COUNTIES OF OHIO - 375 In the Indian war, before the treaty of Greenville, many boats came down the Ohio and were attacked by the Indians, and the whites in them cruelly massacred. After the close of the war, wrecks of boats were often seen on the shore, to remind the traveler of the unhappy fate of those who had fallen a prey to the gun, tomahawk and scalping-knife. In the first settlement here, as in Pennsylvania, there was quite a number of believers in witchcraft and the cases in court dealing with witches were the subject of records now to be seen, but to be laughed to scorn. The early settlers came in from Pennsylvania and Virginia in 1797 and were chiefly Dutch and Irish. When the iron works were first established only one-eighth of the land had been entered. Settlers were mostly hunters and wore hunting-shirt and moccasins. The Hanging Rock Iron Region—This comprises an area of more than 1,000 square miles, extending into the states of Kentucky and West Virginia, and Scioto, Lawrence, Jackson and Vinton counties in Ohio. The center of this great iron country is the City of Ironton. The purity of the iron once produced here was remarkable. During the Civil war the Government took all of the iron that could be produced from these mines. Every ton, save for armor-plates, was used at Fort Pitt Works, Pittsburg, for casting heavy ordnance and field guns. The famous old gun known as "The Swamp Angel" of Charleston Harbor, was cast from the Hecla iron. English experts, in 1855, declared this iron to be superior to their best products. But the iron works of this region are now almost a thing of the past. The latest mining report of the state does not mention iron as a product. Ironton, the county seat of Lawrence County, is on the Ohio River, ten miles from the southernmost point in the state and 100 miles from Columbus. As far back as 1887, it had an output of iron ore of $1,500,000 and more, but this industry is now numbered with the things that were. It has rolling mills and foundries and produces sta-tionary engines, Portland cement, lumber and fire clay. Its population is now (1920 United States census) 14,007. Hanging Rock is situated on the Ohio River, four miles below Ironton ; population, 591. The name "Hanging Rock" comes from a noted cliff of sandstone, 400 feet high. What was known as Burlington, the first seat of justice in the county, was a small village in 1846. It was situated on one of the most extreme southeastern points in Ohio. Millersport and Proctorville are both old places ; also Chesapeake Village. Proctorville now has a population of 629. Athalia Village in 1920 had a population of 233. South Point Village has a population of 406. LICKING COUNTY This county was erected from a part of Fairfield, March 1, 1808, and took its name from its principal stream, called by the white race Licking, but in Indian dialect it was Pataskala. The soil is, generally speaking, very fertile. Coal and iron ore are found, but the former only is mined. Its area is 669 square miles. Its civil townships are : Bennington, Bowling Green, Burlington, Eden, Etna, Fallsburg, Franklin, Granville, Hanover, Harrison, Hartford, Hopewell, Jersey, Liberty, Licking, Lima, Madison, Mary Ann, McKean, Monroe, Newark, Newton, Perry, St. Albans, Union, Washington. This county was settled by a mixed population coming in from Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Virginia, New England, Wales and Germany. Its settlement was first attempted soon after the Wayne Treaty of 1795, by John Ratliff and Ellis Hughes, in some of the old Indian corn fields, five miles below Newark, on the Licking River. These two pioneers 376 - HISTORY OF OHIO were from what is now West Virginia. They lived chiefly by hunting and raising a little corn, the cultivation of which was left usually to their wives. The population by decades has been as follows : 1810, 3,852 ; 1820, 11,861 ; 1830, 20,869 ; 1840, 35,096 ; 1850, 38,846 ; 1860, 37,011 ; 1870, 35,756 ; 1880, 40,450 ; of the last number, 32,000 were Ohio born ; 1890, 43,279 ; 1900, 47,070 ; 1910, 55,590 ; 1920, 56,426. Population per square mile in 1920 was 84.3. The products of the soil in this county as shown by the agricultural department statistics for 1923-24 are : In 1923 there were 63,000 acres of corn, produced 2,709,000 bushels ; wheat, 43,000 acres, 645,000 bushels ; oats, 8,000 acres, 248,000 bushels ; barley, 180 acres, 3,240 bushels ; rye, 1,670 acres, 27,555 bushels ; tons of hay, 94,000 ; potatoes, 870 acres, 86,130 bushels ; horses in county in 1924, 12,530 ; all cattle, 35,460 ; dairy cows, 19,680 ; swine, 43,160 ; sheep, 95,750 ; out of the 428,160 acres of land in the county, in 1920 there were 405,111 under plow. The average size farm contained 81.3 acres. The county government is administered by the following county officials : Probate judge, Harvey J. Alexander ; clerk of the courts, Harols Hartshorn ; sheriff, Fred H. Vogelmier ; auditor, Jesse A. Groves ; county commissioners, Robert Crawford, Charles S. Brown, Albert M. Smoots ; treasurer, Hallie M. Brown ; recorder, Jesse T. Rees ; surveyor, John A. Thompson ; prosecuting attorney, Henry C. Ashcraft ; coroner, Dr. S. S. Richards ; county superintendent of schools, Lester Black ; agricultural agent, E. R. Raymond. What is known as the "Refugee Tract" included lands within Licking County. During the Revolutionary war many people of the British provinces so strongly sympathized with the cause of the American colonies, that they were in fact obnoxious to their 'neighbors, and for this finally were forced to abandon their homes and property, and seek refuge in the colonies, where some entered the Revolutionary army. The property of such was confiscated, and they became permanent citizens of the United States. Later, Congress set apart 100,000 acres of land to be awarded to such persons for their loyalty and actual services rendered. These lands extended into three counties-Licking, Fairfield and Perry counties. The national road runs almost the entire forty-eight miles from the Scioto River to Hopewell Township, Muskingum County, within the Refugee Tract. These lands in Licking County were divided up, owing to the worthiness of the cases, into tracts of from :160 to 2,240 acres. Opening of the Ohio Canal-This was a great event, although some people even bitterly opposed the internal improvement. The first shovel full of earth in its construction was turned by Governor Clinton of New York ; the second by Governor Morrow of Ohio. The ceremony took place July 4, 1825. Both men made eloquent speeches. A host of day laborers were soon employed. The wages paid to those hard working canal builders was $8 for twenty-six days, from sunrise to sunset-less than 31 cents a day. This canal was the beginning of prosperity in Ohio. Wheat rose from 25 cents to $1.00 before the canal had been completed. Newark, the county seat of Licking County, thirty-five miles east of Columbus, is at the junction of three branches of the Licking. It is a well built, handsome city today, with a steadily increasing population. It was platted in 1801, after the plan of Newark, New Jersey, by Gen. W. C. Schenk and others, who owned this military section comprising 4,000 acres. The first hewed log house was built there in 1802. From an early date this city has been a good manufacturing place, having invested in such industry, in 1887, the amount of $411,000. Value of annual product was $738,000, at which date its population was about 14,000. It had, according to the census survey of 1919, seventy-nine manufacturing establishments, employing 5,077 persons and a capital COUNTIES OF OHIO - 377 of $15,056,227. The city has railroad machine shops ; stove, glass. steel engine, boiler, street car and bent wood works ; it manufactures cigars, harness, holophote reflectors, rope, and rubber tires. The value of its property listed for taxation in 1923 was $40,379,010. Population (1920), 26,718. The Drummer Boy of Shiloh and Chickamauga, the smallest person ever enlisted in any army, whose name was John Winton Klem, known as "Johnnie Clem," was born in Newark, August 13, 1851, and ran away to enlist as a drummer boy in the Union cause in Civil war days. His career was a wonderful and thrilling one. Granville is six miles west of Newark, and about thirty-five miles from Columbus. It was long ago made the seat of Denison University, Granville Female College and Shepardson's Institute for Women. In 1890 the town had a population of 1,293 ; in 1920 it is given as 1,440. This town was settled by members of the Scioto Company from Granville, Massachusetts. The company was made up of 114 members, who purchased 28,000 acres of land. In the fall of 1805, 232 persons chiefly of East Granville, Massachusetts, came onto the purchase. Schools and churches were the first things thought of by the average pioneer of this Massachusetts colony. But there was also a pro-slavery element in their midst which later made trouble. We refer to the famous Granville Riot elsewhere fully described in this work. Other villages are : Hanover, eight miles east of Newark ; Kirkersville, Hartford, Pataskala, Johnstown, St. Louisville, Alexandria, Hebron, Utica. Other hamlets in the county, some of which have ceased to exist, were : Jacksontown, Luray, Brownsville, Chatham, Etna, Fredonia, Havana, Homer, Linnville, Lockport. What is known as Flint Ridge is in the southeastern part of this county, eight miles from Newark, extending toward Zanesville. It was an important source of supply for Indian arrow-heads and other flint implements, which were widely distributed from the work shops located here. The prehistoric earthworks of Licking County, located chiefly in and around the City of Newark, are among the most interesting and diversified of the entire state, which is famous for its mound builder remains: These interesting monuments to an age that "left no memory" are annually visited by many tourists. LOGAN COUNTY Logan County was formed March 1, 1817, and the courts ordered to be held at the house of Edwin Matthews, in the town of Bellville until a permanent seat of justice could be secured. The county was named for Gen. Benjamin Logan. Among the streams found here is Mad River, where the land is broken and hilly ; in the western part there were originally eight small lakes, covering from two to twenty acres each. The area of the county is 451 square miles, and its density of population in 1920 was 66.7 per square mile. Its seventeen civil townships are as follows : Bloomfield, Boke's Creek, Harrison, Jefferson, Lake, Liberty, McArthur, Miami, Monroe, Perry, Pleasant, Richland, Rush Creek, Stokes, Union, Washington, and Zane. Population by : 1820, 3,181; 1830, 6,440 ; 1840, 14,015 ; 1850, 19,162 ; 1860, 20,996 ; 1870, 23,028 ; 1880, 26,267; 1890, 27,386 ; 1900, 30,420 ; 1910, 30,084 ; 1920, 30,104. The county was settled about 1806 and among the men who comprised the vanguard of pioneers to these parts included these : Robert and William Moore, Benjamin and John Schuyler, Phillip and Andrew Mathews, John Makimsom, John and Levi Garwood, Abisha Warner, Joshua Sharp, David and Robert Marmon. The territory within this county was a favorite abode of the Shaw- 378 - HISTORY OF OHIO anoe Indians, who had several villages on Mad River around which much of true history and romance hovers. It continued to be the favorite residence of the Indians years after the destruction of these towns by Kentucky troops under Gen. Benjamin Logan in 1786. By a treaty in September, 1817, at Maumee Rapids, the Senecas and Shawnees had a reservation around Lewistown, this county, but by a treaty of April 6, 1832, the Indians vacated their lands and removed to the far West. Following are agricultural statistics of the county : In 1923 were raised 62,000 acres of corn, producing 2,294,000 bushels, wheat, 12,000 acres, 168,000 bushels ; oats, 21,000 acres, 567,000 bushels ; barley, 4,850 acres, 97,000 bushels ; rye, 3,250 acres, 42,250 bushels threshed ; tons of hay, 44,000 ; potatoes, 65,280 bushels ; in 1924 the number of horses was 9,760 ; cattle, 23,110 ; dairy cows, 13,000 ; swine, 44,160 ; sheep, 39,690 ; acres of land in 1920, 288,640 ; improved farm land, 274,000 acres ; average size farm in county, 78.5 acres. The county officials in 1923-24 were as follows : Probate judge, Ernest Thompson ; clerk of the courts, Holmes H. Kress ; sheriff, Charles C. Wooley; auditor, N. W. Corbett ; county commissioners, Pearl J. Humphreys, Hal E. Knight, A. B. Hover ; treasurer, F. B. Davidson ; recorder, Sam A. Carter ; surveyor, I. P. Core ; prosecuting attorney, Johnson E. West ; coroner, W. C. Pay ; county superintendent of schools, Glenn Drummond. Bellefontaine, the county seat of Logan County, is fifty-five miles northwest of Columbus. It was platted as a town March 18, 1820. The land where the city stands was owned at that time by John Tulles and William Powell. It was named on account of the fine and numerous springs of the vicinity. Joseph Gordon erected the first cabin on the platting. The elevation of Bellefontaine is the highest point in Ohio-1,540 feet above tide-water. It had a population of 4,238 in 1890; the returns for 1920 gives it as 9,336. It has railroad shops and manufactures automobile bodies, sewer pipes, mattresses and carriages. The villages of the county are : Ridgeway, West Mansfield, Zanesfield, West Liberty, Huntsville, De Graff, Quincy, Belle Center, Rushsylvania and Lakeview. Logan County gave the state three lieutenant governors, Benjamin Stanton, Robert P. Kennedy and William V. Marquis ; two eminent jurists, Judges William H. West and William Lawrence. It was also the home for many years of Gen. A. Sanders Piatt and Col. Don Piatt. The castle residence of the latter in the valley of the Mac-o-chee is frequently visited by tourists. Simon Kenton in the later years of his life lived in a small log house on the headwaters of Mad River where he died and was buried. His remains were afterward removed to Urbana. Isaac Zane, captured by the Indians at the age of nine and adopted into one of their tribes, was a pioneer of Logan County, where he died in 1816. LORAIN COUNTY Lorain County was formed December 26, 1822, from parts of Huron, Cuyahoga and Medina counties. A special feature of its topography is its three sand ridges, parallel with the lake shore, varying from 40 to 150 rods in width. They are three, seven and nine miles in distance from the lake. The county has 497 square miles in its area and its population in 1920 was placed at 182.3 per square mile. The civil townships making up Lorain County are twenty in number and named as follows : Amherst, Black River, Brighton, Brownhelm, Camden, Carlisle, Columbia, Eaton, Elyria, Grafton, Henrietta, Huntington, La Grange, Penfield, Pittsfield, Ridgeville, Rochester, Russia, Sheffield. and Wellington. The census reports by decades give the county's population as fol- COUNTIES OF OHIO - 379 lows : In 1830 it had 5,696; 1840, 18,467; 1850, 26,086; 1860, 29,744; 1870, 30,308; 1880, 35,526; of the last named figures 22,448 were Ohio born, 2,717 from New York, 668 from Pennsylvania, 2,819 from Ger-man Empire, 1,759 from England and Wales, with France, British America, Scotland, Norway and Sweden represented. In 1890 the population was 40,295; 1900, 54,857; 1910, 76,037; 1920, 90,612. The present (1923-24) county officials are : Probate judge, H. C. Wilcox; clerk of the courts, Mabel Marsh ; sheriff, Fred A. Underhill; auditor, Monroe H. Welty ; county commissioners, W. B. Richmond, A. E. Hale, C. D. Murray ; treasurer, Walter G. Ludwig; recorder, William G. Mitchell; survey-or, Clinton M. Theobald ; prosecuting attorney, Lawrence H. Weber ; coroner, M. E. Perry; county superin-tendent of schools, E. C. Seale; agricultural agent, C. E. Rowland. Lorain was for many years one of the state's greatest cheese-making counties. The county ranks high in agricultural resources. In 1923 there were grown 28,000 acres of corn, producing 1,148,000 bushels of sound corn ; wheat, 26,000 acres, 494,000 bushels ; oats, 29,000 acres, 1,160,000 bushels; barley, 150 acres, 3,750 bushels ; rye, 300 acres, 4,500 bushels; tons of hay, 46,000 ; potatoes, 384,100 bushels ; horses in 1924, 9,780 ; cattle, 27,450 ; dairy cows, 22,170 ; swine, 14,610; sheep, 14,340 ; county contains 318,080 acres of land and 278,195 acres were under the plow in 1920 ; average size farm is 51.1 acres. Lorain County has two cities, Lorain and Elyria. The following are villages with population according to the census of 1920: Amherst, 2,485 ; Avon, 1,460 ; Avon Lake Village, 904 ; Grafton, 900 ; La Grange, 500 ; Rochester, 157; Oberlin, 4,236; Wellington, 2,245. Lorain has a good harbor and is an important iron and coal port. It maintains a large fishing industry. Its chief importance is due, however, to its manufacturing enterprises. Its steel industries employ about 10,000 men. Important manufactured products are vapor stoves, steel tubing, and shovels. Its ship building yards employ 1,800 men and its railroad shops more than 600. According to the census survey of 1919 the manufacturing industries of this city numbered fifty-five, employing 12,622 persons and a capital of $130,835,811. The annual 380 - HISTORY OF OHIO manufactured products was then valued at $116,908,616. The value of property real and personal for purposes of taxation in 1923 was $58,634,150. Population (1920), 37,295. On Saturday, June 28, 1924, this city was visited by a disastrous storm. Seventy-two lives were lost and hundreds of persons were injured. The value of property destroyed was estimated at $25,000,000. The county seat is Elyria, twenty-six miles southwest of Cleveland. It has frequently been called a suburb of Cleveland. Back as far as 1888, this was a good manfacturing town, and has kept pace with the progress of the years. Elyria in 1919 had seventy-five manufacturing establishments employing 5,132 persons and a capital of $21,756,093. The value of manufactured products was $25,191,454. These products include the following, long and interesting variety : Cold rolled steel, chemical products, enameled ware, canned goods, leather goods, electrical apparatus, screws, automobile engines, hardware, sheet steel, tricycles and wheeled chairs, babbitt metal, saddles, iron fencing, iron pipes, core drills, quarrying machines, linseed oil, automobiles, steel stoves, furnaces, gas engines, telephone supplies, rubber tires, hosiery, silk lace, and raincoats. The total value of all property listed for taxation in 1923 was $40,391,190. Population (1920), 20,474. Oberlin is the seat of Oberlin College, which in the days before the Civil war attained a national reputation because of its advanced position in favor of co-education and the abolition of slavery. It is still recognized as one of the most progressive denominational educational institutions of the state. An extended sketch is found elswhere in this work. Amherst is noted for its sandstone quarries. Wellington is historically noted for the Oberlin-Wellington riot that occurred here and is elsewhere described in this work. Near the village was born Myron T. Herrick, former governor of Ohio and at present ambassador to France. The village takes pride in its public library, the gift of Mr. Herrick. LUCAS COUNTY Lucas County was named in honor of Robert Lucas, governor of Ohio .from 1832 to 1836. It was formed June, 1835. Its soil is sandy and level in places, and a portion of it was once known as the Black Swamp district. It now contains 342 square miles. As early as 1887 it contained 256 miles of steam railroad track. It has had population as follows : In 1840 it was 9,382 ; 1850, 12,363 ; 1860, 25,831 ; 1870, 46,722 ; 1880, 67,377 ; 1890, 102,296 ; 1900, 153,559 ; 1910, 192,728 ; 1920, 275,721. It has 806.2 population to the square mile. The townships comprising this county are : Adams, Jerusalem, Monclova, Oregon, Providence, Richfield, Spencer, Springfield, Swanton, Sylvania, Washington, Waterville, Waynesfield. The county officers of Lucas County are : Probate judge, O'Brien O'Donnell ; clerk of the courts, W. T. Huntsman ; sheriff, John T. Taylor ; auditor, George A. Kratt ; county commissioners, Ralph E. Farnsworth, John Jackman, Roy E. Davis ; treasurer, Claud C. Kilbury ; recorder, Arthur D. Hill ; surveyor, C. L. Sawyer ; prosecuting attorney, Roy R. Stuart ; coroner, Charles J. Hengler ; county superintendent of schools, J. W. Whitmer ; agricultural agent, E. O. Williams. Though the population of the county is largely in the City of Toledo, the agricultural products are important. In 1923 there were raised 30,000 acres of corn, producing 1,470,000 bushels; wheat, 16,000 acres, bushels, 400,000 ; oats, 18,000 acres, bushels, 810,000 ; barley, 2,340 acres, bushels, 77,220 ; rye, 2,210 acres, bushels, 41,990 ; buckwheat, acres, 184, bushels, 2,944; tons of hay, 27,000. There were raised in 1923, 292,500 bushels of potatoes. Number horses in county in 1924, COUNTIES OF OHIO - 381 6,700; cattle, 12,630; dairy cows, 9,230; swine, 19,870 ; plow land in county in 1920, 126,991 acres ; average size farm of county, 46.3 acres. In 1920 there were raised 571,816 quarts of small fruits and 1,078,315 pounds of grapes. This region of the state—Maumee Valley--has been the theatre of very important historical events. The greatest was Wayne's victory, or "The Battle of Fallen Timbers." That was fought August 20, 1794, within the limits of Lucas County. Though the number of men lost in the army under Wayne was comparatively small, and the number of Indians killed and wounded in this battle was not large, the results embodied in the treaty of Greenville the following year were of importance and prepared the way for the rapid settlement of the Northwest Territory and the first state to be formed from it. Lucas County has only one city—Toledo. Its villages are Maumee, Waterville, Whitehouse, Sylvania, Sharples and Berkey. The first known white settlers of the Maumee Valley were Gabriel Godfrey and John Baptiste Beaugrand, who established a trading post at the foot of the Maumee Rapids about 1790. The original county seat of this county was Maumee City, eight miles south of Toledo. It was platted under the name of Maumee in 1817, by Maj. William Oliver and others, at the foot of the rapids in the river. For many years the towns of Perrysburg, Toledo, and Maumee City were rivals, but finally Toledo outgrew the others. Maumee, formerly called Maumee City, is the largest of the villages of Lucas County. Its population, according to the census of 1920, was 3,195. THE CITY OF TOLEDO Toledo, the seat of justice of Lucas County, is on the Maumee River, near its mouth; is in latitude 41 degrees and 30 minutes north, and longitude 83 west. It is 587 feet above sea level and is ninety-six miles west from Cleveland, and 124 north from Columbus. It is only two miles from the Michigan boundary line. A few French-Canadian hunters and trappers settled here in the *eighteenth century, but no 382 - HISTORY OF OHIO regular American white settlement was attempted until much later on. The city includes the site of old Fort Industry, built in 1800. In 1817 a company of speculators laid out a town at the mouth of Swan Creek, called Port Lawrence. In 1832 another settlement named Vistula was begun by Major Stickney, an Indian agent. A rivalry sprang up between these two townsites. In 1833, however, they were prudent enough to consolidate the two towns. It was then named Toledo by Willard J. Daniels, after the capital of an old Moorish province in Spain. It was incorporated in 1836, when it became a port for a line of steamers. The place grew very slowly until the advent of the Wabash and Erie Canal in 1843. The first railroad entered Toledo in 1836, when the Erie & Kalamazoo line was finished. At first its cars were run over wooden rails and drawn by horses, but a year later steam was utilized. The company failed, and the road was sold out to the New York Central system. Population.—Toledo had a population of 1,222 in 1840 1860 it was 13,786; 1880, 50,137; 1900, 131,822; 1910, 168,497; 1920, 243,164. Commerce and Transportation.—Situated at the western end of Lake Erie, it has a decided advantage over other cities in commercial facilities. From Chicago, by the lake, it is 691 miles ; by rail only 234. It now has sixteen trunk lines of railway with outlets both toward the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. There are 393 daily trains on steam railroads and 572 on interurban lines. Toledo is one of the most important grain markets in the United States, that product coming from the "winter wheat belt" especially here finds a great market. It is the world's greatest clover seed market. In 1918 there were received here 20,000,000 bushels of wheat, corn, rye, oats. Toledo is among the biggest soft coal shipping places in America. The lumber trade is large in both soft and hard woods. Fifty per cent of all coal transported on the Great Lakes in 1918 was loaded in this city. Manufacturing Interests.--Toledo is well at the front in its many manufacturing plants. Fuel and raw material are close at hand, and this is the key to her success as a manufacturing city. Blast furnaces of 800 tons per day are found here. One great factory is the Willvs-Overland Company, producing automobile passenger cars. This is the second largest plant 'for the manufacture of automobiles in the entire world. Plate glass works are numerous. Libby cut glass, manufac-tured here, is known in every land. Here are the Toledo Sugar Com- COUNTIES OF OHIO - 383 pany, the Toledo Scale Works, Milburn's Wagon Works, shipyards, and enough more to make a total of over 600 manufactories. This is the center of the metal wheel industry in the country. The Standard Oil Company has an oil refinery here, costing $5,000,000, and pipes crude oil direct from the oil fields. The United States Government in 1918 established a nitrate plant costing $20,000,000 at Toledo. According to the census survey of 1920, Toledo had 671 manufacturing establishments, employing 48,776 wage earners, a capital of $206,032,674, and producing goods valued at $293,520,900 annually. The value of all property, real and personal, listed for taxation in 1923 was $469,119,280. Banking.—Here one finds today twenty-two solid banking institutions, eight building and loan concerns, and other financial interests. During 1918 the Toledo banks passed the $100,000,000 mark in deposits. Streets.—Toledo has 423 miles of well improved streets, of which 256 miles are well electrically lighted. The street car system covers 120 miles in the city and suburbs. It was in 1887 when natural gas and oil were first discovered in the vicinity of Toledo. Parks and Government.—There is a total area of 1,582 acres in the Toledo park system. There are fifty-two parks, and many are highly improved after modern fashion. The city government is a simplified form of municipal affairs. The people elect their mayor and council ; the remainder of the officers are appointed. Schools, Churches, Etc.—There are many public schools of high order, and there are two high school buildings costing $750,000 each ; there are fifty-one public school buildings in all, and twenty-two parochial schools. The city may well boast of its Newsboys' Association and buildings founded in 1892 by John E. Gunckel. In 1908 a fine brick building was provided the newsboys of the city, the same costing $110,000, fully equipped. In 1922 this association had a membership of 1,150. Among eminent men who were residents of Toledo are: Morrison R. Waite, chief justice of the United States Supreme Court ; Gen. James B. Steedman, of Civil war fame ; David R. Locke, author of the famous 384 - HISTORY OF OHIO Nasby letters, and editor of the Toledo Blade ; James M. Ashley, congressman and prominent opponent of slavery ; John S. Kountz, the "Drummer Boy of Mission Ridge," and a score of others whose fame extended beyond the limits of Ohio. These have passed to their final reward. Among the living is Gen. Isaac R. Sherwood, who, on March 4, 1925, completed a long service in Congress, only less notable than his brilliant record as soldier in the Civil war. His wife, Kate Brownlee Sherwood, who died some years ago, will long be remembered for her social graces, her literary attainments and patriotic spirit. MADISON COUNTY Madison County, named for the fourth President of the United States—James Madison—was organized in March, 1810. It was described forty years ago as being of "a clayey soil, surface level, about one-third is prairie land and is largely a stock-raising county." Its area is 497 square miles. Its civil townships are : Canaan, Darby, Deer Creek, Fairfield, Jefferson, Monroe, Oak Run, Paint, Pike, Pleasant, Range, Somerford, Stokes and Union. Of its past and present population is may be said that in 1810 there were 1,603 inhabitants ; 1820, 4,799 ; 1830, 6,190 ; 1840, 9,025 ; 1850, 10,015; 1860, 13,015; 1870, 15,633 ; 1880, 20,129 ; 1890, 20,057; 1900, 20,590 ; 1910, 19,902 ; 1920, 19,662 ; population per square mile in 1920 was 39.6. Its present (1923-1924) county officials are : Probate judge, J. E. Strayer ; clerk of the courts, William R. Withen ; sheriff, F. E. Willard ; auditor, L. P. Wilson ; county commissioners, G. A. Street, Charles Foster, W. S. Robinson ; treasurer, Charles L. Weimer ; recorder, Albert B. Rankin ; surveyor, Elmer E. Harvey ; prosecuting attorney, H. H. Crabbe ; coroner, J. T. Baker ; county superintendent of schools, L. C. Dick ; agricultural agent, S. R. Heffron. The United States census reports for 1920, and Ohio reports for 1923-1924, give these figures concerning the argricultural products of Madison County : In 1923 there was an acreage of corn of 85,000, bushels, 3,910,000 ; wheat, 36,000 acres, bushels, 684,000 ; oats, 20,000 acres, bushels, 540,000 ; barley, 330 acres, bushels, 10,880 ; rye, 430 acres, bushels, 6,920 ; tons of hay, 40,000; potatoes, acres, 400, bushels, 32,000; number of horses, 11,020 ; cattle, 23,970 ; dairy cows, 3,900 ; swine, 75,790 ; sheep, 20,200 ; average size farm in county in 1924, 147.6 acres. Formerly, the farms of this county were exceedingly large, numbering thousands of acres in many instances. It is safe to state that seventy-five years ago, one-half of this county was under water. These lands were thought to be valueless, and until they were drained and properly cared for they had no productive value, but now they are the most fertile to be found anywhere. The first court in Madison County was held by Judge Thompson, of Chillicothe. The main business the first few years, was trying men for fighting. The county seat is London, twenty-five miles west from Columbus. It was platted in either 1810 or 1811, as the seat of justice, by Patrick McLene. Its present population is 4,080. London has been long noted for its "monthly stock sales," which enterprise was kept up down .to within modern days. These sales were conducted by stockmen who banded together as a company and had regular officers and regular sale days each month. A report kept and published shows that during thirty years there were sold in this way 145,416 head of cattle, sheep, mules and horses. This was the first monthly stock sale known to have succeeded in the state's history. London is in the midst of a remarkably productive agricultural region. Large shipments of wheat, corn, oats, livestock, poultry and COUNTIES OF OHIO - 385 eggs are made from this point. The following products are here manufactured : Flour, woodwork, carriages, canned goods and novelties. Other villages in Madison County are : Plain City, in the midst of a rich farm section; West Jefferson, ten miles northeast of London, where once stood a block house; Mount Sterling, fifteen miles southeast of London; Midway and South Solon. Jonathan Alder, in 1781, when a child, was taken and long held a captive by the Indians. He finally returned to his mother in Virginia after an absence of about twenty-four years. In the meantime he settled within the present limits of Madison County after Wayne's treaty with the Indians and gradually applied himself to farming. Learning in 1805 that his mother and brothers were still living in Virginia, he arranged to visit them, after separating from his Indian wife.. Later he returned to Madison County, married a white woman and lived on his farm until his death in the year 1849. Many of his descendants are now living in the county and are among its highly respected and substantial citizens. 1 The cabin in which Jonathan Alder lived is still standing. MAHONING COUNTY Mahoning County was taken from portions of Columbiana and Trumbull counties, March 1, 1846. Its name was from the river, so called, and that in Indian means "At the lick." The county's surface is rolling and the soil excellent for corn and wheat. Very early in its history the settlers turned their attention to growing fine qualities of wool. The Mahoning Valley abounds in excellent bituminous coal, suited for the smelting of iron ore. In 1888 there was mined 231,035 tons of coal, employing 496 miners and 71 outside workmen; iron ore, 14,000 tons ; fire clay, 400 tons ; limestone, 54,000 tons burned for fluxing, and 14,000 cubic feet of dimension stone. The civil townships of Mahoning County are these ; Austintown, Beaver, Berlin, Boardman, Canfield, Coitsville, Ellsworth, Goshen, Green, Jackson, Milton, Poland, Smith, Springfield and Youngstown. The population has been at census-taking periods as follows : In 1840, it had 21,712 ; 1850, 23,735 ; 1860, 25,894 ; 1870, 31,001 ; 1880, 42,871; 1890, 55,979; 1900, 70,134 ; 1910, 116,151 ; 1920, 186,310. The number of square miles in the county is 427; population to the square mile in 920, was 436.3. Youngstown, Struthers and East Youngstown are the cities of the county. The following are villages : Poland, Canfield, Lowelville, Beloit, Sebring and New Middlefield. Washingtonville is in Mahoning and Columbiana counties. Struthers has large metal sheet and tube works and manufactures wire nails and electric wire conduits. Its population (1920) was 5,847. East Youngstown, which has sprung up rapidly in recent years, has a large foreign population, employed chiefly in the iron manufactories. Its population (1920) was 11,237. Sebring, with a population (1920) of 3,541, has large potteries. It was named for its founder, George Sebring. Canfield, the former county seat, was for a number of years the seat of Northwestern Normal College. It has a population (1920) of 806. Poland is noted for the academy formerly maintained there. William McKinley was a former student. The Federal census for 1890 shows that the population of this county came from locations as follows : Of the 42,871, 26,672 were Ohio-born ; Pennsylvania, 5,418 ; New York, 311 ; Virginia, Indiana, Kentucky, England and Wales, France, Norway, Sweden. According 1 - For list of descendants of Jonathan Alder, see "Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly," October, 1924. COUNTIES OF OHIO - 387 to the census of 1920, of the total population, 186,310, the foreign-born numbered 45,668. These came from Great Britain, her dependencies and practically every country of Continental Europe. Among the early pioneers were Col. James Hillman, an Indian trader from Pittburg, who settled in Beaver Township, Mahoning County, in 1788. But earlier than Colonel Hillman was John Young, who settled where the City of Youngstown now stands, and for whom it was named. Colonel Hillman was tried for killing an Indian, but acquitted. He was twice sheriff under the Territorial government. Following are some of the agricultural statistics of the county : In 1923 there were 18,000 acres of corn grown, yielding 540,000 bushels ; wheat, 17,000 acres, bushels, 306,000 ; oats, 15,000 acres, bushels, 555,000 ; barley, 20 acres, 380 bushels ; rye, 950 acres, 15,200 bushels ; buckwheat, 396 acres, 9,504 bushels ; tons of hay, 52,000 ; potatoes, 277,200 bushels ; number horses in 1924, 6,870 ; cattle, 23,300 ; dairy cows, 16,800 ; swine, 13,720 ; sheep, 14,140 ; number acres culti-vated in 1920, 164,638; average size farm, 53.1 acres. The county government at the present (1923-1924) is administered by the following county officials : Probate judge, John W. Davis ; clerk of the courts, N. H. Chaney ; sheriff, Paul E. Lyden ; auditor, E. M. Faust ; county commissioners, Allen Shale, D. J. Morgan, C. A. Israel; treasurer, F. H. Vogan; recorder, Thomas R. Atwood ; sur-veyor, George M. Montgomery ; prosecuting attorney, H. H. Hull ; coroner, M. E. Hayes ; county superintendent of schools, Jerome Hull; agricultural agent, J. C. Hedge. THE CITY OF YOUNGSTOWN Youngstown is truly a modern industrial city, almost a twin to nearby Pittsburg and Cleveland. It is the county seat of Mahoning County, and now has a population of 132,358, and is the center of a large steel producing district. It is sixth in size in population in Ohio and fourth in commercial importance. It is situated midway between Cleveland and Pittsburg—sixty-seven miles each way. The place is divided by the Mahoning River and covers an area of twenty-five square miles. Its public square is 285 feet above Lake Erie, and it is 858 feet above sea level. The township in which it is situated was named Young, for John Young, a pioneer settler. The first coal mined here was by David Tod, who later became Ohio's war governor. He also aided in building the canal and railroads. Municipal.—In 1922 Youngstown had 320 miles of streets, 158 of which were well paved ; also 180 miles of sewers. The city's water supply is from the Mahoning River ; the plant was established in 1872. Modern improvements have since been added. The waterworks cost $2,477,000. Mill Creek Park of 485 acres, one of the most beautiful in Ohio, and a score of lesser parks make the city famous for its scenic attractions. The most notable building in the city is the Gallery of the Butler Art Institute, erected by Joseph G. Butler at a cost of $500,000 in 1911. Commercial and Industrial.—The old Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal was built in 1839, and the railroad to Cleveland in 1856; both became factors in building up Youngstown. There are now six trunk lines of railways and fifty-seven trains daily. The steel and rolling mill industry has made the city one of note in the manufacturing world. As early as 1805 a blast furnace was in operation there. It was the second furnace in the United States to employ raw block coal. A rolling mill for making iron bars and rods was built and in operation in 1846. From 1856 iron ore was shipped by boat from across Lake Superior and by rail from the nearest port. Steel mills, cut nail works and dozens of great enterprises soon engaged in building up fortunes for their owners, and 388 - HISTORY OF OHIO at the same time making a great city. The half dozen limestone quarries near at hand have a combined output of 5,000,000 tons per year ; they employ 2,000 workmen. In 1918 Youngstown had fifty-one blast furnaces in operation, producing over 6,000,000 tons of pig iron ; forty-seven steel works and rolling mills, producing 3,000,000 tons of Bessemer and scores of other iron products. At this city are manufactured many automobile parts, also trucks, leather goods from home leather, powder, wagons and rubber goods. According to the census survey of 1920 Youngstown had 239 manufacturing establishments employing 23,047 wage earners, a capital of $186,774,621, and producing goods valued at $241,458,370. The value of all property, real and personal, listed for taxation in 1923 was $332,123,470. The banks in 1922 numbered five, besides lesser concerns and excellent building and loan companies. Total bank deposits in 1922 aggregated $70,000,000. The First National Bank here was the third to organize in the United States ; it now has 61,000 depositors with millions of deposits. The city has never known a bank failure. There are 110 churches in the city, of which sixty-four are English-speaking people. The Catholic population is about 65,000; they have twenty-two churches in English, three Greek, two Polish, two Italian. Civic and benevolent societies are numerically indicated by the one word—Legion. A Rotary club has 135 members ; the Chamber of Commerce has a membership of 1,100. The schools stand high. There are forty-nine public school buildings, valued at $3,000,000 ; land they occupy is worth $550,000. In 1922 the city employed 565 teachers ; number of pupils was 20,411. The city maintains public libraries, Young Men's Christian Association and Young Women's Christian Association organizations. The city is under a municipal form of government by which the people elect their mayor each two years, and a board of councilmen by wards. The population at various dates has been : 1870, 8,075 ; 1900, 44,885 ; 1910, 79,066 ; 1920, 132,358. During the World war the citizens of Youngstown showed a loyal and patriotic spirit. Her men went by the thousands ; $50,000,000 worth of United States war bonds were sold there, and for outside work occasioned by the war $3,000,000 was cheerfully raised. Judge George Tod, a native of Connecticut, came to Youngstown before Ohio was admitted into the Union. He was a member of the Ohio State Senate, judge of the Ohio Supreme Court and an officer in the War of 1812. His son, David Tod, born in Youngstown, became the second Civil war governor of Ohio. Judge James Brownlee, born in Scotland, came to Youngstown in 1827 and later lived in the Village of Poland. He was an ardent antislavery advocate and father of Kate Brownlee Sherwood, wife of Gen. Isaac R. Sherwood, and talented "poetess of patriotism," who was born in the Village of Poland. Among other notables of the city is Joseph G. Butler, the personal friend of President McKinley, noted for his public spirit and civic benefactions. Hon. John H. Clarke, late judge of the United States Supreme Court, now resides in Youngstown. MARION COUNTY Marion County was organized March 1, 1824, and named for Gen. Francis Marion, of South Carolina, a partisan officer in the Revolution. Aside from the extreme eastern portion; this county is level. The Sandusky plain, a prairie land, covers part of the county to the north of Marion and west of the Whetstone or Olentangy. The soil is COUNTIES OF OHIO - 389 fertile. The area in square miles is 409. Density of population in 1920 was 102.7 per square mile. This county is on the broad watershed between Lake Erie and the Ohio River, fifty miles south of the west end of the lake. It is watered by the Scioto and its many tributaries, as well as by the Sandusky and Tymochtee. Its yearly average temperature is about fifty degrees ; rainfall, forty inches, including snow reduced to water. The first tract of land entered within this county, north of the treaty line, was by G. H. Griswold, a teamster for the Government, and it comprised a fractional part of a section at Rocky Point. South of the treaty lines, the first settlements were made from 1805 to 1814, in Waldo and Prospect townships. The settlers included the Drakes, Brudiges, Wyatts, Markleys and Evanses. The products of the soil, the rewards of the industrious farmer of this county, in 1923-1924 are as follows : In 1923 57,000 acres of corn produced 2,109,000 bushels ; wheat, 19,000 acres, bushels, 266,000 ; oats, 26,000 acres, bushels, 624,000 ; barley, 640 acres, 12,800 bushels rye, 270 acres, bushels, 4,590 ; tons of hay, 36,000 ; potatoes, 510 acres, 53,550 bushels ; head of horses in 1924, 8,050 ; cattle, 19,450 ; swine, 53,340; sheep, 39,390; number acres in plow land in 1920, 216,995 ; average size farm, 108.7 acres. The population for the decades indicated has been as follows : In 1830, 6,551 ; 1840, 14,765 ; 1850, 12,618 ; 1860, 15,490 ; 1870, 16,184 ; 1880, 20,565, of which 16,332 were born in Ohio, 1,057 in Pennsylvania, 268 in New York, 202 in Virginia, 133 in Indiana, 33 in Kentucky, 1,017 in German Empire, 450 in Ireland, 193 in England and Wales, 69 in British America, 16 in Scotland, 16 in France ; 1890, 24,727. In 1900 the county had a population of 28,678 ; 1910, 33,971 ; 1920, 42,004. The county is divided into fifteen civil townships as follows : Big Island, Bowling Green, Claridon, Grand, Grand Prairie, Green Camp, Marion, Montgomery, Pleasant, Prospect, Richland, Salt Rock, Scott, Tully and Waldo. Following are the officers of Marion County (1923-1924) : Probate judge, Louis B. McNeal ; clerk of the courts, M. L. Wilson ; sheriff, Frank A. Washburn ; auditor, Budga C. Decker ; county commissioners, Frank D. Smith, Elmer E. Drake, W. C. Wooley ; treasurer, Bert J. Shelton ; recorder, Stephen H. Hart ; surveyor, Cecil R. Leavens ; prosecuting attorney, Fred W. Warner ; coroner, C. S. Burnside ; county superintendent of schools, C. B. Rayburn ; agricultural agent, G. W. Timmons. Marion, the county seat, is situated forty-four miles north of Columbus. It was platted in 1821 by Eber Baker and Alexander Holmes, proprietors. It is noted for its many railroads and extensive quarries and lime kilns. One of the interesting objects in Marion is the Soldiers' Memorial Chapel, dedicated August 22, 1888 ; 2,800 soldiers' names are inscribed on the marble tablets. This county was passed over and made to be well known in the War of 1812, from the fact that "war roads" passed directly across its domain to the seat of war. Rocky Point was a popular resort for the army then. General Green had his encampment there, hence the name "Green's Camp." At "Jacob's Well" General Harrison paused enroute. The Federal Census for 1920 placed the population of the, City of Marion at 27,891. Within the last few years Marion has been in the mind and on the lips of nearly all true Americans, for this is the city from which Warren G. Harding was elected to the office of President of the United States, and here his mortal remains now lie entombed, by the side of his devoted wife, who survived him only a short time. To patriot and politician Marion, Ohio, will ever remain a sacred shrine. The manufacturing industries of Marion are extensive and steadily expanding. Here are produced steam shovels, dredges, threshers, 390 - HISTORY OF OHIO engines, shoes and pianos. Railroad shops are located here, and lime and building stone are quarried in the vicinity. The manufacturing establishments of Marion employed, according to the census of 1920, 4,852 persons, a capital of $17,221,927, and produced goods valued at $20,712,973. The value of real and personal property listed for taxation in 1923 was $37,800,550. Other incorporated places of the county include Caledonia, Larue, Prospect, New Bloomington, Green Camp, Waldo and Morral, all villages. MEDINA COUNTY Medina County was formed in February, 1812, from "that part of the reserve west of the 11th range, south of the numbers 5, and east of the 20th range, and attached to Portage County until organized." It was organized in the month of April, 1818. The settlements came in at first chiefly from Connecticut, but after a few years many Germans came to the county. The soil is chiefly gravel-loam and clay—better for grasses than grain growing. The county now has an area of 435 square miles. Seventeen civil townships constitute this county. They are named as follows : Brunswick, Chatham, Granger, Guilford, Harrisville, Hinkley, Homer, Lafayette, Litchfield, Liverpool, Medina, Montville, Sharon, Spencer, Wadsworth, Westfield, York. The earliest settlement in the county was at Harrisville, February 14, 1811, by Joseph Harris, who removed from Randolph, Portage County, with his family, consisting of his wife and one child. Wooster was the nearest settlement to him. Soon after the declaration of war with Great Britain in 1812, a trail was first attempted toward the lake. This trail was marked out by George Poe (son of Adam, the Indian fighter), Joseph H. Larwill and Roswell M. Mason. They carried their provisions in packs, sleeping out nights along the Big Swamp. The population by decades since 1820 has been as follows : That year the population was 3,082 ; 1830, 7,560 ; 1840, 18,352 ; 1850, 24,441 ; 1860, 22,517; 1870, 20,092 ; 1880, 21,453 ; 1890, 21,742 ; 1900, 21,958 ; 1910, 23,598 ; 1920, 26,067. Population per square mile, 59.9. Following is the list of county officers for 1923-1924: Probate Judge—O. O. Van Deesen ; Clerk of the Courts—L. Earl Richard ; Sheriff—Fred O. Roshon ; Auditor—W. S. Washburn ; County Commissioners—J. Ewing, J. E. Gault, John Dunn ; Treasurer—Elmer E. Lee; Recorder—Jennie Styer Bowman ; Surveyor—Fremont E. Tanner ; Prosecuting Attorney—John A. Webber ; Coroner—Dr. E. L. Crum; County Superintendent of Schools—S. H. Babcock; Agricultural Agent—R. A. Cave. Agriculture has been the leading occupation in this county. The reports of 1923-24 show the following results for that period. In 1923 the county had 24,000 acres of corn ; number bushels, 1,032,000 ; wheat, 30,000 acres, 57,000 bushels ; oats, 24,000 acres, 1,080,000 bushels ; barley-140 acres, 3,500 bushels ; rye, 600 acres, 9,900 bushels ; buckwheat, 288 acres, 6,048 bushels ; tons of hay, 44,000 ; potatoes, 398,480 bushels ; number of horses in 1924, 8,520 ; cattle, 22,520 ; dairy cows, 18,370 ; swine, 17,880 ; sheep, 14,240 ; number of acres cultivated in the year 1920, 249,572 ; average size of farm, 82.7 acres. Medina, the county seat, is twenty-eight miles southwest of Cleveland. It was originally called Mecca and so marked on the early maps. It was named Mecca from the birthplace of Mahomet, but later changed to Medina after the town of Arabia, celebrated as the burial place of Mahomet. There are now seven other Medinas known in geography. Medina is known throughout the United States and Canada as the home of the A. I. Root Company, bee culturists, manufacturers of COUNTIES OF OHIO - 391 bee keepers' supplies and publishers of agricultural literature. Popu-lation (1920), 3,430. After the county was organized, in 1818, the first court was held in a barn one-half mile north of the present courthouse. The village was laid out that year, and the next year a goodly number settled there. The township had been settled in 1813, by Zenas Hamilton and family from Danbury, Connecticut. Among noteworthy men and women. who resided in Medina County may be recalled Gen. Russell A.. Alger, ex-governor of Michigan, ex-commander-in-chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, Michigan's favorite republican candidate for President in 1888, secretary of war in the cabinet of President McKinley and United States Senator. He was born in Medina County. The well-known poems of Edith M. Thomas, born in Chatham, this county, entitle her to at least a passing mention in this the annals of her county. For many years she contributed to the leading maga-zines of this country. She was born in 1854 and was the daughter of a talented teacher. She was educated at Geneva (Ohio) Normal Institute. Her poems touch the finer chords, as from the song of a spirit unseen. Other incorporated villages of the county, with the (1920) popu-lation of each, are: Wadsworth, 4,742 ; Lodi, 1,240 ; Seville, 691; Spencer, 527; Leroy, 241 ; Western Star, 173. The village of Wadsworth has some important factories. Among the articles produced are automobile tires, valves, matches, locomotive injectors, flour, salt and brick. The value of its property, personal and real, for purposes of taxation in 1923 was $7,025,900. MEIGS COUNTY This county was named in honor of Return J. Meigs, elected gov-ernor of Ohio in 1810. It was formed from Gallia and Athens coun-ties, April 1, 1819. Courts were temporarily held at the meeting house in Salisbury Township. The western portion of this county is composed of a surface of dark sandy loam, but elsewhere the soil is clayey. The area of Meigs County is 412 square miles ; its density of population is now sixty-three per square mile. The townships as now constituted and named are as follows : Bed-ford, Chester, Columbia, Lebanon, Letart, Olive, Orange, Rutland, Salem, Salisbury, Scipio and Sutton. A former historian has described a historic spot as follows : "The mouth of Shade River, which empties into the Ohio in the upper part of the county, is a gloomy, rocky place, formerly called the Devils Hole. The Indians, returning from their murderous incursions into Western Virginia, were accustomed to cross the Ohio River at this point with their prisoners and plunder, and follow up the valley of Shade River, on their way to the towns on the Scioto." The first settlers of this county were mainly from New England, but many of these had first settled in Washington County just above Meigs and later came here. Among the pioneer band was one Amos Dunham, who made his settlement in 1802. He was a typical frontier character. The first to inhabit the locality where now stands Pomeroy, was Nathaniel Clark, who came in 1816. The first coal mine was opened in 1819, by David Bradshaw. The owners took 1,200 bushels of coal to Louisville, where they sold it at 25 cents per bushel. This was the first coal sold out of this county. As early as 1805-1806 an attempt had been made to sell coal abroad, but it was unsuccessful. About 1820 John Knight leased a large quantity of coal land from General Putnam, at $20 a year, and then commenced working the mines systematically. In 1923 the mines of Meigs County produced 1,234,463 tons of coal. 392 - HISTORY OF OHIO The population changed materially with the coming and going of the decades of the county's history. In 1820 it contained 4,480; 1830, 6,158; 1840, 11,452; 1850, 17,971; 1860, 26,534; 1870, 31,465; 1880, 32,325, of whom 24,777 were Ohio born ; 1890, 29,813 ; 1900, 28,620 ; 1910, 25,494; 1920, 26,189. Virginia furnished more of the population up to 1880 than any other state—the number being in excess of 1,554. Agricultural statistics : In 1923 the acreage of corn was 21,000, number bushels grown, 756,000 ; wheat, 11,000 acres, bushels, 154,000 ; oats, 2,000 acres, bushels, 60,000 ; rye, 105 acres, bushels, 1,575 ; buckwheat, 447 acres, bushels, 936 ; tons of hay, 23,000 ; potatoes, 93,280 bushels ; number of horses in county in 1924, 5,150 ; cattle, 15,900 ; dairy cows, 7,220 ; swine, 8,090 ; sheep, 23,230 ; number acres under cultivation in 1920 was 247,377 acres ; average size of farms, 63.4 acres. Following is the list of county officers for 1923-24: Probate Judge —J. E. Carlton ; Clerk of the Courts—T. W. Bengel ; Sheriff—Wilber A. Reeves ; Auditor—J. N. McCullough ; County Commissioners— B. K. Smith, W. F. Wilson, W. A. Compton ; Treasurer—Robert Warner ; Recorder—William Rupe ; Surveyor—Ellis N. Hysell ; Prosecuting Attorney—L. Carey Davis ; Coroner—R. W. Finsterwald ; County Superintendent of Schools—C. N. Wagner ; Agricultural Agent—G. W. Kreitler. The present villages of the county are Middleport, with a population, in 1920, of 3,772 ; Rutland has a population of 500 ; Racine has 472. Other unincorporated places are Chester, Syracuse and Minersville. The first named of the three was the first county seat. It was eight miles northeast of Pomeroy, on Shade River. Pomeroy, the county seat, is eighty-five miles southeast of Columbus. The surrounding country was long since declared "rich in coal and salt." It contained 4,726 inhabitants in 1890. Its population in 1920 was 4,294. In this portion of the Ohio Valley are rich deposits of coal and salt, and these have been extensively developed. Manufactured goods are bromine, furniture and minor items of iron. The value of the real and personal property of Pomeroy for purposes of taxation in 1923 was $3,693,880; that of the adjoining village of Middleport was $2,538,560. John Morgan, the notorious Confederate cavalry raider in Civil war days, came to grief in Meigs County and finally surrendered in Columbiana County. An account is given in this work of that daring cavalry leader and his incursion into Ohio. MERCER COUNTY Mercer County was formed from the old Indian Territory April 1, 1820. It contains about 450 square miles. This subdivision of Ohio is. one great, flat plain which, before drainage reclaimed it for man's use, was very wet ; but now no more productive land can be found in the state. The various agricultural interests are here well developed, as will be seen in recent agricultural reports. In 1923 there was raised 66,000 acres of corn, producing 3,036,000 bushels ; wheat, 24,000 acres, 384,000 bushels ; oats, 42,000 acres, 1,344,000 bushels ; barley, 1,240 acres, 26,040 bushels ; rye, 1,430 acres, 22,880 bushels ; tons of hay, 41,000; potatoes, 840 acres, 84,000 bushels ; number head of horses in 1924, 11,330 ; all cattle, 25,180 ; dairy cows, 11,630 ; swine, 60,480 ; sheep, 9,800; acres under cultivation in 1920, 276,716; average size farm, 72.2 acres. This county was named for General Hugh Mercer, who fell at the battle of Princeton, January 3, 1777. The townships of present Mercer County are as follows : Black Creek, Butler, Center, Dublin, Franklin, Gibson, Granville, Hopewell, Jefferson, Liberty, Marion, Recovery, Union and Washington. COUNTIES OF OHIO - 393 The population of the county by decades has been as follows : In 1830 it had 1,110; 1840, 8,277 ; 1850, 7,712 ; 1860, 14,104; 1870, 17,254; 1880, 21,808 (of this last' number, 17,882 were Ohio-born) ; 1890, 27,220; 1900, 28,021 ; 1910, 27,536; 1920, 26,872; present population to the square mile is 59.7. The present (1923-24) county officers of Mercer County are : Probate Judge—Frank V. Short ; Clerk of the Courts—Phillip Kable, Jr.; Sheriff—Charles Creeden ; Auditor—Henry J. Forsthoefel; County Commissioners—B. F. Smith, Frank Coates, Fred J. Gottemoeller ; Treasurer—W. O. Slemmer ; Recorder—Homer J. Hinders ; Surveyor —Joe Myers ; Prosecuting Attorney—Frank L. Kloeb ; County Superintendent of Schools—M. C. Krush ; Agricultural Agent—Bank Collins. St. Clair's disastrous defeat occurred within the present limits of Mercer County, near the village of Fort Recovery. This ill-fated campaign is detailed elsewhere in this work. An imposing monument marks the site where the valor and cunning of their savage foes overwhelmed the intrepid old general and his followers, but halted for a few years only the westward "course of empire." Celina, the county seat of Mercer County, is on the Wabash River, 100 miles southwest of Toledo. It is also historic in that it is on the Grand Reservoir, said to have been, when constructed, the largest artificial body of water in the world. At least two others now exceed it in area: Gatun Dam and Roosevelt Dam. It covered 17,000 acres and was from ten to twenty feet deep. It was constructed as "feeder!' for the old canal. It was located on the divide and waters from one end would flow into the St. Lawrence River and if taken from the other end would find their way to the Gulf of Mexico. It was nine miles long and from two to four in width. It was commenced in 1837 and completed in 1845. The population of Celina (1920) was 4,226. The value of personal and real estate for taxation in 1923 was $6,598,000. The old county seat was at St. Mary's, where Wayne built a fort by the same name. St. Mary's was afterward transferred to Auglaize County. About 1842 Augustus Wattles of Connecticut founded a colony for colored people in this county. It had connected with it "Emlen Institute," named for one of its benefactors, a New Jersey man who was of the Friends Society, and who left in his will $20,000 for some such school. A tract of land was purchased and the Institute became more than a dream. The next year, 1846, Judge Leigh of Virginia bought 3,200 acres in this settlement for the freed slaves of John Randolph, of Roanoke. Four hundred colored people came as a result of this movement, much to the discomfiture and dismay of the white settlers. Most of these people finally located in Granville, Mercer and Franklin townships, this county. Other villages are Fort Recovery, 1,092, in the midst of a great natural gas field ; Mendon, 571 ; Coldwater, 1,531 ; St. Henry, 561 ; Montezuma, 175; Chickasaw, 214. MIAMI COUNTY Miami County was taken from Montgomery, January 16, 1807, and Staunton was named the temporary seat of justice. In the Ottawa Indian tongue, the meaning of Miami is "mother." Here one finds a domain of fertile, valuable land, amounting in all to 408 square miles. There are many fine stone quarries, as well as good water-power which was in former years accounted of great value. Agriculture here is still a great industry, as will be observed in these figures from the State Department of Agriculture for 1923-24 : In 1923, there were grown 68,000 acres of corn, producing 2,856,000 bushels ; wheat, 28,000 acres, 504,000 bushels ; oats, 26,000 acres, 702,000 bushels ; barley, 394 - HISTORY OF OHIO 190 acres, 3,800 bushels ; rye, 1,990 acres, 29,850 bushels ; tons of hay, 35,000 ; potatoes, 127,920 bushels ; number head of horses, in 1924, 11,570 ; cattle, 28,210 ; dairy cows, 13,840 ; swine, 52,000 ; sheep, 6,670 ; the present number of acres of cultivated land is 247,273 ; average size farm, 66.9 acres. The civil townships are named as follows : Bethel, Brown, Concord, Elizabeth, Lost Creek, Monroe, Newberry, Newton, Spring Creek, Staunton, Union, Washington. Following is the list of county officers for the year 1923-24 : Probate Judge—E. M. Bell ; Clerk of the Courts, Brooks Johnson ; Sheriff —Mont C. Spillman ; Auditor—T. B. Radabaugh ; County Commissioners—Walter E. Thompson, F. McAlpin, John F. Lucky ; Treasurer —W. R. Fish ; Recorder—A. G. Eidemiller ; Surveyor—M. A. Gantz ; Prosecuting Attorney—Kenneth Little ; Coroner—Harold O. Brown ; County Superintendent of Schools—D. H. Sellers ; Agricultural Agent —C. B. Senn. The growth of the county in population since early times is indicated by the following figures from the Federal census reports : In 1810 the population was 3,941 ; 1820, 8,851 ; 1830, 12,807 ; 1840, 19,804 ; 1850, 24,999; 1860, 29,959; 1870, 32,740 ; 1880, 36,158 (of this number almost 29,000 were Ohio-born) ; 1890, 39,754; 1900, 43,105 ; 1910, 45,047 ; 1920, 48,428; per square mile, 118.7. Among the first to effect settlement in this county was John Knoop, from Pennsylvania in 1797. In the spring of that year he came down the Ohio to Cincinnati and cropped the first season on the "stone house" farm four miles above Cincinnati, then belonging to John Smith. During the next summer he made two excursions into the Indian country with surveying parties and at the same time selected the land he settled on later. The forests were then alive with Indians, principally the Shawnees. There were also some small bands of Mingoes, Delawares, Miamis and Potawattomies, peacefully hunting through the country. The next spring, that of 1798, Mr. Knoop moved to the present site of Staunton Village and, in connection with Benjamin Knoop, Henry Garard, Benjamin Hamlet and John Tildus, there established a station for safety for their families. Mrs. Knoop there planted the first apple tree ever started in the soil of Miami County. It grew to measure almost nine feet in circumference. Other members of this pioneer band were: Levi Martin, whose wife (Delia Corbly) when a girl was knocked down and scalped by the Indians and left for dead. Her father and three children were killed outright. Others were Tom Rogers and Andrew Dye, Sr., who at the age of eighty-seven had posterity numbering 500, covering the fifth generation. Troy, the county seat, is sixty-five miles west of Columbus. The first survey was made by Andrew Wallace in 1807. On December 3 of that year, Robert Crawford was appointed town director, and gave bonds to the county commissioners to purchase the land for the seat of justice and lay it off into lots and streets. The lands thus selected were then in the midst of a dense forest, and the tract was bought at three dollars per acre. Troy of today is a fine city. Its population in 1920 was 7,260. Before 1890 it had a courthouse and fixtures costing in excess of $400,000. Its manufactured products include wagons, automobile bodies, trailers, windshields, sunshades, phonographs, metal furniture and educational toys. The city has large flouring mills and extensive trade in grain and tobacco. Piqua, another gem city in this goodly county, had in 1920 a population of 15,044 and is rapidly forging to the front. It is situated eight miles above Troy, also on the river arid canal. It was platted in 1809, by Brandon and Manning, under the name of Washington, but after many years the name was changed. Piqua has long been noted for some of its large factories, including the Bentwood Works, the biggest in the United States in 1890. Over a million bushels of COUNTIES OF OHIO - 395 flax seed was then required for the annual output from the oil mills. The limestone quarries have also been of much commercial benefit. According to the census survey of 1920 Piqua has sixty-six manufacturing establishments employing 3,709 persons, a capital of $12,586,017, and producing goods valued at $47,947,183. The value of all property, real and personal, listed for taxation in 1923 was $21,960,140. The factories of this city produce woolen goods, oil making machinery, strawboard, automobile hearses, shovels, paper boxes, flour, tool handles, phonographs, radio equipment, furniture, stoves and underwear. Piqua has extensive stone quarries. The following are villages of Miami County, located as indicated, with the population of each according to the returns of the census of 1920 : Tippecanoe, six miles south of Troy, 2,426 ; Covington, ten miles northwest of Troy, 1,885 ; Bradford, thirteen miles northwest of Troy, 2,356 ; West Milton, 1,256 ; Casstown, 291 ; New Lebanon, 185. Upper Piqua figured much in early Indian history. A big battle was here fought in 1763. It was at this point that old fort Piqua was built before white men needed forts there, other than for stores for Wayne's army. MONROE COUNTY Monroe County was formed January 29, 1813, from parts of Belmont, Washington and Guernsey counties. It received its name after the respect held by the people for James Monroe, who was President of the United States from 1816 to 1824. The south and eastern parts of this county are very rough and hilly, while other parts are not as much so. The area of this county is 448 square miles. The official census returns at various periods show a population as follows : In 1820 it had 4,645 ; 1830, 8,768 ; 1840, 18,524 ; 1850, 28,351 ; 1860, 25,741 ; 1870, 25,779 ; 1880, 26,496, of whom 22,461 were Ohio-born ; 1890, 25,175 ; 1900, 27,031 ; 1910, 24,244 ; 1920, 20,660 ; population to the square mile in 1920 was 46.1. The townships of the present county are : Adams, Benton, Bethel, Center, Franklin, Green, Jackson, Lee, Malaga, Ohio, Perry, Salem, Seneca, Summit, Sunbury, Switzerland, Washington, Wayne. The present (1923-24) county officers are as follows : Probate Judge- O. P. Cassil ; Clerk of the Courts-Eugene Smith ; Sheriff-Charles D. Barker ; Auditor-S. V. Steward ; County Commissioners -J. A. Whittembrook, Frank Keevert, William Dunn ; Treasurer-J. G. Straight ; Recorder-Clarence O. Newhart ; Surveyor-Clayton Detler ; Prosecuting Attorney-A. C. McDougal ; Coroner-E. O. McFarland ; County Superintendent of Schools-Ed. C. Feick ; Agricultural Agent-A. H. Smith. The latest reports on agriculture from this county show that in 1923 the county raised 20,000 acres of corn and harvested 740,000 bushels ; wheat, 14,000 acres, 169,000 bushels ; oats, 10,000 acres, 270,000 bushels ; rye, 272 acres, 4,080 bushels ; tons of hay, 36,000 ; potatoes, 1,300 acres, 127,400 bushels ; tobacco, 8,526,250 pounds ; number head horses in 1924 was 5,800 ; cattle, 19,200; dairy cows, 11,070 ; swine, 8,920 ; sheep, 9,900 ; number acres in cultivation, in 1920, 267,944 ; average size of farms, 62.2 acres. Monroe is one of the leading tobacco producing counties of the state. The principal part of the earliest immigrants in this county came in from Western Pennsylvania and Western Virginia, with a few from the New England states ; one township was settled by Swiss, among whom were a large number of thoroughly educated men and women. The natural scenery was indeed charming, whether in summer or autumn or even in mid-winter it is not to be wondered at that this location attracted so many Swiss ! Woodsfield, the county seat of Monroe County, is eighteen miles 396 - HISTORY OF OHIO from the Ohio River ; was founded in 1815 by Archibald Woods, of Wheeling, George Paul, Benjamin Ruggles, and Levi Barber. Its present (1920) population is 2,394. The value of its property, personal and real, for purposes of taxation in 1923 was $2,854,945. In 1820 the village of Woodsfield had only eighteen houses, and six of these were hewed logs and the remainder simply cabins. In the somber autumn of 1820, Archibald Woods, one of the proprietors, attracted a company of men to the spot by handing out free whiskey from a well filled large keg. These men were to help clear up the main street, cutting the timber and getting it all out of the way. This they did. This band included these : Patrick Adams, James Carrothers, Joseph Driggs, Ezra Driggs, John Snyder, Anson Brewster, James Phillips, Henry H. Mott, Stephen Lindley, John King and Mrs. A. G. Hunter. The place was incorporated in 1834. The first courthouse here cost $137. The lower story was built for a jail, the courtroom being just over it. It was burned in 1867 and it was succeeded by a forty thousand dollar brick structure. The other incorporated villages of the county with the (1920) population, of each are as follows : Clarington, 607; Beallsville, 555 ; Jerusalem, 241 ; Lewisville, 230 ; Graysville, 187 ; Stafford, 158 ; Miltonsburg, 84 ; Antioch, 133 ; Calais, 49. MONTGOMERY COUNTY Montgomery derived its name from Gen. Richard Montgomery, of American Revolution fame, who was killed at Quebec, 1775. May 1, 1803, this county was created from parts of Hamilton and Ross counties, and its temporary seat of justice was fixed at the house of George Newcomb, in Dayton. One-half of the land in the county is quite rolling and the other beautifully level ; the soil is of an excellent grade, clay predominating. East of the Miami is found first class lime rock, large quantities of which have from time to time been shipped to Cincinnati for building purposes. While farming has been the early and later mainstay for obtaining wealth here, it has also come to be a very extensive manufacturing county. Thirty years ago it was written of this county : "The principal products are corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, flax-seed, potatoes, pork, wool and tobacco." The latest agricultural statistics for the county, compiled for 1923-24, show : In 1923 the number of acres of corn grown was 62,000, 2,480,000 bushels ; wheat, 35,000 acres, 665,000 bushels ; oats, 6,000 acres, 180,000 bushels ; barley, 160 acres, 4,800 bushels ; rye, 740 acres, 13,320 bushels ; tons of hay, 46,000; potatoes, 178,840 bushels ; number of head of horses, in 1924, 13,970 ; cattle, 26,080; dairy cows, 18,280 ; swine, 60,910 ; sheep, 4,550 ; number of cultivated acres, in 1920, 260,307; average size farm, 49.6 acres. The county has the following civil townships : Butler, Clay, Dayton (city and township), German, Harrison, Jackson, Jefferson, Mad River, Madison, Miami, Perry, Randolph, Van Buren, Washington and Wayne. The population of the county in 1810 was 7,722 ; 1820, 15,999 ; 1830, 24,362 ; 1840, 31,938 ; 1850, 38,218 ; 1860, 52,230 ; 1870, 64,006 ; 1880, 78,550, of whom 54,396 were born in Ohio ; 1890, 100,852 ; 1900, 130,146 ; 1910, 163,763 ; 1920, 209,532. Population per square mile in 1920 was 460.5. The county is well managed and has ever been a banner for prosperity. Its present (1923-24) county officials are : Probate Judge—Harry N. Routzohn ; Clerk of the Courts—C. D. Hoffmanz ; Sheriff—Howard E. Webster ; Auditor—Joseph A. Lutz ; County Commissioners—Sidney A. Mosby, John J. Baker, J. Mason Prugh ; Treasurer —M. L. Beard ; Recorder—T. M. Bookwalter ; Surveyor—Wesley 0. Pease ; Prosecuting Attorney—Albert H. Scharrer ; Coroner—Elmer E. COUNTIES OF OHIO - 397 Kimmel ; County Superintendent of Schools—A. A. Maysilles ; Agricultural Agent-0. L. Cunningham. When this county was organized, Dayton was selected as the county seat and has ever held it. The first canal boat entered Dayton from Cincinnati, January 25, 1829. CITY OF DAYTON The City of Dayton, seat of justice of Montgomery County, at the confluence of the Great Miami, the Mad and Stillwater rivers and Wolf Creek. Its railroad accommodations are furnished by the Erie, the Big Four and the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, and the Baltimore & Ohio railroad lines. The city is sixty-seven miles southwest of Columbus and 125 trains enter Dayton from the roads just mentioned, daily. The present union station, opened to the public July, 1900, cost (including tracks) $900,000. The area of the City of Dayton is seventeen square miles. Its population at various dates is as follows : In 1880, 38,678 ; in 1900, 85,333 ; 1910, 116,577 ; 1920, 152,559. The site of Dayton was selected in 1788 by some gentlemen, who designed laying out a town to be known as Venice, but Indian wars came on and the project was abandoned. In 1795, soon after the Wayne Treaty, a new company, composed of Generals Jonathan Dayton, Arthur St. Clair, James Wilkinson and Col. Israel Ludlow, bought the lands between the Miamis and Judge Symmes November 4, laid out the town now known as the City of Dayton. The first families to arrive were those who settled early in April, 1796. Dayton was incorporated February 12, 1805. Today it is the third largest manufacturing city in Ohio. Until recently it was the largest city in the United States under a commission form of municipal government. The mayor and five commissioners administer this thriving city. There are now thirty-six public school buildings in Dayton and an enrollment of 25,000 pupils. The public library dates back to 1805, and it was the first library incorporated in Ohio. It was not really opened for much service until 1855 and is now supported by taxation. Four miles to the west of the city stands the Dayton National Soldier's Home, and one mile to the south stands the Dayton State Hospital for the Insane. Its large and numerous business blocks, churches, schools, public buildings and private residences would do credit to a city of any size on the continent. There has never been a lack of public spirit and enthusiasm among the citizens. Among the men of national note who have claimed Dayton as their residence are recalled Gen. George Crook, U. S. A., born in Muskingum County, and of him it was said by Gen. W. T. Sherman : "He was always- a man whom we could depend upon." Another illustrious citizen of Dayton was General Schenck, of Civil. war days in Baltimore, and who after the struggle at Gettysburg was sent to Congress ; later President Grant made him minister to Great Britain, in 1871. Here the Wright brothers invented the first successful airplane, and here Orville Wright still resides. Dayton is the home of James M. Cox, newspaper proprietor, former congressman, three times elected governor of Ohio, and in 1920 democratic candidate for President of the United States. In 1888 Dayton had invested in industrial establishments $5,144,450. The value of the annual product was $9,520,782. In 1919 the city had 571 manufacturing establishments employing 36,495 persons and a capital of $121,658,316. The annual product was valued at $174,990,607. This city has world wide fame for its manufacture of cash registers, airplanes and seaplanes. The value of other products of manufacture for the year 1919 are reported as follows : Foundry and machine shop 398 - HISTORY OF OHIO products, $16,085,150; slaughtering and meat packing, $8,414,683; bread and other bakery products, $4,522,347; tools, $3,785,457; tobacco, cigars and cigarets, $3,057,848; printing and publishing newspapers and periodicals, $2,630,616; stationery goods, $2,564,132 ; pumps, steam and other power, $2,064,211 ; lumber, planing mill products, $2,036,429 ; men's clothing, $1,787,391 ; furniture, $1,488,981; confectionery and ice cream, $1,473,323; brass bronze and copper products, $1,271,610 ; paper boxes, $1,256,869; job and book printing and publishing, $1,012,880. Other products for which figures could not be shown by the government "without disclosing individual operations," were : automobile bodies and parts ; cash registers and calculating machines ; chemicals ; roasting and grinding coffee ; electrical machinery, apparatus and supplies ; envelopes ; iron and steel works and rolling mills ; malt liquors ; motorcycles and bicycles ; ordnance and accessories ; paints ; paper and wood pulp; patent medicine and compounds ; rubber tires, tubes and other rubber goods ; scales and balances; soap. The government survey of 1919 showed that Dayton manufactured more than half the stationery goods and pumps produced in the entire state. The value of all property, real and personal, listed for taxation in 1923, was $235,672,560. Population (1920), 152,559. The incorporated villages of Montgomery County with (1920) population are : Miamisburg, 4,383 ; Oakwood, 1,473; West Carrollton, 1,430; Germantown, 1,827; Brookville, 1,336; Farmersville, 479; Trot-wood, 422; Phillipsburg, 348; Englewood, 351; Verona, 317; New Lebanon, 273; Vandalia, 257; Centerville, 335. Miamisburg, ten miles southerly from Dayton, was originally called "Hole's Station," where a few families settled about the time Dayton was started. The town was laid out in 1818. The early settlers were almost all of Dutch origin. They came from Berks County, Pennsylvania. This town has long since been considerable of a manufacturing place, the value of its annual product in the eighties was $1,544,500. At present the factories produce paper, steel furniture, safes, carriages, and flour. The value of personal property for purposes of taxation, in 1923, was $5,857,780. Germantown, named for Germantown, Pennsylvania, is thirteen miles southwest of Dayton, within the most fertile section of country in the West. It was platted in 1814, by Phillip Gunckel, who had several mills there and conducted a large store. It has numerous cigar factories. The value of its property, real and personal, for purposes of taxation in 1923 was $2,776,510. MORGAN COUNTY This county was named from General Daniel Morgan, of the Revolutionary war, as so many of the counties within Ohio have been named. It was organized March 1, 1818, and contains about 402 square miles. That majestic stream, the Muskingum River, flows through its heart, and this with its tributaries afford much valuable water power, and it was at an early day much prized. The surface is very hilly, but the soil is strong and fertile. It has 250,000 acres of cultivated land and a population of 36.3 per square mile. Of its productiveness, the 1923-24 Agricultural Bulletins are the best evidence. These state that in 1923 the county had 18,000 acres in corn, producing 760,000 bushels ; wheat, 12,000 acres, 180,000 bushels ; oats, 3,000 acres, 90,000 bushels ; rye, 58 acres, 812 bushels ; buckwheat, 67 acres, 1,675 bushels ; tons of hay, 36,000 ; potatoes, 540 acres ; bushels, 83,700 ; number horses in county in 1924, 5,590; cattle, 18,000; dairy cows, 6,350; swine, 7,000; sheep, 69,590 ; land in farms in 1920, 249,034, average size farm, 83.4 acres. As to the growth in population, the census reports for various years show the following : In 1820, it had 5,297; 1830, 11,800 ; 1840, 20,852 ; COUNTIES OF OHIO - 399 1850, 28,585 ; 1860, 22,119 ; 1870, 20,363 ; 1880, 20,074 ; 1890, 19,143 ; 1900, 17,905 ; 1910, 16,097 ; 1920, 14,555. The county is subdivided into the following fourteen civil townships : Bloom, Bristol, Center, Deerfield, Homer, Malta, Manchester, Marion, Meigsville, Morgan, Penn, Union, Windsor, York. The present county officials are : Probate Judge—A. H. Mercer ; Clerk of the Courts—W. E. Medley ; Sheriff—W. M. Newton; Auditor —Charles E. Harper ; County Commissioners—W. A. Barkhurst, R. B. Pierpont, C. S. Lovell ; Treasurer—J. W. Carter ; Recorder—W. N. Blackburn ; Surveyor—Fred C. Barkhurst ; Prosecuting Attorney—G. 0. McGonagle ; Coroner—H. L. Fiscus ; County Superintendent of Schools—F. A. Davis ; Agricultural Agent—J. L. Shriver. The earliest settlement effected in this county was made at Big Bottom, on the Muskingum, near the southern line of the county, but it was broken up by the Indians. In the fall of 1790, a company of thirty-six men went from Marietta and began a settlement. They built a blockhouse, four miles above the mouth of Meigs Creek. These were nearly all young men and not used to pioneer times and customs. The result was that the settlement was more than one-half massacred by the Indians the following autumn. No further attempt at settlement was made till peace had been declared with the Indian Vibes thereabouts. This tragedy is known as the Big Bottom massacre. The site is now a small park, the property of the state in the custody of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. It was here that fourteen persons were killed on January 2, 1791, in a surprise attack by the Indians. In a letter dated Marietta, January 6, 1791, Gen. Rufus Putnam gives an account of this massacre and names the persons killed. Among them was a man and his wife and two children. The park was presented to the state by Enfield Brokaw. The site is marked by a monument. Salt, Oil and Natural Gas—The peculiar geological formation in this county makes it prolific in the production of many valuable minerals, including gas, salt and oil. According to the U. S. reports in 1840, more salt was manufactured in Morgan County than any place in Ohio. It was secured by sinking wells. It found ready sale in Cincinnati and was called "Zanesville salt." However, the greater part came from Morgan County. The mineral oils found in this locality are mostly heavy oils, only suited for lubricating purposes. Later times other more paying oil and gas fields were discovered and salt is made at much cheaper a rate than it was possible to produce it in the old way. Among the noted men born in Morgan County was "Uncle Jerry Rusk," or rather Jeremiah McLain Rusk, once Secretary of Agriculture, in Harrison's cabinet ; had also been governor of Wisconsin a number of terms. In the Civil war he was major in a Wisconsin regiment and finally had the rank of brigadier-general. He served in Congress six years, being chairman of the Committee of Pensions. McConnelsville, county seat of Morgan County, is sixty-five miles southeast of Columbus, on the east bank of the Muskingum River. It now has a population of 1,618. Considerable manufacturing is carried on here. Malta is on the west bank of the river, directly opposite McConnelsville and had in 1920 a population of 885. Other villages of this county include Chester Hill, Stockport and Deavertown. MORROW COUNTY Morrow County, formed February 24, 1848, was taken from parts of Knox, Richland, Marion and Delaware counties, and was named from Jeremiah Morrow, of Warren County, governor of Ohio from