COUNTIES OF OHIO - 425 The first white family to become permanent residents of this county was that of James Thatcher, who, in 1804, settled in the western part on Painter's Run. Samuel Marshall, John Wilson and John Kennard soon followed and founded another settlement. The first postoffice in the county was established at Hardin in 1819, with Col. James Wells as postmaster. In 1846 judge Leigh, of Virginia, pursuant to provisions in the will of the celebrated John Randolph of Roanoke, purchased 3,200 acres of land in Mercer County, Ohio, for the freed slaves of Randolph. When the freedmen arrived they were prevented by the whites from making a settlement. They then went to Van Buren Township, Shelby County. For a time they constituted about one-half of the population of the township and had their own schools and churches. While they were law abiding and apparently eager to make the best of their new found freedom and the land willed to them by their former master, their inexperience in a self dependent life and the hostility of the white settlers with whom they were surrounded made their position peculiarly difficult and they did not long maintain the integrity of their community. Sidney became the county seat and was laid out in the autumn of 1819, under direction of the court. It has a beautiful location on the Miami River. Private cabins were first used for sessions of the court but in 1820 a courthouse was erected. The city today has a number of manufacturing establishments. Among their products are churns, wooden ware, buggy bodies, hollow ware, scrapers, brooms, handles, and whips. The value of personal and real property listed for taxation in 1923 was $11,498,020. Its population (1920), was 8,590. The incorporated villages of this county are : Botkins, Anna, Jackson Center, Fort Loramie, Port Jefferson, Kettlerville and Lockington. STARK COUNTY Stark County was established February 13, 1808, and organized in January, 1809. It was named from Gen. John Stark, an officer of the Revolution. Its soil is fertile and general surface quite rolling. Sandy loam and in other parts clay form the soil, making it of great value as a farming district. It also possesses much of the natural mineral wealth such as coal and lime stone, with inexhaustible beds of marl. It was first settled by. Pennsylvania Germans from beyond the Alleghanies, and many from Germany. A few of the pioneers were from France. It has an area of 566 square miles. In 1890 it was traversed by 239 miles of railroad trackage. In 1888 the state mining journals gave the output of coal from this county to have been 794,000 tons ; 1,747 miners employed ; iron ore, 11,500 tons ; fire-clay, 15,000 tons ; and limestone burned for lime in immense quantities. In 1923 413,833 tons of fire-clay, 550,496 tons of coal and only 100 tons of limestone were produced, while iron ore was no longer mined. The townships making up Stark County are as follows: Bethlehem, Canton, Jackson, Lake, Lawrence, Lexington, Marlboro, Nimishillen, Osnaburg, Paris, Perry, Pike, Plain, Sandy, Sugar Creek, Tuscarawas and Washington. In 1810 the county had a population of 2,734; 1820, 12,406; 1830, 26,588 ; 1840, 34,603 ; 1850, 39,878 ; 1860, 42,978 ; 1870, 52,508; 1880, 64,031, of the last number, 47,000 were born in Ohio ; 1890, 84,170 ; 1900, 94,747 ; 1910, 122,987; 1920, 177,218; population per square mile, 313.1. The present (1923-24) county officials are : Probate Judge—Alva L. Deal; Clerk of the Courts—Ross H. Hurford ; Sheriff—Charles W. Kirk ; Auditor—Ruth Kauffman ; County Commissioners—J. Frank Booth, Adam M. Jackman and Ned L. Perkins ; Treasurer—Martin Brenner ; Recorder—Jeanette I. Smith ; Surveyor—Atlee M. Wise ; Prosecuting Attorney—C. B. McClintock ; Corner—Thomas H. Shorb ; 426 - HISTORY OF OHIO County Superintendent of Schools—J. A. Smith ; Agricultural Agent— O. R. Keyser. The first Moravian missionary in Ohio, Frederic Post, settled in 1761 in what is now Bethlehem Township, section 25. He built a cabin on the north bank of the Tuscarawas River, near the mouth of Sandy Creek, then returned to the East. The year following he came again to his cabin accompanied by John Heckewelder, then a youth of nineteen years, who came to teach the Indian children to read and write. The Indians regarded with suspicion Post's plans for clearing away a part of the forest for agricultural purposes. They finally agreed, however, to let him have a small plot of ground, fifty paces square, for his cabin and a garden. At this time the treaty of peace between England and France had not been signed and the French were trying to persuade the Indians to renew the war. Post was again in the East. The position of Heckewelder became precarious. He was advised in a letter from Post to abandon the cabin while he was yet able to do so with safety. In October, 1762, Heckewelder returned to Pittsburg and the site of the first Moravian mission in Ohio was permanently abandoned. Post continued his missionary work in other fields, though he lost standing with his associates because he married an Indian woman. Heckewelder later returned to the Ohio country and was prominent in the mission work in what is now Tuscarawas County. What is now Stark County was inhabited at the time of the coming of the white man by the Delaware Indians who had a number of villages here. One of these is said to have been located across the Tuscarawas River from Post's cabin. Christopher Gist in his journey of exploration in 1750 crossed what is now the southern part of the county, as did the expedition of Bouquet in 1764 and parties sent later to the relief of Fort Laurens in Revolutionary War times. An interesting story is told of a running fight between the Indians and some government scouts in 1793, about the time that General Wayne with his legion was passing down the Ohio River to Fort Washington (Cincinnati), preparatory to his expedition against the Indians. The scouts, five in number, were James Downing, Sr., John Cuppy, Isaac Miller, George Foulk and Thomas Dillon. The Indians are said to have been roving bands of Ottawas and Wyandots who were on the war path. A running fight in the southern part of the county ensued between them and the scouts. No scalps were taken and the whites seem to have come through a number of thrilling experiences without a scratch. They reported that the Indians were not so fortunate, having lost at least two of their number, who fell before the rifles of the scouts. The latter fled to the Ohio River. General Wayne, coming down that river in a barge at the head of ninety-five flat-boats bearing the troops of his legion, when hailed by the scouts, according to the story, landed a boat load of his sharpshooters, set up a target and instituted a test of skill between them and the scouts, in which "the sharpshooters came out second best" ; whereupon Wayne said to the scouts, "My brave fellows, you are d---d fine shots." It seems that Wayne had no other purpose in landing than to have a little rifle practice. The story ends well, with the statement that all of these brave scouts afterwards became citizens of Stark County. After more than a century of cultivating the soil of Stark County, it still produces profitable crops with the return of every harvest. In 1923 the county raised 34,000 acres of corn, producing therefrom 1,224,000 bushels ; wheat, 53,000 acres, bushels, 1,116,000 ; oats, 38,000 acres, 1,634,000 bushels ; barley, 100 acres, 2,700 bushels ; rye, 1,250 acres. 25,000 bushels ; buckwheat, 175 acres, 4,375 bushels ; tons of hay, 70,000; potatoes, 390,500 bushels ; number horses in 1924, 12,890 ; cattle, 32.520 ; dairy cows, 24,250; swine, 29,660 ; sheep, 9,400 ; Ian(' under cultivation in 1920, 328,911 acres ; average size farm, 56.7 acres. COUNTIES OF OHIO - 427 Canton, the county seat of Stark County, was settled in 1805. It was platted in 1806 by its proprietor, Bazaleel Wells, of Steubenville, a sketch of whose life is found elsewhere in this work. It is located fifty miles southeast of Cleveland and 125 miles northeast of Columbus. The steam and electric railway service of the city has contributed to its upbuilding and assures its continued growth. Its transportation lines include the Pennsylvania system, the Baltimore & Ohio trunk line and the Wheeling & Lake Erie Railroad. Electric interurban roads connect Canton with almost every city and village within a radius of fifty miles. The city was early noted for its manufacturing industries which have become increasingly important with the passing years. Prominent among the great manufacturers of the past was Cornelius Altman, whose company under the firm name of C. Altman and Company built up the great Buckeye Mower and Reaper Works before the close of the last century. Among the prominent manufacturing concerns of the present are the Duber-Hampden Watch Works, the Diebold Safe and Lock Company, the Timken Roller Bearing Company, the Burger Manufacturing Company and the plants of the United Steel Company. In 1888 Canton had invested in industrial establishments $3,335,244. The value of the annual products was $4,705,297. In 1919, according to the United States survey, Canton had 287 manufacturing establishments, employing 23,425 persons and a capital of $102,977,458. The value of the annual product was then $124,292,924. The principal industries and the value of their respective products were as follows : Iron and steel, steel works and rolling mills, $63,373,984 ; foundry and machine shop products, $8,592,801 ; lumber and planing mill products, $2,643,835 ; structural iron works (not made in steel works or rolling mills), $2,594,878; bread and other bakery products, $1,560,551 ; agricultural implements, 1,454,673; printing and publishing, $1,142,874. The remainder of the annual manufactured output was distributed among the following industries for which figures could not be shown "without disclosing individual operations" : Automobiles ; brass and bronze products brick and tile ; electrical machinery apparatus and supplies ; electro plating ; furniture ; iron and steel forgings (not made in steel works or rolling mills) ; safes and vaults ; steel springs ; stamped and enameled ware ; meat packing. Value of property listed for taxation (1923), $151,534,730. Population (1920), 87,091. Canton would be well known throughout the Union, if for no other reason than that it was the home city of William McKinley, the second Ohio President of the United States who fell at the hands of an assassin. His tomb is a dignified and imposing memorial on a twenty-six acre tract adjoining to Westlawn Cemetery. It was erected at a cost of $578,000. It is visited annually by thousands of tourists and citizens who hold in loving memory William McKinley and his cherished wife, whose remains have found here their final resting place. Other men of distinguished talent and service have claimed Stark County as their home. Among those born elsewhere in Ohio but long resident of the county are: William R. Day, friend and associate of William McKinley, Secretary of State and associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States ; Atlee Pomerene, Lieutenant-Governor of Ohio and United States Senator March 4, 1911, to March 4, 1923. Among those born in Stark County was John H. Klippart, for twenty-two years secretary of the Ohio State Board of Agriculture ; Lyman U. Humphrey, Civil War veteran and governor of Kansas ; Robert P. Skinner, editor and diplomat ; Heaton W. Harris, United States Consul-General-at-Large ; Charles C. Weybrecht, adjutant-general of Ohio and veteran of the war with Spain and the COUNTIES OF OHIO - 429 World war ; and Robert H. Day, judge of the Supreme Court of Ohio. Among those born in other states but identified at some time with Stark County are : Charles F. Manderson, United States Senator from Nebraska ; Joseph Medill, journalist ; Isaac R. Sherwood, Secretary of State of Ohio and Congressman ; David R. Cartter, Congressman and chief justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. Alliance is seventeen miles northeast of Canton on the Pennsylvania and New York Central railroads. It was laid out in 1836 by Matthias Hester and John Miller. Mr. Hester built the first house and opened the first store. The village was originally called Freedom. It grew very slowly before the advent of railroads. When the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad (then the Ohio & Pennsylvania Railroad) and the Cleveland & Pittsburg Railroad crossed at this point a union station was erected and, by common consent, called Alliance in 1853. In 1854 the village was incorporated by that name and the first election of village officers was held October 4th, of that year. Even after the completion of the two railroads and the incorporation of the village the growth continued for a time to be rather slow. In 1890 the population was 7,607. The capital invested in manufacturing establishments was $51,300, and the value of the annual product was $154,000. In 1919 the city had seventy-four manufacturing establishments, employing 6,176 persons and a capital of $23,907,795. The annual output was then valued at $32,871,087. The heavy machinery plants now regularly employ about 2,000 men ; the drop forging shops, 2,100 ; the steel foundries, 1,900. Boilers, pottery and a number of smaller products are manufactured. The pioneer manufacturer in a large way was Thomas R. Morgan, Sr., who came to Alliance and established a small plant in 1871. By 1884 this had grown into the Morgan Engineering Company. In 1888 it employed 400 men, more than twice as many as the other establishments in the city combined. At various times this great establishment has manufactured gun and mortar carriages, steam hammers, overhead electric traveling cranes ; locomotive, gentry, jib and derrick cranes ; hydraulic presses for forging and other purposes ; punching, shearing, bending, flanging and riveting machines ; vertical and horizontal changing machines, ingot extractors, feed, tables, Morgan's reversible electric controllers for series wound motors for all purposes ; hydraulic valves, valves for high and low pressure, special machinery for quick handling of materials for Bessemer and open hearth furnaces and rolling mills and for any modern purpose. The head of this firm which has had a remarkable growth is Col. W. H. Morgan, whose palatial residence on Union Avenue attracts the attention of tourists who visit the city. The total value of Alliance property listed for taxation in 1923 was $36,151,730. Population (1920), 21,603. Massillon was laid out. in March, 1826, by James Duncan and took its name from John Baptiste Massillon, a celebrated minister of France. It was first incorporated in 1838. In 1845 the act of incorporation was repealed. In 1853 it was again incorporated, the municipal officers being inducted into office the last day of May. of that year. The city is eight miles west of Canton on the Tuscarawas River and the old Ohio canal. The Pennsylvania lines, Wheeling & Lake Erie and Baltimore & Ohio railroads afford excellent transportation facilities. The proximity of productive coal fields insures an abundant supply of fuel. It is located in one of the richest wheat sections of Ohio. With these advantages it was natural that Massillon should become a manufacturing city. In 1888 it had invested in manufacturing establishments $850,000, and the value of the annual product was $1,200,000. In 1919 the city had eighty manufacturing establishments 430 - HISTORY OF OHIO employing 2,566 persons and a capital of $43,336,957. The annual output was valued at $13,984,871. It has iron and steel works, a foundry and machine company, and a sign and poster company. The manufactured products include threshing machines, engines, iron bridges, glass, stoves, pumps, feed cutters, clothing, wire baskets and cereal products. The city is an important coal and grain market. Total value of property listed for taxation (1923), $31,060,780. Population (1920), 17,428. Mount Union College is now included in the corporate limits of the City of Alliance. It was founded in 1846 and chartered as a college in 1858. Its successful career is sketched elsewhere in this work. John William Hamilton, bishop of the Methodist Church, and Philander C. Knox, attorney-general in the cabinets of McKinley and Roosevelt, Secretary of State in the cabinet of Taft, and United States Senator from Pennsylvania, after taking the prescribed course of study, were graduated from this institution. The incorporated villages of Stark County, with the population of each as reported in the census of 1920, are as follows : Navarre, 1,385; Canal Fulton, 1,057; Louisville, 2,008 ; East Canton, 574; Minerva, 2,261; Waynesburg, 978; Beach City, 658; Brewster, 928 ; Magnolia, 605 ; Wilmot, 227; Limaville, 183. Other villages are : Mapleton, Osnaburg, Marlboro, Lawrence, Maximo and Hartville. SUMMIT COUNTY Summit County was formed from Portage, Medina and Stark counties, March 3, 1840. Its name was given on account of its containing the highest land on the line of the Ohio Canal, originally called "the Portage Summit." Level or gently undulating easily describes the county's general topography. Beds of bituminous coal and superior fire-clay abound. All kinds of fruits, grains and grasses common to this climate thrive well here. Forty years ago it was stated that the principal crops were wheat, corn, hay, oats, cheese, butter, potatoes and fruit. In 1923 there were grown 20,000 acres of corn producing 720,000 bushels ; wheat, 24,000 acres, 456,000 bushels ; oats, 22,000 acres, 880,000 bushels ; barley, 130 acres, 3,120 bushels ; rye, 470 acres, 5,640 bushels ; buckwheat, 89 acres, 1,869 bushels ; tons of hay, 34,000; potatoes, 3,140 acres, 260,620 bushels ; number of horses in county in 1924, 7,660; cattle, 19,390; dairy cows, 15,450 ; swine, 12,450 ; sheep, 2,920; land in farms in 1920, 204,210; average size farm, 55.2 acres. The civil townships of the present county are : Akron, Bath, Boston, Copley, Coventry, Cuyahoga Falls, Franklin, Green, Hudson, Macedonia, Northampton, Northfield, Norton, Portage, Richfield, Springfield, Stow, Tallmadge and Twinsburg. This county is noted for its chain of beautiful natural lakes. The region is one of interest to geologists and furnishes opportunity for study as to the forces producing the external formation of the state. The first settlement by white men in this county was at Hudson, in 1800, by David Hudson. In the division of the Western Reserve, among the proprietors, the townships of Chester and Hudson fell to the lot of Birdsey Norton and David Hudson. The population of the county, as shown in the last United States census reports is : In 1840 it had 22,560; 1850, 27,485 ; 1860, 27,344; 1870, 34,674 ; 1880, 43,788; 1890, 54,089; 1900, 71,715; 1910, 108,253; 1920, 286,065. Population to square mile, 701.1. The present county officials are as follows : Probate Judge—Lewis D. Slusser ; Clerk of the Courts—A. C. Bachtel ; Sheriff—Chris Weaver ; Auditor—Jacob C. Mong ; County Commissioners—E. A. Hawkins, Dan P. Stein, Fred F. Smith; Treasurer—G. Lloyd Well ; Recorder—Ralph J. Wilcox ; Surveyor—Jack K. Weaver ; Prosecuting Attorney—Arthur W. Doyle ; Corner—M. B. Crafts ; County Super- COUNTIES OF OHIO - 431 intendent of Schools—C. A. Flickinger; Agricultural Agent—H. H. Claypoole. Summit County has four municipalities of city grade. These differ in population, but all are progressive manufacturing places of assured growth. They are: Akron, Barberton, Kenmore and Cuyahoga Falls. The City of Akron, the county seat of Summit County, is 110 miles northeast of Columbus and forty miles southeast of Cleveland. It overlooks the Big and Little Cuyahoga rivers and has for its railway lines the Baltimore & Ohio, the Pennsylvania, the Erie, the Akron, Canton and Youngstown and the Northern Ohio railroads. Its population in 1880 was 16,512 ; in 1890, 27,601 ; in 1900, 42,728; in 1910, 60,067; in 1920, 208,435. This is a remarkable growth for the last decade. A settlement was made on the site of Middlebury in 1807 ; that village was platted in 1818. The Ohio Canal was commenced in 1825 and opened on June 27, 1827, when the first canal boat built in Akron was launched. It was called the Ohio. Akron was platted in 1825 and celebrated its centennial in the month of July of the current year (1925). Its founders were Gen. Simon Perkins and Paul Williams. It was called Akron from a Greek word meaning high. It was incorporated as a village in 1836; as a city in 1865. In 1872 Middlebury became a part of Akron. The building of the canal gave impetus to the growth of the city. Its opening to traffic established connection with Cleveland and assured the upbuilding of Akron. The Cuyahoga River afforded ample water power. The natural resources of the surrounding country awaited only the labor of willing hands to produce food for sustenance and raw materials for the infant industries. In short, the environment of the village held forth the promise of what the city has become—one of the great manufacturing centers of the United States. The chronological development of industry in Akron has been the manufacture of—(1) Cereal products, especially oatmeal; (2) Matches ; (3) Farm implements—mowers, reapers, threshers, rakes, plows, wagons and buggies ; (4) Fire-clay products—sewer pipe, drain tile, brick and earthen ware ; (5) Rubber goods, especially automobile tires, widely used in the United States and foreign lands. The rubber tire 432 - HISTORY OF OHIO plants in Akron are the largest in the world. Their output in 1919 was 83.8 per cent of the products of the entire state. In 1887 the capital invested in the industrial establishments of Akron was $7,202,000, and the value of the annual product was $7,487,369. In 1919 the city had 304 industrial establishments employing 91,069 persons and a capital of $381,144,319. The value of the annual product was $558,962,067. The rubber industry alone employed 77,054 persons. The principal industries and the value of their respective products were as follows : Rubber tires, tubes and rubber goods, $462,092,527; foundry and machine-shop products, $14,624,783; bread and other bakery products, $4,212,196; printing and publishing, book and job, $3,289,029; planing mill products, $2,684,177 ; stoves and hot air furnaces, $1,814,480; malt liquors, $1,775,773; printing and publishing, newspapers and periodicals, $1,701,194; brick and tile, terra-cotta and fire-clay products, $1,589,606. The remainder of the annual manufactured output was distributed among the following industries for which figures could not he shown, according to the government report, "without disclosing individual operations" : Automobile bodies and parts ; automobiles ; butter ; confectionery and ice cream ; flour mill and grist mill products food preparations ; oil cloth and linoleum ; structural iron works ; tools. Akron was the seat of Buchtel College, established in 1870, and so continued until 1913, when it became the University of Akron of today. The value of the property of the city for purposes of taxation in 1923 was $316,805,610. Barberton is located six and one-half miles south of Akron. It was established by Columbus Ohio Barberton about the year 1892. The population according to the census reports of succeeding decades was as follows : In 1900, 4,354 ; in 1910, 9,410 ; in 1920, 18,811. According to the census survey of 1919 the city had thirty-two manufacturing establishments employing 5,829 persons and a capital of $33,880,212. The annual product was valued at $27,713,226. It manufactures matches, rubber tires and bailers. In 1893 the founder of the city moved the great factory of the Diamond Match Company from Akron to Barberton. This mammoth concern has put both Akron and Barberton on the map of the world. The value of the property of this city for purposes of taxation in 1923 was $25,407,290. Kenmore is located five miles southwest of Akron. It appeared first in the census report of 1910 with a population of 1,561. The COUNTIES OF OHIO - 433 report for 1920 gives it a population of 12,683. It had, in 1919, seven manufacturing establishments employing 153 persons and a capital of $533,951. The value of the annual product was $844,303. It has rubber and match factories and salt works. The value of the property of the city for purposes of taxation in 1923 was $15,713,320. Cuyahoga Falls is five miles northeast of Akron. Its population in 1900 was 3,186 ; in 1910, 4,020 ; in 1920, 10,200. In 1919 it had thirty manufacturing establishments employing 998 persons and a capital of $4,906,690. The value of the annual output was $5,829,347. The manufactured products were iron and rubber goods, machinery and paper. The value of the property of the city for purposes of taxation in 1923 was $15,658,330. The incorporated villages of Summit County with the (1920) population of each are: Hudson, 1,134; Northfield, 861; Mogadore, 751 ; Macedonia, 581 ; Peninsula, 520 ; Clinton, 312 ; Western Star, 173 ; Silver Lake, 120. The Village of Hudson, twenty-four miles from Cleveland and thirteen miles northeast of Akron, was founded by David Hudson in 1800. Here on October 28th of the same year was born to David Hudson and his wife, Anna (Norton) Hudson, Anna May Hudson, the first white child born within the present limits of Summit County. Hudson was early known for its schools and college. For a number of years it was the seat of Western Reserve College, which was moved to Cleveland in 1882. For a time the preparatory school was continued in Hudson. The unincorporated Village of Talimadge has a rather distinctive history. The first settlement was made in 1807 by Rev. David Bacon. He had come with the idea of establishing a religious colony. No immigrants were to be received into the township, which bore the same name as the village, who were not members of the Congregational or Presbyterian Church. Two dollars for each 100 acres of land was to be paid annually for the support of the Gospel. For a time the settlement was fairly prosperous, and Bacon had hopes of establishing here a Puritan New England community. In this he failed. The independent spirit of the western pioneer did not readily adjust itself to the restraints and limitations which Bacon wished to impose. While here, a daughter was born to Rev. Bacon and his wife, who was destined to add to the fame of her father and her native village. Her name was Delia Bacon, and she is credited with having been the first person to seriously question the authorship of the plays of Shakespeare, and to inaugurate the famous Bacon-Shakespeare controversy. Other persons of more than local fame who have lived in Summit County were John Brown of Ossawattamie, who came with his parents to the village of Hudson in 1805 when he was five years old. Here he lived until he reached the age of thirty years. He was also, for some time, a citizen of Akron. Most of his life was spent in Summit County. An extended sketch of his career is found elsewhere in this work. John S. Newberry came with his father's family to Cuyahoga Falls when he was two years old. He became the first state geologist of Ohio. Afterward he was connected with the United States geologi- 434 - HISTORY OF OHIO cal survey. Hon. Charles Dick, member of Congress, and the successor of Marcus A. Hanna in the Senate of the United States, is a citizen of Akron. For a number of years he was one of the republican leaders of the state and conducted a number of successful campaigns. TRUMBULL COUNTY Trumbull County was formed in 1800. On July 10 of that year Governor St. Clair proclaimed that "all that territory included in Jefferson County, lying north of the forty-first degree of north latitude and all that part of Wayne County included in the Connecticut Western Reserve" should constitute a new county to be known by the name of Trumbull and that the seat of justice should be Warren. This made the new county co-extensive with the Western Reserve. The county was named for Governor Johnathan Trumbull, Jr., then governor of Connecticut. His family was a prominent one. His father, Johnathan Trumbull, Sr., also governor of Connecticut, was the only royal governor at the outbreak of the Revolution who supported the colonists and continued in office. He is said to have been the original "Brother Johnathan," a title which was conferred by George Washington, who relied on his counsel often and called him "Brother Johnathan." Through most of the years since the creation of the county its leading occupation was agriculture. The importance of that industry still is indicated by the following statistics for the year 1923: Acres of corn, 20,000, bushels, 700,000 ; wheat, 15,000 acres, 315,000 bushels ; oats, 24,000 acres, 912,000 bushels ; barley, 90 acres, 2,340 bushels ; rye, 910 acres, 14,560 bushels ; buckwheat, 3,155 acres, 63,100 bushels ; tons of hay, 72,000; potatoes, 2,820 acres, 259,440 bushels ; number of head of horses in 1924, 9,790 ; cattle, 32,780 ; dairy cows, 26,180 ; swine, 12,160 ; sheep, 10,210 ; land in farms in 1920, 330,510 acres ; average size of farms, 53.2 acres. The county for many years has stood high in dairy products. While agriculture is still and will continue to be an important occupation, the great manufacturing industries of the Mahoning Valley are steadily advancing northward from Youngstown and giving distinctive character to the county. Already its three cities include more than half of its population. Although Trumbull, since its creation by proclamation, has given of its territory to form Ashtabula, Lake, Geauga, Cuyahoga, Lorain, Erie, Huron, Medina and Portage, nearly all of Summit, a small portion of Ashland and almost one-half of Mahoning counties, its population, in spite of its diminishing area through the different decades, has almost uniformly increased as indicated by the census reports. It had in 1800 a population of 1,302 ; 1810, 8,671; 1820, 15,542 ; 1830, 26,153 ; 1840, 38,107 ; 1850, 30,490 ; 1860, 30,656 ; 1870, 38,659 ; 1880, 44,880 ; 1890, 42,373 ; 1900, 46,591 ; 1910, 52,766 ; 1920, 83,920 ; area, 633 square miles ; population per square mile, 132.6. Following are the townships of the county ; Bazetta, Bloomfield, Braceville, Bristol, Brookfield, Champion, Farmington, Fowler, Greene, Gustavus, Hartford, Howland, Hubbard, Johnston, Kinsman, Liberty, Lordstown, Mecca, Mesopotamia, Newton, Southington, Vernon, Vienna, Warren, and Weathersfield. Trumbull County has three municipalities of city grade : 'Warren, Niles and Girard. Warren, the county seat and the original "capital of the Western Reserve," is on the Mahoning River and the Erie, Pennsylvania and Baltimore & Ohio railroads, fourteen miles northeast of Youngstown and fifty-two miles southeast of Cleveland. We are told that it was first platted in 1801 by Ephraim Quinby and named for Moses Warren of Lyme, Connecticut. If this statement, made on the authority of 436 - HISTORY OF OHIO Howe, is correct, the town must have been in existence earlier, for St. Clair designates it as the seat of justice of the newly created county in his proclamation of July 10, 1800. It was incorporated March 3, 1835, and the first municipal officers were elected on April 5 of that year. The manufacturing industries of Warren were at first of slow growth. In 1888 the capital invested in these amounted to $368,500 and the annual product was valued at $613,000—a good return for the money invested. In 1919 the city had ninety-six manufacturing establishments employing 3,036 persons and a capital of $11,229,221. The value of the annual product was $19,747,396. The manufactured articles include a wide variety : Stoves, boilers, automatic sprinklers, furniture, machinery, electric lamps, earthen ware, marble goods, cereals, paints, plumbers' supplies, sweepers, drinking fountains, shovels and iron goods. Since the government census survey, important steel works have been erected here. The city has real estate and personal property valued for purposes of taxation in 1923 at $64,221,310. Population (1920), 27,050. The preceding census (1910) it was 11,081. Niles was laid out by James Heaton and his son, Warren, in 1834. It was called "Niles" from the Niles Register, published in Baltimore, Maryland. The Register was Mr. Heaton's favorite paper. The village was incorporated in 1865. Almost from its beginning this was a manufacturing place. As early as 1846 it had a blast furnace, a rolling mill and a nail factory. Among the men early engaged in the iron business was William McKinley, Sr., the father of President William McKinley. In 1888 the manufacturing industries of Niles employed 1,031 persons and a capital of $380,000. The value of the annual product was estimated at $1,551,400. In 1919 the city had forty industrial establishments, employing 3,257 persons and a capital of $14,834,187. The value of the annual output was $18,358,773. It has large airplane, iron, steel and chemical works, rolling mills, blast furnaces, boiler and metal roof factories, machine shops and fire-brick works. The value of personal and real property for purposes of taxation in 1923 was $24,025,440. Population (1920), 13,080. Niles has excellent transportation facilities. Electrical lines connect it with the larger cities in Northeastern Ohio, while it has the Erie, Baltimore & Ohio, and Pennsylvania railroads. It is located eight miles northwest of Youngstown. Niles is known in every land as the birthplace of William McKinley, president of the United States. His memory is cherished here, not only on the spot where his eyes first opened to the light, but in a substantial and beautiful memorial building, the home of the local library and the treasure-house of the mementoes of the man Whose life in low estate began And on a simple village green ; and whose interests in the industrial world into which he was born carried him ultimately to the highest place in the gift of his countrymen. Girard is so near Youngstown, Mahoning County, as to be almost a suburb of that city, which it closely resembles in its manufacturing industries. In 1887 it employed in five establishments 550 men and the annual product was valued at $1,695,000. It has kept pace with the times, is increasing rapidly in population and the annual output of its manufactured products. The value of personal and real property in 1923, listed for taxation, was $10,271,010. Population (1920), 6,556. The incorporated villages of the county and the (1920) population of each are : Cortland, 750 ; Hubbard, 3,320 ; Newton Falls, 1,100 ; McDonald, 621 ; West Farmington, 317 ; Orangeville, 222. First in eminence among the sons of this county is William McKinley. Others known to fame have been identified with it. Among those born outside of the state are : COUNTIES OF OHIO - 437 General Simon Perkins, pioneer land agent of the Erie Land Company, who first came to the Reserve in 1798 and permanently settled there in 1804. He was an officer in the War of 1812, a member of the Board of Canal Fund Commissioners, a successful banker and identified until his death with the business interests of the county. Of his six sons, Simon Perkins, Jr., became prominent in the business affairs of Akron. Jacob Dolson Cox, state senator, major-general in the Civil war, governor of Ohio and secretary of the interior in the cabinet of Grant, was for a time superintendent of schools at Warren and subsequently practiced law there. Among those born in the state, but in another county, are : Ezra B. Taylor, judge and congressman, and his daughter, Harriet Taylor Upton, author, lecturer and nationally known leader in the movement for woman's suffrage. Among those born in the county are : Milton Satliff, anti-slavery advocate and judge of the Supreme Court of Ohio. Elizabeth Hauser, associated with Mrs. Harriet Taylor Upton in the woman's suffrage movement and secretary of the National League of Women Voters. In the unincorporated Village of Bristolville, about one mile from Bristolville Station on the Pennsylvania Railroad north of Warren, on March 15, 1835, was born John Henri Kagi, the youth whose name was once in almost every newspaper of the United States. He was with John Brown at Harper's Ferry and was killed there October 17, 1859. Singularly his name does not seem to appear in any county or other local history. A sketch will be found on another page of this work. Following is the list of county officers for 1925: Probate judge, Joseph Smith ; clerk of courts, Joseph S. Hughes ; sheriff, J. H. Smith ; auditor, Mary Van Houter ; county commissioners, Isaac B. Jacobs, Thomas H. Madden, Joseph Rummell; treasurer, Frank Musser ; recorder, George W. Moser ; surveyor, Ralph G. Taylor ; prosecuting attorney, W. W. Pierson ; coroner, John C. Henshaw ; superintendent of schools, John C. Berg ; agricultural agent, G. S. Woods. TUSCARAWAS COUNTY This county was formed from part of Muskingum County, February 15, 1808. It took for its name that of an Indian tribe. Tuscarawas is said to signify "open mouth." Its area is 555 square miles. Its soil is fertile, well drained and well watered. Its surface is made up of both rolling and level lands, well suited to agriculture. It is rich in mineral resources. Among the counties of the state it stands first in fire-clay and seventh in coal production. In 1923 it produced 846,706 tons of fire-clay—more than twice as much as its nearest competitor, Jefferson County. There were mined in this county in the same year 1,345,540 tons of coal. On October 27, 1889, Dr. William C. Mills, at present (1925) director of the museum of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, found in a gravel bed of glacial drift near New Comerstown a flint implement described by the late Dr. George Frederick Wright as a "perfect representative of the palaeolithic type found in northern France and southern England. It is four inches long, two inches wide, and an inch and .a half through at the larger end, tapering gradually to a point and carefully chipped to an edge all round." This is thought to indicate that the primitive inhabitant of this region was palaeolithic man who antedated the Mound Builders and roamed the valley of the Tuscarawas some 8,000 or 10,000 years ago. The Mound Builder, according to a late historian of the county, 438 - HISTORY OF OHIO was simply an early Indian, not much farther advanced than many of the tribes found in North America when the white man came. However this may be, the Mound Builder, early Indian or whatever he may properly be called who constructed great earthworks, made copper ornaments and implements, drilled holes through pearls and strung them into necklaces or mounted them on copper head dresses and breastplates, and disappeared long before the coming of the white man—how long, we, perhaps shall never know. Elsewhere in this work is related in detail the story of the mission of Christopher Gist, the expedition of Colonel Bouquet, the Moravian missions, Fort Laurens, and the Gnadenhutten massacre. All of these are intimately related to the history of Tuscarawas County. After Wayne's victory at Fallen Timbers, peace came to the Ohio country and the Valley of the Tuscarawas. Early in the last century came the permanent settlers from Pennsylvania and Virginia. Among the earliest of these of whom we have trustworthy record was John Knisely, who came from Bedford, Pennsylvania, and on October 25, 1803, arrived at Gnadenhutten with thirty-three followers, according to an entry in the journal of John Heckewelder. Knisely platted the town of New Philadelphia and we are told that the title of every foot of land on which it stood "is confirmed by deeds that bear the names of John and Mary Knisely." Many of their descendants are now living in the county, other counties of Ohio and other states. The growth of the county by decades has been as follows : In 1810 it had a population of 3,045 ; 1820, 8,328 ; 1830, 14,298 ; 1840, 25,631 ; 1850, 31,761 ; 1860, 32,463 ; 1870, 33,840 ; 1880, 40,198 ; 1890, 46,618 ; 1900, 53,751 ; 1910, 57,035 ; 1920, 63,578 ; population per square mile, 114.6. The building of the Ohio Canal greatly stimulated the growth and prosperity of this county, and the villages on its banks. Tuscarawas County has four municipalities of city grade : New Philadelphia, Dover, Uhrichsville, and Dennison. New Philadelphia, the county seat, is twenty-one miles south of Canton on the Tuscarawas River, the Ohio Canal, and the Pennsylvania and the Baltimore & Ohio railroads. In 1888 it had invested in manufacturing establishments $345,000. The value of the annual product was $375,000. In 1919 the city had forty-three manufacturing establishments employing 1,420 persons and a capital of $4,025,171. The value of the annual product was $8,445,658. The manufactured products include agricultural implements, iron castings, electric vacuum sweepers, sheet iron, brooms, bottled goods, earthen ware and tin plate. The value of personal and real property for purposes of taxation in 1923 was $16,911,630. Population (1920), 10,718. Dover is located on the Tuscarawas River, the Ohio Canal, the Baltimore & Ohio and Pennsylvania railroads, twenty miles southwest of Canton and three miles northwest of New Philadelphia. In 1888 it had invested in manufacturing establishments $412,000. The value of the annual product was $730,200. Since then the value of its factories and their output has multiplied a number of times. Its manufactured products are firebrick, wire, electric irons, electric sweepers and flour. Its has furnaces and rolling mills. The value of its real and personal property for purposes of taxation in 1923 was $13,744,260. Population (1920), 8,101. Uhrichsville is located on the Baltimore & Ohio and Pennsylvania railroads, ten miles southeast of New Philadelphia and thirty-two miles south of Canton. It has large sewer pipe, drain tile and fire-clay factories ; also a cigar factory. The value of its property listed for taxation in 1923 was $6,830,160. Population (1920), 6,428. Dennison is located ten miles southeast of New Philadelphia. Only a corporation line separates it from Uhrichsville. It was platted about the year 1864. It is, and has long been, distinctively a place of large COUNTIES OF OHIO - 439 railroad shops. The value of its property listed for taxation in 1923 was $4,721,490. Population (1920), 5,524. The incorporated villages of Tuscarawas County with the (1920) population of each are as follows : New Comerstown, 3,389; Mineral City, 800 ; Strasburg, 917 ; Sugar Creek, 618 ; Gnadenhutten, 530 ; Bolivar, 519 ; Barnhill, 513 ; Roswell, 420 ; Tuscarawas, 499 ; Baltic, 406 ; Shanesville, 352 ; Port Washington, 382 ; Zoar, 178. New Comerstown, the most populous of the villages, is located on the Ohio Canal and the Pennsylvania Railroad. It has large brick yards and sewer pipe and file factories. Zoar, the least populous of the villages, has, perhaps, the most interesting history of all. To the student of social problems it is the most interesting place in the county, or perhaps the entire state. It was here that the experiment of a communistic settlement was established by about two hundred Germans from Wurttemberg, Germany, who came to Tuscarawas County late in the year 1817. Their leader was Joseph M. Bimler. Under his direction the settlement grew and prospered for many years. The advent of railroad transportation, and the settling up of lands adjacent to the community led to its decline, and after the most successful career of any communistic society within the borders of the state it finally dissolved. The village is still a place much frequented by tourists. Strasburg is noted for its large general store, the largest in the state for the size of the village. It is operated by the Garver Brothers and does a business. of several hundred thousand dollars annually. Among the noted citizens of Tuscarawas County the most widely known are J. Harry Donahey and J. William Donahey, cartoonists and illustrators, and A. Victor Donahey, successively auditor of Tuscarawas County, member of the Ohio Constitutional Convention of 1912, and now serving his second term as Governor of Ohio. Following are some of the recent agricultural statistics of the county : In 1923 26,000 acres of corn produced 988,000 bushels ; 27,000 acres of wheat, 513,000 bushels ; 20,000 acres of oats, 620,000 bushels ; 40 acres of barley, 1,000 bushels ; 490 acres of rye, 6,958 bushels ; 62 acres of buckwheat, 620 bushels ; 51,000 acres of hay, 66,000 tons ; 1,540 acres of potatoes, 149,380 bushels. In 1924 there were in the county 8,830 horses, 25,820 cattle, 17,320 dairy cows, 19,900 swine, 25,100 sheep. The average size of farms, in 1920, 95.8 acres ; land in farms, 312,604 acres ; improved land in farms, 247,849 acres. The following county officers were serving in 1925: Probate judge, L. H. Lamneck ; clerk of courts, C. C. Murphy ; sheriff, George W. Stucky ; auditor, Arthur D. Schlegal ; county commissioners, John I). Thomas, A. H. Boltz, O. U. Latto ; treasurer, Robert N. Walter ; recorder, Aaron R. Funk ; surveyor, George R. Fiedler ; prosecuting attorney, James E. Patrick ; coroner, J. F. Lewis ; superintendent of schools, Charles Barthelmeh ; agricultural agent, G. E. Boltz. UNION COUNTY Union County was formed April 1, 1820, from parts of Delaware, Franklin, Madison and Logan counties, together with a part of old Indian territory. It was erected largely through the influence of Colonel James Curry, a member of the Legislature from what was then Highland County, a soldier of the Revolution and a participant under General Lewis in the battle at Point Pleasant in the Dunmore war. Here the soil is chiefly clayey and the lay of the land is generally level. The southwestern part is prairie land, while other parts were originally heavily timbered. Valuable limestone quarries are found in the eastern part of the county, but they have not been extensively worked in recent years. The total area of the county is 446 square miles. 440 - HISTORY OF OHIO The townships of the county are : Allen, Claibourne, Darby, Dover, Jackson, Jerome, Leesburg, Liberty, Mill Creek, Paris, Taylor, Union, Washington and York. The population of the county by decades has been : In 1820 it had a population of 1,996; 1830, 3,192 ; 1840, 8,422 1850, 12,204 ; 1860, 16,507 ; 1870, 18,730 ; 1880, 22,375, of whom 19,218 were born in Ohio ; 1890, 22,860 ; 1900, 22,342 ; 1910, 21,871; 1920, 20,918. Population per square mile, 46.9. James and Joshua Ewing, brothers, were the first white men to make permanent settlement in this county. They purchased land and located on Darby Creek, in what is now Jerome Township, in 1798. The next year came the Mitchells, Samuel, his brother David and his son Samuel Mitchell, Jr., Samuel Kirkpatrick and Samuel McCullough. James Ewing's place was on the site of an ancient and noted Mingo town, which was deserted when the Mingo towns were destroyed by white men, under General Logan of Kentucky, in 1786. Marysville, the county seat, was named for the daughter of Samuel W. Cubertson, the proprietor of the place. It is thirty miles distant from Columbus, on Mill Creek. It is sometimes (used to be) called "Shady City," because its streets are so well shaded with maple trees. The late census returns give this place a population of 3,635. It is a quiet, conservative village. The present is the fourth courthouse built for Union County ; its cost was $150,000. Marysville is twenty-eight miles northwest of Columbus on the New York Central Railroad. While it is supported mainly by the excellent agricultural region in the midst of which it is located, it has some industries of importance. Among the products of its factories are butter tubs, furniture, kitchen cabinets, tractors, trucks, corn huskers and cigars. It has a large condensed milk plant. The Ohio State Woman's Reformatory has recently been established here. Value of all property for taxation in 1923 was $4,735,270. Other incorporated villages of the county with the (1920) population of each are : Richwood, 1,601 ; Milford Center, 671 ; Magnetic Springs, 194 ; Unionville Center, 193. Plain City is partly in Union and partly in Madison counties. Its (1920) population is 1,330. As to the wealth produced annually from the soil of Union County, the reader is referred to the last (1923-24) bulletin issued by the Department of Agriculture for Ohio, which states that in 1923 there were grown 59,000 acres of corn, producing 2,242,000 bushels ; wheat, 26,000 acres, bushels, 286,000 ; oats, 13,000 acres, bushels, 325,000 ; rye, 480 acres, bushels, 5,760; tons of hay, 47,000 ; potatoes, 34,000 bushels ; number of horses in county in 1924, 10,520 ; cattle, 22,000 ; dairy cows, 13,240 ; swine, 47,620 ; sheep, 46,960 ; land in farms in 1920, 263,830 ; average size farm, 85.4 acres. Living up to the standard of good county government, Union compares favorably with her sister counties. The present (1923-24) county officials are as follows : Probate Judge—H. H. Husted ; Clerk of the Courts—Glen L. Cline ; Sheriff—Frank Collier ; Auditor—L. P. Sherman ; County Commissioners—L. 0. Mapes, M. M. Cameron and W. M. Staley ; Treasurer—F. M. Gilchrist ; Recorder—Abe Newlove ; Surveyor—Alvi Graham ; Prosecuting Attorney—John Daily ; Coroner —E. J. Marsh; County Superintendent of Schools—J. A. Yealey. Among the eminent and well known persons who have been identified with the county are the following : Charles Warren Fairbanks, born near Unionville Center, May 11, 1852, was United States Senator from Indiana and Vice President of the United States (1905-1909). William Henry Smith, born in New York, 1833, was brought to Union County at the age of three years and here he grew up to young manhood. He was journalist, private secretary to Governor COUNTIES OF OHIO - 441 Brough, Secretary of State of Ohio, editor of the St. Clair Papers and an intimate friend of President Rutherford B. Hayes. Otway Curry, journalist, poet and member of the Ohio (1850-1851) Constitutional Convention, was born in Highland County, but was long a resident of Union County. He was the son of Colonel James Curry. His sketch appears elsewhere in this work. Colonel W. L. Curry, author, Civil war veteran, United States Pension Agent at Columbus and prominently identified with the Grand Army of the Republic, was born in Union County, June 25, 1839. VAN WERT COUNTY Van Wert County was formed April 1, 1820, with a number of other Ohio counties from Indian territory. The present area is 406 square miles. The surface is generally level. The top soil is loam and the sub-soil is blue marl extending to a considerable depth and impervious to water. Scientific draining has greatly improved the lands of the county and increased their value manifold. This county is named for one of the three captors of Major Andre in the. Revolutionary war. He was a farmer of West Chester County, New York, at the time of the capture. His name was Isaac Van Wert. The first white man to locate here was Captain James Riley, who came in January, 1821, to the St. Mary's River and at once commenced to clear away the forest, build a cabin and construct a mill. He laid out a town on the west side of the river and called it Willshire, in honor of his benefactor who had redeemed him from African slavery. He had been shipwrecked off the African coast, picked up and enslaved by the Arabs. In 1823 he was elected to the lower house of the general assembly from the territory that had been formed into counties on the same date, April 1, 1820. They were Preble, Miami, Darke, Shelby, Mercer, Allen, Van Wert, Putnam, Paulding, Defiance, Williams, Henry, Wood, and Lucas. He afterwards returned to the sea and died while on a voyage. The vessel on which he sailed was later wrecked and only one of the crew was rescued. The story of Captain Riley verifies the old adage that truth is stranger than fiction. The county is divided into twelve townships as follows : Harrison, Hoaglin, Jackson, Jennings, Liberty, Pleasant, Ridge, Tully, Union, Washington, Wilshire and York. The population of the county by decades has been as follows : In 1830 it had a population of 49 ; 1840, 1,577 ; 1850, 4,793 ; 1860, 10,238 ; 1870, 15,823 ; 1880, 23,028 ; 1890, 29,671 1900, 30,394 ; 1910, 29,119 ; 1920, 28,210. Population per square mile, 69.5. Following are agricultural statistics for 1923-24 : In 1923 there were grown in the county 69,000 acres of corn, producing 3,312,000 bushels ; wheat, 10,000 acres, bushels, 190,000 ; oats, 45,000 acres, bushels, 1,575,000; barley, 37,100 bushels ; rye, 11,040 bushels ; tons of hay, 49,000 ; potatoes, 93,000 bushels ; number of horses in county in 1924, 9,600 ; cattle, 17,400; dairy cows, 10,300; swine, 43,580 ; sheep, 8,310; land farmed, 252,450 acres ; average size of farms in 1920, seventy-five acres. The present (1923-24) county officials are : Probate Judge—Oscar A. Balyeat ; Clerk of the Courts—J. Benson Elder ; Sheriff—Edward E. Terry ; Auditor—Charles W. Ringer ; County Commissioners—Frank Custer, George 'F. Snyder and Charles L. Allen ; Treasurer—J. J. Jones ; Recorder—Jerry Agler ; Surveyor—Otto Witten ; Prosecuting Attorney—C. P. Dunifon; Coroner—Wilbur E. Beach ; County Superintendent of Schools—J. A. Greulach; Agricultural Agent—G. K. Rule. The city of Van Wert, the county seat, is 130 miles northeast of 442 - HISTORY OF OHIO Columbus and twenty-seven miles northwest of Lima. It is located on the Pennsylvania and Big Four railroads. It has stave factories, flour mills, and oil well supply works. It is an important grain market. The value of its real and personal property for purposes of taxation in 1923 was $13,145,620. Population (1920), 8,100. The City of Delphos, located in Van Wert and Allen counties, has a population of 5,745. The incorporated villages of Van Wert County with the (1920) population of each are : Convoy, 932 ; Ohio City, 848 ; Willshire, 546 ; Scott, 342 ; Wren, 314 ; Venedocia, 280 ; Elgin, 115. The Brumback County library is nationally known. The central building, in the City of Van Wert, is the bequest of J. S. Brumback on condition that it be opened to and supported by the entire county. The Brumback heirs faithfully carried out the wishes of their father. A tax is levied for the support of the library. Branches are established in the villages and rural schools and the service reaches every part of the county. VINTON COUNTY Vinton, one of the smaller subdivisions of Ohio, was formed March 23, 1850, from portions of Gallie, Athens, Hocking, Ross and Jackson counties. Its area is 412 square miles. It is watered and drained by the Scioto and Hocking rivers ; its surface is mostly hilly, save small valleys through which the streams flow. While much attention has ever been paid to agriculture, the chief source of wealth in the county is from its coal, fire-clay and iron ore. Forty years ago there were four large iron furnaces in operation. In recent years the coal mining industry has declined. In 1923 only 111,181 tons were mined. No iron ore was produced and the fire-clay industries are undeveloped. Fruit growing has been carried on in an experimental way with promising success. This may develop into an important industry of the county. This county received its name in honor of Samuel Finley Vinton, Ohio's eminent statesman of another generation. He was born in Massachusetts, September 25, 1792, graduated at Williams College in 1814 and two years later began the practice of law at Gallipolis. He served many years in Congress where he had great influence. In 1851 he was the unsuccessful whig candidate for governor of Ohio. He never resided in Vinton County, but at the time of its formation his name was a familiar one throughout Ohio. The early settlers came chiefly to McArthur and Vinton townships. Among the earliest was one Mr. Musselman, who discovered the burr-stone here and worked, as did many other pioneers, in quarrying this stone. Musselman arrived in 1805 and located in Elk, the pioneer township. He was a miller and amateur geologist. The year after he came he discovered the superior quality of burr-stone for milling purposes. But just ahead of him as a permanent settler in Elk was Levi Kelsey, who came in 1802, thus making him probably the first in the county. Vast has been the change since those days back in the twenties, thirties and forties, as will be observed by this paragraph from a local historian, who had been raised in the county : "Trading was done at Chillicothe or Athens. There were no stores nearer. We bought what we could not produce ourselves. The commonest calico sold at 50 cents a yard ; we made our own sugar ; spent as little money as possible. Our salt we got at Jackson ; gave $2.00 for fifty pounds of such mean, wet, dirty salt as could not find a market now any place." Agricultural statistics for 1923-24: In 1923, there were 15,000 acres of corn, producing 495,000 bushels ; wheat, 7,000 acres, bushels, 105,000; oats, 3,000 acres, bushels, 99,000 ; rye, 43 acres, 546 bushels ; buckwheat, 6,300 bushels ; tons of hay, 15,000 ; potatoes, 52,800 bushels ; COUNTIES OF OHIO - 443 number horses in county in 1924, 2,750 ; cattle, 10,620 ; dairy cows, 3,330 ; swine, 5,500 ; sheep, 9,900 ; acres under the plow in 1920, 193,108 ; average size of farm, seventy-six acres. McArthur, the county seat, is about sixty-five miles southeast of Columbus. The place was named for Governor Duncan McArthur and was laid out in 1815, under the name of McArthurstown. The name was changed by legislative act February 7, 1851, and the place was then incorporated. In 1920 the population of McArthur was 1,307. The value of property for purposes of taxation in 1923 was $1,132,760. Zaleski is forty miles east of Chillicothe and six north from McArthur. It took its name from Peter Zaleski, a banker of Paris, who helped develop the mines in this county. He laid out a town here in 1856. After all these years the village has only grown to have a population of 395. Hamden Village, seven miles southwest of McArthur, has 837 inhabitants. Wilkesville Village had in 1920 a population of 224. The county has for its present (1923-24) officers : Probate Judge C. O. Chapman; Clerk of the Courts-Lawrence Dunn ; Sheriff-Fletcher Collins ; Auditor-E. J. Ansel ; County Commissioners-J. A. Newson, W. J. Weed and L. C. Burt ; Treasurer-Earl C. Bay ; Recorder-Virgil Carney ; Surveyor-K. R. Swaney ; Prosecuting Attorney-John Blake ; Coroner-Howard Snyder ; County Superintendent of Schools-C. L. Williams ; Agricultural Agent-A. M. Hedge. The civil townships are : Brown, Clinton, Eagle, Elk, Harrison, Jackson, Knox, Madison, Richland, Swan, Vinton, Wilkesville. The population at various dates has been as follows : In 1850, it was 9,353 ; 1860, 13,631 ; 1870, 15,027 ; 1880, 17,223 ; 1890, 16,045 ; 1900, 15,330.; 1910, 13,096 ; 1920, 12,075. Population per square mile, 29.3. WARREN COUNTY Warren County was taken from Hamilton County, May 1, 1803, and named in honor of Gen. Joseph Warren, who fell at the battle of Bunker Hill. Outside of Harlan Township, this county is generally undulating, but this township was formerly styled the "Swamps." It is now drained and highly cultivated. Some of the most productive land in Ohio is found in this county. It has an area of 413 square miles and the Ohio Agricultural Bulletin for 1923-24 gives the products, in part, as follows : In 1923 the county raised 59,000 acres of corn, producing 2,242,000 bushels of corn; wheat, 32,000 acres, bushels, 608,000 ; oats, 4,000 acres, bushels, 132,000 ; rye, 1,690 acres, bushels, 24,843 ; tons of hay, 30,000; potatoes, 71,100 bushels ; horses in county in 1924, 9,010 ; cattle, 20,830 ; dairy cows, 12,100 ; swine, 57,440 ; sheep, 11,610; land in farms, in 1920, 250,348 acres ; average size of farm, 77.1 acres. The names of the various townships are as follows : Clear Creek, Deerfield, Franklin, Hamilton, Harlan, Massie, Salem, Turtle Creek, Union, Washington and Wayne. As to the growth by decades it will best be seen by referring to the census tables, which show : In 1810 the county had 9,925 ; 1820, 17,837 ; 1830, 21,468 ; 1840, 23,141 ; 1850, 25,560 ; 1860, 26,902 ; 1870, 26,689 ; 1880, 28,392 ; 1890, 25,468 ; 1900, 25,584 ; 1910, 24,497; 1920, 25,716; population per square mile, 62.3. The first pioneer to venture out into what was then a vast forest wilderness infested with Indians and wild animals, to find a permanent home, was William Bedle of New Jersey. The date was September 21, 1795, one month after General Wayne had made his famous treaty with the Indians. He traveled a part of the way with Capt. John Dunlap, a Government surveyor. The oldest town, possibly, in 444 - HISTORY OF OHIO this county is Deerfield, now South Lebanon. In the spring of 1796 many settlements were effected. The first settlers were thole in Deerfield, who located on "forfeitures" or lands which had not been legally "proved up" by required improvements. Commencing with the year 1803, when Ohio was admitted into the Union as a free state, there was an exodus of Quakers from South Carolina, North Carolina and Georgia into Warren County. Lebanon, the county seat, is situated in the beautiful Turtle Creek Valley. The original 100 lots here were surveyed September, 1802, by Ichabod B. Halsey. The town was laid out in a forest of lofty trees and a thick undergrowth of spice bushes. This place is seventy miles southeast of Columbus and was selected as the seat of the National Normal University. This institution, under the administration of Alfred Holbrook, president, was at one time largely attended. In 1889 it enrolled more than three thousand students. It later declined and is no longer listed among the universities and colleges of Ohio. The manufacturing establishments of Lebanon produce canned goods, shoes and structural iron for bridges. The value of its real estate and personal property for purposes of taxation in 1923 was $4,073,750. Population (1920), 3,396. Gov. Jeremiah Morrow, a sketch of whose life is found elsewhere in this work, early settled in Warren County, which continued to be his home when he was not called away in the service of the state and nation. Thomas Corwin, orator, statesman, congressman, governor of Ohio, United States Senator, secretary of the treasury in the cabinet of President Fillmore, and minister to Mexico, was born in Kentucky and came when but four years old with his father's family to Lebanon, from which place he was called to the service of the state and nation. Judge John McLean was born in New Jersey, March 11, 1775, but came with his father's family to Warren County in 1799. He studied law in Cincinnati, was admitted to the bar and returned to Lebanon to enter practice. He was congressman, judge of the Supreme Court of Ohio, postmaster-general in the cabinet of President Monroe and judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. He dissented from Justice Taney in the famous Dred Scott case and later became prominent in the Free-soil and Republican parties. William H. Venable, teacher, historian and poet, was born of Quaker parents near the Village of Waynesville, April 29, 1836. Franklin was platted in 1795, twelve miles northwest of Lebanon. This was immediately after the Greenville Treaty. The first cabin was built by Daniel C. Cooper and William C. Schneck. A union church was built in 1808. The founder, Gen. W. C. Schneck, was by profession a surveyor. The population of Franklin, in 1920, was 3,071. Other places of historic note are Waynesville, laid out in 1796, 668; Morrow, in 1844, 803; Harveysburg, 1828, 355 (near by are the fifty springs of mineral water) ; Springboro, 341; Ridgeville, platted in 1815 ; Butlerville, 97; Murdoch ; Mason, 816 ; Kings Mills, and Corwin, 136. The present county officers of Warren County are as follows, at least they were in office in 1923-24 : Probate Judge—W. Z. Roll ; Clerk of the Courts—T. J. Lewis ; Sheriff—Morrow Brant ; Auditor—C. S. Mounts ; County Commissioners—Frank B. Stokes, Carl J. Miller and Samuel D. Henkle ; Treasurer—Fred S. Simpson ; Recorder—Allen Huffman ; Surveyor—Earl J. Spencer ; Prosecuting Attorney—Charles Donald Dilatush ; Coroner—H. E. Dilatush ; County Superintendent of Schools—F. B. Harris ; Agricultural Agent—C. F. Class. Union Village, four miles west of Lebanon, was for more than one hundred years a community of Shakers. About six miles east of Lebanon is the prehistoric earthwork, Fort COUNTIES OF OHIO - 445 Ancient, a masterpiece of the art and industry of the Mound Builders—one of the most remarkable in the Ohio Valley. WASHINGTON COUNTY Washington County was formed July 26, 1788, by proclamation of Governor St. Clair, the same being the first county formed within the limits of Ohio. Much of the county is rough and very hilly. Originally this single county comprised more than half of the Ohio of today. Its present area is 630 square miles. Its civil townships number twenty-two and are named as follows : Adams, Aurelius, Barlow, Belpre, Decatur, Dunham, Fairfield, Fearing, Grand View, Index pendence, Lawrence, Liberty, Ludlow, Marietta, Muskingum, Newport, Palmer, Salem, Warren, Waterford, Watertown and Wesley. The county is now 136 years old. Its population at various dates has been as follows : In 1800 it was 5,427 ; 1810, 5,991; 1820, 10,425 ; 1830, 11,731; 1840, 20,823 ; 1850, 29,540 ; 1860, 36,268 ; 1870, 40,609 ; 1880, 43,244 ; 1890, 42,380; 1900, 48,245 ; 1910, 45,422 ; 1920, 43,049 ; population to the square mile, in 1920, was 68.3. The county was first settled under the auspices of the New England Ohio Company. Its first settlers were from New England. Gen. Rufus Putnam was superintendent of the first colony, consisting of forty-eight actual settlers on Ohio soil. The production of staples grown in this county, as now constituted, is shown, in part, by referring to the Agricultural Department's bulletins. The 1923-24 statistics sent out show that in 1923 this county raised 25,000 acres, of corn, producing 1,075,000 bushels ; wheat, 17,- 000 acres, 255,000 bushels ; 6,000 acres, oats, 180,000 bushels ; rye, 145 acres, 1,740 bushels ; tons of hay, 48,000 ; potatoes, 1,880 acres, 216,200 bushels ; number of horses in 1924, 8,020 ; cattle, 25,100; cows in dairy, 10,750 ; swine, 12,140 ; sheep, 28,680 ; cultivated acres, in 1920, 368,064 ; average size farm in 1913, 57.6 acres. Marietta, the county seat of Washington County, is the oldest city in the state. It is on the left bank of Muskingum River, at its junction with the Ohio River. It stands, for the most part, on level table lands. It was named Marietta in honor of the French queen, Marie Antoinette. It is replete with historical surroundings. The ancient 446 - HISTORY OF OHIO earth works, mentioned elsewhere in this work, are of universal interest to the visitor and student. Harmar is on the south bank of the Muskingum, opposite Marietta. Fort Harmar was completed in the spring of 1786. In recent years Harmar has been annexed to Marietta. The date of annexation was June, 1890. Marietta in 1919 had fifty manufacturing establishments, employing 1,649 persons and a capital of $5,585,807. The value of the annual product was $5,917,469. The principal products were furniture, safes, carriage supplies, automobile accessories, paint, glass, chains, oil well tools and supplies, steel and tin plate, boilers and boats. The value of personal and real property for purposes of taxation in 1923 was $24,095,920. Population (1920), 15,140. Marietta is truly an historic city. Here the first settlers landed under the leadership of Gen. Rufus Putnam, April 7, 1788 ; here on July 4th of that year was celebrated the day that gave the Republic birth ; here five days later Arthur St. Clair, governor of the territory northwest of the River Ohio came formally to assume the duties of his office ; here in the autumn of the same year rose the wooden ramparts of Campus Martius ; here within the unfinished stockade, on September 2, 1788, was instituted and opened the first Civil Court in the territory ; hither came Blennerhasset and his accomplished wife on frequent visits from their island home in the Ohio River and hither came Aaron Burr on his ill starred enterprise that has echoed in the literature of intervening years. To the student of Ohio history there is no more interesting spot than Marietta. The state has at last in recognition of its transcendent importance provided for the marking of the site of Campus Martius and the preservation of the old home of Gen. Rufus Putnam, which stood within the defenses and still stands as a monument to the founders of Ohio. The site and improvements contemplated will be administered for the state by the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. Marietta College was chartered in 1835. It has had a long line of eminent professors and alumni. An extended sketch will be found on another page. Among the distinguished men and women of the past who were identified with Washington County were Gen. Rufus Putnam, Return Jonathan Meigs, Manasseh Cutler, Ephraim Cutler, Benjamin Tupper, Dr. Samuel P. Hildreth, Rev. Dr. I. W. Andrews, William P. Cutler, Gen. Rufus R. Dawes, Frances Dana Gage, Gen. Don Carlos Buell and Gov. John Brough. The last three were born in Washington County. The most eminent living representative of the county is Gen. Charles G. Dawes, financier, soldier and at present Vice President of the United States, was born in Marietta, August 27, 1865. Smaller villages of this county are Belpre, Beverly, Lowell, Matamoras, Macksburg and Lower Salem Village. The county officers listed for 1923-24 for Washington County are : Probate Judge—A. A. Schramm ; Clerk of the Courts—Katerine D. Thomas ; Sheriff—E. L. Yarnell ; Auditor—John F. Scott ; County Commissioners—L. L. Dutton, J. Wiley West and J. H. Fleming ; Treasurer—W. C. Robinson ; Recorder—Ruth L. Sprague ; Surveyor —George E. Carr ; Prosecuting Attorney—Everett F. Folger ; Coroner —B. F. Guyton ; County Superintendent of Schools—M. C. Smith ; Agricultural Agent—J. D. Hervey. WAYNE COUNTY Wayne County was established in 1796. It was named for Gen. Anthony Wayne. It was created by proclamation by Governor Arthur St. Clair as the third county of the Northwest Territory. Its COUNTIES OF OHIO - 447 original limits embraced what is now a part of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin and all of Michigan. As at present constituted it lies within what was called the "New Purchase," an extensive tract lying south of the Western Reserve, east of the Tuscarawas River, north of the Greenville Treaty line and extending as far west as the western line of the Reserve. The land office for this section was at Canton. The first lands were sold here in 1808 and included the sites of Mansfield, Richland County, Wooster and a few scattered tracts. The population of Wayne County, by decades, runs as follows : In 1800 it had 3,206 ; 1820, 11,933 ; 1830, 23,333 ; 1840, 35,808 ; 1850, 32,981; 1860, 32,483 ; 1870, 35,116 ; 1880, 40,076 ; 1890, 39,005 ; 1900, 37,870 ; 1910, 38,058 ; 1920, 41,346 ; population per square mile, 74.2. Following are the recent agricultural statistics : In 1923 there were grown in the county 45,000 acres of corn, producing 1,665,000 bushels ; wheat, 72,000 acres, 1,584,000 bushels ; oats, 28,000 acres, 1,204,000 bushels ; rye, 250 acres, 3,625 bushels ; buckwheat, 19 acres, 285 bushels ; tons of hay, 57,000 ; potatoes, 2,330 acres, 309,890 bushels ; head of horses, in 1924, 12,670; cattle, 34,230 ; dairy cows, 23,740 ; swine, 33,260; sheep, 17,480 ; acres in cultivation, in 1920, 333,949 ; average size farm, 68.0 acres. The county officers listed in 1923-24 are as follows : Probate Judge —Charles C. Jones ; Clerk of the Court—Harley H. Franks ; Sheriff—Andrew W. Bucher ; Auditor—William E. Heller ; County Commissioners—Amzi R. Franks, G. H. Enright, H. H. Shannon ; Treasurer—John M. Russell ; Recorder—Jesse W: Enert ; Surveyor—O. G. Leapley ; Prosecuting Attorney—Joseph O. Fritz ; Coroner—Emanuel Rickenbach ; County Superintendent of Schools—G. U. Baumgardner ; Agricultural Agent—G. A. Dustman. Wayne County has sixteen civil townships, as follows : Baughman, Canaan, Chester, Chippewa, Clinton, Congress, East Union, Franklin, Green, Milton, Paint, Plain, Salt Creek, Sugar Creek, Wayne and Wooster. Wooster, the county seat, was named for Gen. David Wooster, a Revolutionary war officer. It is ninety-three miles from Columbus and fifty-two south of Cleveland. It was laid out in the autumn of 1808, by proprietors, John Beaver, William Henry and Joseph H. Lan 448 - HISTORY OF OHIO will, on a site 337 feet above Lake Erie. The first house in the county was a log cabin erected on Liberty Street, in Wooster. When Wooster was settled there were no white inhabitants between it and the lake ; Fort Wayne on the west ; on the south few until within a few miles of Coshocton. Wooster was made the county seat May 30, 1811, before which date all had been in one civil township. The first county seat locating committee did not seem to please the people, for they located the seat of justice more than a mile to the southeast of present Wooster, and called the place Madison, where only one log house was erected. The "town" went down when the new commissioners (appointed by the Legislature) relocated the county seat where present Wooster stands. The first mill erected in the county was about one mile cast of Wooster on Apple Creek. Wooster manufactures overalls, buggies, shale brick, coach pads, boilers, automobile tires, aluminum ware, pumps, and chemicals. The Ohio State Agricultural Experiment Station is located here. The value of real estate and personal property for purposes of taxation in 1923 was $13,879,620. Population (1920), 8,204. Wooster is the seat of the College of Wooster, founded in 1868. It ranks high among the educational institutions of the state. An extended sketch is found elsewhere in this work. Orrville is a railroad center, a prosperous village that will soon become a city. It has manufacturing establishments, and in recent years has had a substantial growth. Its population in 1900 was 1,901 ; in 1910, 3,101; in 1920, 4,107. Other places in the county are Doylestown, Shreve, Dalton, Creston, Fredericksburg, Congress, Burbank, Apple Creek, West Salem. Marshallville and Mount Eaton. The late William B. Allison, for many years United States Senator from Iowa, was born in Perry Township, this county, in 1829. WILLIAMS COUNTY Williams County was formed from old Indian territory, April 1, 1820, and organized in April, 1824. The soil is of a clayey nature, mixed with loam in many places. In its northern portion the soil is a rich black loam. The county has an area of 411 square miles. It was greatly reduced in extent in 1845 by the formation of Defiance, to which the townships of Defiance, Delaware, Farmer, Hicksville, Milford, Tiffin and Washington now belong. The population were mostly from Ohio, New England, New York, Pennsylvania and Germany. Before 1835 there were but few families within the limits of the present county. Among the first settlers to invade these parts with a view of making permanent homes were James Guthrie, who settled in Springfield Township in 1827 ; Samuel Holton, who came to St. Joseph Township the same year ; John Zediker, John Perkins, Josiah Packard, Rev. Thomas J. Prettyman, Mrs. Mary Leonard and three sons-in-law. The Indians found in the county upon the arrival of these white families were the Ottawa, Miami, Pottawottomie and Wyandot tribes. The county is divided into twelve civil townships, as follows : Brady, Bridgewater, Center, Florence, Jefferson, Madison, Mill Creek, Northwest, Pulaski, Saint Joseph, Springfield, Superior. The United States census reports, by decades, gives the population since the organization took place, as follows : In 1830 it had 387 inhabitants ; 1840, 4,465 ; 1850, 8,078 ; 1860, 16,633 ; 1870, 20,991 ; 1880, 23,821 ; 1890, 24,897 ; 1900, 24,953 ; 1910, 25,198 ; 1920, 24,627 ; population per square mile, 59.9. The county was named after one of the three men who captured Major Andre in revolutionary days ; his name was David Williams, born COUNTIES OF OHIO - 449 in Tarrytown, New York, 1754. He received $200 a year as a pension from the United States, the last few years of his life. Following are agricultural statistics for recent years : In 1923 there were grown in the county, 43,000 acres of corn, producing 2,107,000 bushels ; wheat, 29,000 acres, bushels, 609,000 ; oats, 29,000 acres, bushels, 1,102,000; barley, 3,480 acres, 100,920 bushels ; rye, 920 acres, 16,835 bushels ; buckwheat, 73 acres, 1,241 bushels ; tons of hay, 43,000 ; potatoes, 58,750 bushels ; head of horses in county, in 1924, 8,700 ; cattle, 21,600 ; dairy cows, 12,950 ; swine, 33,520; sheep, 17,370 ; acres under cultivation, in 1920, 257,685 ; average size of farm, 73.8 acres. The last list of county officers (for 1923-24) is as follows : Probate Judge-J. Arter Weaver; Clerk of the Courts-Frank H. Stewart ; Sheriff-Paul W. Burkhart ; Auditor-H. C. Miller ; County Commissioners-George E. Scott, John P. Fisher and W. P. Whitney ; Treasurer-Ross Stickney ; Recorder-Edwin C. Smith ; Surveyor-J. R. Mick ; Prosecuting Attorney-William H. Shinn ; Coroner-John A. Gardner ; County Superintendent of Schools-F. 0. Russell ; Agricultural Agent-M. R. Myers. The county seat of Williams County is Bryan, fifty-four miles west of Toledo. From the date the county was organized its seat of justice had been Defiance, up to 1840, when the change was effected. The manufacturing establishments of Bryan produce show cases. wheelbarrows and condensed milk. It is in the midst of a grain and sugar beet producing section. The value of its real estate and personal property listed for taxation in 1923 was $6,313,650. Population (1920), 4,252. Other villages in the county are West Unity, Edon, Blakeslee, Pioneer, Alvordton, Edgerton, Stryker and Montpelier. WOOD COUNTY Wood County was formed from old Indian territory, April 1, 1820, when so many Ohio subdivisions were created. It took its name from Colonel Wood, a distinguished officer of the War of 1812. The surface is level and in the bed of the old Black Swamp, where the soil is ever so rich and deep. The pioneers here were mostly from New England, with some German people. Its area is 612 square miles-one of the state's largest counties. The civil townships are twenty in number and named as follows : Bloom, Center, Freedom, Grand Rapids, Henry, Jackson, Lake, Liberty, Middleton, Milton, Montgomery, Perry, Perrysburg, Plain, Portage, Ross, Troy, Washington, Webster and Weston. In 1890 it was written of this county, "This used to be in the midst of the Black Swamp and an almost unbroken forest, but owing to scientific, modern drainage systems it has come to be a garden spot and no farmer is more than three miles to a railroad line. The growth has been steady and still being developed." The 1923-24 Agricultural Bulletin for Ohio gives figures as follows : In 1923 the county raised 100,000 acres of corn and from it produced 4,400,000 bushels, ranking first among the counties of Ohio ; wheat, 36,000 acres, bushels, 828,000 ; oats, 63,000 acres, 2,268,000 bushels ; barley, 3,560 acres, 103,240 bushels ; rye, 410 acres, bushels, 6,847 ; buckwheat, 166 acres, bushels, 3,320 ; tons of hay, 49,000 ; potatoes, 100,050 bushels ; number of horses in county, in 1924, 12,300; cattle, 26,300 ; dairy cows, 14,500 ; swine, 57,170 ; sheep, 11,550 ; land in farms, in 1920, 356,882 acres ; average size farm in county, 76.1 acres. The county's population has been as follows : In 1820 it had 733 inhabitants ; 1830, 1,102 ; 1840, 5,357 ; 1850, 9,157 ; 1860, 17,886 ; 1870, 24,596 ; 1880, 34,022 ; 1890, 44,392; 1900, 51,555 ; 1910, 46,330 ; 1920. 44,892 ; population per square mile, 73.4.