 1860, 21,461; 1880, 24,756; 1890, 24,240 ; 1900, 24,202 ; 1910, 23,680 ; 1920, 23,03'6; area, 411 square miles ; population per square mile, 56. This county was first settled about 1803, by immigrants from Kentucky, Pennsylvania and North Carolina. The very first appearance of white settlers, however, was as early as 1797, by William Smally. The COUNTIES OF OHIO - 311 first to invade the green glade solitudes of this county were usually backwoodsmen, strong and rugged, capable of enduring hardships. They lived on such game as the forest afforded, together with the fish in the pretty streams rippling here and there throughout the domain. Of the first settlers these are recalled : Thomas Hinkson, Aaron Burr and Jesse Hughes, the first associate judges; Nathan Linton, first surveyor ; Abraham Ellis and Thomas Hardin, who had served as Revolutionary soldiers ; Joseph Doan, James Mills and Henry Babb ; Morgan Mendican, who erected the first saw mill in the county ; and Capt. James Spencer, who distinguished himself in numerous Indian fights. The first church building was that of the Society of Friends, at Centre, in 1806. Among the early settlers of this county were many members of this society. The county seat is Wilmington, seventy-two miles southwest of Columbus, and it is the seat of Wilmington College, under the patronage of the Society of Friends. The town was platted in 1810. The Baptists built the first church there. The first court was held in 1812. Including the township, the population of Wilmington in 1924 is about 6,700. The population in 1920 was 5,037. It has attained city rank. Following are the important villages of the county with the population of each in 1920: Blanchester, 1,671 ; New Vienna, 704; Clarksville, 410 ; Martinsville, 397. New Vienna became famous in the movement known as the "Women's Temperance Crusade." COLUMBIANA COUNTY This county was carved from Jefferson and Washington counties, on March 25, 1803. The name is a fancy made-up word, derived from Columbus and Anna. Its present area is 534 square miles, and its population is 155.7 to the square mile. Here one finds an excellent agricultural section of Ohio. It is well watered and drained ; has a large amount of excellent plow land and pasture and woodland to match. Coal, fire clay and cement are the important mineral products. The water from out the pure lime-rock is as good as the finest. Salt water abounds on Yellow and Beaver creeks. Three-quarters of a century ago this was the largest wool producing part of Ohio and the county was only exceeded by three others in the entire Union. In the '80s it was shown that one-third of the inhabitants were of German origin. The federal census shows : In 1820 the county had 20,033 ; 1840, 40,394 ; this was greater than any other in Ohio save Hamilton and Richland ; 1850, 33,621 ; 1860, 32,836 ; 1870, 38,299 ; 1880, 48,602 ; 1890, 59,029 ; 1900, 68,590 ; 1910, 76,619; 1920, 83,131. The names of the present townships are : Butler, Center, Elk Run, Fairfield, Franklin, Hanover, Knox, Liverpool, Madison, Middletown, Perry, St. Clair, Salem, Unity, Washington, Wayne, West, Yellow Creek, Wellsville. The first paper mill in Ohio, as well as the second west of the Alleghany Mountains, was built in 1805-6 on Little Beaver Creek, near its mouth in this county. It was styled the Ohio Paper Mill. Its owners were John Bever and John Coulter. The settlement was commenced in this county in 1797. One of the pioneers, whose name was Carpenter, settled near West Point. In self-defense, Carpenter's son, seventeen years old, killed an intoxicated Indian chief, Whiteyes, a noted man of his tribe. This was the last Indian blood shed in this part of Ohio. The cities and villages of this county are : Lisbon, Columbiana, East Liverpool, Salem, Leetonia, Wellsville, East Palestine, Salineville, Hanoverton, Rogers, a part of Washingtonville and New Waterford. The present county officers are : Probate judge, Lodge Riddle ; 312 - HISTORY OF OHIO clerk of courts, John P. Burns ; sheriff, Gomer Lewis ; auditor, C. E. Hamilton ; county commissioners, John F. Kerr, Patrick McNicol, Conrad Berg ; treasurer, Miss Jo. Pike ; recorder, John R. Reark ; surveyor, Lloyd C. Kirk ; prosecuting attorney, Jesse C. Hanley; coroner, Dr. J. M. Van Fossan ; county superintendent of schools, H. C. Leonard ; agricultural agent, F. Lower. The farm products of this county, according to the Agricultural Bulletin published by the state in 1923, were as follows : Corn, 726,000 bushels ; wheat, 368,000 bushels ; oats, 925,000 bushels ; barley, 1,000 bushels ; rye, 10,200 bushels ; buckwheat, 3,591 bushels ; hay, 59,000 tons ; potatoes, 213,900 bushels ; horses in the county in 1924, 9,100 ; cattle, 25,220 ; dairy cows, 19,160 ; swine, 18,500 ; sheep, 19,390. Early in the history of Ohio this county was noted for the quantity and quality of its fruit. Apples and peaches are produced in abundance. The improved farm lands of the county in 1920 amounted to 213,157 acres ; average size of farms, 80.5 acres. Lisbon (formerly new Lisbon), the county seat, is on the line of the old Sandy and Beaver Canal on the middle fork of Little Beaver Creek. The Ohio Patriot, until very recently published here, was one of the first newspapers established in Ohio. Here was the birthplace of Clement L. Valandigham, of Civil war celebrity. Here also was born Marcus A. Hanna, who became United States senator. The population of Lisbon in 1920 was 3,113. Salem, ten miles north of Lisbon, was settled by the Society of Friends and many of their descendants are still residents of the city. It was laid out in 1806 by Zadock Street, John Strong and Samuel Davis, all members of the Society of Friends. Among the enterprises of former clays was a large water-cure establishment, and some fair sized factories, including plow works and an organ factory. The city at the taking of the census of 1920 had a population of 10,305. The principal manufactured products were then engines, pumps, wire nails, automobile tubes, tires and bodies, enamel and china ware, motor boats, feed cutters, sheet metal goods, printed labels. These industries in 1919 employed 2,237 persons. The aggregate value of their products was $11,069,550. Salem was a center of anti-slavery agitation before the Civil war. The Anti-Slavery Bugle was published here. East Liverpool is situated on the Ohio River, forty-eight miles west of Pittsburgh. It was first settled by Thomas Fawcett of Pennsylvania, who came here in 1799. It was known as St. Clair a number of years, then changed to Fawcettstown. In 1830 a postoffice was established with the name of East Liverpool. In 1834 the town was incorporated. As early as the '80s this city had one of the world's largest potteries. Natural gas has long been employed in burning pottery here. This is in a region underlaid with veins of fine coal which assures abundant supplies for the years to come. The first pottery was established here in 1840. After Congress aided home industry by placing a duty on earthen-ware goods in 1862, the village rapidly grew into a city and became a great pottery center. It now has thirty-two potteries, including the largest in the United States, producing chiefly porcelain and white ware ; flint mills, brick and tile factories, steel works, tin-plate and bar-iron mills, rubber tire factories. In 1919 the manufacturing industries of the city employed 4,311 persons, and the value of their products was $12,501,181. The tax duplicate of East Liverpool in 1923 was $25,472,980 ; its population in 1920 was 21,411. Chester City, across the Ohio River in West Virginia, is joined by a bridge to East Liverpool. It has a population of 3,283. Thompson Park was presented to East Liverpool by Will L. Thompson, the popular song writer whose home was here. Wellsville, at the mouth of Yellow Creek, this county, is fourteen COUNTIES OF OHIO - 313 miles from Lisbon. It was platted in the autumn of 1824 by William Wells, for whom it was named. Until 1828 it had but few buildings. Its manufactured products are pottery ware, brick, sewer pipe and drain tile, and miscellaneous products. Its tax duplicate in 1923 was $8,254,660 ; in 1920 its population was 8,849. East Palestine is an enterprising and progressive young city. Coal mining was formerly its chief industry. The manufacture of sewer pipe and drain tile was later added. Pottery, introduced in a modest way in the '80s, soon grew to large proportions. Recently a rubber factory has been added and successfully operated. The tax duplicate for 1923 was $5,541,260. The growth of the city has been steady and substantial ; in 1900 its population was 2,493 ; in 1910, 3,537 ; in 1920, 5,750. East Palestine was one of the incorporated industrial villages of the state that early prohibited the liquor traffic and remained permanently "dry." Leetonia has a furnace, a rolling mill and novelty works. Its population in 1920 was 2,688. Salineville is located in a coal mining region. Coal is produced and clay products are manufactured. Its population in 1920 was 2,700. Columbiana is one of the older villages of the county located in the northern part of Fairfield Township on the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad, between East Palestine on the east and Leetonia about two miles west. For many years it was simply a trading place where farmers sold their produce and bought groceries and clothing. In recent years manufacturing establishments have brought additional enterprise and wage earners to the place and Columbiana is growing in wealth and population. According to the census of 1920, 2,114 persons were living in the village. New Waterford, four miles west of East Palestine, with a population of 438 in 1920, is located in the midst of a farming and fruit growing section. Walker's, between East Liverpool and Wellsville, has extensive factories of clay products, including brick, sewer pipe and drain tile. It is not incorporated. Hanoverton, located on the old Sandy and Bever Canal, with prospects of becoming a city almost a century ago, has declined somewhat in recent years in population, which, according to the census of 1920, was 266. Rogers, with a population of 241 in 1920, is located in the midst of the old East Carmel fruit growing section. Apples, peaches and small fruits are carried by truck to Youngstown and Pittsburgh. In Columbiana County there .are many unincorporated places. Among these are Franklin Square, East Fairfield, Newgarden, Winona, Gillford, Glasgow, Kensington, East Rochester, Homeworth, Baird, Dungannon, Teegarden, Unity, Clarkson and Negley. Some of these date back to pioneer times and have interesting histories. In the Civil war the famous Confederate cavalry raider, who entered Ohio with 2,000 men, was finally captured in 1863 in Columbiana County, seven miles south of Lisbon. COSHOCTON COUNTY April 1, 1811, a county by the name of Coshocton was organized. It is derived from the Indian village's name of the vicinity. Its surface is beautifully rolling, with fine large valleys along the Muskingum and its tributaries. The hills abound in coal, iron ore, and salt wells have long years ago been profitably developed. Its area is 558 square miles—one of Ohio's biggest counties. It is now sub-divided into twenty-two well governed civil townships : Adams, Bedford, Bethlehem, Clark, Crawford, Franklin, Jackson, Jefferson, Keene, Lafayette, Linton, COUNTIES OF OHIO - 315 Mill Creek, Monroe, New Castle, Oxford, Perry, Pike, Tiverton, Tuscarawas, Virginia, Washington, White Eyes. The county has been well governed all down the years since it had a history among the sister counties. in Ohio. Its present county officials are: Probate judge, Milo C. Eley; clerk of the courts, Edith D. Burrell ; sheriff, Ernest Darr ; auditor, Charles M. Dawson ; county commissioners, Ralph F. McConnell, Val H. Fortune, Charles B. Walker ; treasurer, Charles B. Bechtol; recorder H. G. Thresh ; surveyor, Andrew M. Fisher ; prosecuting attorney, Joseph B. Shepler ; coroner, E. M. Wright ; county superintendent of schools, H. B. Pifman ; agricultural agent, G. C. Musgrove. One hundred and sixty years ago there were six Indian villages within what is now called Coshocton County. All were occupied by the Delaware Indians, except a Shawanese village on the Wakatomika, five miles from its junction with the Tuscarawas. The spot of the junction of these two branches of the Muskingum is at Coshocton. The locality so famous in history, known as "The Forks of the Muskingum," is 115 miles from its mouth at Marietta. Long before white families settled here there were Indian villages, each having a history of its own. The first white occupant is thought to have been between 1730 -and 1740. The population of this county, since 1820, has been as follows : In that year it was 7,086; 1840, 21,590 ; 1850, 25,676; 1860, 25,032 ; 1870, 23,600 ; 1880, 26,642 ; 1890, 26,703 ; 1900, 29,337; 1910, 30,121 ; 1920, 29,595. Population per square mile, 53. The county agriculture development is evidenced by the official state Agricultural Bulletin issued in 1923-24, which shows the following production : Bushels of corn, 1,360,000; wheat, 504,000 bushels ; oats, 300,000; barley, 2,750 ; rye, 4,320 ; bushels of buckwheat, 902. The amount of hay was 59,000 tons ; potatoes, 96,030 bushels ; number of horses in 1924, 7,970 ; all cattle, 25,510 ; dairy cows, 9,690 ; swine, 24,540; sheep, 88,880 ; land in improved farms in 1920, 259,156; aver-age sized farm, 87.8 acres. The county seat, Coshocton, is eighty-three miles northeast of Columbus and thirty from Zanesville. It had, in 1920, a population of 10,847 within the city limits. Considerable manufacturing obtains there today. Its manufactured articles cover a wide range, including pottery, glass, rubber tires, iron pipe, corrugated paper, gloves. Its industries include a large printing plant. Its tax duplicate in 1923 was $14,771,330. Roscoe, on the west bank of the Muskingum, opposite and in a way associated with Coshocton, had a population in 1920 of 629. It was laid out in 1816 by James Calder, and then known as Caldersburg, but later changed to Roscoe after an English author. At least a half century prior to the white settlements in this county there were numerous military expeditions through the territory, includ-ing those of Colonel Bouquet in 1764. The next expedition was known as Broadhead's in the summer of 1780. Both had great bearing on the final terms of peace and settlement of the country in which Coshocton is located. Nellie and Warsaw are small villages of some community importance. The same may be said of the villages of Plainfield and West Lafayette. CRAWFORD COUNTY This sub-division of Ohio is situated in one of its historic sections. It once formed a part of the "New Purchase" and was organized April 1, 1820, from old Indian territory. This really included the last part of the State of Ohio under Indian domination, being ceded to the United States Government in accordance with a treaty made at the foot of the Maumee Rapids, September 29, 1817. The New Purchase was divided into seventeen counties. 316 - HISTORY OF OHIO The southern and western portion of the county was originally a fine prairie, bedecked with fragrant wild flowers. Other portions of Crawford County were, when settled, covered with a heavy growth of giant forest trees, such as seldom gladden the heart of the present-day axman. New England furnished most of the first immigrants. The next important settlement was effected by colonies of families from Germany, about 1832, and there was another influx from that country as a result of the 1848 political troubles in the Fatherland. There is now an area of 409 square miles in the county under consideration. It is divided into civil townships as follows : Auburn, Bucyrus, Chatfield, Cranberry, Dallas, Galion, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Liberty, Lykens, Polk, Sandusky, Texas, Tod, Vernon, Whetstone. The United States census reports from 1820 down give these figures on the county's population : In 1830 it had 4,788; 1840, 18,167; 1850, 18,177; 1860, 23,881; 1870, 25,556; 1880, 30,583; 1890, 31,927; 1900, 33,915 ; 1910, 34,036 ; 1920, 36,054 ; population per square mile at present is 88.2. For the products delivered from the fertile soil of the county during recent years, the reader is referred to the 1923-24 report of the Department of Agriculture of Ohio, which gives these statistics: In 1923 the county had an acreage of corn of 45,000 ; bushels harvested, 1,845,000 ; wheat, 30,000 acres, yielding 510,000 bushels ; oats, 27,000 acres, yielding 918,000 ; barley, 1,560 acres and 48,360 bushels threshed ; rye, acres, 210, harvested 2,898 bushels ; buckwheat, 85 acres, threshed 1,955 bushels ; tons in hay, 42,000 ; potatoes, 1,550 acres, yielded 145,700 bushels ; horses on farms in 1924, 8,130 ; all cattle in county, 20,850 ; dairy cows in 1924, 10,850 ; swine, 45,860 ; sheep, 41,210 ; lands under cultivation in -1920, 201,748 ; average size of farms in county, 83.5. The present county officials are : Probate judge, George W. Sheets ; clerk of the courts, William Black ; sheriff, Ira Freese ; auditor, Charles H. Fry ; county commissioners, C. F. Meek, Isaac Pfeiderer and James Feltis ; treasurer, 0. F. McKeehen ; recorder, Otto Feiring; surveyor, Kelsie Poister ; prosecuting attorney, Clarence All ; coroner, Russell J. Caton ; county superintendent of schools, R. P. Vaughn ; agricultural agent, T. M. Beal. Crawford County was named in honor of Col. William Crawford, the friend of Washington, who, in an expedition against the Ohio Indians in 1782, met a tragic fate. He was burned to death at the stake. The county seat, Bucyrus, lies on the Sandusky River, sixty-two miles north from Columbus. It is today a city of 10,425 population. Its railroad and manufacturing interests are large. Its tax duplicate in 1923 was $15,235,410. Great has been the change in times since Bucyrus was laid out as a town. The date was February 11, 1822. Land was not thrown upon the market until 1820, at which time it abounded in wolves, bears, catamounts, foxes and other wild animals. For the first ten years the people were poor, having little to sell and no suitable market except to supply newcomers. What was sold abroad went usually on its own legs—in droves of cattle and hogs, which were sent to the far-off East—Philadelphia. Another lively city of this county is Galion, with a population in 1920 of 7,374. It is situated fifty-eight miles north of Columbus. It was laid out in 1831 by Michael and Jacob Ruhl, then being within Richland County. A postoffice was granted the place in 1824. The name petitioned for was Goshen ; but the department ruled against any more duplicate office names, and gave the office the name it now bears. Galion from an early date has been a railroad town where shop hands and their families have settled, earned and spent their wages freely, but usually usefully. The tax duplicate of the city in 1923 was $9,294,840. Crestline is another railroad place where the Pennsylvania crossed the C. C. C. & I. Railroad line. It is thirteen miles from Bucyrus. It was laid out in 1851 and at first bore the name Livingston, after its COUNTIES OF OHIO - 317 founder, Rensellaer Livingston. Here the railway shop men really support the place largely. When platted it was believed to be the highest point above sea level in the state, hence the name "Crestline." In 1920 its population was 4,313, and it promises soon to reach city rank. New Washington Village had, in 1880, about 2,900 population. In 1920 its population was 919. There are other villages today as follows : Tiro, Chatfield and North Robinson. CUYAHOGA COUNTY As early as 1755 the French had a settlement here and in 1786 came the Moravian missionaries with their Indian converts. The first permanent settlement was made at Cleveland in the autumn of 1796. The county was named after the Cuyahoga River. The word "Cuyahoga" is of Indian derivation and originally meant crooked. It was applied to the river because of its winding course. The county was formed from a part of Geauga, June 7, 1807, but not organized with a full county government until May, 1810. The surface here is beautifully rolling, but not too much broken up by hills. The soil near the lake region is sandy, but elsewhere it is clayey. The mineral wealth includes fine sandstone and grindstone quarries. Fine vegetables and luscious fruits abound. Its area in square miles is 463. As far back as 1885 the county had under cultivation 100,462 acres ; pasture, 73,790 ; woodland, 24,634 ; waste land, 8,937. The present agricultural standing is best summed up by the following figures from the state agricultural department's 1923-24 reports : In 1923 there were raised 11,000 acres of corn, producing 440,000 bushels ; wheat, 7,000 acres, 140,000 bushels ; oats, 14,000 acres, 560,000 bushels ; barley, 170 acres, 4,420 bushels ; rye, 870 acres, 17,400 bushels; buckwheat, 88 acres, 1,760 bushels ; tons of hay, 33,000 ; potatoes, 8,600 acres, 860,000 bushels ; in 1919 Cuyahoga County led all the counties of the state in the production of small fruits and grapes. The crop of the former (strawberries, raspberries and blackberries) amounted to 1,601,127 quarts. In this same year the yield of grapes was 7,504,907 pounds. In 1924 the county had 12,310 horses ; all cattle, 14,400 head ; dairy cows, 12,170 ; swine, 8,800 ; sheep, 3,330 ; number of acres farmed in 1920 was 113,700. Average size of farms in county, 33.7 acres. Population-The United States census reports give, by decades, the population in this county since its organization : 1810, 1,459 ; 1820, 6,328 ; 1830, 10,361 ; 1840, 26,512 ; 1850, 48,099 ; 1860, 78,033 ; 1870, 132,010 ; 1880, 196,943 ; 1890, 309,970 ; 1900, 439,120 ; 1910, 637,425 ; 1920, 943,495 ; population per square mile, 2,037.8 County Officers.-The list of county officers in 1923-24 was as follows : Probate judge, Alexander Hadden ; clerk of the courts, George Wallace ; sheriff, C. B. Stennard ; auditor, John A. Zangerli ; county commissioners, John F. Goldenbogen, Alvah R. Ditrick, Jerry R. Zencint ; treasurer, Ralph C. McBride ; recorder, Lyman O. Newell ; surveyor, Frank R. Lander ; prosecuting attorney, E. C. Stanton ; coroner, Ardon P. Hammond ; county superintendent of schools, A. G. Yawberg ; agricultural agent, H. A. Dooley. Civil Townships.-The sub-divisions of Cuyahoga County are as follows : Bay, Beachwood, Bedford, Bratenahl, Brecksville, Brook Park, Brooklyn, Brooklyn Heights, Chagrin Falls, Cleveland, Cleveland Heights, Dover, East Cleveland, East Independence, Euclid, Euclidville, Garfield Heights, Glenwillow, Goldwood, Idlewood, Independence, Maple Heights, Mayfield, Middleburgh, Newburgh Heights, North Olmsted, Olmsted, Orange, Parma, Parma Heights, Richmond Heights, Rockport, Rocky River, Royalton, Shaker Heights, Solon, South Euclid, South View, Strongsville, Warrensville, West Park and Willow. The following townships are coextensive with the respective munici- 318 - HISTORY OF OHIO palities (cities or villages) which bear the same name : Bay, Beachwood, Bratenahl, Brook Park, Brooklyn Heights, Cleveland, Cleveland Heights, East Cleveland, Dover, Euclid, Euclidville, Garfield Heights, Glenwillow, Idlewood, Maple Heights, Newburgh Heights, North Olmsted Heights, Parma Heights, Richmond Heights, Rocky River, Shaker Heights, South Euclid, West Park and Willow. Rockport Township is coextensive with Lakewood City. Southview Township is coextensive with the Village of Valley View. The following villages are not coextensive with the townships in which they are located : Bedford, Linndale, Chagrin Falls, Cuyahoga Heights, Fairview, Berea and Olmsted Falls. Lakewood has a population of 41,732 ; thirty-three manufacturing establishments, employing 2,163 persons, representing a capital invest-ment of $8,170,514 and producing annually products valued at $7,602,- S03. The property of the city is valued for taxation purposes at $79,053,920. East Cleveland has a population of 27,292 ; it has seventeen manufacturing establishments employing 127 persons. Its manufactured products are estimated at $420,508. Its property is valued on the tax duplicate at $53,856,200. Cleveland Heights has a population of 15,236; the valuation of its property on the tax duplicate in 1924 was $79,544,730. The following villages were each valued for purposes of taxation in 1924 at figures in excess of $20,000,000 ; Euclid, $24,908,200 ; Shaker Heights, $31,982,400 ; West Park, $24,974,260. In Orange Township, Cuyahoga County, James A. Garfield, Presi-dent of the United States, was born, November 19, 1831. In Euclid, this county, Charles F. Brush, distinguished electric inventor, was born, March 17, 1849. THE CITY OF CLEVELAND Cleveland, the county seat of Cuyahoga County and metropolis of Ohio, was incorporated as a village in 1815 ; chartered as a city in 1836. The original survey was made under direction of Moses Cleaveland, agent for the Connecticut Land Company, in 1796. He was a kinsman of Grover Cleveland, former President of the United States. The family spelled the name with an "a" after the first "e" in the name. When the town finally took his name, printers took the liberty of 320 - HISTORY OF OHIO dropping this "a," leaving it as we now know the city—CLEVELAND. This city is the fifth in population and manufactures in the United States. It is situated on Lake Erie and has an area of 56.65 square miles ; is 100 feet above Lake Erie and 580 feet above sea level. By rail it is 357 miles from Chicago, 183 from Buffalo, 140 from Pittsburgh. Its three great assets are its lake front shipping advantages, its nearness to the coal and coke regions. It will be remembered that this city was where the Standard Oil Company was originated. In 1796 the Government of the United States granted the land on which the city stands to the Connecticut Land Company, whose agent, Moses Cleaveland, proceeded to lay out a town at this point. It was designed to make it the capital of "New Connecticut." But in 1810 Cuyahoga County was formed and Cleveland was made its county seat. Its first bank was opened in 1816. It was incorporated as a village in 1815. Its first newspaper was established in 1818 and in 1820 it had a population of 600 souls. In 1824 the first steamboat launched in its harbor. In 1827 the Ohio Canal was opened to Akron and in 1832 to Portsmouth. In 1830 Cleveland had a population of 1,076; in 1840, 6,071 ; 1880, 160,146 ; in 1890, 261,353; 1900, 381,768; 1910, 560,663 ; 1920, 796,841. In 1834 it had its first railroad—made with wooden rails and the first year cars were drawn by horses. The next year, however, five steam railroad lines were chartered, all to enter Cleveland, but the panic came on and nothing was accomplished. Not until about the year 1846, however, was the railroad an important aid to transportation. From 1861 to 1865 the demand for manufacture of iron and woolen fabrics for uniforms stimulated productive industry until the strife was ended. In 1914 the total value of goods made in Cleveland was $353,000,000 ; capital invested in its industries, $313,000,000. There were in 1914, 2,346 industrial establishments. The iron, steel and rolling-mill products had an output of $59,000,000 ; foundry and machine works, $51,000,000 ; automobiles, $27,000,000 ; meat packing interests, $24,000,000; women's clothing, $15,000,000; paints and varnishes, $10,- 000,000 ; stoves, furnaces and oil heaters, $8,900,000 ; electric supplies, $11,000,000 ; hardware, $5,000,000 ; only New York City has a larger production of outer garments than Cleveland-10,000 persons engaged in this single industry. Following are manufacturing statistics of Cleveland for the year 1919 : Establishments, 2,946 ; persons employed, 191,349 ; capital invested, $762,585,305 ; value of products, $1,091,577,490 ; iron, steel and rolling-mill products, $60,891,582 ; foundry and machine works, $70,- 529,977 ; automobiles, $73,397,511 ; automobile parts, $32,242,794 ; women's clothing, $16,343,308 ; men's clothing, $13,328,013 ; paints and varnishes, $15,072,207 ; stoves, furnaces and oil heaters, $16,551,- 175; electrical supplies, $30,373,821 ; iron and steel bolts, nuts and washers, $14,564,378 ; knit goods, $8,065,090. Cleveland enjoys its fifteen miles of lake front harbor, the improvement of which cost the United States $6,000,000. The City Hall, federal buildings and county buildings have a value of $15,000,000. Notwithstanding Cleveland commenced its public park improvements in comparatively recent years, the city now has splendid parks, extending over an area of 2,428 acres, and forty-three well paved boulevards. J. H. Wade donated the first park to the city in the early '80s. The first park board was organized in 1888. In the late World war days Cleveland had 15,000 "war gardens" from which were raised $300,000 worth of vegetables. The water works get their unlimited supply by tunnels and a crib system extending far out into the deep, pure water of the lake. There are more than a thousand miles of mains carrying daily 150,000,000 gallons of water. Cleveland has streets and alleys with an aggregate length of 914 COUNTIES OF OHIO - 321 miles ; sewers, 792 miles. There are seven steam railway trunk lines in the city. Passenger steamers ply daily between Detroit and Buffalo and this city. The Cleveland Public Library in 1923 had 775,262 volumes, 214,393 registered borrowers and a circulation of 4,797,688 volumes. The estimated revenue for the use of the library for the year 1924 was $1,366,675. In 1923 there were 140 public school buildings and 4,420 teachers ; number of pupils enrolled, 128,376. Of this number 49,599 were in the high schools. There are seventy-one parochial schools. This is also the seat of that old, favorably known institution, the Western Reserve University. Cleveland in 1917 had a property valuation of $748,000,000 ; of personal property, $451,000,000. The total valuation of real and personal property in 1923 was $1,862,842,270. There were in 1917 six large national banking houses and many lesser banks. The present number of churches is 425, including seventy Roman Catholic congregations. The newspaper press is represented by scores of papers, including its one morning and two evening dailies printed in English, having a combined daily circulation of 800,000 copies. The Chamber of Commerce was founded in 1848, as the Board of Trade, but changed to its present title in 1893. Since July, 1913, Cleveland was under a charter prepared and submitted to the voters. The "short ballot" principle was carefully observed. There was a mayor and twenty-six councilmen elected to look well to the city's interest. Recently the city manager plan of government was adopted and is now in force. Cleveland for many years has been the home of Charles Francis Brush, famous inventor of the arc electric lighting system, the Brush dynamo, practical features of the storage battery and other electric devices that entitle him to rank with that other famous native Ohioan, Thomas A. Edison. Here lived Tom L. Johnson, for years mayor of the city, widely known for reforms that he sought to establish in municipal government. His followers called him a "progressive," his opponents a "radical." 322 - HISTORY OF OHIO Here also lived Marcus A. Hanna, who was long a dominant power in the Republican party and rose to a place with the first statesmen of his time as United States senator. DARKE COUNTY A portion of territory within Miami County, on January 3, 1809, was formed into a new county known as Darke ; it was organized in March, 1817. The surface is generally level, with some real prairie lands. It was for the most part covered with a fine growth of oak, poplar, walnut, blue ash, sugar maple, hickory, elm and beach. Darke is an excellent farming district, having the richest of soil from which are grown immense annual crops. The agricultural statistics of Ohio give the subjoined on the yields of this county in 1923-24 : In 1923 the county had 99,000 acres of corn, producing 4,356,000 bushels of sound corn ; wheat, 46,000 acres and 828,000 bushels ; oats, 35,000 acres and a yield of 910,000 bushels; barley, 1,520 acres and 19,760 bushels ; rye, 3,300 acres, 49,500 bushels ; tons of hay, 44-,000 ; potatoes, 1,730 acres, 157,430 bushels ; tobacco, 9,420 acres, 8,666,400 pounds ; horses in county in 1924, 17,650 ; dairy cows, 20,410 ; swine, 100,610 ; sheep, 9,190 ; improved land in farms, 330,473 acres ; average size of farms in county, 60.6 acres. Darke leads all the counties of the state in the production of tobacco. The county is sub-divided into twenty civil townships as follows : Adams, Allen, Brown, Butler, Franklin, Greenville, Harrison, Jackson, Liberty, Mississinewa, Monroe, Neave, Patterson, Richland, Twin, Van Buren, Wabash, Washington, Wayne, York. The present county officers are : Probate judge, D. W. Yonker ; clerk of courts, C. O. Hocker ; sheriff, Linn Browne ; auditor, Ed. A. Gonbeaux ; county commissioners, H. H. Peshke, D. F. Witwer, J. H. Feltman ; treasurer, Theo. Finnarn ; recorder, Leonard Wolf ; sur-veyor, Parl Townsend ; prosecuting attorney, Oral J. Myers ; coroner, C. F. Burns ; county superintendent of schools, Charles A. Wilt ; agri-cultural agent, R. C. Smith. The county took its name from Gen. William Darke, associate of Braddock and St. Clair. The population has been as follows in Darke County : In 1820 it had 3,717 ; 1840, 13,145 ; 1850, 20,276 ; 1860, 26,009 ; 1870, 32,278 ; 1880, 40,496 ; 1890, 42,961 ; 1900, 42,532 ; 1910, 42,933 ; 1920, 42,911. Area of county, 586 ; population per square mile, 73.2. During the great Civil war—'61 to '65—in common with all Ohio's counties, Darke contributed her full quota for the loyal Union army. the Fortieth Ohio Infantry Regiment, formed in the fall of 1861, was largely from this county. Of the villages of this county it may be briefly stated that all are up-to-date Ohio incorporations or villages. The county seat is Greenville, ninety-two miles west of Columbus. It is only ten miles from the Indiana state line. It was laid out in August, 1808, by Robert Gray and John Devor. This is a place of great historic interest. In December, 1793, General Wayne erected a fort at this point, calling it Fort Green-ville. It was on August 3, 1795, that Wayne concluded a most important treaty of peace with the Indians at Greenville. There were 1,130 Indians present, coming from eleven tribes. The population of Green-ville in 1920 was 10,036, including the surrounding civil township. The population of the city proper was 7,104. Greenville is attaining considerable importance as a manufacturing center. The chief products of its factories are wagons, wire fencing, farm tractors, phonograph cabinets, cement blocks, brick and tile. The tax duplicate for the city in 1923 was $12,402,260. Gettysburg is another town of this county worthy of note. It is 87 miles west of Columbus. It had a population of 202 in 1880, and the COUNTIES OF OHIO - 323 United States census for 1920 gives the population of the township surrounding it, together with a part of Bradford Village, as 3,104. The population of the village was then 375. Arcanum, eighty miles west from Columbus, is within a fine agricultural district, and for many years was known as a central tobacco shipping point, for it is situated in a location where tobacco has ever been grown successfully. The population in 1920 was 1,311. Versailles and Ansonia are other villages, convenient trading points for prosperous farming sections. The former was platted in 1816 and the latter in a later date. Union City was laid out in 1852, as a result of the three railroads with station points there. It is within Randolph County, Indiana, and Darke County, Ohio. For many years this place has been noted for its industries in wooden ware, staves, wagon hubs, tubs, pails, broom handles, trunk slats, shingles, heading, spokes, chairs and drain tile. Being within an excellent wheat country, many years since it became a good flouring mill and marketing place for flour and grain. The other villages of the county include New Weston, Rossburg, Burkettsville, Castine, Hollansburg, New Madison Village, Palestine, Pitsburg, Osgood, Yorkshire. DEFIANCE COUNTY Defiance, one of the later county organizations in Ohio, was organized, or rather erected, March 4, 1845, from Williams, Henry and Paulding counties, taking its name from Fort Defiance. The principal streams of water found here are the Auglaize, the Tiffin and Maumee. Before the construction of the Wabash Canal, much of the commerce of Northern Indiana was carried on the waters of the Maumee. A large part of the county is within what has since early days been styled the Black Swamp region. Since it has been cleared of heavy forests and the surface water drained off, no finer, more fertile soil can be found this side the River Nile itself. The state reports give the area of Defiance County as 405 square miles. Turning to the 1885 records, it will be observed that the acres under cultivation were 113,070 ; pasture, 12,019 ; woodland, 65,823 ; lying waste, 906 acres. The present civil townships are : Adams, Defiance, Delaware, Farmer, Hicksville, Highland, Mark, Milford, Noble, Richland, Tiffin, Washington. The present county officers are as follows : Probate judge, C. N. Palmer ; clerk of the courts, O. E. Maxwell ; sheriff, Adrian Miller ; auditor, J. T. Miller ; county commissioners, A. L. Baker, Peter Hornish, A. T. Thiel ; treasurer, J. N. Shutter ; recorder, Roy B. Cameron ; surveyor, Henry F. Toberon ; prosecuting attorney, Victor L. Mansfield ; coroner, C. E. Winn ; county superintendent of schools, William L. Manihan ; agricultural agent, J. E. Wonsetler. The federal census reports by decades give these figures on the population of the county : In 1840 it had 2,818 ; 1850, 6,966 ; 1860, 11,886 ; 1870, 15,719 ; 1880, 22,515 ; 1890, 25,769 ; 1900, 26,387 ; 1910, 24,498 ; 1920, 24,549. The population to the square mile in 1920 was 60.6. The early history of Defiance and Williams counties were intimately interwoven. The lands embraced within Defiance County were ceded by the Indian tribes to the United States by treaty dated September 29, 1817, at the rapids of the Miami of Lake Erie. Surveys were made from the Indiana line east to the line of the Western Reserve. It extended south to the Greenville treaty line. February 12, 1820, the Ohio Legislature passed an act erecting these ceded lands into fourteen separate counties. Among these was Williams County, which was organized in 1824, with the town of Defiance as the county seat of Williams County. After many years, Bryan was selected as the county seat of Williams. Dissatisfaction arose over this change and the result