350 - HISTORY OF OHIO 1820, 7,791; 1830, 15,813 ; 1840, 16,299 ; 1850, 17,827 ; 1860, 15,817 ; 1870, 14,190 ; 1880, 14,251; 1890, 13,489 ; 1900, 14,744 ; 1910, 14,670 ; 1920, 15,036. This county is divided into seventeen townships named as follows : Auburn, Bainbridge, Burton, Chardon, Chester, Claridon, Hambden, Huntsburg, Middlefield, Montville, Munson, Newbury, Parkman, Russell, Thompson, Troy. The first settlement in this fair domain came to Burton 1798—three families came from Connecticut ; they strangely enough settled at various places in the interior, away from the outside world. It seemed a strange custom that the settlers of the Reserve carried out the idea of going far into the interior. In place of beginning on one side of the county and working back toward the center, they all clamored for lands in the remote interior. Hence many were twenty and thirty miles from other settlements. Prior to 1800 there were no milling facilities, so the pioneer had to grind with a hand-mill two hours to obtain sufficient flour or meal for one person a day's time. These were known as "Sweat Mills," for it did take sweat to operate one of them. Having to go out to places thirty and forty miles distant to get supplies for the family "back in the woods" was no small task and many families saw great hardship for a number of years, such as no one today can fully appreciate. The great drouth of 1845 struck this county hard. From March to September only a fraction of an inch of water fell. Agricultural improvements went forward decade by decade, better machinery was introduced, the forests were finally cleared away and farms took the place of a wilderness of trees, swamps and uncultivated land. The agricultural development of the county is shown by the following figures. In 1923 there were 15,000 acres of corn, yielding 570,000 bushels ; wheat, 7,000 acres, produced 154,000 bushels ; oats, 18,000 acres, produced 810,000 bushels ; barley, 80 acres, 1,920 bushels ; rye, 50 acres, 8,350 bushels ; buckwheat, 1,524 acres, produced 35,052 bushels ; tons of hay, 39,000 ; potatoes, 569,800 bushels ; horses on hand January 1, 1924, 6,140 ; all cattle, 22,800; dairy cows, 19,400 ; swine, 6,220; sheep, 3,940 ; improved farms in 1920, 119,586 acres ; average size farms, 46.4 acres. The present county officials are as follows : Probate judge, Harlan Sperry ; clerk of the courts, C. S. Linhart ; sheriff, Ben E. Hotchkiss ; auditor, Ethel L. Thrasher; county commissioners, W. H. Cromwell, B. Ashcraft, H. J. Russell ; treasurer, W. A. Shaw ; recorder, W. A. Basquin ; surveyor, E. A. Fielder ; prosecuting attorney, Robert S. Parks ; coroner, P. S. Pomeroy ; county superintendent of schools, Heold E. Ryder, Chardon ; agricultural agent, R. J. Bugbee. The villages within Geauga County are Burton, Chardon, Middlefield. Chardon, the county seat, is twenty-eight miles from Cleveland. It was platted in 1808 for the county seat and named from Peter Chardon Brookes, of Boston, proprietor. But few villages are built on so sightly an eminence as this is. It is fourteen miles from the lake, but is fully 550 feet higher than the lake-front. Bass Lake is three miles distant ; Little Mountain seven miles away. Its present population, including the township, is 2,219. The population of the village proper in 1920 was 1,566. While farming—grain raising and stock—are the real adjuncts in the life of the farmer of this county today, it is well to note that as far back as Centennial year-1876—the dairy products of this county were : Butter, 672,641 pounds ; cheese, 4,136,231 pounds. In fact, a third of a century and more ago the term "Cheesedom" was applied to all the Reserve region. The hand-made cheese went out of date in 1862, when cooperative creameries came into vogue. Every township, nearly, in all these Ohio and other western state counties had a creamery. In Geauga there were about sixty started and were successfully operated. Middlefield, thirty miles east of Cleveland, and twenty-four south of COUNTIES OF OHIO - 351 Lake Erie, is within a celebrated mineral spring vicinity. It has a population of 706. Other small villages are Parkman and Huntsburg. Maple Sugar Industry.-This county was once famous for "genuine maple sugar and syrup," before the days of adulterations had set in. Ohio is, or has been, quoted as being one of the few great maple sugar states of the Union. More than a quarter of a century ago, forty-five counties of Ohio made and placed on the world's markets much pure maple goods, but the singular thing is that little Geauga, one of the least of all in extent, produced about one-third of all the maple' sugar and maple syrup made and exported from the state. During 1885, 2,000,000 pounds was the state's output, while Geauga produced 631,000 pounds, and Ashtabula County the next largest, 253,000 pounds. But times change matters in this as well as other industries. Many of the old "sugar bushes" have died or gone into a decline. Forty years ago it was estimated that Geauga County had then 475,000 maple trees good for sugar making. The principal market has always been Burton and from that point the sweet product has found its way to the western states mostly, while a small share has gone East. But the home consumption in Ohio is always no small item to figure on. This county still distinctly leads in the production of maple sugar and syrup. In 1919 the state produced 62,001 pounds of maple sugar and 694,195 gallons of maple syrup; of this Geauga County produced 16,226 pounds of sugar and 191,248 gallons of syrup-more than four times as much as any other county in the state. In proportion to its population this county also leads in dairy products. Their total value in 1920 was $2,308,615. GREENE COUNTY Greene was taken from Hamilton and Ross counties, on May 1, 1803, and derived its name from Gen. Nathaniel Greene, of Revolutionary war fame. The eastern part is flat and well adapted to grazing, while the remainder of the county is hilly and rolling and produces corn and wheat to better advantage. The soil is usually clayey in its character. The streams at one time afforded important water power, and in some of them this is still true, though not as early in the county's history. A beautiful marble is quarried in great quantities near Xenia, on Caesar's Creek. The recent agricultural standing is best shown by reference. to the bulletin issued by the Ohio agricultural department which gives these statistics : In 1923 there were 80,000 acres of corn and it produced 3,360,000 bushels ; wheat, 40,000 acres, 760,000 bushels ; oats, 6,000 acres, 231,000 bushels ; barley, 20 acres, produced 600 bushels ; rye, 1,040 acres, produced 16,640 bushels ; tons of hay, 31,000 ; potatoes, 43,400 bushels ; number horses in county in 1924, 10,140; all cattle, 21,060 ; dairy cows, 11,680 ; swine, 89,280 ; sheep, 18,990 ; land under plow in 1920, 213,797 ; average size farm in county, 90.1. This county is made up of twelve civil townships as follows : Bath, Beaver Creek, Caesar Creek, Cedarville, Jefferson, Miami, New Jasper, Ross, Silver Creek, Spring Valley, Sugar Creek, Xenia. The list of county officials is as follows : Probate judge, J. Carl Marshall ; clerk of the courts, Harvey Elam ; sheriff, Morris Sharp; auditor, Ralph 0. Wead ; county commissioners, G. N. Perrill, John A. North, Herman V. Eavey ; treasurer, Frank A. Jackson ; recorder, B. F. Thomas ; surveyor, W. J. Davis ; prosecuting attorney, J. Kenneth Williamson ; coroner, R. L. Haines ; county superintendent of schools, H. C. Aultman ; agricultural agent, F. S. Prince. The United States census reports since 1810 show the county's population to have been by decades as follows : In 1810 it had 5,870 ; 1820, 10,509 ; 1830;15,084 ; 1840, 17,753 ; 1850, 21,946 ; 1860, 26,197 ; 1870, 28,038 ; 1880, 31,349 ; 1890, 29,820 ; 1900, 31,613 ; 1910, 29,733 ; 1920, 31,221; area, 415 square miles ; population per square mile, 75.2. 352 - HISTORY OF OHIO The county has one city, Xenia, and the following villages : Fairfield, Osborn, Cedarville, Bowersville, Yellow Springs, Clifton, Jamestown, Spring Valley, Bellbrook. The old town of "Chillicotha" was on the Little Miami, in this county, about three and one-half miles north of the site of Xenia ; it was a place of note and frequently named in the annals of the early explorers -and settlements of the West. It was sometimes called the Old Town. In 1773, Capt. Thomas Bullit, of Virginia, one of the first settlers of Kentucky, was proceeding down the Ohio River with a party to make a survey and start a settlement there, when he stopped and left his companions on the river, and passed down through the wilderness to Old Chillicotha, to obtain consent of the Indians to his designed settlement. He entered the town alone, with a flag of truce, before he was discovered. The Indians were astonished at his boldness, flocked around him and sought his explanation. He responded to the In-dians as follows : "Brothers—I am sent with my people, whom I left on the Ohio, to settle the country on the other side of the river, as low down as the falls. We came from Virginia. I only want the country to settle and to cultivate the soil. There will be no objection to your hunting and trapping in it as heretofore. I hope you will live with us in friendship." The chief then responded and in a long, eloquent address that he was pleased to have the settlement made on such liberal terms and all was effected in a business-like manner and peace ever afterward followed. Some of the Bullit's party soon thereafter laid out the town of Louisville, Kentucky. In the summer of 1779, General Clark invaded the Indian country and upon his coming the Indians burnt Old Chillicotha. The first court was organized May 10, 1803. Peter Borders, James Barret and William Maxwell were the associate judges. The court met for the trial of causes August 2, 1803, Francis Dunlavy, presiding judge. Xenia, the county seat, is situated on the "Little Miami" Railroad, sixty-four miles north of Cincinnati, and sixty-one from Columbus. It has broad and well kept streets and is a modern business-like place where good citizenship is the rule. For long years Xenia has been noted as a good manufacturing center for certain kinds of wares and goods. Paper mills, linseed oil works, cordage and woodwork shops all come in for their share and were listed back in 1887. More recently it has manufactured the following products : Ropes, twine, cordage, shoes and powder. Its population in 1920 was 9,110. The Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home is located in Xenia, on a 300-acre tract of land. The grounds and buildings are indeed models of beauty and utility. The establishment of this "Home" must be credited to the Grand Army of the Republic, which organization first started the move-ment. It had its commencement in 1869. Connected with and really interwoven into its history, Xenia claims at least four remarkable literary characters—William Davis Gallagher, native of Philadelphia, author of many beautiful poems. He came to Xenia when twenty-two years of age as a printer, and started the cam-paign paper styled the Backwoodsman. He was a decided Whig, politically. Col. Coates Kinney, born in Yates, New York, in 1826, came to Ohio in 1840 ; studied law with Judge Lawrence and Donn Piatt ; was pay-master in the army ; republican speaker in Ohio Senate, etc., but will longer be remembered by his writings, especially his poems of depth, sentiment and true beauty of thought. One of his masterpieces is entitled "Rain on the Roof." William Dean Howells, considered "America's Leading Writer of Fiction nowadays," was born at Martin's Ferry in 1837, but the family came to within a few miles of Xenia and located. There young Howells spent many years. Who has not feasted on his writings ? Whitelaw Reid, great American journalist since Greeley's death, COUNTIES OF OHIO - 353 was born near Xenia, October 27, 1837; graduated at Miami University and soon entered journalism as his life work. During Civil war days he was war correspondent for the Cincinnati Gazette ; he wrote "Ohio and the War ;" also wrote "After the War," from his experience as a cotton planter in the Southland after the rebellion ended. Later he associated himself with the New York Tribune, and finally became its largest owner and was its editor and chief. Wilberforce University is located in Xenia Township, near the City of Xenia. It was founded in 1847 and in 1856 became a Methodist Episcopal institution for educating for the ministry. In 1863 it passed into the hands of the colored people. Two years later, on the day President Lincoln was assassinated, it lay in ashes and it took thirteen years to completely rebuild it. It then became a successful institution. Yellow Springs takes its name from the color of the water of the medicinal waters of the springs there. In the beautiful glen there is situated "Pompey's Pillar," a strange formation of limestone rock of which much has been written. The village is the seat of Antioch College, of which Horace Mann, the famous educator, was once president. Bellbrook, this county, is .a celebrated Magnetic Spring location ; the springs were discovered in 1884. Jamestown is another important village ; it is situated eleven miles east of Xenia and narrowly escaped destruction in the "Jamestown cyclone" in 1884. This storm destroyed more than a quarter of a million dollars' worth of property, including many of the church buildings. Clifton is ten miles to the north of Xenia, on the Clark County line ; it was named for the cliffs which bound the river at this point. Through this beautiful gorge flow the rapid waters of Little Miami. Cedarville, Osborn, Spring Valley and Fairfield are villages. The first two have each a population slightly in excess of 1,000. GUERNSEY COUNTY This county was organized in March, 1810. The highlands are a clay sub-soil. The best land within the county is the bottom land of Wills Creek and its many small tributaries. The county's area is 518 square miles. The population in 1924, per square mile, was 87.6. This county is divided into twenty-two townships as follows : Adams, Cambridge, Center, Jackson, Jefferson, Knox, Liberty, Londonderry, Madison, Millwood, Monroe, Oxford, Richland, Spencer Valley, Washington, Westland, Wills, Wheeling. In 1798 "Zane's Trace" was cut through this county. When Zane's party arrived at Wills Creek Crossing, they found the government surveyors busy surveying out military lands. They had a camp on the bank. At this time the only house between Wheeling and Lancaster was at Zanesville. So far as history states, Ebenezer Zane's party consisted of himself, his brother, Jonathan Zane, John McIntire, Joseph Worley, Levi Williams and an Indian guide named Tomepomehala. Following is the population for each decade since 1810, when the inhabitants numbered only 3,051 ; in 1820, 9,292 ; 1830, 18,637 ; 1840, 27,729 ; 1850, 30,438 ; 1860, 24,474 ; 1870, 23,838 ; 1880, 27,197 ; 1890, 28,645 ; 1900, 34,425 ; 1910, 42,716; 1920, 45,352. There is one city, Cambridge, in the county, and the following villages : Lore City, Byesville, Kimbolton, Quaker City, Salesville, Fairview, Senecaville, Cumberland, Pleasant City and Washington. Following is a list of the county officers : Probate judge, T. A. Bonnell ; clerk of the courts, Earl Henry; sheriff, Robert E. Willis ; auditor, Ben F. Deselm ; county commissioners, T. M. Tedrick, J. C. Shaw, Thomas H. Lewis ; treasurer, I. L. Secrest ; recorder, Wilbur Ingram ; surveyor, Charles H. Marsh ; prosecuting attorney, George 354 - HISTORY OF OHIO D. Dugan ; coroner, C. Bates ; county superintendent of schools, W. G. Wolfe ; agricultural agent, E. H. Reed. While the mineral wealth is largely what has built up and now sustains this goodly county, it has for its original base a fine farming district, as well. The 1923-24 agricultural statistics give these figures : In 1923 the acreage of corn was 21,000 ; bushels raised, 693,000 ; wheat, 12,000 acres, bushels, 156,000 ; oats, 8,000 acres, bushels, 224,000; barley, none listed ; rye, 185 acres, 2,405 bushels ; buckwheat, 28 acres, 336 bushels ; tons of hay in 1923, 45,000 ; potatoes, 39,600 bushels ; in 1924 there were 7,260 horses ; all cattle, 25,300; dairy cows, 8,300; swine, 11,420 ; sheep, 55,550. Number of acres in plow land, 249,804 ; average size of farm, 81.1 acres. Cambridge, the county seat, is seventy-seven miles east of Columbus, on the old National Pike. The old covered bridge made of wood, through which this road passes, was still standing a short time since. It was built in 1828—almost a century of constant use as a toll bridge much of the time. While Cambridge is an important commercial place, it is backed by many well kept farms. This is the American home of the famous Guernsey cattle, noted, like the Jerseys, for milking qualities. This city was laid out in June, 1806. The first day of the lot sale, a number of families from the British isle of Guernsey, near the French coast, purchased lots here. Hence the derivation of the county's name. Some of the family names among these sturdy pioneers were : the Ogiers, Naftel, Lanfisty, Bishard, Charles and John Marquand, Robbins, Peter, Thomas and John Sarchet, and Daniel Hubert. This city has grown by wonderful strides since the establishing of its great iron industries and its extensive "Guernsey Pottery Ware" works, which finds ready sale all aver the world. It has a furniture factory, railroad shops, glass works-, glove and clothing factories. The city in 1920 had a population of 13,104. Its schools, churches, lodges and general commercial interests are fully up with any sister city in Ohio. It is within the belt of a fine soft coal mining section, where good fuel is very cheap. These natural resources have made Cambridge a good place in which to reside and do business. Washington is eight miles east of Cambridge. It was platted in 1805 and had one of the early woolen factories. Being off from main railway lines it has naturally gone back instead of advanced. Pennyroyaldom is the name of a community or district of uncertain boundary of which Oxford Township is the center. This is made up of parts of three townships. It is so named from the peculiar industry of raising and preparing pennyroyal by distillation. While the demand is small, yet the territory in which it has been raised makes this a profitable industry in this county. Places in Guernsey County of more than ordinary interest should be named the cascades and water falls ; the counterfeiters' hiding place named "Perry's Cave ;" the "Twin Trees," "Horse Shoe Falls." A great meteor fell near Concord Village, this county, May 1, 1860. It was of remarkable size and was investigated by scientists. Published accounts appeared in the papers East and West. Harper's Magazine for June, 1868, contains a good description. The aggregate weight of the thirty fragments of the meteor was 700 pounds. Other villages of Guernsey County include Quaker City, with a number of paying manufactories ; Cumberland, surrounded with an excellent farming country ; and Byesville, with mining and manufacturing industries and a population of 2,775 in 1920. HAMILTON COUNTY Hamilton County has an interesting geological history. It is part of the small island that rose out of the "epicontinental" or Mississippian sea that extended from the Appalachian Mountains to the backbone of COUNTIES OF OHIO - 355 the Cordilleras. This island at the close of the ordivician or lower silurian period was the only dry land in what afterward became Ohio. Through succeeding ages it gradually grew in extent until it crowded the "epicontinental" sea into the remnant now seen in the Gulf of Mexico. Later the great glacier from the north came down with its burden of rock and silt and wrought wonderful changes. For extended description of these the reader is referred to the Geological Survey of Ohio. This was the second county established in the Northwest Territory. It was formed January 2, 1790, by proclamation of Governor St. Clair, and named in memory of Gen. Alexander Hamilton. It has for many years been divided into thirteen townships as follows : Anderson, Colerain, Columbia, Crosby, Delhi, Green, Harrison, Miami, Millcreek, Springfield, Sycamore, Symmes, Whitewater. The total area of Hamilton County is 407 square miles. Its population per square mile in 1924 was 1,213. Its census enumerations since its establishment, up to the present, taken from United States reports, have been as follows : In 1800, 14,692 ; 1810, 15,258 ; 1820, 31,764 ; 1830, 52,317 ; 1840, 80,145 ; 1850, 156,844 ; 1860, 216,410 ; 1870, 260,370 ; 1880, 313,374 ; 1890, 374,573 ; 1900, 409,479 ; 1910, 460,732 ; 1920, 493,678. The products of the soil in this county is best proven to be good by the subjoined figures given out in 1923, by the Agricultural Society of Ohio. Acres in corn, 29,000 ; bushels harvested, 1,160,000 ; acres of wheat, 16,000 ; bushels threshed, 288,000 ; oats, 3,000 acres ; bushels, 75,000 ; rye, 1,880 acres ; bushels, 24,816; hay-in tons, 34,000 ; potatoes, 6,140 acres ; bushels, 552,600; number horses in county, in 1924, 9,520 ; all cattle, 22,160; dairy cows, 17,030 ; swine, 24,190 ; sheep, 3,330 ; number acres cultivated in 1920, 140,431 ; average size farm, 37.5 acres. The county officials listed as serving in 1923-24 were as follows : Probate judge, William H. Leuders ; clerk of the courts, George W. Tibbles ; sheriff, Richard W. Witt ; auditor, William F. Hess ; county commissioners, Hamlin Harper, Charles F. Harding, Jacob Krollman ; treasurer, Fred Bader ; recorder, Harry L. Fedderman ; surveyor, E. A. Gast ; prosecuting attorney, Charles S. Bell ; coroner, Daniel C. Hand-ley ; county superintendent of schools, O. H. Bennett ; county club agent, C. R. Bibbee. CITY OF CINCINNATI Cincinnati, the county seat of Hamilton County, is situated in the extreme southwestern part of Ohio ; is one of the great commercial and manufacturing places in the United States. It is sixteenth in rank. It stands on the northern bank of the Ohio, extending about thirty miles along the river and at places is fifteen miles in width. The total area of the city is seventy-two square miles. Its average temperature in summer time is 75 degrees and in winter from 30 to 40 degrees above zero. The city is built on the site of the "ancient works" of a pre-historic race. Fort Washington was built there in 1789: Gen. Arthur St. Clair, governor of the Northwest Territory, by proclamation established Hamilton County, naming it after Alexander Hamilton. He also made the new town, Cincinnati, its seat of justice, naming it after the famous "Society of the Cincinnati," whose members were officers of the Revolutionary war. At the close of the year 1790, it had forty log houses. In 1827 the Miami Canal was constructed and this with the Little Miami Railroad, chartered in 1836, but not completed until 1843, helped to start an advancement of the "Queen City.' Beginning with 1840, many Germans immigrated here and engaged in the work of planting out many vineyards, and in time made large amounts of grape wine, had great wine cellars, and shipped large amounts of the fruit of their vines. The cholera plague visited the city in 1832-34 and again in 1849- 356 - HISTORY OF OHIO 50, when over 9,000 persons, or about 8 per cent of the population, died. In 1878 the yellow fever came. Thirty-five persons were afflicted and seventeen died. In both the '30s and '80s, the city was scourged by floods, causing much loss of life and vast property interests were destroyed. Population.—The federal census gives Cincinnati these figures : In 1800 it had 750 inhabitants ; 1810, 2,540 ; 1820, 9,642 ; 1830, 24,831 ; 1840, 42,338 ; 1850, 115,435 ; 1860, 161,044 ; 1870, 216,239 ; 1880, 255,139 ; 1890, 296,908 ; 1900, 325,902 ; 1910, 363,591 ; 1920, 401,247. The city was incorporated in 1819, covering three miles square, but since then many extensions have been made. Its centennial exposition was held at the end of her first century and it was known as "The Centennial Exposition of the Ohio Valley." Its municipal government is a modified federal form and is highly successful. In 1922 it had a debt of about $55,000,000. The public park system is excellent. It has an area of 2,550 acres in three big bodies on the hillsides and table lands. There are no mean parks, but all have been highly improved and have their own special attractions. One has within it the University of Cincinnati and amusement clubs are found almost numberless. Educational.—Cincinnati has always looked well to its schools and colleges. Lane Seminary, that old and honored institution, established largely by New Englanders and tinctured with anti-slavery principles, was its first _great educational institution. The common public school system kept pace with other cities. The reports for 1922 show the city had 1,728 teachers in the common day schools, besides many private and religious schools and colleges, including scientific and medical institutions. The public library in 1922 had 490,000 volumes. There were sixteen others of subscription and sundry foundations. There are about a score of daily papers, published in the English, German and Italian languages. The number of monthlies published in the city is 100. There are 270 churches, of which fifty-six are Catholic, 219 Protestant, twelve Jewish synagogues and other denominations represented. There are five convents in the city. Industrial Interests.--Before mentioning the various business interests it should be said that the City of Cincinnati has its own water system, including its 712 miles of mains. The late waterworks cost $12,000,000. Seventeen steam railroads enter the city ; the well conducted Chamber of Commerce is a large and active organization. The financial affairs of the city are conducted by the large number of solid banking houses. One of the largest industries of Cincinnati is its packing houses where beef and pork by the millions of pounds are annually packed and exported. Cincinnati is the first in rank in the United States, in the manufacture of machine tools and machinery. The number of industrial establishments in 1917, was 4,000 ; capital invested, $212,000,000; 100,000 workingmen find steady employment. Annual output is valued at $300,000,000. The last census gave the industrial plants to include iron works, pig-iron, castings, foundry and machine shops, architects' works, men's clothing, distilleries, boot and shoe factories, carriages, leather goods, coffee, spice mills, saddlery, undertaking goods, musical instruments, soap, candies, candles, electric supplies, patent medicine works, costumes, in which line it is greatest in the country. According to the census survey of 1920 Cincinnati had 2,239 manufacturing establishments employing wage earners, a capital of $268,015,132 and producing goods valued at $500,040,996 annually. The value of all property real and personal listed for taxation in 1923 was $772,371,900. The manufacturing industries of Cincinnati are varied. A few only of the leading lines are here indicated. The figures given are for the products for the year 1919: Boots and shoes, not COUNTIES OF OHIO - 357 made of rubber, $31,223,081 ; leather, tanned, curried and finished, $10,093,997 ; clothing, men's, $32,254,217 ; clothing, women's, $5,135,- 218; foundry and machine-shop products, $25,566,986 ; machine tools, $25,047,625 ; paints, $10,333,139; slaughtering and meat packing, $62,428,358 ; book and job printing and publishing, $10,678,735 ; printing and publishing newspapers and periodicals, $10,557,143. These figures indicate the growth of manufacturing industries due to the World war. Later estimates show that the city is in large measure holding the gain indicated at the close of the war. Hamilton County, in addition to Cincinnati, has two cities and a long list of prosperous and growing villages. With the population according to the last census they are as follows : Norwood, 24,966; St. Bernard, 6,312 ; Reading, 4,540 ; Cheviot, 4,108; Lockland, 4,007 ; Elmwood Place, 3,991 ; Mount Healthy, 2,255 ; Wyoming, 2,323 ; Glendale, 1,759 ; Loveland, 1,557; Addyston, 1,448 ; Cleves, 1,454 ; North College Hill, 1,104 ; Harrison, 1,309 ; Silverton, 795 ; Deer Park. 824 ; Sharonville, 753 ; Arlington Heights, 730 ; Madeira, 600 ; North Bend, 597; Terrace Park, 410 ; Newton, 534 ; Montgomery, 378. Norwood has seventy manufacturing establishments, employing 9,682 persons, a capital of $36,511,561, and producing goods valued at $47,947,183, according to the census survey of 1919. The total value of property for purposes of taxation in 1923 was $50,273,990. Norwood's manufacturing establishments produce a variety of goods among which are playing cards, office furniture, safes, electric goods, furniture, pianos, trunks and tools. There are also printing and lithographic establishments. St. Bernard, the other city in the above list, had in 1923 a tax duplicate of $22,755,630. As will be seen elsewhere in this work, Cincinnati was sympathetic with the South prior to the Civil war. Some one has observed that the Ohio River was not the real boundary between the North and the South in the controversies that preceded the war ; that the real line of division was north of the tier of Ohio counties bordering on that river. Certain it is that the dominant element in the City of Cincinnati, due to trade relations and neighborly contact with Kentucky, was sincerely sympathetic with the institutions o f the South. But when Fort Sumpter was fired upon, and the Union was menaced by the armed hosts of rebellion, "the call of country" was to the Cincinnatians "as the call of God," and they pressed forward with united front and patriotic ardor to swell the ranks of "the Boys in Blue." Throughout its entire history the population of the city has been strongly German in sympathy and ancestry. That was manifest in the early months of the World war. But when the United States was forced to enter that war, allegiance to the fatherland was set aside and Cincinnati with alacrity and loyal fervor poured forth her money and khaki-clad legions "to win the war." In camp and on the fields of France her sons whose Teutonic names tell the story of their origin, made the supreme sacrifice and attested with their last breath their devotion to the republic. The names of the distinguished citizens of Hamilton County would make a very long list. Most of these in the early history of the state were born in other states or foreign lands. Among these were William Henry Harrison, Judge Jacob Burnet, Nicholas Longworth and Judge Alphonso Taft. Among those who came upon the scene of action later and were natives of Hamilton County were George H. Pendleton, Stanley Matthews, Gen. William H. Lytle and the Cary sisters. Among the native sons of the county who have gained political eminence in recent years is Nicholas Longworth, grandson of the elder Longworth by the same name, who has recently been elevated to the important post of speaker of the National House of Representatives. 358 - HISTORY OF OHIO HANCOCK COUNTY Hancock County dates back to April 1, 1820, and was named from John Hancock, first president of the Revolutionary Congress. It has an area of 535 square miles and a population of seventy-two to the square mile. Its surface is mostly level with a heavy, dark soil, though somewhat sand-mixed. The first to invade this county for actual settlement, came in from Pennsylvania. The population at various periods has been given by the census reports as follows : In 1830, 813 ; 1840, 9,986 ; 1850, 16,751 ; 1860, 22,886; 1870, 23,847; 1880, 27,784 ; 1890, 42,563 ; 1900, 41,993 ; 1910, 37,860 ; 1920, 38,394. The county has civil townships as follows : Allen, Amanda, Biglick, Blanchard, Cass, Delaware, Eagle, Findlay, Jackson, Liberty, Madison, Marion, Orange, Pleasant, Portage, Union, Van Buren, Washington. The county officers in charge in 1923-1924 were : Probate judge, Jesse E,Bittler ; clerk ofE. Bittlerts, J. C. Edie ; sheriff, Frank E. Hog ; auditor,-G. Ray Moreauditor, Gmissioners, V. Poe, Turner, McKey, C. B. Fahl ; treasurer, Guy C. Davis ; recorder, Albert B. Crozier ; surveyor, Ancil L. Marvin ; prosecuting attorney, Harlan F. Burket ; coroner, Porter C. Pennington ; county superintendent of schools, J. W. Insley ; agricultural agent, E. M. Rowe. The agricultural products for the year 1923-1924 were as follows : Acres of corn, 67,000, bushels raised, 3,015,000 ; wheat, 34,000 acres, bushels threshed, 612,000 ; oats, 32,000 acres, bushels,.1,088,000; bushels,1,088,000eshed, 116,550 ; rye, 1,310 acres, bushels, 17,685 ; buckwheat, 38 acres, 684 bushels ; tons of hay, 52,000 ; potatoes, 1,190 acres, bushels produced, 148,750 ; horses in county in 1924, 11,300 ; all cattle, 32,100 ; dairy cows, 12,440 ; swine, 64,700 ; sheep, not listed. Lands now being cultivated, 272,711 ; average size farm in county, 84.9 acres. The cities and villages of Hancock County are as follows : Findlay, Fostoria, Van Buren, Vanlue, Benton Ridge, Mount Blanchard, Arlington, McComb, Mount Cory, Rawson, Jenera, and Arcadia. The City of Findlay was laid out by Ex-Governor Joseph Vance and Elnathan Corry, in 1821, and relaid out in 1829, when lots were sold and a settlement commenced. It is the county seat of Hancock County, eighty-five miles northwest of Columbus. In 1890 it had the largest natural gas wells in the world, and was supplying manufacturers with COUNTIES OF OHIO - 359 cheap fuel ; people got their gas at 15 cents a month for a cook stove, and only 5 cents a month per burner for lights. Much coal oil was being brought from the earth in that same district ; some was refined and other lots were piped abroad. In reality, gas and oil placed the City of Findlay "on the map" as the modern expression has it, and for a time it was a "boom city,” with prospect for a marvelous and continued growth. In June, 1887, the city had a great jubilee, lasting two days. It was to celebrate the first anniversary of the practical application of natural gas to the mechanical arts in Findlay. The first iron and steel were welded together in Northern Ohio at this place on June 9, 1885. Forty thousand visitors were present at the jubilee. The gas was left burning day and night, as it Was claimed to be cheaper to let it burn than hire men to put out and light it again. Many noted men were in attendance, including Senator John Sherman, Governor Foraker, Charles Foster, Murat Halstead and others. Findlay City had in 1920, 17,021 population. Its factories were numerous, notwithstanding the pressure of gas greatly diminished years ago. For a time the population declined with the supply of gas. In 1900 it was 17,613 ; in 1910, 1.4,858. The present population as indi-cated above shows a healthy and gratifying advance over that of the previous decade, and a steady growth for the future seems assured. The leading manufactured products are : Porcelain wares, tractors, automobiles, plows, edge tools, ditching machines, sugar, machinery, refined oil and cooperage goods. The city was named from Gen. James Findlay, an officer in the War of 1812, who erected in Hancock County a stockade defense called Fort Findlay. Fostoria, a city whose population at the 1920 census was 9,987, is in Hancock and Seneca counties. The portion in Hancock County had then a population of 1,658. HARDIN COUNTY Hardin County was formed from the old Indian territory, April 1, 1820, and contains an area of 473 square miles. Its natural resources are in common with most other counties of this section of the state. Its products, from farm sources, were in 1923-1924 as follows : Acres of corn, 66,000, bushels raised, 2,640,000; acreage of wheat, 22,000, bushels threshed, 330,000 ; oats, acres, 29,000, bushels, 870,000 ; barley, 5,350 acres, bushels, 107,000 ; rye, 2,530 acres, 34,661 bushels ; tons of hay, 36,000; potatoes, 1,080 acres, bushels, 101,520; head of horses in 1924, 9,380; dairy cows, 9,380 ; swine, 56,150 ; sheep, 48,680; improved land in 1920, acres, 245,764; average size of farm, 80.5 acres. In recent years large quantities of onions have been raised in the drained marsh lands of the country. The civil townships are : Blanchard, Buck, Cessna, Dudley, Goshen, Hale, Jackson, Liberty, Lynn, Marion, McDonald, Pleasant, Round-head, Taylor Creek, Washington. The incorporated municipalities of the county are as follows : Kenton, Dunkirk, Mount Victory, Ridgeway, Forest, Patterson, Ada, Alger, McGuffey. Kenton is the only city, the others are villages. The population at various periods has been as follows : In 1830, 210 ; 1840, 4,598 ; 1850, 8,251 ; 1860, 13,570 ; 1870, 18,714; 1880, 27,023 ; 1890, 28,939 ; 1900, 31,187 ; 1910, 30,407 ; 1920, 29,167. The county has inhabitants of nearly all nationalities and races. The county officers in 1923-1924 were : Probate judge, R. D. Turner ; clerk of the courts, Lloyd B. Kelley ; sheriff, G. S. Berlieu ; auditor, Dean C. Jones ; county commissioners, Grant Geiger, Martin Ansley, James L. Tannehill ; treasurer, Ray E. Brown ; recorder, Thomas R. Rubins ; surveyor, Richard Ortle; prosecuting attorney, Herman D. 360 - HISTORY OF OHIO Lease ; coroner, Glenn T. Hanson ; county superintendent of schools, F. P. Allyn ; agricultural agent, C. W. Vandervort. While this county was early set apart, it was not organized until January 8, 1833, previous to which it was formed for judicial purposes, with Logan and later with Champaign County. One-half of the county is level and the other undulating. Originally, its surface was covered by an immense timber growth of usual Ohio varieties. The dense forests were a drawback in settlement, and in 1840 the county contained only nine people to the square mile. The Scioto and the Blanchard are its chief streams. The county took its name from that brave soldier, Col. John Hardin, who was killed by the Indians in 1792. A village was laid out in Shelby County bearing his name, at the place where he was killed. It is now an unincorporated hamlet. The territory now included within this county was crossed by Hull on his way to Detroit in the War of 1812. On his military road about three miles southwest of Kenton a strong defensive work was built by Hull's men and named Fort McArthur. The earliest court of justice in this county was held March 8, 1834, in a blockhouse, at McArthur, William McCloud being one of the associate judges. The first set of county officials were elected the next month. The total vote was sixty-three. The second term of court a jury was needed and the farmers were so busy, and the settlers so few, that the sheriff had difficulty in getting twelve men to serve. One morning the judge called court to order and asked the sheriff if the jury was full. The sheriff replied, "Not quite full yet. I have eleven men in the jail and my dogs and deputies are out after the twelfth man." The jail was then a log cabin near the fort, and the courtroom a shed constructed on the back side of the blockhouse. The jury had to have their deliberations in the big woods not far away. Kenton, the county seat, is on the Scioto River seventy-one miles northwest of Columbus. Its population in 1920 was 7,690. It has the largest wire fence factory in the United States. Other manufactured products are : Hardware, jail cells, flour, lumber, and building materials. But few counties in Ohio have so many improved roads. These radiate from the county seat in all points of the compass. Ada is the seat of the Ohio Northern University, formerly the Ohio Normal University. Dr. Henry S. Lehr established this school and for thirty years was its president. In 1889 the school had an enrollment of 2,473 students. It has been noted for the number of men it COUNTIES OF OHIO - 361 has furnished to the public service. This includes members of the state legislature, state officials, and members of the national House of Representatives. Ohio is at present (1925) represented in the United States Senate by Hon. Frank B. Willis and Hon. Simeon D. Fess, both of whom were educated in and taught in this institution. The population of the village in 1920 was 2,321. This county was visited in May, 1887, by a terrible tornado, destroying much property. HARRISON COUNTY This county was formed January 1, 1814, from Jefferson and Tuscarawas, and named from Gen. William Henry Harrison. The surface is broken. Hills are numerous, but their slopes are highly cultivated. The soil is clayey and underlaid with a good grade of bituminous coal. It has always ranked high as a wool growing county. It formerly stood first among the counties of the state. It now ranks third. It is well adapted to the growth of fruit. The crop statistics for 1923 are as follows : Acres of corn, 12,000, bushels corn, 492,000 ; wheat, 12,000 acres, bushels, 180,000 ; oats, 10,000 acres, bushels, 350,000 ; barley, 130 acres, bushels, 3,250 ; rye, acres, 140, bushels, 1,988; hay in tons, 49,000 ; potatoes, 49,000 bushels ; horses on hand, in 1924, 4,800 ; all cattle, 15,950 ; dairy cows, 6,990; swine, 10,500; sheep, 95,140; number acres land under cultivation in 1920, 186,517; average size farm in county, 91.5 acres. The population of the county by decades has been as follows: In 1820, 14,345; 1830, 20,916; 1840, 20,099; 1850, 20,157; 1860, 19,110; 1870, 18,682; 1880, 20,456; 1890, 20,830 ; 1900, 20,486; 1910, 19,076; 1920, 19,625. Area of county, 401 square miles; population per square mile in 1924, 48.9. The fifteen civil townships within Harrison County are: Archer, Athens, Cadiz, Franklin, Freeport, German, Green, Monroe, Moorefield, North, Nottingham, Rumley, Short Creek, Stock and Washington. Daniel Peterson and his family were perhaps the first white settlers within the limits of this county. They were here in 1799, when Alexander Henderson and his family came from Washington County, Pennsylvania, and settled where Cadiz now stands. The flood tide of immigration soon set in, as indicated by the census figures quoted above. The county officers for 1924 were as follows: Probate judge, Barclay N. Rowland; clerk of the courts, Irene McConnell; sheriff, O. K. Martin; auditor, J. F. Ross; county commissioners, Chester A. Bran- 362 - HISTORY OF OHIO son, G. O. Flemming, J. H. Septer ; treasurer, Allen W. Scott ; recorder, James F. Fogle ; surveyor, William W. Armstrong ; prosecuting attorney, John C. Sharon ; coroner, Walter C. Toland ; county superintendent of schools, George E. Roche. Cadiz, the seat of justice, is four miles southeast from the geographical center of the county. It was laid out on its high and beautiful site, in 1803 or 1804. It was then within a dense forest. The celebration of the Fourth of July, 1806, in this frontier village seems to have been an event of unusual interest. It is recorded that there was much enthusiasm and feasting on venison, wild turkey and bear meat. It is more than hinted that rye whiskey was the inspiration of not a little hilarity. If this was true, amends were made long ago for this convivial exuberance when Harrison became the first dry county in the state. Her temperance record has been a notable one. Ervin M. Staunton, secretary of war in the cabinet of Abraham Lincoln, was for a time a resident of Cadiz and practiced law there. John M. Bingham throughout his illustrious career was also a resident of the county seat. Bishop Matthew Simpson was born here. Gen. George A. Custer was born in Harrison County, in the Hamlet of New Rumley. Assuredly this is a list of names that recalls distinguished figures of the past. And to it may properly be added the name of David A. Hollingsworth, who served in the General Assembly of Ohio, the office of attorney-general of the state, the Congress of the United States and on the field of battle served his state and Nation. Other towns and villages in the county are Freeport, Scio, Bowerston, Jewett, New Athens, Deersville, Hopedale and Harrisville. Gas, coal, stone quarries and farming industries have all contributed toward making this a rich and prosperous county, but the greatest of all influences toward that consummation have been the intelligence, industry and conservative thrift of her people. HENRY COUNTY Henry County was formed April 1, 1820, from old Indian territory, and named from Patrick Henry, celebrated Virginia orator. It contains 414 square miles in its area. The density of population was, in 1924, placed at 56.4 per square mile. A large part of this county is covered by the once famous "Black Swamp," which really reaches over COUNTIES OF OHIO - 363 a tract of country 120 miles long by an average width of forty miles, all told about as much land as the State of Connecticut contains. The surface is generally high and level. It has a wonderful forest growth. But with the passage of a half century great changes have come over this section. Drainage and felling of forest trees has gradually changed the general condition. On account of its swampy nature, naturally enough, settlement was made very late. In 1880 15,000 of the 20,000 population the county had were Ohio-born ; 712 in Pennsylvania ; 457, New York ; 187, Indiana ; 145, Virginia ; 17, Kentucky ; 2,106 from the German Empire ; 140 from Ireland ; 127 from England and Wales ; 116, from France ; and 21 from Scotland. The population by decades has been : In 1830, 262 ; 1840, 2,503 ; 1850, 3,434 ; 1860, 8,901 ; 1870, 14,028 ; 1880, 20,585 ; 1890, 25,080 ; 1900, 27,282 ; 1910, 25,119 ; 1920, 23,362. The civil townships of Henry County are : Bartlow, Damascus, Flat Rock, Freedom, Harrison, Liberty, Marion, Monroe, Napoleon, Pleasant, Richfield, Ridgeville, Washington. The villages of the county are as follows : Deshler, McClure, Florida, Holgate, Napoleon, Liberty Center, Hamler, Malinta. The county officials (1923-1924) are : Probate judge, R. N. Cahill clerk of the courts, Helen E. Crockett ; sheriff, Harry R. Lowry ; auditor, Earl T. Crawford; county commissioners, Grant Beam, A. B. Jennings, Charles Wahl ; treasurer, Carl R. Nelson ; recorder, Dave E. Mann ; surveyor, J. W. Harper ; prosecuting attorney, J. F. Vanderbrock ; coroner, George G. Boyer ; county superintendent of schools, A. P. Stalter ; agricultural agent, N. D. Howell. In 1923 the acres of corn in the county numbered 62,000, which produced 3,224,000 bushels ; wheat, 31,000 acres, harvested, 713,000 bushels ; oats, 43,000 acres, bushels, 1,935,000 ; barley, 3,400 acres, producing 108,800 bushels ; rye, 550 acres, harvested, 12,100 bushels ; buckwheat, 159 acres, harvested, 2,544 bushels ; tons of hay, 32,000 ; potatoes, 500 acres, produced 60,500 bushels ; number horses in county in 1924, 9,300 ; all cattle, 18,950 ; dairy cows, 12,750 ; swine, 37,880. 364 - HISTORY OF OHIO In 1920 the total number of acres cultivated in the county was 222,539. Average size farm was 77 acres. The county seat is Napoleon, 105 miles northwest of Columbus. It had a population in 1920 of 4,143. It has woolen mills and manufactures threshing machines and windmills. About five miles above Napoleon, on the Maumee River, was "Girty's Point," so named because James Girty, the brother of the notorious renegade, Simon Girty, once had here an establishment where he carried on trade with the Indians. In the river near this point is "Girty's Island," which took its name from its proximity to the "trading-house." The tradition that Simon Girty lived here and that in times of danger he retreated to this island has nothing to sustain it and seems to have grown out of a confusion of his name with that of his brother James. Both Simon and his brother James died natural deaths on their farms in Canada after the close of the War of 1812. Neither was killed at the Battle of the Thames, as often erroneously related. HIGHLAND COUNTY Highland County was formed in May, 1805, from Ross, Adams and Clermont, and derived its name from the high lands between the Scioto and Little Miami rivers. Various grades of soil obtained in this portion of Ohio ; the surface in some parts level and in other parts quite rolling. Its area in square miles is 549. Its density of population was given in 1920 as 50.3 per square mile. This county embraces a part of the "Wonderland of Ohio," of which further mention is made. It is one of the interesting locations, where stalwart men and noble women have been born and matured for the good of mankind. Joseph Benson Foraker and Albert J. Beveridge, two statesmen of more than national reputation, were born in this county. Following is a list of the townships of Highland County at this time : Brush Creek, Clay, Concord, Dodson, Fairfield, Hamer, Jackson, Liberty, Madison, Marshall, New Market, Paint, Penn, Salem, Union, Washington, White Oak. The county was originally settled about 1801 ; many of the pioneers came in from Virginia and North Carolina. The Society of Friends was largely represented in the first corners. The first to settle were those at New Market—Oliver Ross, Robert Huston, George W. Barrere and others. One of the early pioneer settlers discovered, before coming here, that noted cave in Virginia known as "Weyer's Cave," named for himself, his name being Benard Weyer. The population of this county has been at various periods as follows : In 1810, 5,766 ; 1820, 12,308 ; 1830, 16,345 ; 1840, 22,269 ; 1850, 25,781 ; 1860, 27,773 ; 1870, 29,133 ; 1880, 30,281; 1890, 29,048 ; 1900, 30,982 ; 1910, 28,711 ; 1920, 27,610. In 1923 the number of acres in corn was 79,000, bushels produced, 2,923,000 ; wheat, 62,000 acres, produced 992,000 bushels ; oats, 2,000 acres, bushels, 60,000 ; barley, not listed ; rye, 3,880 acres, 46,172 bushels ; tons of hay, 38,000 ; potatoes, 29,000 bushels ; horses in county in 1924, 10,590 ; all cattle, 26,520 ; dairy cows, 11,900; swine, 63,840 ; sheep, 23,430; number acres under plow, in 1920, 296,186; average size farm, 88.7 acres. The county officials serving in 1923-1924 were as follows : Probate judge, Joseph W. Watts ; clerk of the courts, Charles H. Mercer ; sheriff, R. C. Schweinsberger ; auditor, N. E. Calvert ; county commissioners, F. S. Ruble, C. T. Mullenix, C. E. Smith ; treasurer, W. S. Baker ; recorder, Edna E. Easter ; surveyor, H. W. Hunter ; prosecuting attorney, Donald S. Durnell ; coroner, W. N. Satterfield ; county superintendent of schools, R. S. Kelsey ; agricultural agent, W. H. Ford. Hillsboro, the county seat, is on the dividing line between the Scioto and Miami rivers. It is sixty-two miles south of Columbus and was COUNTIES OF OHIO - 365 laid out in 1807, on land of Benjamin Ellicott, of Baltimore. Before that time the seat of justice had been at New Market. The first town plat comprised 200 acres, of which Ellicott donated 100 to the county He sold the remainder at $2 an acre. "The Hillsboro Academy" was founded in 1827, and it filled a large field of usefulness. Hillsboro is a sightly place; like Rome of old it stands on many hills, is 753 feet above the waters of the Ohio River, and commands a view unsurpassed for beauty. Its population in 1920 was 4,356. The Women's Christian Temperance Crusade, which attracted the attention of the whole country, had its origin in Hillsboro in 1873 Unique in its methods, its history is now well known to all. Since the prayers of that band of women entering saloons of the town were heard. temperance men and women have worked industriously and unceasingly for their cause until the liquor traffic has been outlawed in the Constitution of the United States. Among the beauty spots nature has lavished on the landscapes of Highland County are Rocky Gorge, Marble Cave, Dancing Cave, Wet Cave, Dry Cave and old Fort Hill with its ancient earthworks, etc. Other villages beside the county seat are Greenfield, a manufacturing town ; Leesburgh, Lynchburg, Sinking Spring, New Petersburgh, Mowrystown and Highland. The largest of these is Greenfield, which had in 1920 a population of 4,344. HOCKING COUNTY Hocking County was formed March 1, 1818, from the portions of Athens, Ross and Fairfield counties. Here one finds a hilly, uneven topography ; however, along the streams are numerous level, fertile valleys. Its present area is 411 square miles. Its density of population per square mile is 56.7. Its population has been : In 1820, 2,130 ; 1830. 4,008 ; 1840, 9,741 ; 1850, 14,119 ; 1860, 17,057 ; 1870, 17,925 ; 1880 21,126; 1890, 22,658; 1900, 24,398; 1910, 23,650 ; 1920, 23,291. At its organization it had 2,000 population. The civil townships are named as follows : Benton, Falls, Good Hope, Green, Laurel, Marion, Perry, Salt Creek, Starr, Ward, Washington. The county derived its name from the Indian Hock-hock-ing, applied to the stream of this name which flows through the county. In Indian it means "a battle." The river, about seven miles northwest of Lancaster, is said for a distance to resemble in outline a bottle. The territor) once belonged to the Wyandots. The staple agricultural products for the year 1923 were in part as follows : Number of acres of corn, 21,000, bushels, 714,000 ; wheat. 11,000 acres, bushels, 165,000 ; oats, 2,000 acres, bushels, 50,000 ; rye 175 acres, bushels, 2,222 ; buckwheat, 447 acres, bushels, 8,940 ; tons of hay, 22,000 ; potatoes, 60,480 bushels ; number horses, 3,960 ; all cattle, 11,940 ; dairy cows, 5,000; swine, 9,790; sheep, 8,280 ; number acres cultivated in county in 1920, 208,674; average size farm, 77.4 acres The county officers for 1923-24 were as follows : Probate, judge Charles Stephenson ; clerk of the courts, Newton Spencer ; sheriff, Will P. Shaw ; auditor, D. Melvin Heft ; county commissioners, A. J. Ulrich John L. Smith, John Lovett ; treasurer, Jesse F. McGrady ; recorder. Henry S. Robey ; prosecuting attorney, Mary K. Davey ; coroner, C. B Powell ; county superintendent of schools, George W. Christman ; agricultural agent, F. W. Long. Logan is the county seat ; is on the banks of the Hockhocking River forty-seven miles southeast of Columbus. It was platted about 1816 Its proprietor was Governor Worthington. He utilized the water-power by putting in a saw mill and two corn grinding burrs. In 1825 Logan had a population of 250. Its growth was slow until 1838-40, when the Hocking canal was constructed. The town was incorporated in 1839— 366 - HISTORY OF OHIO C. W. James was the first mayor. The census for 1920 gave Logan the population of 5,493. The city manufacturing establishments produce furniture, fire-brick, fire proofing, sewer pipe, paving and builders' brick, shoes, flour, earthenware, oil well tools and washing machines. It has foundry and machine shops and railroad shops. Other villages and hamlets of Hocking County include Haydenville, six miles southeast of Logan ; Gore, eight miles northeast of Logan ; Carbon Hill, eight miles southeast of Logan ; Laurelville, twenty miles southwest of Logan ; Millville, eight miles northwest of Logan ; Murray City, twelve miles east of Logan, and South Bloomingville, seventeen miles southwest of Logan. The largest of these is Murray City, with a population of 1,493 in 1920. This county has long been famous for its natural scenery, some of which is surpassingly beautiful. Among its attractions are: Ash Cave. This cave "is formed by the projecting cliff at the source of a little stream, whose deep valley or gulch parts the bold rock-ribbed hills whose summits look down upon the tops of the loftiest pines, which grow at their base." The dimensions of the cave are given as 700 feet long, ninety feet high and ninety feet wide. It is located twenty-one miles southwest of Logan. Rock House. This is a natural structure, rising to a height of 166 feet. Time and the elements have hewn out halls and rooms and massive columns that support the vast roof. This chambered cave is 350 feet long, twenty-five feet high and twenty-five feet wide. It is twelve miles southwest of Logan. Rock Bridge. This is a natural span of sandstone rock from ten to twenty feet wide and level on the top. The supporting arch is about 150 feet from side to side at the base. The gulch spanned is about fifty feet deep. It is northwest of Logan, near the Hocking Valley Rail-road and the northern boundary of the county. Hocking County is underlaid with a high grade of bituminous coal, which was formerly mined in great quantities and shipped to the Middle West, the South and the region of the Great Lakes. Recently this trade has passed in a measure to West Virginia. Tons produced in 1923, 878,727. HOLMES COUNTY Holmes County was formed January 20, 1824-100 years ago, and organized to exist as a separate sub-division of Ohio the following year. It was named in honor of Major Holmes, a brave young officer of the War of 1812, who was killed August, 1814. The area of this county is now 418 square miles and the density of its population is 40.6 to the square mile. Its population at various periods has been as follows : In 1830, 9,135 ; 1840, 18,088 ; 1850, 20,452 ; 1860, 20,589 ; 1870, 18,177 ; 1880, 20,776; 1890, 21,139 ; 1900, 19,511 ; 1910, 17,499 ; 1920, 16,965. The townships of this county are, in 1924, Berlin, Clark, Hardy, Killbuck, Knox, Mechanic, Monroe, Paint, Prairie, Richland, Ripley, Salt Creek, Walnut Creek, Washington. The villages are as follows : Millersburg, Killbuck, Nashville, Holmesville, Glenmont. Holmes County was formed from the counties of Wayne, Coshocton and Tuscarawas. A line running diagonally from east-northeast to west-southwest, through the county, known as the "Indian Boundary" line, separates the United States military district and the Indian reservation (new purchase). The north side of this line was surveyed into townships of six miles square, and again into sections of 640 acres. The south side of said line is surveyed into townships five miles square, and again into quarter townships of 4,000 acres. Some of these quarter townships were again divided into 100 acre lots for the private COUNTIES OF OHIO - 367 soldiers of 1776. Within this county 480 lots of these 100 acre lots were given to Revolutionary soldiers. Six of the 4,000 acre tracts were set apart as school lands for the Connecticut Western Reserve and later sold at public sale. The remainder of the county was surveyed into sections of 640 acres and sold at private sale at Zanesville. Through the center of this county, from north to south, flows the Killbuck River. From the valley to the hillsides are thousands of living springs of pure, cold water. Being a swift stream, a great waterpower is easily developed. The southwest part of the county is very broken ; yet its immense quarries of brown, white and blue limestone, coal and other valuable minerals, make this part as valuable as the other sections of the county. In 1923 the county raised 32,000 acres of corn, producing 1,056,000 bushels ; wheat, 37,000 acres, bushels, 666,000 ; oats, 19,000 acres, bushels, 532,000 ; barley, 240 acres, bushels, 6,000 ; rye, 410 acres, bushels, 6,027; tons of hay, 34,000; potatoes, 650 acres, bushels, 50,050 ; horses numbered 7,290 ; all cattle, 22,040 ; dairy cows, 13,980 ; swine, 26,090 ; sheep, 27,120 ; number acres cultivated land in 1920, 194,824 ; average size farm, 76.5 acres. Coal had been successfully mined in each of the townships within the county prior to 1890. The county has an interesting pioneer history. In the month of July, 1809, Jonathan Grant, of Beaver County, Pennsylvania, and his son, then a boy, built the first cabin in the county. They came on foot through the woods, carrying a gun, ammunition and tools for doing their necessary work. Their cabin was on Salt Creek, in Prairie Township, at a point about one mile east of the Killbuck. They made a clearing and sowed a large patch of turnips. Grant then fell sick, and for twenty-eight days laid on a bed of bark and leaves, subsisting chiefly on roots, attended by his son. He became reduced to a skeleton, the boy being but little better. An Indian passing along the valley discovered the cabin and stopped. He told Grant that "Pale Face" and his family were encamped in the Killbuck Valley at a big spring, and pointed the direction out to them. The boy went and in a short time returned with Jonathan Butler, who had, with his father-in-law, James Morgan, reached the valley the day previous. Through the timely aid rendered him, Grant soon recovered and became of much service to his new acquaintances. Grant could speak the Indian language, and was with the surveyors as their "lookout" while surveying the "New Purchase." His patch of turnips produced abundantly and of excellent quality, and proved of much service that fall and next spring. Grant did not return to his family in Pennsylvania until cold weather. In April, 1810, Edwin Martin, then John L. Dawson and Robert Knox settled on Martin's Creek, about one mile south of Grant's original cabin. A few days later a dozen more families came along and effected settlement, Grant coming with the company. Two years later, fearing trouble with the Indians, the settlers built a block-house on the Dawson land half a mile east of Holmesville. One of Crawford's soldiers, in that ill-fated campaign of his, died at the big spring north of Holmes May 30, 1781, and a daughter was born there to Jonathan Butler and wife, February 4, 1810, thus the first death and first birth were near the "big spring." 8 The list of present (1923-24) county officers is as follows : Probate judge, Charles A. Estell ; clerk of the courts, Allen L. Schafer ; sheriff, John A. Stevens ; auditor, T. G. Glasgo ; county commissioners, W. H. Ulman, Frank A. Snyder, D. J. Miller ; treasurer, Clyde C. Miller ; recorder, H. S. Franks ; surveyor, P. K. Troutman ; prosecuting attorney, Harold E. Kuhn ; coroner, W. B. Middleton ; county superintendent of schools, F. H. Close ; agricultural agent, T. A. Wheeler. 8 - Howe's "Historical Collections of Ohio," Vol. I, p. 936. 368 - HISTORY OF OHIO Millersburg, the county seat, is situated on an elevated ground, surrounded itself by lofty hills, on Killbuck Creek, eighty-seven .miles northeast of Columbus. It was laid out in 1824 by Charles Miller and Adam Johnson. There have been three courthouses and three jails, the last courthouse was erected in 1886-87. Population of Millersburg (census of 1920), 2,098. HURON COUNTY Formed from the whole of the "fire-land" tract, February 7, 1809, this county derived its name from the fact that the French gave the Wyandot Indian tribe the name of Huron. The surface is generally level. Originally there were both prairie and timber lands over the surface of Huron County. In 1838 the territory of this county was much reduced, by the formation of Erie County. Its present area is about 494 square miles, while its population, per square mile, is 65.6. The cities, towns and villages found in the present bounds of Huron County are : Greenwich Village, Bellevue City, Plymouth and Willard villages, New London Village, Norwalk City, Monroeville Village. The present townships are as follows : Bronson, Clarksfield, Fairfield, Fitchville, Greenfield, Greenwich, Hartland, Lyme, New Haven, New London, Norwich, Norwalk, Peru, Richmond, Ridgefield, Ripley, Sherman, Townsend, Wakeman. The 1920 census gives these figures on the population of this county since 1820: In that year it was 6,675 ; 1830, 13,341; 1840, 23,933 ; 1850, 26,203 ; 1860, 29,616; 1870, 28,532 ; 1880, 31,609; 1890, 31,949 ; 1900, 32,330 ; 1910, 34,206 ; 1920, 32,424. Following is the list of county officers for 1923-24: Probate judge, T. M. Bechtol ; clerk of the courts, Earl W. Clark ; sheriff, Edward F. Gregory ; auditor, Adelbert S. Vail ; county commissioners, I. L. Hull, Homer Fish, W. N. Keesey ; treasurer, E. K. McMorris ; recorder, Ann Davies; surveyor, Clifford T. Williams ; prosecuting attorney, Allan G. Aigler ; coroner, Dr. C. L. Bell ; county superintendent of schools, E. A. Bell ; home demonstration agent, Nancy Folsom. While statistics are sometimes considered uninteresting, nothing tells more in a small space than facts reduced to the least possible book': space in figures that may be relied upon. In 1923 the county raised 1,444,000 bushels of corn ; wheat, 39,000 acres ; produced 780,000 bushels ; oats, acres, 31,000, bushels, 1,147,000 ; barley, acres, 810, bushels, 25,110 ; rye, 520 acres, bushels, 10,400 ; buckwheat, acres, 220, bushels, 4,840 ; tons of hay, 53,000 ; potatoes, 152,880 bushels ; number of horses, 8,990 ; cattle, 19,900 ; dairy cows, 11,570 ; swine, 28,060 ; sheep, none listed. Number acres cultivated land in 1920, 221,146; average farm, 81.1 acres. Norwalk, the seat of justice, is 110 miles north of Columbus and sixteen from Sandusky City. The site was first visited for the object of making a county seat, or rather laying out a town, by Hon. Elisha Whittlesey, Platt Benedict, and a few others, in October, 1815. The spot was then within a wilderness, and only a few persons had ventured into the county to make for themselves a home. The next spring the plat was executed and lots sold at from $60 to $100 each. In May, atter Norwalk had been made the county seat, a census was taken and it was found that the new town had a population of 109 souls. It has long been known as a beautiful city and stands on what was originally called the "fire lands" in the Western Reserve. Later, on account of its handsome trees, it was named "Maple City." The place had no railroad until 1852, but it had long had the famous Norwalk Academy. The society of the town in those days comprised teachers, their families and other settlers desirous of having good schools for the education of their children. One writer on those times said, "Everybody kept boarders, at least nine out of ten able bodied citizens were thus engaged. COUNTIES OF OHIO - 369 Board was cheap; $1.00 to $1.50 per week for the best. Mutton sold at 2 cents, everybody kept cows and hens and pork and fresh eggs were almost given away." Among the "boys" who lived after this fashion was none other than one named Rutherford B. Hayes, who later became President of the United States. Ex-Governor Charles Foster and a number of congressmen were among the students at this pioneer academy. Patriotic citizens generally recall with pride that Gen. James B. McPherson once attended this institution. Norwalk is a fruit and grain distributing center. It has machine shops and steel and iron works. It manufactures pianos, automobile accessories, drilling tools and wood-work products. In 1920 its population was 7,379. Its value of property listed for taxation in 1923 was $11,103,780. George Kennan, famous Siberian traveler, author and journalist, was born in Norwalk. Bellevue is situated in both Huron and Sandusky counties—partly on the Western Reserve and partly outside of that celebrated tract. It has railroad repair shops, large flouring mills, and meat packing, sauerkraut and canning factories ; it manufactures cultivators, plows, ditching machines, hay presses, paper balers, stoves, automobile accessories, handles and auto trucks. Its population (1920) was 5,776. Its tax duplicate in 1923 was $8,447,630. The following are prosperous villages : Greenwich, Monroeville, New London, Plymouth and Willard. JACKSON COUNTY Jackson County was organized in March, 1816. Its present area is 404 square miles and the density of population is 67.7 per square mile. Its civil townships are : Bloomfield, Coal, Franklin, Hamilton, Jackson, Jefferson, Liberty, Lick, Madison, Milton, Scioto, Washington and Wellston Township, established in 1881. The surface is hilly, but productive when properly cultivated. The first settlers were from West Virginia and Pennsylvania ; others came later from England and Wales. Jackson came to be one of the state's great mining sections. The statistics for 1888 gave the county as mining 1,089,000 tons of coal, employing 2,300 miners ; iron ore, 43,000 tons ; limestone burned to lime, 21,125 tons. Four seams of superior coal are here found. In 1923 production of coal had fallen to 273,944 tons ; limestone to 1,129 tons, and no iron ore tonnage was reported. The old Scioto salt-works are in this region, on the banks of Salt Creek. Salt was first made here from saline wells about thirty feet deep, by the white race in 1798. The salt water was boiled in kettles and when sufficient amount .was obtained, it was sent to market in pack-saddles. It usually sold at $4 per bushel. These were among Ohio's first salt works, and were designated on maps as early as 1755. Indians came here from long distances to make or purchase salt. They had depended on these salt springs or wells long before the white men developed them. Daniel Boone, when captured by them, spent some time at this place. The county's population by decades is as follows : In 1820, 3,746 ; 1830, 5,941; 1840, 9,744; 1850, 12,719 ; 1860, 17,941; 1870, 21,759 ; 1880, 23,686; 1890, 28,408 ; 1900, 34,248 ; 1910, 30,791; 1920, 27,342. The cities and towns of Jackson County are : Jackson, Wellston, Oak Hill, Coalton. The agricultural interests have kept' pace with other industries. Following are statistics for the year 1923: Acreage of corn, 18,000, bushels harvested, 720,000 ; wheat, 10,000 acres, bushels, 130,000 ; oats, 3,000 acres, bushels, 75,000 ; rye, 140 acres, bushels, 1,720 ; tons of hay, 30,000 ; potatoes, 42,000 bushels ; number of horses in county in 1924, 3,960 ; all cattle, 14,450 ; dairy cows, 5,220 ; swine, 7,910 ; sheep, 370 - HISTORY OF OHIO not listed. Number acres cultivated in 1920, 161,413 ; average size farm, 78.6 acres. The present (1923-24) county officials are as follows : Probate judge, Reed M. Powell ; clerk of the courts, Tulberry Dixon ; sheriff, Walter McCoy ; auditor, G. N. Scurlock ; county commissioners, William Gettels, Ernest Lewis, David Thomas ; treasurer, A. M. Scott ; recorder, Mayme Rogers ; surveyor, Arch E. Campbell ; prosecuting attorney, John E. Foster ; coroner, Dr. W. R. Enos ; county superintendent o f schools, Lloyd H. Wharton ; agricultural agent, P. P. Funkhauser. The county seat is Jackson, laid out in 1817, is seventy-three miles southeast of Columbus. In 1880 its population was 3,021 ; in 1920 it was 5,842. The city, as well as the county, was named for General Jackson, who was in his military glory at the date the county was organized. It has iron furnaces and machine shops ; it manufactures drain pipe, auger bits and novelties. Wellston is eighty-five miles southeast of Columbus. The city had in 1920 a population of 6,687. Its coal and iron industries are important. It has furnaces, foundries, machine shops and a Portland cement factory. JEFFERSON COUNTY Jefferson County, deriving its name from President Jefferson, was the fifth county established in Ohio. It was created under Governor St. Clair's administration, July 29, 1797. As originally established the boundaries of the county were as follows : "Beginning upon the bank of the Ohio River, where the western boundary of Pennsylvania crosses it, and down the said river to the southern boundary of the fourth township in the third range (of those townships that were surveyed in conformity to the ordinance of Congress of the 20th of May, 1785), and with the said southern boundary west, to the S 3/4W. corner of the sixth township in the fifth range ; thence north, along the western boundary of said fifth range to the termination thereof ; thence due west to the Muskingum River, and up the same to and with the portage between it and the Cuyahoga River ; thence down the Cuyahoga to Lake Erie ; thence easterly along the shore of the lake to the western boundary of Pennsylvania, and south with the same to the place of beginning." The county as thus formed included all the territory that afterward COUNTIES OF OHIO - 371 became Ashtabula, Lake, Geauga, Trumbull, Portage, Mahoning, Columbiana, Carroll, Harrison, Jefferson and parts of Tuscarawas, Stark, Summit nd Cuyahoga counties. The county seat has always been Steubenville. The county has civil townships as follows : Brush Creek, Cross Creek, Island Creek, Knox, Mount Pleasant, Ross, Salem, Saline, Smithfield, Springfield, Steubenville, Warren, Wayne, Wells. The population of the county by decades has been as follows : 1800, 8,766 ; 1810, 17,260 ; 1820, 18,531 ; 1830, 22,489 ; 1840, 25,030 ; 1850, 29,133 ; 1860, 26,115 ; 1870, 29,188 ; 1880, 33,018 ; 1890, 39,415 ; 1900, 44,357 ; 1910, 65,423 ; 1920, 77,580. It now has a population of 190.6 per square mile. Steubenville is the only city in the county. The villages are : Brilliant, Amsterdam, Bergholz, Smithfield, Adena, Stratton, Richmond, East Springfield, Mount Pleasant, Dillionvale, Toronto, Empire, New Alexander, Mingo Junction, Grover and Yorkville. Jefferson County is richly dowered by nature. Though portions of the surface are broken and hilly, the land is generally fertile and productive. The great source of wealth is, however, the coal veins and inexhaustible beds of fire-clay with which the county is underlaid. In 1923 there were produced here 6,544,154 tons of coal and 418,059 tons of fire-clay. In both of these products the county ranks second in the entire state, Belmont County ranking first in the production of coal and Tuscarawas first in fire-clay. The following are from the agricultural statistics published by the state : In 1923 there were grown 14,000 acres of corn, producing 616,000 bushels ; wheat, 11,000 acres, 165,000 bushels ; oats, 10,000 acres, bushels, 350,000 ; barley, 60 acres, 1,500 bushels ; rye, 140 acres, bushels, 1,960 ; tons of hay, 32,000 ; potatoes, 780 acres, 63,960 bushels ; number head of horses, 4,800 ; cattle, 14,450 ; dairy cows, 8,340 ; swine, 10,690 ; sheep, 28,350. Number acres cultivated in 1920, 142,094 ; average size farm, 76.1 acres. The present (1923-24) county officers are: Probate judge, John Bellknap; clerk of the courts, John H. Patton ; sheriff, Edward D. Lucas ; county commissioners, Charles Waddell, Edward Cadegan, George H. Bair ; treasurer, Dean Crisswell ; recorder, S. Clayton Seehah ; surveyor, Vincent N. Penn ; prosecuting attorney, E. Stanton Pearce ; coroner, Archie L. Bell ; county superintendent of schools, F. D. Ring ; agricultural agent, R. E. Moser. Steubenville is on the Ohio River, twenty-two miles above Wheeling. It was named from a fort known as Fort Steuben, built here in 1789. The town was laid out in 1798, by Bezaleel Wells and Hon. James Ross, of Pennsylvania. Here were established some of the pioneer manufacturing industries of Ohio. At an early date woolen goods and hats were among the products. Manufacturing is still the chief industry of the city. According to the latest survey records of the United States Census Bureau, Steubenville had in 1919 fifty-seven manufacturing establishments employing 4,328 persons, a capital of $35,341,250, with a production that year valued at $30,903,341. The total value of all property listed for taxation in 1923 was $46,350,055. Population, census of 1920, 28,508 ; census of 1900, 14,349. The city has numerous furnaces, foundries, machine shops and brick yards. Products extensively manufactured are iron, glass, pottery, steel, tin, paper and glass melting pots. The abundance of coal close at hand, the availability of gas for fuel purposes and railroad and river transportation facilities assure the continued growth of the city. Toronto, a village of 4,684 population according to the last census, has important factories of sewer pipe, fire brick, glass and china ware. In Mount Pleasant Charles Osborn in 1817 established the Philanthropist, the first anti-slavery newspaper published in the United States. 372 - HISTORY OF OHIO Here Benjamin Lundy, in 1822, published the Genius of Universal Emancipation. Both papers were published in Steubenville. The production of silk was an early manufacturing venture of this village. Mingo Junction, three miles below Steubenville, had, census of 1920, a population of 4,616. Near the village the Indian chief, Logan, once lived. Among the distinguished men who have lived here, and will not soon be forgotten, was Hon. Edwin M. Stanton, secretary of war under Lincoln, who was a native of Steubenville, born 1814. Among the distinguished men who resided in Jefferson County were Benjamin Tappan, who was elected United States Senator to succeed Thomas Morris. Dr. John McCook, the father of one branch of the "fighting McCooks," and Humphrey H. Leavitt, judge of the United States Court for the District of Ohio for almost forty years. Edwin M. Stanton, attorney general in the cabinet of James Buchanan and secretary of war in the cabinet of President Lincoln, was born in Steubenville, December 19, 1814. KNOX COUNTY This county was named after Gen. Henry Knox, who was born in Boston and became a noted general in the Revolutionary war. He was made secretary of war in Washington's administration. Knox County was formed from a part of Fairfield County, March 1, 1808. The bottom lands of the streams are very rich, especially of the Vernon River, which also afforded at an early day fine water-power. The county has an area of 513 square miles and its population is placed at 57.7 per square mile. The civil sub-divisions comprise twenty-two civil townships as follows : Berlin, Brown, Butler, Clay, Clinton, College, Harrison, Hilliar, Howard, Jackson, Jefferson, Liberty, Middlebury, Milford, Miller, Monroe, Morgan, Morris, Pike, Pleasant, Union and Wayne. The population of this county by decades has been as follows 1810, 2,149 ; 1820, 8,326 ; 1830, 17,085 ; 1840, 29,579 ; 1850, 28,872 ; 1860, 27,735 ; 1870, 26,333 ; 1880, 27,431; 1890, 27,600 ; 1900, 27,768 ; 1910, 30,181; 1920, 29,580. The only city in the county is Mount Vernon. The villages are : Gambier, Centerburg, Fredericktown, Buckeye City, Martinsburg, Danville and Gann. The (1923-24) county officers are as follows : Probate judge, L. J. Duke ; clerk of the courts, C. C. Leiter ; sheriff, Burr H. Lyttle; auditor, Howard McFarland ; county commissioners, Joseph McMillen, Walter Shuff, A. H. Cunningham ; treasurer, Charles McDonald ; recorder, L. L. Fletcher ; surveyor, Wilbur VanHorn ; prosecuting attorney, Walter C. Harris ; coroner, Charles L. Harmer ; county superintendent of schools, J. C. Marriott ; agricultural agent, S. L. Anderson. The pioneers here were chiefly from the middle states and a few New Englanders. In 1805 Mount Vernon was laid out and named by the proprietors, who were Joseph Walker, Thomas B. Paterson and Benjamin Butler. In the spring of 1807, Gilman Bryant opened the first store in Mount Vernon. Indians came here in large numbers to trade their furs for groceries and ammunition. The first grand jury of Knox County was organized May, 1808 They found a true bill and the prisoner, William Hedrick, was found guilty of petty larceny for which crime, in addition to a fine and imprisonment, he was sentenced to receive forty lashes with a rawhide which were administered on the public square by the sheriff, seemingly to the delight and amusement of all. Mount Vernon, the county seat, is forty miles northeast of Columbus. For many years the strong magnetic springs hereabouts, dress thousands for medical treatment. In 1888 there was $1,009,000 invested in manufacturing establishments ; the iron bridge and structural iror COUNTIES OF OHIO - 373 business has been the most important industry of the city. It has also engine, bottle and window glass factories and railroad shops. In Mount Vernon lived and died Columbus Delano, who figured prominently in the nomination of Abraham Lincoln for president, and Daniel Decatur Emmett, the author of "Dixie." Here Clement L. Valandigham made the speech that led to his transfer "across the lines" to the confederacy in the exciting days of the Civil war. The population of the city, census of 1920, was 9,237; its tax duplicate in 1923 was $12,623,820. Gambier, a beautiful and refined village five miles to the north of Mount Vernon, has long been noted as the seat of Kenyon College. It was named for one of its principal benefactors in England, Lord Kenyon. A sketch of this institution is found elsewhere in this work. Fredericktown was laid out in 1807 by John Kerr ; it is seven miles northwest of Mount Vernon ; is on Vernon River which affords fair water-power. Centerburg is so named because it is near the geographical center of the state. The farm products of Knox County in 1923 were as follows : There were grown 42,000 acres of corn, producing 1,764,000 bushels ; wheat, 44,000 acres, 792,000 bushels ; oats, 9,000 acres, 243,000 bushels ; barley, 60 acres, 1,260 bushels ; rye, 480 acres, 10,560 bushels ; tons of hay, 59,000; potatoes, 78,000 bushels ; head of horses, 8,610; cattle, 24,110 ; dairy cows, 10,710 ; swine, 40,540; improved lands in 1920, 322,509 ; average size farm, 83 acres. LAKE COUNTY Lake County was formed March 6, 1840, from portions of Geauga and Cuyahoga and so named on account of its bordering on the lake (Lake Erie). The land is rolling and the soil productive. Tempered by the lake's breezes and moisture, this is adapted to the production of certain luscious, fine flavored fruits, including choice apples, pears, plums, peaches and grapes. The area of the county is only 241 square miles one of the small sub-divisions of Ohio. The eight civil townships are : Concord, Kirtland, Leroy, Madison, Mentor, Painesville, Perry, Willoughby. Its population has been as follows: In 1840 it was 13,719 ; in 1850, 14,654 ; 1860, 15,576 ; 1870, 15,935 ; 1880, 16,326; 1890, 18,235 ; 1900, 21,680 ; 1910, 22,927; 1920, 28,667. The population per square mile is 119. Following are the county officers for 1923-24 : Probate judge, Addie Aye Norton ; clerk of the courts, H. C. Cozard ; sheriff, O. M. Spink ; auditor, L. J. Spaulding ; county commissioners, H. J. Wright, W. E. Thomas, Charles P. Rose ; treasurer, Chester Little ; recorder, S. J. Goldsmith ; surveyor, C. C. Hadden ; prosecuting attorney, R. M. Ostrander ; coroner, N. C. Ice ; county superintendent of schools, F. H. Kendall ; agricultural agent, L. H. Bamer. Following are some of the recent agricultural statistics of the county : In 1923 there were grown 9,000 acres of corn, producing 315,000 bushels ; wheat, 4,000 acres, 80,000 bushels ; oats, 10,000 acres, 370,000 bushels ; barley, 290 acres, 7,250 bushels ; rye, 1,620 acres, 26,728 bushels ; buckwheat, 73 acres, 1,095 bushels ; tons of hay, 22,000; potatoes, 114,400 bushels; horses in county, 3,400; cattle, 8,840 ; dairy cows, 7,160; swine, 5,760; sheep, 3,030 ; number of acres under plow in 1920, 115,819 ; average size of farm, 43.9 acres. It appears from records in the public library at Ashtabula, that the first settlement in this county was made at Mentor in the summer of 1799, when two families were there. Among the first to effect real settlement may be named Hon. John Walworth, born in New London, Connecticut, 1765. Painesville is the only city in the county. 374 - HISTORY OF OHIO The towns and villages of Lake County are : Madison, Mentor, Fairport, Richmond, Wickliffe and Willoughby. Painesville, the county seat, is 150 miles northeast of Columbus, and twenty-nine miles east of Cleveland. The Grand River skirts the city on the east. Painesville has been more than once declared to be one of the state's handsomest places. Its population in 1920 was 7,272. It was laid out in 1805 by Henry Champion, and was named for him for many years. The name was afterward changed to that of the township, which had been named for Gen. Edward Paine, an officer in the Revolutionary war who came from Connecticut. Madison is eleven miles east of Painesville and was one of the Underground Railroad stations before the Civil war. George Harris of `-`Uncle Tom's Cabin" was arrested here. Mentor is near Lake Erie, six miles from Painesville. If for no other reason, this village will always have a place in history, because near it was the lamented Garfield's beautiful home—"Lawnfield." Willoughby is situated on the Chagrin River, three miles from Lake Erie, eleven miles from Painesville. It was first settled in 1799 by David Abbott, Peter French, Jacob West and others. The village had a population of 2,656 (census of 1920). Kirtland for a time was the home of the Mormon Church in its early formative period. In the autumn of 1830 four Mormon missionaries stopped at the village on their journey westward, and proclaimed the tenets of their faith. Sidney Rigdon, a Disciple minister of local influence, joined the new movement, which for a time attracted converts and grew very rapidly. The prophet, Joseph Smith, Jr., and his family came to Kirtland in 1831. In 1834 the Mormon Temple was built. It is still standing in excellent state of preservation. It is visited annually by thousands of tourists. It is used for religious purposes by a "reorganized" band of the Mormon Church. In 1831 the Mormons left Ohio on their exodus to the 'West. LAWRENCE COUNTY Lawrence County was organized March 1, 1816, and took its name from Capt. James Lawrence, a gallant naval officer of the War of 1812. The area of the county is 443 square miles. It consists mostly of high, abrupt hills and its soil is generally of a clay formation. Some rich land is seen in the creek and river bottoms. The county is rich in minerals and as long ago as 1890, ranked high in iron production. The agricultural products as shown by recent reports are as follows : In 1923, there were grown 19,000 acres of corn, producing 627,000 bushels ; wheat, 4,000 acres, 44,000 bushels ; oats, 2,000 acres, 54,000 bushels ; rye, 30 acres, 360 bushels ; tons of hay, 14,000 ; potatoes, 1,160 acres, 91,640 bushels ; number of horses in 1924, 4,530 ; all cattle, 13,360 ; dairy cows, 7,490 ; swine, 5,940 ; sheep, 3,030 ; number of acres under cultivation in 1920, 194,910 ; average size farm, 52.8 acres. Following are the townships of the county : Aid, Decatur, Elizabeth, Fayette, Hamilton, Lawrence, Mason, Perry, Rome, Symmes, Union, Upper, Washington, Windsor. The population by decades has been as follows : In 1820, 3,499 ; 1830, 5,367 ; 1840, 9,738 ; 1850, 15,246 ; 1860, 23,249 ; 1870, 31,380 ; 1880, 39,068 ; 1890, 39,556 ; 1900, 39,534 ; 1910, 39,488 ; 1920, 39,540 ; number people per square mile, 89.3. The 1923-24 county officers were as follows : Probate judge, Charles E. Payne ; clerk of the court, O. L. Corn ; sheriff, C. A. Dement ; auditor, Arthur O. Davidson ; county commissioners, E. A. Pinkerman, R. W. Robinson, John L. Brothers ; treasurer, L. T. Hall ; recorder, Ella Sites ; prosecuting attorney, W. L. Elkins ; coroner, Dan J. Webster ; surveyor, Clarence G. Massie ; county superintendent of schools, William C. Paul ; agricultural agent, S. Porter.