300 - HISTORY OF NORTHWEST OHIO contributed to the Beacon Biography Series a "Life of Abraham Lincoln." Two volumes of short stories have been published, entitled the "Gold Brick" and "The Fall Guy." These stories had appeared in the standard magazines previously, where they had been well received. A monograph "On the Enforcement of Law in Cities" was published in book form in 1913. In 1914 appeared an autobiography, entitled "Forty Years of It." Mr. Whitlock's pronounced and radical political views brought him into political prominence. Upon the death of Samuel M. Jones, who had been mayor of Toledo for several terms, Mr. Whitlock became the logical successor of that leader, and was elected mayor of that city in November, 1905, to which office he was three times re-elected. In December, 1913, he was appointed United States Minister to Belgium by President Wilson. The succeeding events in the history of that unfortunate kingdom brought Mr. Whitlock into international prominence. He became the official representative not only of the United States to this conquered nation, but also represented the interests of all the belligerent nations opposed to Germany, and, in the course of his duties, has had the opportunity to render some extraordinary services which have given him wide publicity. CHARLES ELIHU SLOCUM Charles Elihu Slocum has contributed a number of noteworthy volumes to the literature of the country. In fact, there are few writers in Northwest Ohio whose name appears on the title page of so many volumes. He was born in the State of New York in 1841, and studied medicine both in this country and in Europe. He practiced his profession in Defiance for many years, and was also an instructor in the Cleveland College of Physicians and Surgeons for several years. He is probably best known in this section of the country for his "History of the Maumee Basin," published in 1905. To the preparation of this volume he devoted much research and a great amount of time, all of which is shown in the published work. A few years later there appeared the "History of the Ohio Country Between the Years 1783 and 1815," another historical treatise which has found its way generally into the public libraries. Doctor Slocum was a great student of genealogy, and was the. author of a "History of the Slocums, Slocombs and Slocumbs of America," which appeared in 1908. "Francis Slocum the Captive" and "Life and Services of Major-General Henry W. Slocum," are the other volumes written by him relating to the memoirs of the Slocum family. Another of Doctor Slocum's works is entitled "Tobacco and its Deleterious Effects." He was an industrious and painstaking writer, and his work was only halted by his death in 1915, at Toledo.' CONSUL WILLSHIRE BUTTERFIELD Northwest Ohio claims an interest in Consul Wiltshire Butterfield, the famous historian. Although a native of Oswego County, New York, his father's family removed to Melmore, Seneca County, in 1834, when Consul was ten years of age. In 1848 he published a "History of Seneca County," which is a very valuable work. He began his professional life as a lawyer, but quit the practice of law to. devote his time to the literary calling. He prepared and published a number of county histories. In 1873, while practicing law in Bucyrus, he wrote "An Historical Account of the Campaign against Sandusky. under Colonel William Crawford, in 1782." This work is considered the standard story of one of the most thrilling expeditions of the struggle for American independence. He afterwards published a "History of the Girtys," which is the most complete and au- HISTORY OF NORTHWEST OHIO - 301 thentic record of the careers of that famous family of renegades. In this work he aimed to dispel what he considered to be erroneous ideas that had grown up concerning these notorious brothers. His later .years were spent in the West, where he also prepared a number of historical studies: Among his other published works were "The Washington Crawford Letters," "Discovery of the Northwest in 1634 by John Nicolet," "The Washington Irvine Correspondence," and many local histories. For a number of years he did editorial work on the "Magazine of Western History." Although not wielding so graphic a pen as Parkman in describing the American Indian and the pioneer character, he had a pleasing style and went to the greatest pains to be accurate and absolutely reliable. He labored hard and almost without reward, for his works were not of the peculiar character that brought large sales. He wrote rather for the love of writing. NEVIN O. WINTER. 1 A chapter on the more important of those writers in Northwestern Ohio who have made noteworthy contributions to literature would not be complete without referring to the author of this work. It is perhaps most fitting that any reference to him and his works should be written by one who has known his entire life, and on whose paper he first commenced his career as a writer. Born in Crawford County, he early removed to Bucyrus, attended the schools here, and commenced life as a reporter on the Evening Telegraph. Desiring a wider field, he took his first trip abroad, and, like Bayard Taylor, more than half a century ago, left the beaten paths of travel, visiting the quaint and ,picturesque out-of-the-way places of Eng- 1 Contributed by John E. Hopley, of Bucyrus, editor of the Evening Telegraph, and herewith inserted in the chapter "Northwest Ohio in Literature." The publishers. land, France, and Spain, and his interesting letters were published in his home paper and others of the larger cities. He later removed to Toledo and was admitted to the bar. On a vacation trip Mr. Winter visited Mexico, and, as on his first journey to Europe, studied the habits and customs of .the people, and wrote his first work, "Mexico and Her People of Today," blending with his history the delicate touch which personal observation and study of surroundings only can give. This work was issued in 1907, and was an unusual success. Requests were made by the publishers for other works similar to Mexico, and in the same way he wrote "Guatemala and Her People of Today," a couple of years later. This work added to his reputation, and he essayed a trip to South America. Following this appeared "Brazil sand Her People of Today," "Argentina and Her People of Today," and "Chili and Her. People of Today." His net long journey was to Europe, and there followed "The Russian Empire of Today and Yesterday," and "Poland of Today and Yesterday." In his first trip to Mexico he became interested in the opportunity offered for a work on the Lone Star State, and, after an extended stay there, studying the habits and customs of that great state, wrote " Texas, the Marvelous." All of the works of Mr.. Winter have had most successful sales, several having been republished in England, and a Japanese society has requested the privilege of translating the manuscript of "Mexico and Her People of Today" into their language. In the past few years his work on Mexico has perhaps been the most read book upon that country, and has been much used as a work of reference and study by clubs. He has delivered a number of addresses on the countries of which he has written before societies desiring an exact understanding of conditions there. His works not alone give the history of the country, but they depict the life and the customs, the 302 - HISTORY OF NORTHWEST OHIO amusements and the characteristics of the people as they are today. His last work, "History of Northwest Ohio," is before you, and you who have read it must judge it for yourself, but the writer is confident that it has been written with the same accuracy, the same thorough study and research, that he has givento his previous work. CHAPTER XXVI RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS When the pioneers invaded the forests and prairies of Northwest Ohio, they brought with them the Bible and the Christian Church. These pioneer men and women, who came from the settlements beyond the Alleghanies, were adherents of many religious faiths, but they held religion above denominational lines. As the settlers were few in any community, they generally rallied around the first minister who appeared and conducted services. Catholics and Protestants even forgot their differences, worshipping together at times, and they jointly contributed to the erection of churches. When towns were platted, the proprietors frequently provided free sites for two or three churches. Sometimes the denominations were specified, and again they were to be given to the first societies completing) an organization in the community. Although priests of the Roman Catholic faith doubtless conducted the first religious services in this section of the state, the early immigrants were almost wholly Protestant, and the earliest churches were erected by Protestant denominations. The great majority of the pioneers were connected with one religious organization or another. Whereas today in our cities many persons consider it a terrible exertion to go a few blocks to church, unless the weather conditions are most favorable, the pioneer men and women would journey many miles on foot through the pathless woods to hear preaching of the word of God. Then they would sit quietly and listen attentively to a discourse that lasted an hour and a `half or more, while today the congregation grows restless if the sermon exceeds half an hour in length. Loud "amens" would be heard from the hearers at preaching services, and in times of religious excitement persons would frequently be seized with the " jerks," or would fall prostrate on the church floor and lie there immovable for hours. Some would talk in unknown tongues, while others, naturally diffident and retiring by nature, would raise their voices in public meetings and preach sermons. These phenomena of religious excitement were peculiarly characteristic of the early days, and the cause of it has never been satisfactorily explained to the lay mind. When these manifestations occurred at services, and especially during revivals, the cause may easily be attributed to religious excitement, but many instances are recorded where people who had not attended church, and were not even interested in the meetings, would suddenly fall senseless in the road or woods, wherever they happened to be. No lives were ever lost and no serious injuries suffered, but the manifestations were most marvelous and almost inexplicable. This is a phenomenon that is no more witnessed even in the most backwoods community. In most communities, it was ministers of the Methodist Episcopal Church who were earliest on the ground, although one of the earliest sermons in Northwest Ohio was preached by Rev. Joseph Badger, a Presbyterian missionary, at Lower Sandusky, in the year 1806. He lived at that time in a cabin on the site of Fort Stephenson. He was one of the earliest and best known of the pioneer - 303 - 304 - HISTORY OF NORTHWEST OHIO preachers in the Western Reserve. He was intensely interested in his work, but sometimes had barely enough to subsist upon. For ,B, time his salary was only six dollars a week. While at .Lower Sandusky he was working under the Massachusetts Missionary Society. The backwoods circuit rider would suddenly appear in a new community and seek an opportunity to hold services. As a rule he was welcomed into the home of any pioneer, whether a, church member or not, and every facility was afforded him for preaching services. If no larger building was available, the home of some pioneer was thrown open and word sent to the entire neighborhood. If the weather was warm and pleasant, the services would be conducted out in the groves, which were God's first temples.   The ministers who served the pioneer 'congregations of Northwest Ohio deserve a high place on the tablet of fame. It was a love of souls and not the small emolument received by them that drew them on in their labors in the wilderness. Rev. Elnathan C. Gavitt, a Methodist circuit rider, relates his experiences as follows: "At that day it was the policy of the church to hunt up all the white settlements and carry the gospel to them. Emigration to Northern Ohio had commenced, the Maumee Valley was fast filling up, and hence our missionary work was not wholly confined to the Indians, but extended over a large territory now included in the following counties : Crawford, Marion, Hardin, Auglaize, Allen, Van Wert, Hancock, Putnam, Paulding; Defiance, Williams, Fulton, Lucas, Henry, Wood, Ottawa, and several appointments within the bounds of Sandusky and Seneca. Traveling most of the time without roads or bridges, fording streams or swimming our horses, and sometimes lodging in the wilderness, preaching from two to three times a day, and all this had to be accomplished every four weeks, so as to reach the mission at Upper Sandusky by Saturday night, as one of the missionaries had to remain until the other returned, to superintend the house, farm and school, having from sixty to eighty children to be provided for. Let others think as they may as to Christianity and the gospel ministry, it was the love of souls, the moral and religious improvement of these new settlements that prompted the ministers to make the sacrifices they did, and not the love of fame or wealth. My colleague, being a married man, was allowed a salary of $200 per year; but being a single man, I was only allowed $100 ; but this amount was not to come from the Indians, but must be secured from the whites ; and each member was expected to pay 25 cents per quarter, which was called quarterage. The country being new and the people poor, the minister generally received about one-half his salary. The first five years of my itineracy I did not receive more than $40 or $50 per year, and much of this was in such articles as they could conveniently spare. However, it was customary for all the membership to pay something according to their ability, but such families as were destitute of means were cheerfully excused, providing they kept on hand a good supply of yellow-legged chickens !"   The Presbyterian Church closely followed the Methodists in Northwest Ohio. Many societies of this denomination were organized in the thirties. In a few instances they preceded the Methodist congregations. The first church in Bucyrus was of the Presbyterian faith. In 1833 a society of thirty-three members in that village, which was unusually large for that day, petitioned for admission into the Columbus Presbytery.. In that same year the first Presbyterian societies were formed in Toledo and Lima. In that year, or possibly earlier, a society was organized in Melmore, Seneca County, by Rev. John Robinson, one of the earliest preachers in the wilds of Seneca. The congregation in Findlay claims to date from 1830, but a church was not built until six years later. Societies followed in Kenton   HISTORY OF NORTHWEST OHIO - 305   and Defiance in the year 1836 and 1837 respectively. Within a decade the Presbyterians were represented in practically all the counties of Northwest Ohio.   The earliest Congregational society is doubtless the one now known as the First Congregation Church of Toledo. This is said to be the first regular church organization in that city. It was originally known at " The First Presbyterian Church," when organized in 1833. A few persons desiring to have religious services met at the home of Samuel I. Keeler in the early part of that year, and a society of seven members was enrolled by Rev. Mr. Warriner, of Monroe, Michigan. In 1841 the form of government was changed to the Congregational. Three years later the church was regularly incorporated under the state laws. The earliest building occupied by this society was dedicated in 1838, but never owned by that body. Because of financial distress it was sold by the sheriff and purchased by the newly, organized Roman Catholic Society. It is still in use by them as a school building. This mother church of Congregationalism has grown and developed into one of the strongest societies not only of Northwest Ohio, but of the entire state, and occupies a magnificent church home. This denomination now numbers many churches scattered over this section of our commonwealth.   The earliest record that has been seen of the organization of a Baptist Church is a society of twenty-six members, which were banded together at Lima in 1834. Upon petition it was admitted into the. Mad River Association. Four years later a congregation was gathered together at Bucyrus. After services the entire congregation repaired to the Sandusky River, where four persons were baptized. From that time Baptist societies began to be organized throughout Northwest Ohio. It was not until 1853, however, that definite steps were taken toward the organization of a Baptist Church at Toledo.   Vol. I-20   The First Protestant Episcopal Church was organized at Maumee, as early as 1837, and Rev. B. H. Hickox was the earliest pastor. One year later a society was formed at Manhattan. In 1840 services were conducted by Bishop Mcllvain in the old Presbyterian Church in Toledo. The first house of worship was not erected until five years afterwards. A site was donated by the proprietors of the town, which is still occupied by Trinity Church. Toledo is now the residence of the coadjutor bishop of the Cleveland diocese. There are now many Episcopalian churches throughout this section of our commonwealth and this society, like its sister denominations, is constantly growing in numbers and influence.   NOTE.—It has been found impractical to attempt to formulate a connected history of all the denominations represented in Northwest Ohio. The history of many individual churches will be found in the county chapters. A more extended account is given of the Methodist Episcopal and Roman Catholic churches, the two earliest and most numerous religious bodies in our section of the state.   METHODISM AND METHODISTS   REV. ELWOOD O. CRIST, D. D., DEFIANCE   Northwest Ohio is historic ground for Methodism. It was within this section of our great. state that the first missionary work under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church was undertaken by John Stewart among the Wyandot Indians, at Upper Sandusky. It was in the year 1816 that Stewart began his work with that tribe of aborigines, and it was not long afterwards that his work came under the control of this church. In fact, it was his wonderful success that inspired in no small degree the missionary work of this great religious body. The Methodist Episcopal Church was among the first to answer the call for religious teachers among the pioneers of the Northwestern Territory, and the first Methodist sermon preached within Ohio was   306 - HISTORY OF NORTHWEST OHIO   probably at Warrentown, in Jefferson County, in the year 1787, by the Rev. George Callahan. The first Methodist society organized within the state was at Columbia, now Cincinnati, when the Rev. John Kobler, of Kentucky, crossed the Ohio River and organized a class of twenty-one persons in that settlement. All of the preaching places to begin with were in the cabins of the backwoods settlers. The premier house of worship was a log meetinghouse at Scioto Brush Creek, which was built by the Rev. Henry Smith in 1800.   Just when the first Methodist service was conducted in Northwest Ohio is uncertain, but it was probably not until the early years of the nineteenth century. We have a record of the organizing of a "class" at Fremont, in the year 1820, by the Rev. James Montgomery. President Monroe had appointed Mr. Montgomery the first agent. to the Seneca Indiahs. The Indians bestowed upon him the name of Kuckoo-Wassa, or "New Acorn. " He was a local preacher, and preached almost constantly in connection with his official duties. The church at Upper Sandusky was organized not many years after the establishment of the mission of the Indians. Methodism had its inception in Findlay when Adam Poe preached the first sermon in that place, in the year 1829. This was also the earliest sermon ever preached in that city. Doctor Poe was at that time the presiding elder connected with the Wyandot Mission, at Upper Sandusky. He reached Fort Findlay, as it was then called, on Saturday night, an absolute stranger with only 37 cents in his pockets. He rode his horse up to the hotel and gave instructions that it should be taken care of. He then went to the schoolhouse, which was also used as a courthouse, and made a fire. He put two benches together, which he used as a bed for that night. In the morning he went out and informed the people whom he met that he would preach in the schoolhouse at 10 o'clock. Many came to hear him, and, at the close of his service, a kindly lady of the congregation invited the preacher to her home for dinner. She then learned that he had had neither supper nor breakfast.   The experience of Doctor Poe is a fair sample of many of the early experiences of the pioneer preachers who traversed Northwest Ohio when it was still a wilderness. In addition to such trivial inconveniences, they had to endure the trials of the Black Swamp and the danger of the "shakes," as the ague was called. A regular Methodist class was not organized in Findlay until 1832. Itinerant preachers were holding services in the cabins and primitive schoolhouses! in the neighborhood of Bowling Green in the early '20s. In Wapakoneta, the Methodist denomination organized a "class" and erected a church in the year 1834. This building was for a time used both for school purposes and as a courthouse, as well as for religious services by other denominations. Rev. William Sprague, of the! Methodist ,Episcopal Church, preached the .first sermon at Defiance, of which we have a certain record, in 1832. A couple of years later a church built of logs was dedicated on that historic site.   The first church in the Maumee Valley was organized at Perrysburg, when John P. Kent and P. B. Morrey proclaimed the gospel there, on or about the year 1820. A permanent society was soon afterwards organized. The Spafford 's home was long known as Methodist headquarters. A church was built in 1836, which is still in use, although it has been remodeled several times. The first service in the immediate vicinity of Toledo was at a settlement then known as Ten Mile Creek, which was later called Tremainsville, and is now known as West Toledo. The preachers in the year 1823 were Billings 0. .Plympton and Elias Pettee. This was before Toledo was even platted. The first "class" was formed in the house of Eli Hubbard in that settlement, and it numbered about eight members. This   HISTORY OF NORTHWEST OHIO - 307   "class," however, developed into the Tremainesville Church, now known as Coiling-wood. The first sermon preached in Toledo proper was by the Rev. Elnathan C. Gavitt, in the year 1832. It was delivered in a warehouse standing on the bank of the river. "Here the last week of October" said he, "I preached from Genesis 19 :17 to twelve persons, most of whom were women." The first Methodist Church in Toledo was organized in 1836, in that part of the city now known as Lower Town. A church was built there which was afterwards purchased by the German Methodists in 1850. This church building is still in existence, and is now located on an alley between Erie and Ontario streets. In this building the Methodists of Toledo continued to worship for a number of years.   All of Ohio was at first included in what was termed the Ohio District, and the first conference was held at Chillicothe, in the year 1807, with Bishop Asbury presiding. Five years later the extensive Ohio Conference was organized, which included much more than our own state, and in 1836 the Michigan Conference was formed to which was set off this section of the state. Four years later it fell within the North Ohio Conference. In 1856 Delaware Conference was formed, and this was held in Lima, Ohio, but four years later the name was changed to Central Ohio Conference, which name it continued to retain for more than half a century. This conference included all of Northwest Ohio, with the exception of a few counties on the eastern border, which remained within the North Ohio Conference draws many serious students. ence. William L. Harris, afterwards bishop, was the first secretary of the Delaware, or Central Ohio Conference. When organized it contained ninety-eight preachers with sixty-seven pastoral charges. The highest salary paid at that time was $600, for that was the amount received by the pastor of what is now St. Paul's Church, in Toledo. The presiding elders received about $400 each. When it was joined with the Cincinnati Conference, under the name of the West Ohio Conference, in 1913, the 'number of pastoral charges had increased to 180 and the number of preachers to 263. The number of members had increased in proportion, and the salaries had grown greatly during that time. The last session of the Central Ohio Conference as such was held at Kenton, September 25-30, 1912, and the first session of the new conference at. Urbana in the following year. At that time N. B. C. Love, Loring C. Webster, Andrew J. Frisbie, and Joshua M. Longfellow were the only surviving charter members, all of them then past the age of four-score years.   Northwest Ohio Methodism has been interested in furthering many benevolent enterprises. One of these, which performs great service to a suffering humanity, is the Flower Deaconess Home and Hospital, in Toledo. This institution was organized in the year 1907. It was founded by the late Stevens W. Flower, one of the leading business men of Toledo, who donated his home, which was a very valuable one, with about two acres of ground, and $20,000 in cash to the Central Ohio Conference to establish the Flower Hospital and Mrs. Ellan B. Flower Deaconess Home, as a memorial for himself and wife. The amount of money invested has been greatly increased since that, time, and several new buildings have been constructed until now this is one of the leading hospitals in Toledo. It is supported by the West Ohio Conference, the successor of the Central Ohio Conference. The first building with room for twenty-five beds was formally opened in 1910. The second unit was thrown open to the public three years later, and the capacity was thus more than doubled. Dr. Sidney Dix Foster has been chief of staff since the opening of the hospital. The superintendents have been Rev. E. 0. Crist, Rev. E. E. McCammon,   308 - HISTORY OF NORTHWEST OHIO   and Rev. G. A. Reeder. Under the direction of a wise and progressive board of trustees, these gifts have been judiciously invested for the relief of suffering mankind and for the cause of human progress. Hundreds of patients have found health and rest within its hospitable walls. There is a training school for nurses in connection with the hospital, with a full three years course of study, which affords an opportunity for young women to secure the very best training for that calling.   The Flower Home for Girls is another splendid institution in Toledo, owned and operated by The Flower Deaconess Home and Hospital Corporation, which was given by the same generous donor, Stevens W. Flower. Here the Methodist deaconesses gather together young girls coming into the city as strangers to make their own way, or needy homeless girls of the city, and they are sheltered and assisted in getting suitable employment and homes.   One of the best known enterprises of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Northwest Ohio is the resort at Lakeside, Ohio, which began as a camp meeting association. Its location is in a forest on a level site with an expansive lake view. The nearest prominent visible object is Kelley's Island, which rises from the water four miles, farther out in the lake. The first meeting held there on the banks of the blue Lake Erie was in a grove, in the year 1873. At that meeting the Rev. Joseph Ayers, a veteran preacher, was chosen as superintendent of the meeting. The Rev. Harry 0. Sheldon, a pioneer minister then advanced in years, preached the sermon under a large oak tree which stood at the south end of the present auditorium. The spirit of the primitive camp meeting was noticeably manifest and dominant in this gathering. The Central Ohio Conference and the North Ohio Conference assumed joint ownership of the enterprise in a meeting held at Clyde in the following year. The grounds were dedicated and the first meeting held that year. Year after year camp meeting was conducted there, with which the Central German Conference united its efforts. Buildings were erected as the institution demanded, and the grounds were beautified in every way. At times the financial proposition was a serious one, and it went into the hands of a receiver at one time. With better management the finances improved, and the Chautauqua branch of the association was extended so that the crowds became larger and larger. The annual Bible Conference draws many serious students. Today it is the most valued of the Chautauqua associations conducted within the State of Ohio. Upon the grounds several hundred cottages have been built in which many families reside for several months each year. Many of the representatives of the best platform talent in the country are heard at Lakeside each summer. It is conducted upon the highest moral and broadest religious basis.   In educational work the Methodists have been active in Northwest Ohio, as well as in other lines. In the year 1861 q proposition from the town council of Maumee to establish a seminary in that village was accepted. The seminary was known as the Central Ohio Conference Seminary. The old courthouse and grounds were turned over to the Methodist Episcopal Church, to be used forever for educational purposes. Everything at that time augured well for a school of useful and honorable character. The first principal of the seminary was John W. Hiett, and Russel Bigelow Pope was his assistant. On account of the absence of many young men, who had enlisted into the service of their country during the Civil War, the seminary was closed during the year 1864. It was again opened for a year or two, after which it was finally abandoned for the lack of patronage. The property remained in the possession of the conference until 1881, when it was transferred back to the Village of Maumee. During the   HISTORY OF NORTHWEST OHIO - 309   existence of the seminary, the Neely House in Maumee, which is still in use, was utilized as a boarding house for the students. The old courthouse, which is still standing although rapidly falling to decay, was used as the seminary, and the classes were held in it. Although this institution did not last, it afforded an opportunity for many young men and women to prepare themselves for teaching and preaching which they might otherwise never have obtained.   THE CATHOLIC CHURCH   The history of the Catholic Church in Northwest Ohio synchronizes with the earliest secular history of this region. It begins when Ohio was still a part of that vast territory east of the Alleghenies claimed by France under the name of Louisiana. This enormous province, stretching southward to the Gulf of Mexico and westward as far as the Rockies, was then under the ecclesiastical jurisdicton of the See of Quebec, Canada. The southern shore of Lake Erie was a portion of the ordinary route traversed by the great Jesuit missionaries and French trading explorers of the seventeenth century, on their way from Quebec to the upper Great Lakes. French settlers gradually entered this region from Detroit, and, as early as 1680, a French fort was built on the Maumee. The entire locality, with all its trails and waterways, must have been familiar to the early Jesuit missioners to the Hurons.   The first of the bishops of Quebec to exercise episcopal functions in this vicinity was the Rt. Rev. Henri-Marie Dubreuil de Pontbriand, D. D. He was the sixth bishop of Quebec and presided over that diocese from April 9, 1741, till his death on June 8, 1760. This prelate administered confirma-   Note—This historical sketch was prepared by Monsignor John T. O'Connell and Rev. Dr. G. B. O'Toole.   tion at Detroit, and directed the Jesuit Provincial at Quebec to send missionaries into this territory. Among the missionaries of the Society of Jesus sent by the Provincial from Quebec, three are conspicuous for their connection with the early history of Northwestern Ohio. Their names were : Pierre-Joseph de Bonnecamps, S. J., Pierre Poitier, S. J., and John De la Richardie.   Father Pierre-Joseph de Bonnecamps was the first priest to celebrate mass in Southern Ohio (1749), at a place near the Miami River. When he returned northward with Celoron 's company from the expedition to the Ohio River, he embarked on Lake Erie for Detroit at the mouth of the Maumee (Miami of the Lake), October 5, 1749. Father. Armand De la Richardie, like Father Poitier, was sent by his superior at Quebec to the Hurons of the French Louisiana. Somewhat discouraged at the meager results of his efforts, he returned to Quebec. Two years later, however, he resumed the unpromising task of converting the heathen Hurons of Ohio. In 1751 he succeeded in persuading about sixty Wyandots to settle permanently at Sandusky Bay. It was here, in the same year, that Father De la Richardie had a log chapel constructed for the Wyandots. This was the first permanent church edifice erected within the boundaries of the present State of Ohio. Two years previous, however, to the arrival of Father De la Richardie, the region about Sandusky Bay had been visited by another famous Jesuit missionary to the Hurons. This was Father Pierre Poitier, who there offered the first mass celebrated in Northern Ohio. He had been sent in 1749 by the Jesuit Provincial of Quebec to evangelize the Huron tribes located near Detroit. He soon became very proficient in their language, and was the author of a Huron grammar. He established a mission at Bois Blanc Island, which, however, he was forced to abandon after five years of heroic toil and sacrifice, owing to hostility on the part of   310 - HISTORY OF NORTHWEST OHIO   some of the heathen Indians. Undaunted by this disappointment, he soon resumed his labors among the roving, shiftless, intemperate Hurons. It was in following a portion of one of these wandering Huron tribes that he came to Sandusky Bay. This venerable and intrepid priest gallantly stuck to his post until the end. He died at Sandwich, Ontario, on July 16, 1781. With him perished the last of those grand historic figures, the Jesuit missionaries of the Northwest.   On July 21, 1773, the Jesuit Order was suppressed by Clement XIV. Henceforth, as death gradually thinned the ranks of the gallant few who remained in the mission fields of North America, no more "black robes" came from France to replace them. Their once flourishing missions fell into decay, until, with the death of Father Poitier in 1781, they became a mere matter of history. Thereafter, the Indians and scattered settlers received only such scant and occasional attendance as the priests attached to the French military posts in Michigan and Canada were able to give them ; yet, even after the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Catholic Indians were still wont to journey thither from great distances for their baptisms and marriages.   One interesting document was discovered in 1887 by John Gilmary Shea, which, to quote that able historian's words, "fills a gap between the retirement of the Jesuits from their Sandusky mission and: the coming of Father Fenwick to Ohio." This document is a letter from Rev. Edmund Burke to Archbishop Troy, of Dublin. From it we learn that Father Burke, an Irish priest, afterwards a bishop and Vicar Apostolic of Nova Scotia, sojourned for a time (1795-1796), at the British Fort Miami on the banks of the Maumee, as a commissioner to the Indians of Northwest Ohio, and enjoyed the unique distinction of being the last priest of the Diocese of Quebec, and the first English-speaking priest in Ohio. Saddened at the desolate condition of the once thriving Indian missions of the Jesuits, he became desirous of doing something to remedy the situation. Accordingly, he wrote to Archbishop Troy, of Dublin, requesting him to bring the matter to the attention of the Sacred Congregation of the Propaganda at Rome. The Archbishop must have complied with his request, since Bishop Hubert of Quebec received a letter on the subject from Cardinal Antonelli. The result was that Rev. Edmund Burke was appointed by the former prelate Vicar General of Upper Canada. Bishop Hubert recommended to his especial care the French mission at Monroe (Frenchtown). . There Father Burke dedicated a church to St. Anthony of Padua. In his missionary work among the Indians, he was encouraged by the English authorities, who were then desirous of utilizing the influence of Catholic priests over the Indians.   The Rev. John Carroll was appointed bishop of Baltimore, with jurisdiction over all the territory possessed by this nation, in the year 1790. But, as the British continued to hold various military posts in Michigan and Northwestern Ohio, under flimsy pretexts, this entire region became disputed territory, with a resultant uncertainty as to whether it fell under the jurisdiction of Quebec or that of Baltimore. Father Burke alludes to this in the letter written from the Miamis' to Archbishop Troy, in February, 1795, in which he says : "Here the limit of jurisdiction is uncertain and unsettled, the very parish in which I live may be a subject of dispute between the Bishop of Quebec and the Bishop of Baltimore, tho' it be distant 4 or 5 hundred leagues from either." This dispute was settled in favor of Baltimore, when the English finally evacuated Detroit and the Northwestern territory in 1796. When they withdrew into Canada, Father Burke went with them. His departure marks the dose of the First, or Missionary, Period in the history of Catholicity in Northwest Ohio.   HISTORY OF NORTHWEST OHIO - 311   Just previous to Father Burke's sojourn in Northern Ohio, a colony of French Catholics had been established within the limits of the state, at Gallipolis and Marietta. The first immigrants, 139 in number, left Havre on May 26, 1790. They were followed by other contingents. In the same year, a Papal decree erected this settlement into "the Prefecture Apostolic of the Scioto." When the French colonists attempted to take possession of the land, which. had been fraudulently sold them by the Ohio Land Company, they found that they had been grossly deceived by the American promoters of the scheme, and that the land in question was still occupied by the Indians, who refused to relinquish it, except on condition of a second purchase. Even after rebuying the land, however, the French immigrants were not suffered to possess it in peace. Threatened by the Indians, they appealed to Congress for aid. Thereupon, General St. Clair was sent against the hostile Indians, only to meet, in 1791, with a most disastrous defeat which resulted in the massacre of nearly one-half of his command. This decided the fate of the unfortunate French colony. The immigrants, who had not returned to France during first sad days of disappointment, now dispersed to the four winds.   In 1792, Wayne's victories having retrieved the defeat of St. Clair and broken the power of the hostile Indians, Bishop Carroll sent the Sulpitian Fathers, who had recently taken refuge in America from the fury of the French Revolution, into the Northwest Territory. One of their number was the Rev. Benedict Joseph Flaget, future bishop of Bardstown, Ky. Arriving from Baltimore at Pittsburgh, he met General Wayne, who gave him a letter of introduction to Gen. George Rogers Clark which secured for the priest the latter's strong friendship. General Clark conducted him with a military escort to Vincennes. This priest was soon to replace Bishop Carroll in episcopal jurisdiction over the Northwest Ter- ritory. With the coming of Father Flaget and his fellow Sulpitians, the second chapter of events in the history of Catholic Ohio opens ; for, though Bishop Carroll had been invested, since 1790, with episcopal jurisdiction over the entire Northwest Territory, it was not until the arrival of these Sulpitian priests from France, that he was able to provide for the spiritual needs of, the scattered Catholics dwelling therein.   Although the suppression of the Jesuits in 1773 led to the withdrawal of nearly all their missionaries, and the consequent disintegration of their Indian missions along the shore of Lake Erie and the banks of the Portage, Sandusky and Vermillion rivers, nevertheless traces of their self-sacrificing labors lingered long after the dawn of the Second, or Pioneer Period, in the history of Catholicity in Northwestern Ohio.. Protestant settlers testify that the Wyandots still clung to their crucifixes and rosaries at the beginning of the nineteenth century, and even as late as 1823, Bishop Fenwick, in a letter to Father Stephen Badin, speaks of Catholic Indians from the Seneca River, who crossed to Malden and Sandwich, in Canada, for their marriages and baptisms.   With the storming of the Bastille, on July 14, 1789, the Reign of Terror began in unhappy France. The Catholic clergy were among the number of those who were singled out for especial vengeance on the part of the revolutionists. Hundreds 'of them perished by fire and by the guillotine. Those who escaped were obliged to seek refuge in exile. Among these exiles was, as we have seen, the young Sulpitian priest, Father Benedict Joseph Flaget, who arrived at Baltimore on March 26, 1792. In the same year, Father Gabriel Richard, likewise a Sulpitian and a refugee from the French Revolution, was sent by Bishop Carroll to the French settlements in Michigan. He became resident pastor at Detroit in 1801. In 1804 he was joined by   312 - HISTORY OF NORTHWEST OHIO   another Sulpitian priest, the Rev. John Dilhet, who took charge of Raisin River mission. This latter parish extended "from Sandusky to St. Joseph's River, on Lake Michigan, extending as far south as Fort Wayne." It included, therefore, practically the whole of Northwest Ohio.   Meanwhile, the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 had prepared a new burden for the aged Bishop of Baltimore. Despite his appeal to the Holy See to be spared this additional responsibility, Pius VII saw fit, on September 1, 1805, to appoint Bishop Carroll Administrator Apostolic of Louisiana and the Floridas. Relief came, however, on April 8, 1808, when two Bulls were issued by the same pope, the first dividing the diocese of Baltimore, and erecting four new sees, those, namely, of New York, Philadelphia, Boston and Bardstown (Ky.) ; the second appointing the suffragan bishops and raising Bishop Carroll to the rank of Archbishop, with metropolitan jurisdiction over the newly-erected dioceses. The Diocese of Bardstown (now Louisville), Kentucky, comprised, besides Kentucky and Tennessee, the states of Ohio, Michigan and Wiscohsin. By the terms of the Papal Bull, the Rev. Benedict Joseph Flaget was appointed its first bishop. He received episcopal consecration, at the hands of Archbishop Carroll, on November 4, 1810, but it was not until May 11, 1811, that he left Baltimore to take charge of his vast diocese. On his way thither he met the Dominican missioner, Father Edward Fenwick, at Pittsburgh. It was he who subsequently accompanied Bishop Flaget, upon the latter's first visit to Ohio. Bishop Flaget had assigned Ohio to Father Fenwick as his field of labor in 1812, but the Dominicah friar did not visit this state until 1814.   Meanwhile the War of 1812 broke out, and Father Gabriel Richard's strong and unswerving loyalty to the American cause led to his arrest and imprisonment by the British, wheh Hull surrendered Detroit to them at the very outset of the war. After Croghan 's famous victory at Fort Stephenson, settlers began to flock to Lower Sandusky, attracted partly by the abundance of game and partly by the natural beauty of the scenery, for both of which Lower Sandusky was remarkable. By 1816 the number of those who had settled there had reached the two-hundred mark. Among them were three brothers, Joseph, Anthony, and Peter Momenay. They were French Catholics, who had fled thither from Detroit to escape the cruelty of the Indians. Returning to Detroit after an absence of seven years, they succeeded ih interesting John B. Beaugrand, a Catholic merchant of that city, in the Lower Sahdusky settlement. The latter paid a visit to the place in 1822, and was so taken with the enterprise that, with his wife and seven children, he settled permanently there the followihg year. At his invitation, Father Gabriel Richard came from Detroit to Lower Sandusky in March of the same year, and celebrated Mass in Beaugrand 's two-story house, which was located a short distahce to the east of the present Wheeling & Lake Erie Station. There were other groups, too, of French settlers ih Northwestern Ohio, which Father Gabriel Richard attended. One was a settlement of sixteen families at the mouth of the Maumee ; ahother was located six or eight miles to the horth of the former, near the site of Perry's victory. In the latter place Father Richard dedicated a small church on Low Suhday of 1821. In those days, as the Rev. Gabriel Richard indicates, the district "de la Bai Miamy" was considered as ohe with St. Antoihe, on the Raisih River (Mohroe), which latter place Father Richard had attended as a mission from Detroit as early as 1806. The dependence of this portion of Ohio on the Raisin River mission is better understood if we bear in mind the fact that for a long time the territory of Michigan laid claim to lands in which Toledo is now situated.   HISTORY OF NORTHWEST OHIO - 313   Father Fenwick, who is rightly styled "the Apostle of Ohio," was a native of Maryland, who in his youth had taken the white habit of St. Dominic at Bornheim in Belgium. When that country was overrun by the revolutionary armies of France, he was seized and thrown into prison. His claim, however, to American citizenship secured his release. He returned to America with the intention of founding there a branch of his Order. Bishop Flaget, as we have seen, gave him Ohio as his field of labor in 1812. Catholic settlers had begun about that time to drift into Ohio from Maryland and Pennsylvania. Later these were joined by immigrants from Ireland, and soon small congregations began to spring up in Columbiana, Stark and Wayne Counties. It was among these scattered Catholics that Father Fenwick and his fellow Dominicans labored zealously to lay the foundations of Catholicity in the great State of Ohio. Under their auspices, in the year 1820, the first brick church in Northern Ohio was erected at Dungannon, under the title of St. Paul's. Bishop Flaget having meanwhile petitioned Rome for a division of the Diocese of Bardstown, his request was granted on June 19, 1821, by a Papal decree, which erected the new diocese of Cincinnati. Father Edward Fenwick was appointed its first bishop, and was consecrated at Bardstown in 1822. The Diocese of Cincinnati comprised at that time the states of Ohio, Michigan, and Wisconsin.   The same year that Cincinnati became a separate diocese, the name of an Indian village, till then called "Head of the Waters," located in Lucas County on the banks of the Maumee, just opposite the present site of Grand Rapids, was changed to that of "Providence," a name which the locality still retains, although the town itself was destroyed by fire in 1854. The Indians still lived in this village as late as 1820. In 1832 it was settled by Irish immigrants, and was attended by the priests stationed at St. Mary's, Tiffin. St. Mary's at Tiffin is the oldest Catholic parish in Northwest Ohio. Its history begins in 1823, when James Doherty and William Arnold settled with their families in the vicinity of that town. Bishop Fenwick visited the place, on his way to Green Bay, Wisconsin, in 1827. The bishop was accompanied by the famous pioneer priest, Father Ignatius Mullon, whom. he left behind at Tiffin. Father Mullon remained there until the following Sunday,. when he preached in the courthouse. In 1829 Bishop Fenwick visited Tiffin a second time On this occasion he purchased from Josiah Hedges, the founder of the town, a one-acre lot for a church and churchyard. The original church was built on this site, which is the present abandoned cemetery in the rear of the Ursuline Convent. In 1831, Bishop Fenwick appointed Father Edmund Quinn first resident pastor of Tiffin. On May 15th of the same year Father Quinn said mass there for the first time in the house of John Julien, located in the outskirts of the said town. In 1832 a small brick church was begun on the. site purchased by Bishop Fenwick. No services, however„ were held therein until Easter of 1833, when it was used for the first time. It was completed and dedicated to Our Lady, Help of Christians in 1836. For some time Father Quinn had for his assistant here the Rev. E. Thienpont, another famous pioneer priest. From Tiffin as a center they attended the various missions of Northwest Ohio, such as Lower Sandusky (Fremont), McCutchensville, Providence, Maumee, etc. It was at the last-named place that Father Quinn caught the malarial fever of which he died, September 15, 1835, at St. Mary's, in Auglaize County. He was one of the many victims of the notorious "Maumee fever."   Another old mission of those days was at La Prairie, located about eight miles from Port Clinton. It was settled by French-Canadians in 1822. In 1823 mass was offered up for the   314 - HISTORY OF NORTHWEST OHIO   first time in the log cabin of a settler by the Rev. Gabriel Richard. In 1841 a log chapel was erected by these pioneer Catholics, which was dedicated to St. Philomena by Bishop Purcell, and served the purpose of a place of worship for twenty-five years. In recent years this mission has been abandoned owing to the decrease of the congregation.   It had been Bishop Fenwick's plan to establish a line of churches at Hamilton, Urbana, Tiffin, and Port Clinton, extending from Cincinnati to Lake Erie, thus connecting his episcopal city with the Great Lakes by a chain of Catholic congregations. It was in fulfilment of this design that he erected St. Mary's parish, Tiffin, but he did not live to carry out the plan in regard to Port Clinton. When the First Provincial Council of Baltimore was convened at Baltimore, Md., on October 4, 1829, Bishop Fenwick was one of the six prelates who participated therein. On his return from Baltimore he undertook another visitation of the northern portion of his diocese. The fatal cholera plague was then rampant in the Northwest. The Bishop, having contracted the disease, was taken ill at Wooster, where he died at noon,. on September 26, 1832. He was preceded to the grave by the Rev. Gabriel Richard, of Detroit, who likewise fell a victim to the cholera, and whose death occurred just a fortnight previous to that of the bishop. Father Richard was one of the most devoted and tireless missionaries of the Northwest, where he spent forty years of his life in unremitting toil and heroic sacrifices for others. He established at Detroit the first printing press in that section of the United States, began the first paper, the Michigan Essay, and in 1823 was sent to Congress to represent his district. He was first Catholic priest to serve in this capacity.   By the establishment of the Diocese of Detroit, on March 8, 1833, Michigan and were ere removed from the jurisdiction of the see of Cincinnati. In the same year the Rev. John Baptist Purcell was appointed to succeed Bishop Fenwick, as second bishop of Cincinnati. Born at Mallow, Ireland, February 26, 1900, of pious parents, he received all the educational advantages accessible to .a Catholic child during the penal days in Ireland. To obtain a college education, however, he was forced to leave his native land, and to come to the United States. On June 20., 1820, he entered Mount St. Mary's College, Emmittsburg, with the intention of fitting himself for the priesthood. On March 1, 1824, he sailed for Europe, where he completed his studies with the Sulpitian Fathers at Issy and Paris. On May 26, 1826, he was ordained a priest at Paris by Archbishop de Quelen. In the fall of the following year he returned to America, and became a professor at Mount St. Mary's College. Later he was made president of that institution. After receiving the appointment as bishop of Cincinnati, he was consecrated in the Baltimore Cathedral by Archbishop Whitfield on October 13, 1833. Soon after he set out to Wheeling from Baltimore by stage, and made the journey from that point to Cincinnati by steamboat.. He reached Cincinnati on November 14, 1833, and was installed as bishop by the Rt. Rev. Benedict-Joseph Flaget, of Bardstown. Bishop 'Purcell was a man of great learning, wide influence and remarkable popularity. He continued to exercise episcopal jurisdiction over Northern Ohio until Cleveland became a separate diocese, on April 23, 1847. At the time of his accession .there was but one parish with a resident pastor in Northwest Ohio. The building of the. waterways, however, along the line Of the Maumee River from the Ohio and the Wabash opened this territory to German and Irish immigrants, attracted thither by the opportunities of labor and farming. This large influx of immigrants necessitated the erection of churches and the founding of humerous parishes, missions, and stations in practically all of the counties of Northern Ohio. When Bishop Purcell paid his first visit to Northwest Ohio in 1834, he found St. Mary's Church at   HISTORY OF NORTHWEST OHIO - 315   Tiffin still unfinished. It was on the occasion of this visit that a Catholic gentleman named William Arnold ceded to the Bishop a 23/4-acre lot for church property at McCutchenville, in Wyandotte County.   In August, .1833, Father Wm. J. Horstmann, a native of Prussia, left the Fatherland for America accompanied by eight young men. In 1834 he acquired from the Government a certain tract of land in Putnam County, with a view to establishing thereon a colony of German Catholic immigrants. The present town of Glandorf and the rural vicinity constitute a monument to the enterprising zeal and energy of this learned and devoted priest. Father Horstmann said mass there for the first time on Easter Sunday, 1834. A log church was built in 1837 and dedicated to St. John the Baptist. The following year a log schoolhouse was erected, in which Father Horstmann himself became the first teacher. The growth of Glandorf settlement was rapid.   Another early Catholic settlement is that of New Riegel, formerly known as Wolf's-Creek. When German Catholic settlers began to gather there in 1833,. the whole region was covered with dense forests. They were visited in 1833 by the Redemptorist Father F. X. Tschenhens, who later attended the place from Peru, in Huron. County, where he was then stationed. Under his direction, in 1839, a log church was built on ,the property now occupied by the present church 'edifices. After 1839 it was attended from St. Mary's, Tiffin. Such was the origin of this flourishing German 'parish in the southeastern corner of Seneca County. In December of 1844 the Very Rev. F. S. Brunner, first provincial of the Sanguinist Fathers in this country, was placed in charge of the New Riegel parish by Bishop Purcell. The Sanguinists, who are still in charge of this parish, established a mission house there, and, somewhat later, a convent was built there for. the Sanguinist Sisters.   Upon Father Quinn's demise in 1835, 'his assistant Rev. Emmanuel Thienpont retained charge of St. Mary's, Tiffin, until 1836. Thenceforth, until 1839 St. Mary's was attended by the Redemptorist Fathers from Peru, in Huron County. At the time of Bishop Purcell's second visit to Tiffin in 1836, Father F. X. Tschenhens, C. S. S. R., was in charge of the parish. Two notable pioneer priests accompanied the Bishop on that occasion, the Rev. Stephen T. Badin and the Rev. H. D. Juncker (afterward the Bishop of Alton). The entries in the old baptismal register of St. Mary's for August 21st, 24th, and 28th, of the year 1836, are in the' handwriting and bear the signature of Bishop Purcell, indicating that the bishop himself administered the sacrament of baptism during the days of his second visitation.   In 1835, Father Tschenhens came to Bucyrus, Crawford County, from Peru, to gather together the scattered Catholics in this vicinity and minister to their spiritual needs. In 1844 the Sanguinists from Thompson replaced the Redemptorists from Peru. Mass was said in private houses until after the outbreak of the Civil War. In 1862, however, the Catholics of 'the town purchased a deserted Presbyterian meeting-house, had it moved to a lot which they had bought on Mary Street, and fitted the same for a place of Catholic worship.   The spiritual needs of the Catholics in Maumee were first looked after by the priests stationed at St. Mary's, Tiffin. In 1835 the Rev. Emmanuel Thienpont visited Maumee. The same year it, was likewise visited by Father Quinn, the pastor of St. Mary's. In 1838 Father Thienpont paid another visit to Maumee. to minister to the spiritual necessities of the Catholic population. From 1839 to 1841 Maumee was attended from St. Mary's parish at Tiffin by the Rev. Joseph McNamee and his assistant, the Rev. Projectus J. Macheboeuf (afterwards Bishop of Denver). In the spring of 1841 Father MeNamee purchased a   316 - HISTORY OF NORTHWEST OHIO   partly-finished frame meeting-house from the Episcopalians, which was converted into a Catholic church, and dedicated to St. Joseph. The same year this mission at Maumee was taken in charge by the Rev. Amadeus Rappe, who continued to attend it until 1847. In 1846 his assistant, the Rev. Louis de Goesbriand (afterwards Bishop of Burlington, Vermont) was associated with Father Rappe in the care of this mission, and after 1847 was in exclusive charge thereof. The first resident pastor was the Rev. Sebastian Sanner, appointed in 1849.   The City of Toledo was incorporated in the year 1836, and was designated, the same year, as the northern terminus of the newly-located Wabash and Erie Canal, for which the contract was let the year following. The contractors made every effort to secure laborers, and a large number of Irish immigrants came thither in response to the urgent invitation of the former. Bishop Purcell, accordingly, sent Father Emmanuel Thienpont thither from Dayton, where the latter was then stationed, to look after the souls of these immigrant laborers. Father Edward Collins succeeded him in 1838. From 1839 to 1841 Toledo was attended from Tiffin by the Rev. P. J. Macheboeuf, assistant, and the Rev. Joseph McNamee, pastor at St. Mary's. In 1841 the first resident pastor was appointed in the person of Rev. Amadeus Rappe.   Lower Sandusky (Fremont) was visited several times between the years 1826 and 1831 by Bishop Fenwick, in company with the Rev. S. T. Badin. In 1834 it was visited by Bishop Purcell. Between the years 1834 and 1837 it was attended by Father Tschenhens, C. SS. R., from Peru, and also by the Rev. Emmanuel Thienpont from Tiffin. In the year 1838, however, Pease's Hall was rented and fitted up as an improvised church by the Rev. P. J. Macheboeuf, in which use it continued until 1843, In 1841 a site was secured on State Street. The building of a plain frame church was begun in the fall of 1843. In the May of 1844, Father Macheboeuf said mass therein for the first time, although the Church was still unfinished. The mission comprised at that time only thirty families. From February, 1846, it was attended by the Rev. Amadeus Rappe from Toledo, under whom the church was completed. It was dedicated to St. Ann by Bishop Purcell on June 8, 1846. In September, 1839, St. Mary's parish, Tiffin, passed from the charge of the Redemptorist Fathers to that of the Rev. Joseph McNamee, who was then appointed resident pastor. As the latter's health was somewhat poor, he was given an assistant in the person of the Rev. Projectus J. Macheboeuf. In 1845 the German Catholics at Tiffin separated from St. Mary 's to form a distinct congregation under the title of St. Joseph's Parish. In 1850 St. Mary's was attended by the Sanguinist Fathers from New Riegel. In 1851 the Rev. Louis Molon, then resideht pastor of St. Mary's, established the parochial school. In 1854 the location of St. Mary's was changed to present site by the Rev. Michael O'Sullivan. The old brick church, now used as an auditorium, was begun in 1856. It was consecrated during the second year of the Civil War by Bishop Rappe. During the incumbency of the present pastor, Rev. Thos. F. Conlan, this old church has been super-ceded by the beautiful stone structure now in use.   In the year 1840 Bishop Purcell, accompanied by the Rev. John Martin Henni (afterwards Archbishop of Milwaukee), paid another visit to Northwestern Ohio. On this occasion he visited Fort Findlay, in Hancock County, Ottawa, Fort Jennings, Kalida, Glandorf, and Lima, in Allen County, ministering everywhere to the spiritual needs of the scattered Catholics in those localities. In the same year two famous pioneer priests came to America from France. Their names were Rev. Amadeus Rappe and Rev. Louis de Goesbriand.   HISTORY OF NORTHWEST OHIO - 317   Bishop Purcell sent the former at once to Chillicothe to learn English at the home of an eminent convert in that city, Mr. Marshall Anderson. The following year (1841) the bishop appointed him first resident pastor of Toledo, where he began the organization of St. Francis de Sales', which is now the cathedral parish of that city. Bishop Macheboeuf, speaking in his memoirs, of the days when he was a missionary priest in the region of the Maumee Valley, thus describes the newly-incorporated town as it appeared, when Father Rappe entered upon his pastorate : " Toledo . . . was then a real mud hole on the banks of the Maumee. It comprised a few frame houses, some log cabins, swamps, ponds of muddy water, and worse yet, a number of persons sick from the Maumee fever. There were a very few Catholic families and five or six single men. I said mass for eight or ten persons in the frame shanty of a poor Canadian. As they knew a few families along the river and in the country, I remained at Toledo a few days to give them a chance to hear mass and go to confession. But there being no suitable house I spent some time looking for a room large enough. I found this over a little drug-store. As Toledo was the town which had the best prospects for future growth and permanency we rented that room, called a 'hall', and made up some kind of an altar with dry goods boxes. A few yards of colored calico served as an antependium. In my later visits I found a few benches and two brass candlesticks. It was the first 'church' of good Father Rappe, when in 1841 he was sent there from Chillicothe."   It was in 1842, in the month of November, that Father Rappe purchased a Presbyterian meeting-house at the corner of Cherry and Superior Streets, in the City of Toledo. This he converted into a Catholic church, thus putting an end to shanties, cabins, stores, and halls as places of worship. The year 1844 saw the beginnings of Catholic congregations at Delphos in Allen County and at Defiance in Defiance County. The Rev. John Otto Breideik was the founder of the Catholic settlement at Delphos, while the Rev. Amadeus Rappe built the first church (a frame structure) at Defiance in the year 1844, upon a lot donated by Mr. H. G. Phillips. This church was dedicated to St. John the Evangelist. In the same year the Sanguinist Provincial, Very Rev. Francis de Sales Brunner established a mission at New Washington, in Crawford County, though no church was built there until 1846.   In 1845 Toledo was made the terminus of a second waterway, known as the Miami and Erie Canal. This brought thither a new influx of immigrants, greatly increasing the cares of the already overburdened pastor of St. Francis de Sales'. He had taken up his residence in the basement of the church. In 1845 he partitioned off a portion of this basement to serve as a parochial school, which he began in the fall of that year, with the aid of five Notre Dame Sisters from Cincinnati. These sisters, who had but recently come from Namur, Belgium, to Cincinnati, fearlessly braved the terrors of the "Maumee fever," in order to break the bread of Christian doctrine for God's little ones. Leaving Cincinnati in September, they embarked for Toledo on a canal boat. On their arrival in this town, after a tedious journey of two days and two nights, they found Bishop Purcell and Father Rappe on hand to welcome them to the new and not very encouraging scene of their future labors. Two frame houses on the corner of Cherry and Erie streets had been purchased to serve as an improvised convent, and here, on the site now occupied by the present Ursuline Convent, these Notre Dame Sisters took up their residence. But the insupportable climatic conditions and the ravages of disease gradually undermined their health. One novice and one sister died of the fatal "Maumee fever." The name of the latter, whose remains still rest in the old St. Francis de Sales'   318 - HISTORY OF NORTHWEST OHIO   Cemetery, was in religion Sister Xavier. Dismayed at these untoward results, the Superioress at Cincinnati withdrew her sisters from Toledo in July, 1848. Four years later their place was taken by the present Ursuline community, which came to Toledo from Cleveland on December 12, 1854, and took possession of the property vacated by the Notre Dame Sisters of Namur.   Between 1838 and 1846 the "Maumee fever" raged with fatal virulence throughout the Maumee Valley, taking. fearful toll of life among the unfortunate immigrants engaged in the construction of the canals and other forms of labor, and greatly checking the hitherto promising growth of the new town of Toledo. Bishop de Goesbriand, in his "Recollections", thus pictures the ravages wrought by the climate and various epidemics in that unsanitary locality, during the years 1846 and 1847, when he was acting as assistant to the Rev. Amadeus Rappe : " The Maumee Valley at this time was literally a land which devoured its inhabitants. The Maumee fever spared no one ; the disease slowly but surely undermined the strongest constitutions, and there was not an old man to be seen in all that country. . . . From 1841, until the beginning of 1846, Father Rappe attended alone to the spiritual 'Wants of the Catholics living along the Maumee Canal and River, from Toledo to Indiana, and as far south as Section Ten, in Putnam County. His labors and privations must have been extraordinary. . . . One priest could not attend to all the work, and it was in January, 1846, that I came to Toledo by direction of the bishop of Cincinnati. . . . At certain seasons it was impossible to meet one healthy-looking person, and frequently entire families were sick and unable to help one another. Apart from the terrible fever, we were occasionally visited by such epidemics as erysipelas, and towards the end of 1847 we saw the ship-fever-stricken im migrants land on the docks to die among strangers after a few hours."   At Poplar Ridge (now New Bavaria), in Henry County, Father Rappe had established a station as early as 1843, which he continued to attend from Toledo until the spring of 1847, when he was relieved of this charge by his assistant Rev. Louis de Goesbriand. The latter purchased the present church grounds in September, 1847, and built thereon a log chapel. Poplar Ridge continued as a mission of St. Francis de Sales' Church, Toledo, until 1850. After that it was attended from St. John 's, Defiance. It became a separate parish in 1861.   On April 23, 1847, the northern counties of the State of Ohio were detached from the Diocese of Cincinnati to form the new Diocese of Cleveland. The Rev. Amadeus Rappe, then pastor of St. Francis de Sales, was appointed its first bishop, and was consecrated at Cincinnati by Bishop Purcell on October 10, 1847. These events mark the close of the Second or Pioneer Period in the history of Catholicity in Northwest Ohio, and the commencement of the Third, or Middle Period. Henceforth the growth of the Catholic church in this region is so rapid, the events so crowded and their sequence so complicated, that we can give, in a sketch of this size, only the outstanding features and more conspicuous events. St. Rose's Congregation, Perrysburg, Wood County, dates from 1861. The year following its establishment a Universalist Church in that town was purchased and furnished as a Catholic place of worship. It was attended from Maumee, until the congregation received its first resident pastor, Rev. Charles Griss, who was appointed by Bishop Rappe in 1865.   The growth of Catholicity was especially noticeable in Toledo. The rapid increase of the Catholic population was greatly promoted by a steady influx of Poles and Hungarians after 1870. In the fall of 1874 the Rev. V. Lewandowski came. thither from Poland, and set   HISTORY OF NORTHWEST OHIO - 319   about organizing a parish. In January, 1876, property was acquired and the congregation of St. Hedwig's organized. There are at present in the City of Toledo four Polish parishes, each possessing its parochial school ; one Hungarian parish (St. Stephen's) with its parochial school ; and one Slovak congregation. Besides these there are two other Polish parishes in Northwestern Ohio, namely St. Mary Magdalene's Parish, Rossford, and the recently-erected St. Casimir 's Parish at Fremont, in Sandusky County. Among the priests prominent in Toledo during this period of development were : the Rt. Rev. F. M. Boff, who became pastor of St. Francis de Sales' in 1859, who in 1872 was made Vicar-General of Cleveland, and who held the unique distinction of having served as administrator of that diocese not less than six times in a period of forty years. Father Edward Hanin, who organized St. Patrick's Parish, Toledo, in 1862, who was administrator of the Diocese of Cleveland from the resignation of Bishop Rappe to the appointment of Bishop Gilmour, and who in his old age erected the present splendid Gothic edifice of St. Patrick's, Toledo, one of the finest church buildings of the Middle West ; and the Rev. Patrick F. Quigley, of St. Francis de Sales parish, an ardent advocate and defender of the Parochial Schools.   The bishops of Cleveland, who presided over Northern Ohio during the third or middle period were : the Rt. Rev. Amadeus Rappe, who organized the Diocese of Cleveland and established its diocesan seminary ; Bishop Richard Gilmour, D. D., whose splendid and efficient work in behalf of the Catholic. Parochial School has made him a figure of national prominence ; Rt. Rev. Ignatius F. Horstmann, D. D., who, when appointed Bishop of Cleveland, was chancellor of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia. With the death of this last prelate the Third or Middle Period comes to its conclusion, and the Fourth or Present Period in the history of the Catholic Church of Northwestern Ohio begins. Toledo had now some twenty parishes within its limits.   The commercial advantages of the city and the numerical strength of its Catholic population had long since attracted attention to Toledo ; and, on the demise of Bishop Horstmann, the bishops of the Province of Cincinnati recommended to the Holy See the division of the Diocese of Cleveland. Their petition was favorably considered, and Toledo was named the seat of the new diocese, and St. Francis de Sales' designated as its cathedral church. Rt. Rev. John P. Farrelly, D. D., who had been consecrated Bishop of Cleveland, was appointed temporary administrator. Rt. Rev. Bishop Schrembs, who was appointed first bishop, was born at Wuzelhofen, near Ratisbon, Bavaria, March 12, 1866. He came to the United States in 1877. He completed his course of humanities when but sixteen years of age at St. Vincent's College, near Pittsburgh. After a few years spent in teaching, he was accepted by Bishop Richter as a student for the Diocese of Grand Rapids, and entered the Seminary of Montreal in 1884. On June 29, 1889, Rev. Joseph Schrembs was ordained priest in the Cathedral of Grand Rapids. He was successively assistant and pastor of St. Mary's Church, West Bay City, and was transferred to St. Mary's, Grand Rapids, in October, 1900. In 1903 he was appointed vicar general of the diocese, and was named Domestic Prelate, January, 1906. Meanwhile he had brought about the establishment of a Catholic High School at Grand Rapids. On February 22, 1911, he was consecrated titular Bishop of Sophene and auxiliary to the Bishop of Grand Rapids. He at once espoused the cause of workmen in their difficulties with their employers in the furniture factories, skilfully averted a panic, and contributed much towards bringing about an agreement. On August 11, 1911, he was transferred to the See of Toledo. A notable demonstration marked his entry into   320 - HISTORY OF NORTHWEST OHIO   the city on Sunday, October 1, and on October 4 he was installed in the cathedral church.   The new Diocese of Toledo, erected April 15, 1910, comprises sixteen counties of Northwest Ohio, namely Crawford, Wyandot, Hancock, Allen, and Van Wert counties, and territory west of the eastern boundaries of Ottawa, Sandusky, Seneca and Crawford counties. Bishop Schrembs has proved himself an organizer of great ability, and, under his administration, Catholicity during the last five years has made remarkable progress in Northwestern Ohio. The following statistics, taken from the latest (1917) issue of the "Catholic Directory," indicate not only the flourishing condition of the new Diocese of Toledo but also the unimpeded development in a religious way of that vast territory which, for a more correct history, we have been forced to consider:   Bishop 1 Priests 163 Seminarians 34 College (Boys) 1 Academies (Girls) 3 Parish Schools 74   (Pupils, 16,242)   Orphanages 2   (Inmates, 447)   Hospitals 2 Homes for Aged 2 Catholic Population of Diocese 106,715   The estimate of population is very conservative and, if anything, short of the actual humber of Catholics in the sixteen counties ehumerated. Under the direction and influence of an energetic bishop the steady increase in parishes, schools and institutions for the relief of suffering humanity is above the ratio of advance in the general census ; and, with the City of Toledo destined by its natural and relative position to become one of the great municipal centers of the United States, it needs ho prophetic vision to disclose a prospect ih Northwest Ohio as fair as any that awaits the most renowned of the territorial jurisdictions of the Catholic Church in America.   CHAPTER XXVII   EDUCATIONAL AND PHILANTHROPIC INSTITUTIONS   Northwest Ohio has not lagged behind the rest of the state in providing opportunities for the youth to secure higher education than that provided by the public schools. In this respect the various religious denominations here, as elsewhere, have led the way. There is one municipal university and one normal school in this section of our state, but all of the other institutions for higher learning are under the control of one of the many religious denominations found in our midst. This is only natural and as it should be. Religion and education have always gone hand in hand. It has ever been the province of religion to unshackle the mind as well as the body. To develop the intellect, therefore, and to endeavor to lead the youth to a higher standard of thinking and living is the lofty duty that has been assumed by all religious bodies.   HEIDELBERG UNIVERSITY   The oldest educational institution of Northwest Ohio is Heidelberg University, located at Tiffin. It dates back from the middle of the nineteenth century, a period in which many of our leading denominational schools of Ohio were established. At that time the Ohio Synod of the Reformed Church deemed itself strong enough to support a college of its own. In 1848, an offer was made to establish a college in Columbus, but the movement was afterwards transferred to Tarlton. The citizens of that village became deeply interested in the proposition, and ten acres of ground, together with a liberal cash subscription, were   Vol. I-21   donated ; but the Town of Tarlton as the location for a classical school and theological seminary did not appeal to the church in general. It seemed to many that Northwestern Ohio offered the most promising opportunity and the widest field for an educational center.   Through the active efforts of the members in Seneca County, where the Reformed Church was one of the leading and strongest denominations, a favorable proposition was made by the citizens of Tiffin which was presented to the committee of the Ohio Synod at Navarre, in September, 1850. At this synod it was decided to accept the offer of the citizens of Tiffin, and locate both the college and the seminary in that town. The name of Heidelberg is said to have been adopted upon the suggestion of Rev. Henry Williard. Work was promptly begun in Tiffin, on the 18th of November, 1850, in rooms rented for the purpose, and with an enrollment of only seven students. Before the close of the first year, this number had increased to 149. The head master of the school was Prof. Reuben Good, and with him was associated Rev. J. H. Good, who was also editor of some of the church publications. Rev. S. S. Rickly, who taught in the public schools of Tiffin, having followed the college there, also deserves honorable mention for the work he rendered the growing institution, almost without compensation. The college campus consisting of five acres was purchased from Josiah Hedges, and was conveyed to the president and board of trustees for the sum of $1,000. The cornerstone of the first building was laid by Maj. Louis Baltzell, president of the board of   - 321 -   322 - HISTORY OF NORTHWEST OHIO   trustees, and it was completed in 1853. It contained not only the recitation rooms, but dormitory accommodations for the men as well. At that time comparatively few people lived in the eastern part of the town, and a dense forest stretched for miles in all directions save one. During a rainy day the streets on "College Hill" were almost impassable, since no walks had as yet been constructed.   The campus has since been enlarged to more than twenty acres by gift and purchase of lands adjoining the original acquisition. A number of splendid buildings have been added to the equipment of Heidelberg, so that now there are ten in all. In 1871 a president's residence was erected, and two years later a three-story boarding-hall was constructed. The large university hall at the intersection of East Market and West Perry streets was dedicated in June, 1886. The gymnasium, containing also the museum, was completed in the fall of 1893. Williard Hall, named in honor of Rev. Dr. Geo. Williard, a former president, a hall of residence for the women, was dedicated in 1907. Miss Jane Addams, America 's most famous woman, delivered the address of dedication. Since then there have been erected on the campus the new Carnegie Library through the generosity of Andrew Carnegie ; the new Science Hall, which is the splendid gift of 'Mrs. Della Shawhan Laird ; and Keller Cottage, the gift of Miss Sarah J. Keller.   In the earlier history of Heidelberg College, the study and use of the German language received particular attention. A chair of German and German literature was established by the Ohio Synod, and the Goethean Literary Society was organized, in which all the proceedings were conducted in the German language. The purpose of this department was to train young men for service in the Reformed Church in the Middle West, where many of the members still use the Teutonic tongue. As a result, many young men came to Heidelberg from the territory of the German synods, and from German and Swiss homes. A large part of the library likewise consisted of classical and theological German works. During the presidency of Rev. Dr. Williard a change was gradually made with reference to the German language. Greater prominence was given to the use of English in all departments, and as a result the influx of German students lessened.   By action of the board of trustees in 1890, the charter of the institution was changed from Heidelberg College to Heidelberg University. A movement began at once, which had for its slogan a "Greater Heidelberg." Friends came to the help of the institution. Rev. Dr. John A. Peters became president and served eleven years. Rev. Dr. Charles E. Miller has been at the head of the institution since the year 1902. Heidelberg Theological Seminary was located side by side with the college in 1850. During all the years down to 1908 this institution had a generous body of students, and graduated many men to the ministry for service in the Reformed Church. By that time, however, the Ursinus School in Philadelphia found it necessary to withdraw from Philadelphia, and then it was decided to consolidate the Ursinus and the Heidelberg seminaries into one institution. This was done, and the combined school was located at Dayton. This removal did not in any way effect Heidelberg University, which has gone forward in an ever increasing field of usefulness, and with a large body of students drawn from the very best homes in Northwestern Ohio and other sections of our country. The faculty now numbers more than thirty teachers and professors.   OHIO NORTHERN UNIVERSITY   In the latter part of the '60s, Henry S. Lehr, a young pedagogue from Eastern Ohio, wended his way westward to the Village of   HISTORY OF NORTHWEST OHIO - 323   Johnstown, now called Ada. He secured employment as a teacher in the Union Schools, but almost from the very first also maintained a private normal school. It was on April 9, 1866, that Mr. Lehr began what proved to be his life work. His particular methods of instruction, his spirit of enthusiasm and helpfulness, his keen appreciation of the practical in education, brought many students and prospective teachers under his instruction. He dreamed of founding a great normal school, in which plainness and inexpensiveness should be one of the dominant characteristics, and toward this end he directed his untiring energy. His thought ended at last in action, and assumed a definite form in the year 1870-71. A large three-story brick building was erected in the latter year through public subscription, and the Northwestern Ohio Normal School was formally opened, "for the instruction and training of teachers in the sciehce of education, the art of teaching, and the best methods of governing schools." When the first catalogue was issued, in 1871, it showed only two instructors in addition to the president. These were J. G. Park and B. F. Niesz. Professor Lehr taught thirteen classes, beginning at 4 A. M.   In the fall of 1875 the Northwestern Normal, which had been established in Fostoria, was consolidated with this institution. The curriculum was also gradually broadened, and new department schools were added. In 1885 the name of the school was changed to the Ohio Normal University, but the plan and management, and principles and methods in normal instruction, remained the same. New departments still were added from time to time. It remained under private management until September, 1898, when the proprietors of the school sold it to the Central Ohio Conferehce of the Methodist Episcopal Church for $24,000, with the proviso that Professor Lehr remain at the head of the faculty for three years. Dr. Leroy A. Belt was made president of the board of conference trustees. With the new administration a change in the several departmental schools and their plan of control followed. The institution was then chartered under the name of the Ohio Northern University, thus preserving the old initials —O. N. U. The university possesses a tract of land, less than two blocks from the campus, containing sixty acres of rich productive soil under cultivation. Upon this it is intended to erect buildings for a college of agriculture at some time in the future. Here it is planned to train young men and women in practical agriculture, and to show them how independence, culture, social development, and a free life may be realized in the rural districts as well as in the city. Rev. Leroy A. Belt was elected the first president of the university under the new control. Rev. Albert E. Smith followed him in 1905, and is still the head of the institution. Many improvements have been made, and the faculty now comprises some thirty professors and instructors. On the campus still stands the old Normal Hall, endeared to so many students in the early and struggling days of the institution. In 1915 the new Lehr Memorial Building was erected, which is a great and much needed addition to the equipment of the institution. From the halls of O. N. U. have gone forth hundreds of young men and young women, who will be found in all walks of life. In the political life of the state her sons will be found in every department. In the ranks of the teaching profession, her graduates will be found occupying positions in the front ranks. In every way the Ohio Northern University is one of the best known educational institutions in our state, and few have a greater body of farmer students scattered over our commonwealth.   TOLEDO UNIVERSITY   Toledo University had its inception in a gift by Jessup W. Scott and Susan Scott, his wife,   324 - HISTORY OF NORTHWEST OHIO   in 1872, of 160 acres of land located at Adams Township, adjacent to the city, to the "Toledo University of Arts and Trades," an incorporation created for that purpose. "Estimated in value at $80,000 in trust for the promotion of education in the Arts and Trades and related Science, in addition to what is furnished by the public Schools of the City," is the recital in the deed of gift. The design of the donors is as follows: "To establish an institution for the promotion of knowledge in the Arts and Trades and the related Sciences, by meahs of lectures and oral instruction ; of models and representative works of arts ; of cabinets of minerals; of museums, instructive of the mechanic arts ; and of whatsoever else may serve to furnish Artists and Artisans with the best facilities for a high culture in their respective occupations, in addition to what are furnished by the Public Schools of the City. Also, to furnish instruction in the use of phonographic characters, and to aid their introduction into more general use, by writing and printing. And also, to encourage health giving, invigorating recreations."   The original trustees of the proposed institution, as named by the deed, were Jessup W. Scott, William H. Scott, Frank J. Scott, Maurice A. Scott, Richard Mott, Sarah R. L. Williams, William H. Raymond, Albert E. Macomber, Charles W. Hill, and ex-officio, the mayor and the superintendent of the schools of Toledo, and the governor of the State of Ohio. By a subsequent amendatory deed the Toledo University of Arts and Trades was released from some of the original conditions imposed in the first deed, so that the trust fund might be used to advance education in the arts and trades, in connection with any municipal or state fund or system of public education. After the death of Jessup W. Scott, in 1874, his widow and their three sons carried out the known wishes of their father by executing a joint conveyance to the trustees of the university of real property in the city estimated to be worth $50,000.   The first school was opened in a building at the corner of Adams and Tenth streets, which was known as Raymond Hall, and was purchased with funds donated by William H. Raymond. For a number of years the institution was conducted as a separate school. In 1884 the trustees of Toledo University of Arts and Trades resolved to make and tender the entire university property to the City of Toledo, on condition that the municipality would assume the trust. The property was formally presented to the common council and accepted by a resolution adopted a few weeks later, by which "Toledo University" was established. The inauguration of the Manual Training School followed, and a small tax was levied for its support. In 1885 the trustees succeeded in disposing of some of the property given it, and with the proceeds erected a wing at the east end of the high school building, which was known as the Scott Manual Training School. This building was formally opened at an educational convention held on the 4th and 5th of December, 1885, at which many prominent speakers of national reputation were present and delivered addresses. Here ihstruction was given in various trades, and afterwards a domestic science department was added, as it was felt that girls should have the same privileges of special instructions as the boys. A number of years after the establishment and successful operation of the Scott Manual Training School, the board of trustees decided that the bequest was intended for the establishment of a real university, and at once began to lay their plans on this line. Long and expensive litigation followed between the trustees of the university, the members of the board of education, and the city council. The result of this litigation in the end was all in favor of the trustees of the university. They succeeded in having their title to the Scott bequest, and one or two other gifts that had