OHIO CHAPTER I Ohio before the arrival of the white man Aboriginal Occupants of the Ohio Valley.—Their Fortifications and Mounds.- -The Ohio Indians in the Seventeenth Century.—Savage Warfare of the Iroquois.—Extermination of the Eries and Andastes.— An Ancient Custom House.—Division of Ohio between the Different Tribes in 1750.—Wyandots, Delawares, Shawanese, Ottawas and Miamis.—Bravery of the Wyandots. AS OUR FATHERS said of the Old Dominion, we may say of Ohio, "She is the mother of statesmen." Politically, Ohio is the first State in the Union, and perhaps more potential in public affairs than even New York. Of the Presidents of the United States, chosen by the Republican party, all but two were born in Ohio, and three of them lived in this State at the time of their election to the highest office in the gift of the American people. Of the seven Chief Justices of the United States Supreme Court, two were from Ohio. Grant, Sherman and Sheridan, the most successful Union Generals of the great war of the Rebellion, were Ohio men. Five Secretaries of the Treasury came from Ohio, two of them pre-eminent for the abilities with which they discharged the duties of that high trust. The first Civil Governor of our new possessions in the Far East, William Taft, is also a son of our great and prosperous State. Families of Ohio helped to people other States, and legions are the men from Ohio who have appeared in the National Councils, representing the newer States in the West and Southwest. Ohio is a powerful commonwealth, blessed in climate, rich in soil, and abundant in natural resources. The population is homogenous, though in the veins of Ohio men flows the blood of many peoples—the Puritan, the Quaker, the Dutch, the Scotch-Irish, the German and the Cavalier from New England, Pennsylvania and Virginia. With these is mingled the best blood of our best class of foreign-born citizens. John Sherman, William Allen, Robert C. Schenck, Benjamin Butterworth, Clement L. Vallandingham and William McKinley sprang from different branches of the American family, but they were all Ohio men. Less than one hundred and twenty-five years ago the territory comprised within the limits of the present State of Ohio was a wilderness—today, from its wealth and ppulation, it stands in the foremost rank among the States of our grand country. History furnishes no parallel to a growth and development as wonderful as this. The State of Ohio is the most Eastern of the States northwest of the river from which she derives her name. That river defines her borders on the Southeast and the South. On the North her territory is bounded by Lake Erie and the State of Michigan. On the East by the State of Pennsylvania, and on the West by Indiana. The primitive aspect of the magnificent and fertile region watered by the Ohio River and its tributaries was singularly attractive to those pioneers of civilization, who, with the red men's love of freedom and the chase, united a sturdy energy and an indomitable perseverance peculiarly their own. The "Beautiful River," which gave easy access to this wonderful domain, was 'bounded by gently sloping hills, presenting no obstacles to cultivation, and extending in irregular ranges for many miles into the interior. These undulating lands were overshadowed by one unbroken forest. The autumnal fires of the Indians, during a long series of years, had destroyed every vestige of undergrowth. From hill - 5 - to hill, through the dim sylvan aisles, the hunter gazed with surprise and admiration upon the large herds of deer, as well as other game which here found pasturage on the luxuriant vines and grasses that sprang up from the fertilizing ashes of the annual fires. In the fall of the year, when the wind shook down the abundant fruit of the chestnut, the beech and the oak, countless flocks of wild turkeys afforded food of the most delicious character to the hunter. To attract the agriculturist, in addition to the excellent wheat lands on the hills, were the maize lands of the bottoms. Seldom touched by early frost and rarely subject to disastrous overflows of the river, their rich, deep, black loam offered a generous reward to the labors of the husbandman. That a people far superior to the nomadic tribes encountered by the early pioneers had anciently occupied this fertile valley is evidenced from the numerous traces of fortified cities, whose ruins have not yet wholly disappeared, and of the many mounds and burying places in the different parts of the State. Of this people and of the works which testify to their existence the traditions of their savage successors do not speak. Who they were, whence they came and in what manner they disappeared are mysteries which continue to baffle the researches of the archaeologists and the patient scrutiny of the antiquarian. The race of those prehistoric people is extinct, and nothing is left to tell the story of the rise and fall of their nation. A RELIC OF THE VIRGIN FOREST CUYAHOGA FALLS At a later day the red man planted his villages along the shores of the Ohio River, but when the European trader first visited that stream these settlements, with very few exceptions, had disappeared. For many miles back the wilderness was left untouched even by the tillage of the Indians. Lands of extraordinary fertility were used only as vast hunting grounds, where the warriors from the towns high up the tributaries of the Ohio followed the pleasures of the chase. To account for this change from comparative populousness to solitude the traditions of the Indians relate that for a long series of years fleets of canoes, manned by the fierce warriors of the Iroquois, came down annually from the headwaters of the Allegheny, carrying death and desolation through the entire valley of the Ohio, by reason of their ferocious attacks and unmerciful slaughter, until at length they drove the inhabitants to seek a more secure refuge far in the interior. Of the Indian tribes who annihilated the prehistoric races little is known, and even the Indians of the last few centuries are surrounded more or less with deep mysteries. Only a period of two and a half centuries comprise our knowledge of that region of the American continent which is bounded by Lake Erie on the north and the Ohio on the south, and even within that brief segment of time many statements rest upon vague tradition. The Ohio of 1650 was a forest wilderness, principally occupied by a tribe of Indians called the Eries, or Cats, whose villages skirted the shores of the lake so designated, while the valleys of the Upper Ohio River were in possession of the Andastes. These Eries and Andastes were - 6 - members of the Iroquois family, speaking dialects of the same lingual stock. About the middle of the seventeenth century the "Five Nations," of New York, grown arrogant by fifty years of confederation, invaded the territory of the Hurons, or Wyandots, on the Eastern shores of the lake which bears their name, and thither the enemy penetrated, undisturbed EARTHWORKS OF PREHISTORIC PEOPLE NEWARK, OHIO by the neutral nation which occupied the Eastern portion of the peninsula adjacent to Lake Ontario, and probably extended beyond the Niagara River. The Hurons were driven with great slaughter to the islands of Lake Huron, and finally into the territories of the Odjibwas, on Lake Superior. Their enemies attempted to follow them, until they were defeated by PREHISTORIC EARTHWORKS, NEWARK, OHIO the Chippewas in a battle fought at the foot of the south cape of its outlet, at a prominent elevation, which, in allusion to this incident, is called Point Iroquois. The extinction of the Neutral Nation soon followed, and then the victorious Iroquois turned against their Erie brethren. In the year 1655, using their canoes as scaling ladders, they stormed the Erie strongholds, leaped down like tigers among the defenders and butch- - 7 - ered them without mercy. The greater part of the nation was involved in the massacre, and the remnants were taken into the tribe of the conquerors or into other tribes, to which they fled for refuge. The Andastes shared the same fate, but their resistance postponed their dispersion until 1672, when their ruin was also accomplished. Thus, at the commencement of the eighteenth century, the territory now Ohio was derelict, except as the indomitable confederates of the North made it a trail for further hostilities or roamed its bunting grounds. The Andastes and Eries were not entirely exterminated by the war of 1655. Many of their fugitives, like those of the conquered Hurons, became allies of the formidable Miamis or Twahtwas, who were located on the Miamis of the Lake and the Miamis of the Ohio. According to French Missionary authors, the Iroquois fell on the Miamis and Chictaghicks, or Illinois (enraged at their friendly reception cf the vanquished Indians), who RACOON RIVER, NEAR PREHISTORIC EARTHWORKS, LICKING COUNTY, OHIO were encamped tcgether on the banks of the Maumee River in the year 1680. In this attack they killed thirty and took three hundred prisoners. But the Illinois and Miamis rallied, and, by a dexterous movement, got ahead of the retreating Iroquois, waylaid their path and recovered their prisoners, killing many of their enemies. In the eighteenth century in Ohio the Indian was a temporary sojourner, not linked so inseparably to the soil as the Iroquois to their "Long House" between the Niagara and the Hudson. But while the tribes who were found in occupation cf Ohio when the first white settlers arrived were comparatively strangers to that region, having moved there between 1720 and 1750, yet they were closely identified with the plains, forests and waters. The streams perpetuate their vanished dialects, as has been expressed by William J. Sperry, in the old "Cincinnati Globe," in the first half of the last century, entitled "A Lament for the Ancient People," which is as follows: "Sad are fair Muskingum's waters, Sadly the Mahoning raves; Tuscarawas' plains are lonely, Lonely are Hockhocking's waves. "From where headlong Cuyahoga Thunders down its rocky way, And the billows of Lake Erie Whiten in Sandusky's Bay, - 8 - "Unto where Potomac rushes Arrows from the mountain side, And Kanawha's gloomy waters Mingle with Ohio's tide ; "From the valley of Scioto, And the Huron sisters three, To the foaming Susquehanna And the leaping Genesee ; "Over hill and plain and valley, Over river, lake and bay— On the water, in the forest— Ruled and reigned the Seneca. "But sad are Muskingum's waters, Sadly blue Mahoning raves ; Tuscarawas plains are lonely,  Lonely are Hockhocking's waves. "By Kanawha dwells the stranger, Cuyahoga feels the chain, Stranger ships vex Erie's billows, Stranger plows Scioto's plain. "And the Iroquois have wasted From the hill and plain away ; On the waters, in the valley, Reigns no more the Seneca." "Only by the Cattaraugus, Or by Lake Chautauqua's side, Or among the scanty woodlands By the Allegheny's tide— "There in spots, like sad oases, Lone amid the sandy plains, There the Seneca still wasting Amid desolation reigns." In the middle of the eighteenth century of our tribes were prominent within the limits of Ohio—the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawanese and Ottawas. In 1671, the Tionontates, a tribe of the Hurons or Wyandots, who after their defeat by the warlike Iroquois, had found refuge among the Chippewas, left Lake Superior for Michillimacinac, where they rallied around them the dispersed remnants of the other tribes of their nation, and probably some of the Andastes and other kindred tribes, which had been likewise nearly exterminated by the Iroquois. Some years later they removed to Detroit in the vicinity of their ancient seats. But, though reduced to two villages, they resumed their superiority over - 9 - the other tribes. Charlevoix, in 1721, writes that they were still the soul of the councils of all the Western Indians. They claimed the sovereignty over the country between Lake Erie in the North and the Ohio River in the South. About 1740-1750 a party of Delawares, who had been disturbed in Pennsylvania by European emigration determined to move West of the Allegheny Mountains, and obtainea from their ancient allies and relatives, the Wyandots, the grant of a derelict tract of land lying principally on the Muskingum River. Here they flourished and became a very powerful tribe. From 1765 to 1795 they were at the height" of their influence, but the treaty of Greenville and the disasters sustained by the Delawares in Wayne's campaign were a death blow to their ascendency. The Shawanese returned to their ancient home in Ohio, from which they were driven by the Iroquois, during the years 1740-1755. They occupied the NORTHSHORE OF GREEN ISLAND, LAKE ERIE Scioto country, extending to Sandusky and westwardly towards the Great Miami, where they left the names of two of their tribes, Chillicothe and Piqua. During the forty following years the Shawanese were in an almost continuous state of war with the American people, either as British colonies or as independent States. These Indians were among the most active allies of the French during the Seven Years' War ; and after the conquest of Canada continued in hostile concert with the Delawares, which only terminated after the successful campaign of General Bouquet. The Ottawas lived on the banks of the Canadian - 10 - river Ottawa, until driven westward by the Five Nations, where they took refuge among the Pottawatannies and Ojibwas. The western shore of Lake Huron and the northern portion of the Michigan peninsula were the asylum of the fugitive Ottawas. It is remarkable that among the Ottowas alone the heavenly bodies were an object of veneration—the Sun ranking as their Supreme Deity. This tribe, whose mythology was more complicated than usual with the Indians, was accustomed to keep a regular festival to celebrate the beneficence of the Sun. The Ottawas also erected an idol in their towns and sacrificed to it, but such ceremonies were by no means general. Bancroft states that the word "Ottawa" signifies "trader" and was probably applied by the Hurons by the fact that the tribe was principally settled on and in the vicinity of an island in the Ottawa River, where the Ottawas exacted a tribute from all the Indians going to and coming from the country of the Hurons. Although the Hurons were ten times as numerous as the Ottawas, they submitted to that imposition, which seems to prove that their right of sovereignty over the Ottawa River was generally recognized. After their expulsion from this aboriginal custom house, they took possession of the islands of Lake Erie and the peninsula of Sandusky, where their fishing and trapping parties were found by the French as early as 1750. Soon after this time straggling parties of New York Indians were occasionally found near Lake Erie; and at least one Mingo town was situated on the Ohio River, at Mingo Junction, just below Steubenville. The Indian occupancy of Ohio, in 1750, was as follows : The Delawares occupied principally the valley of the Muskingum, but their hunting grounds embraced the territory from Lake Erie to the Ohio River, covering over one-half of the present State of Ohio. The Shawanese were soon admitted to the valleys of the Scioto and Miami Rivers, adjoining the territory of the Twahtwas or Miami Indians, while the Wyandots and a few bands of Ottawas dwelt by the waters of the Sandusky and Maumee. The principal seat of the Wyandots was opposite Detroit, and the Ohio settlements were in the nature of colonies from the peninsula bordering Lake Huron. This was also the case with the Ottawas, whose villages were scattered along the lake shore, although on a map drawn in 1763, the remains of an Ottawa fort is marked, situated near the present site of Plymouth, Huron County, Ohio, while an Ottawa town is seen, located on the Cuyahoga River, about thirty miles from its mouth, just below the falls. INSCRIPTION ROCK, KELLEY'S ISLAND LAKE ERIE See Explanatory Notes The Ohio Indians were magnificent specimens of the race, physically as well as mentally. Among them the Wyandots unquestionably were more superior by reason of their bravery. With other tribes, flight in battle was no disgrace, and was sometimes a part of their strategy. With the Wyandots, however, it was different. In the Battle of the Fallen Timbers, in which the strength of the Confederate Tribes was broken by General "Mad Anthony" Wayne, 'but one survivor remained of thirteen chiefs of the Wyandots, and he was found badly wounded. - 11 - The following illustrates this characteristic: When General Wayne occupied his position at Greenville, in 1793, in his final campaign against the Ohio Indians, he sent for Captain Wells, who commanded a company of scouts, and requested him to capture an Indian from Sandusky for the purpose of obtaining information. Wells, who spent his early life among the Indians as a captive, having been stolen from his Kentucky home, was perfectly acquainted with their character, and answered that he could take a prisoner, but not one from Sandusky. "Why not from Sandusky?" asked the General. "Because there are only Wyandots in Sandusky," he answered. "Why will not a Wyandot do?" "For the best of reasons," said Wells ; "a Wyandot will never be taken alive." OLDEST MAP OF OHIO - 12 - CHAPTER II A Period of Wars and Bloodshed Grants of Ohio Lands.—French Possession of the Ohio Valley.—The Seven Year's War.—Indian Conspiracy and the Confederacy of Pontiac.—Appearance of the First White Settlers.— Assassination of Logan's Family.—Lord Dunmore's War.—Chief Logan's Great Speech.—Arrival of Christian Missionaries. DURING the early half of the eighteenth century the attention of the Anglo-American colonies, which as yet had extended their back settlements to but little over a hundred miles from the Atlantic, began to be attracted by reports of a beautiful country west of the Alleghenies. The glowing accounts given of the Ohio Valley by the fur traders, who alone had penetrated that region, naturally produced a desire for its acquisition. As early as 1710 Governor Spotswood, of Virginia, with much pomp and retinue explored the mountain passes leading to that "land of promise." Again Logan, the energetic Secretary of Pennsylvania from 1719 to 1731, constantly urged the necessity of securing for the English the Ohio territory. At length, in the year 1748, Thomas Lee, a member of the Virginia Council, associating 'himself with several other gentlemen of that province, together with certain London merchants, obtained a grant of half a million acres of land, situated principally on the south side of the Ohio River between the Monongahela and the Kanawha. This was the first Ohio Land Company, and its object was the establishment of an English settlement in the then far \Vest. The right of Great Britain to grant these lands was founded upon the assumption that the Iroquois, or "Five Nations," by right of conquest owned the Ohio Valley and had placed it, along with their other lands, under the protection of the English flag. France, however, advanced a counter claim, following the discovery of the Mississippi by the adventurous Pere Marquette. Robert de la Salle, a French Chevalier, the first white man who sailed the waters of Lake Erie, had forced his way to the three outlets through which the "Great River" poured into the Gulf of Mexico. Upon reaching the termination of his journey, he took formal possession of the whole Mississippi Valley in the name of Louis XIV., and erected forts and established settlements at various points. Fully appreciating the vast importance of prosecuting the system of colonization thus commenced he proceeded to France and communicated his ideas to the King. The Ministers of the great Louis listened eagerly to a scheme which not only promised an immense accession of valuable territory, but served likewise to create a permanent and efficient barrier to the Western extension of the English colonies in Northern America. An expedition was fitted out for the purpose of planting a permanent colony at the mouth of the Mississippi, the command of which was given to La Salle. This expedition was a failure and its illustrious but unfortunate commander perished a victim to the treachery of his own followers. This disaster, however, did not quench the ardor of the French in the prosecution of their great plan. A second expedition sailed from France under the command of M. d'Iberville. He explored the river for several hundred miles and added that territory to the dominion of France, giving it the name of Louisiana. During the period that elapsed from La Sale's discovery until near the middle of the eighteenth century the French enjoyed entire and almost undisputed, though not unquestioned, possession of the West. Permanent establishments were made at different points, as Detroit, Peoria, Kaskasia, Vincennes and New Orleans, and the forts and settlements west of the Alleghenies steadily increased in numbers and strength. Before the completion of the first quarter of the eighteenth century the territory had been divided into quarters, each having its local Gover- - 15 - nor or Commandant, all of whom being subject to the authority of the Council General of Louisiana. One of the quarters was established northwest of the Ohio, forts had been erected on the Mississippi, on the Illinois and on the Maumee, as well as on the lakes. Still however, the communication with Canada was through Lake Michigan. The nearer route to the Ohio River and Lake Erie had not been ,discovered. This discovery was made not long afterwards. Before 1750, a French post had been fortified at the mouth of the Wabash, and communication was established through that river and the Maumee with Canada. About the same time and for the purpose of checking the progress of the French, the Ohio Company, previously referred to, was formed, and some attempt was made to establish trading posts among the Indians. This event hastened what it was designed to prevent. A third chain of fortifications was established by the French, extending from the confluence of the Monongahela and the Allegheny to the sources of French Creek and to Lake Erie. The French were now in actual occupation of the whole valley of the Mississippi and the English Government became seriously alarmed. Negotiations took place in the course of which England proposed to limit her American colonies on the west by a line drawn from Lake Erie through French Creek to its mouth and thence direct to the nearest mountains of Virginia. These negotiations were of no avail, and the contending parties referred their con- AT THE CAMP FIRE troversies to the arbitration of arms. After a desperate struggle of seven years' duration the powers of the French and their Indian allies was effectually broken, their chain of Western posts either destroyed or captured and the whole territory here before claimed by them left in undisputed possession of their conquerors. By the treaty of peace signed at Fontainebleau, on the l0th of February, 1763; France divested herself of all her North American possessions by ceding to Great Britain the whole of the territory east of the Mississippi River, with the exception of the Peninsula of Orleans, - 16 - which with the remainder of Louisiana she transferred on the same day to Spain. Having been thus effectually freed from the pressure of an active and enterprising enemy, English traders, hoping to succeed to the influence previously exercised by the French over the Northwestern tribes of Indians, speedily spread themselves among them for. the purpose of obtaining peltries from the red men. With the feeling of security the Ohio company made SUNDOWN ON LAKE ERIE, AT CEDAR POINT, OHIO energetic preparations for the settlement of their land ; while throughout the border provinces numerous bands of sturdy husbandmen eagerly sought to dispose of their farms and superfluous stock for the purpose of providing the means to establish themselves in a new home on the fertile borders of the river of whose beauty they had heard so much. But before these extensive arrangements were finally completed an Indian conspiracy was scovered, which for a time seriously threatened to deprive England of a large portion of that territory which she had so lately acquired from the French by right of conquest. Taking advantage of the existing feelings among the Indians against the European intruders, Pontiac, the great chief of the Ottawas, a warrior of extraordinary courage and sagacity, formed the daring scheme of uniting numerous tribes of the Northwest into one common confederacy, having for its end a simultaneous- massacre of the English at all points. The organization of the formidable conspiracy, notwithstanding . the difficulties they had to encounter in reconciling existing enemies, was at length successfully effected, and one by one the Chippewas, Delawares, Mingos, Wyandots and Miamis united with the Ottawas and arranged in secret the details of the uprising. All this time the English traders were received with apparent friendship. The hardy pioneers,' whose axes were already heard ringing through the forest aisles of the wilderness, reposed after their daily toil in fancied security. The slender garrisons which occupied the strategic points abandoned by the French, kept careless - 17 - watch and not a single whisper warned them of the terrible danger by which they were threatened. Around the forts at Michillimacinac, Detroit, Le Boeuf, Vinango, Presque Isle, on the Maumee and on the Wabash, at Sandusky, Fort Pitt, Niagara and other stations of inferior note, hordes of fierce warriors were silently gathering. Simultaneously, in the spring of 1763, they fell upon the traders throughout all the region of the Northwest and barbarously murdered two hundred of them, including their servants. Nearly at the same time nine English forts were surprised and captured, and many of the garrisons put to death with all the horrors attending Indian warfare. Fort Michillimacinac was taken by surprise and nearly one half of the garrison was killed. The remainder, stripped and plundered of all they possessed, were made prisoners of war. Previous to this the troops at Detroit had barely escaped a similar fate. The surprise of the latter post was attempted by Pontiac in person. Failing in his object through the vigilance of Major Gladwin, the commander, he turned the assault into a siege, and from the 9th of May until the beginning of December held it closely surrounded, notwithstanding the efforts made by Amherst to relieve it. The garrison at Fort Miami, on the Maumee, was also overpowered by a treacherous act of the Indians, while the loss of the post at Presque Isle led, on the 18th of June, to the fall of Fort Le Boeuf. Fort Pitt was likewise surrounded by the savages, whose vigilance prevented the famished garrison from procuring the supplies they so much needed. The frontiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia were steeped in blood ; the homes of the settlers were burned to the ground ; the stock driven off and their fields laid waste. It was an awful period of terror, distress and confusion, and for many months those who had as yet happily escaped the ferocious onslaught slept in their clothes with ready hands upon their weapons. Finally an expedition was organized for the relief of Fort Pitt. It consisted of two shattered regiments of regulars, the command of which was given to Colonel Bouquet. He reached Bedford on the 25th of July. Marching along the new road opened by the troops under General Forbes, he was attacked on the 5th of August by a large force of Indians near Bushy Run, a small tributary of the Monongahela. For two days the Indians continued the contest with unusual vigor and resolution, but though the troops were at first thrown into confusion, they were rallied by the gallantry of their officers and finally succeeded in routing the enemy with considerable loss. The relief of Fort Pitt and their failure to make any impression upon the forts at Detroit and Niagara threw a gloom over the prospects of the confederated tribes, who now began to feel that their power was not equal to the accomplishment of their design. Chagrined at having met with but partial success, and perhaps conscious that retaliation would inevitably follow, they grew suspicious of one another. The feuds, which union in a common cause had temporarily allayed, now broke out once more. Separating in anger, they departed for their respective villages, leaving Pontiac with a few faithful followers to bear the consequences of the bloody project 'he had originated. A prize being set upon his head, he returned to Illinois, where he resided for several years, and where he finally met his death at the hands of an Indian while endeavoring to unite the tribes of that region in a new war against the whites. Two months after the relief of Fort Duquesne a proclamation was issued by the British Government regulating trade with the Indians and prohibiting an indiscriminate settlement upon their lands. This manifesto, in connection with an expedition under Bradstreet, which marched the following summer into the country bordering upon Lake Erie, and another under Bouquet, to the Indian town upon the Ohio, was productive of the most beneficial results. Treaties with the Indians were concluded shortly after. The first attempt made 'by European people to occupy land on the banks of the Ohio River was made in 1766, eighteen years after several members of the Virginia House - 18 - of Burgesses, as the Legislature of that English colony was designated, in connection with certain London merchants, had obtained from the British Government the grant of land previously mentioned. In the spring of that year several families from the eastern side of the mountains, principally from Virginia and laryland, crossed the divide, and selecting for themselves the most attractive and fertile spots on the banks of the Monongahela River, erected their log cabins and commenced clearing and planting the land. This they did with no recognition of the Indian prior right to ownership. These pioneers were of a low class; and it does not appear that they paid any attention to the English and Virginia gentlemen to whom the grant by the government had been made. They despised the Indians, made no effort to conciliate them, and, if any of them ventured to remonstrate they were met with coarse abuse and insults. It was natural that the Indians should feel aggrieved. By the French, whose allies they had been in their recent war with the British, they had been treated with courtesy and their rights respected, but by these English, as they designated all who spoke that language, it was plain they were going to be robbed and driven from their homes. Their agent protested against the conduct of those squatters, and General Gage, GORGE OF THE CUYAHOGA RIVER, NEAR AKRON, O. then Commander-in-chief of the British forces of the American colonies, issued a proclamation denouncing their conduct, but they bade him defiance. Fearless alike of the hostility of the Indians or the commands of the military authorities they tool: up land wherever they chose, and occupied it. In the meantime the stream of emigration continued to cross the mountain range and penetrate among the pleasant solitudes on either side of the Ohio River. Often traveling in large bands, these insurgent parties had in themselves sufficient strength to forcibly occupy any tract of land they fancied. It was entirely due to their license and these conditions which led to what in 1774 took the name of "Lord Dunmore's War," and which had its inception in the acts of an unprincipled desperado who called himself Colonel Cresap. On the 27th of April, 1774, this man, who had built his log cabin in the vicinity of the present city of Wheeling, and who devoted his time principally to the extermination of Indians, learned that two Indian families had arrived and camped a few miles higher up the river, where they were peacefully engaged trapping and hunting. With a gang of congenial characters he proceeded to the spot, attacked the unoffending people and murdered them all, removing to his cabin their game and furs. Hearing of the location of another camp a few miles - 19 - down the river, these white savages went there and murdered these Indians also. Shortly afterwards a party of Indians, peacefuly encamped some forty miles above Wheeling, were, by one of Cresap's gang, named Greathouse, with seven others, approached and by the most atrocious treachery murdered. In this most unprovoked and unwarranted massacre the entire family of an Indian chief named Logan, who had always been a friend of the white men, and whose name will always have an honorable place in history, was exterminated. The news of this massacre soon reached the tribes throughout the Ohio Valley, and assuming that no such crimes could be perpetrated without authority from the British government, they called a council of war and decided to take immediate vengeance. The executive authorities of Pennsylvania and Virginia at once dispatched messengers to the settlements to warn the inhabitants, and the consternation became general. Many abandoned all they possessed and fled across the mountains to their former home, while others sought refuge in the log house forts which they erected. It was in vain the Indian agents assured the chiefs that those murders were done by men who for perpetrating them had been outlawed, and were then fugitives from justice. The Indian war whoop could be heard in all directions, and those settlers who were unable to find timely shelter were CUYAHOGA FALLS, NEAR AKRON, O. slaughtered and scalped without mercy. To retaliate, the Legislature of Virginia empowered the Governor to arm five hundred volunteer militiamen, who, having crossed the mountains for Wheeling, descended the Ohio River from that point in flatboats to the mouth of the Muskingum, and, ascending that river, they destroyed the Indian villages as far as Zanesville, killing many Indians, and thus confirming the Indian belief that the massacres by Cresap and Greathouse were instigated by the authorities. It was now determined that as halfway measures served but to exasperate the Indians to fiercer and more cruel treatment of the whites wherever the latter were exposed, a sufficient force to destroy them wholly should be recruited. Three thousand men, it was estimated, should be sufficient for this purpose, and this force was formed and divided into two bodies by the Governor of Virginia. One of these bodies, under the command of General Lewis, was directed to assemble at Fort Union, in Greenbriar County, and from there proceed down the Kanawha Valley to the mouth of the river and await the arrival of Lord Dunmore, Royal Governor of Virginia, who, with the other body of nineteen hundred men, were to ascend the Cumberland Valley, in Maryland, cross the mountains to the Monongahela River, descend that stream until it reached the Ohio, and proceed down the latter in boats until it joined the first body - 20 - under General Lewis at Point Pleasant. After undergoing much hardship on their march of one hundred and sixty miles, the force under General Lewis was met by a messenger, who reported that Lord Dunmore had resolved to land at the mouth of what is known as the Hocking River, and cross to the Indian villages on the Scioto, which was then the center of the Indian population, and where he would await the arrival of General Lewis. The latter had encamped his command on the angle of land called Point Pleasant, formed by the Kanawha entering the Ohio River. Not counting on being attacked, although having plenty of time to do so, he made no provisions for defense. The Indians had stealthily watched his movements, and on the night of the 9th of October had approached as close to his encampments as possible without being discovered. The next morning at daybreak they poured into the troops a murderous fire of well-aimed bullets. The force of Indians was so large that it formed a heavy line of battle from river to river,- and that its fire was effective may be believed from the fact that of Lewis' division two Colonels, five Captains, three Lieutenants and more than one hundred of the rank and file were killed, while the wounded officers and men numbered one hundred and forty. This battle raged OLD MAID'S KITCHEN CUYAHOGA FALLS all during the day. The loss of the Indians was never known, but as the Virginians were all good marksmen they probably did equally as effective execution. This was evident by the retreat of the Indians during the night, and they did not appear again' to attack either wing of the invading army. The lack of military skill exhibited by General Lewis was lamentable. Instead of fortifying the delta which he occupied during the eleven days previous to the Indian attack, he began the same quite uselessly afterwards. In a few days, leaving his wounded fully protected, he marched with the greater part of his command up the south bank of the Ohio to join Lord Dunmore at the mouth of the Hocking. The latter had arrived there safely, having descended the Ohio in boats. Arriving at the mouth of the Hocking, he passed up that river to its falls and from there directed his march to within three miles of the Indian towns on the Scioto and about seven miles south of what is today the county seat of Pickaway. There he constructed an entrenched camp, enclosing about twelve acres, with a strong breastwork of trees felled for the purpose. In the center of this enclosure he built a citadel of logs, surrounding it with a ditch and earthworks, the latter being so surmounted with timber as to render the place impregnable to a foe armed as were the Indians. In the center of the citadel was pitched the tent provided - 21 - for the commanding General and his staff, and over it waved the English flag of the Governor of Virginia, who, in honor of his Queen, had named the fortification Fort Charlotte. Upon seeing these works, the Indian chiefs who had failed to completely destroy their enemy at Point Pleasant were effectually disheartened and, conscious that the junction of the two invading forces only remained to take place for a general attack to be made upon their villages, they sent into the citadel delegation after delegation for terms of peace. Lord Dunmore was as humane as he was brave and cautious. He was fully advised of the cause of the ward, and had therefore no desire to consign the aboriginal possessors of the soil to general slaughter. Nevertheless, he desired to assure the Indians that if they persisted in their retaliatory measures, they would certainly be exterminated. Receiving small detachments of their delegations, he 'had them recount their wrongs. As the most worthy example of those wrongs, the speech of the Indian chief Logan may here be preserved. Of it President Jefferson said, when entirely assured of its authenticity : "I may challenge all the orators of the Greeks and Romans to produce the equal of the speech of Logan." The circumstances attending the delivery of this speech we quote from Atwater's History of Ohio: "Though Logan would not attend in person Lord Dunmore's council, yet urged by the chiefs who were eager to be relieved of the presence of Dunmore's army, he sent his speech in with a belt of wampum to be delivered to Lord Dunmore by a faithful interpreter, and by the bearer of the wampum, as was the Indian custom, this speech was faithfully delivered to the commanding General, who received it seated under an oak tree that had been enclosed, and which still stands in a field seven miles from Circleville, in a southerly direction. As the wampum bearer spoke, the interpreter translated the speech, sentence by sentence, and as it was delivered it was written. Its authenticity is placed beyond. the shadow of a doubt, and it of right belongs and forever will belong to the history of Ohio. This speech is as follows : "I appeal to any white men to say if he ever entered Logan's cabin hungry and I gave him no meat ; if he came naked and cold and I clothed him not. During the last long and bloody war Logan remained idle in his cabin, an advocate of peace. Such was my love for the whites, that my countrymen, as they passed me, said, Logan is the friend of the whites. I had thoughts of living among you, but for the injuries done me by one man. Colonel Cresap, last spring, in cold blood and unprovoked, murdered all the relations of Logan, sparing not even my women and children. There runs not one drop of my blood in the veins of any living creature. This called on me for revenge. I have sought it. I have killed many. I have fully glutted my vengeance. For my country I rejoice in the beams of peace. But do not harbor the thought that mine is the joy of fear. Logan never felt fear. He will not turn on his heel to save his life. Who is there to mourn for Logan ? Not one." At this time General Lewis had marched up the southern bank of the Ohio to a point nearly opposite the mouth of the Hocking, from which he and his troops were ferried across by Lord Dunmore's flotilla, and although met by a messenger bearing a command of the latter, that he return with his force to Virginia, as peace was about to be concluded, he ordered their march toward the new fort. When within a few miles Lord Dunmore and his staff rode out to meet them, and had to pre-emptorily repeat his orders in person before General Lewis consented to obey. Even then nothing but the dissimilarity in the relative strength of the respective commands compelled obedience. Lord Dunmore had more than twice the force under Lewis, and besides could with one word turn the whole body of the Indians upon him. Consequently, though smarting under their loss at Point Pleasant and urged by their feelings to revenge that loss on the Indians, the order of Lord Dunmore that - 22 - they direct their march for home was obeyed. Lord Dunmore tarried for some time in his fort, and until he concluded very amicable arrangements with the Indians, when, with his command, he also returned to Virginia. This terminated the "Lord Dunmore War." That Lord Dunmore, the last Royal Governor of Virginia, rendered himself excessively unpopular by ordering Lewis back is certain, and it hastened his final abandonment of the colony. He was compelled to seek refuge on a British vessel for protection from his own people. Whether his object while at Camp Charlotte was to make the Indians friendly to the English crown and unfriendly to the colonists in case of a war between the two countries, which so soon followed this campaign is not known with absolute certainty, but George Washington always believed that Lord Dunmore's object was to engage the Indians to take up the tomahawk against the colonists should war exist between the colonies and England. Six months previous to the treaty at Camp Charlotte the first revolutionary skirmish took place in the streets of Lexington, Massachusetts. From that time both parties steadily prepared for the contest which was plainly seen to be rapidly approaching. To alarm the fears of the disloyal colonies by the danger of a general border war, British emissaries were sent among the various Indian tribes to enlist their aid in the coming struggle. The Iroquois, influenced by the son of Sir William Johnson, the former Superintendent of Indian Affairs, and by the arts of Colonel Guy Johnson, who had succeeded his deceased uncle as Indian Superintendent, at once declared in favor of England. Fearing the Western Indians would be brought over in a similar manner the Provisional Congress, during the year 1775, organized three Indian departments, over which commissioners were appointed for the purpose of maintaining friendly relations with such tribes which were disposed to remain neutral. Conferences with the Indians were also ordered to be held in each department, and the reason why Americans had resumed a hostile attitude against England was to be explained to the Indians by the means of an allegory. To bring the cause of quarrel down to the simple comprehension of the red men America was compared to a child ordered to carry a pack too heavy for its strength. The boy complained and for answer the pack was made a little heavier. Again and again the boy remonstrated, but he had servants misrepresent the matter to the father and the boy got continually a heavier burden, until, at last, almost broken backed, he threw off the load and said he will carry it no longer. In the midst of these preparations for war a peaceful colony of Christian Indians were settled quietly at Schoenbrunn, on the Muskingum. As early as 1758, Charles Frederick Post, the indefatigable and sagacious Moravian, penetrated to the Muskingum and obtained permission from the Delawares, who had recently removed there, to settle on the east side of that river at the junction of its two forks, the Sandy and Tuscarawas. On the spot designated by the Indians, Post, in 1761, built a log cabin, and then returned to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, to seek a suitable associate who might teach the Indian children to read and write, while the former preached to the savages. This companion he found in John Heckewelder, who at the age of nineteen, was released from an apprenticeship to a cedar cooper, for the purpose of joining Post on his benevolent errand. In March, 1762, the pair started on their hazardous journey, narrowly escaping the blizzards of the Alleghenies, as well as the swollen streams, but encouraged by the hospitality of Colonel Bouquet and Captain Hutchins, then stationed at Fort Pitt, the adventurers crossed the Beaver River, assisted by Indians residing there. After a pilgrimage of thirty-three days they arrived at their destination. They entered their cabin singing a hymn. Heckewelder, in his memoirs says that "no one lived near on the same side of the river, but on the other side, a mile down the stream, resided a trader named Thomas Calhoun, a moral and religious man. Further south was situated an Indian town called Tus- - 23 - carora, consisting of about forty wigwams. A mile still further down the stream a few families had settled, and eight miles above there was another Indian village." Although the Indians had allowed Post to erect his cabin, during his absence they had become suspicious, fearing that the missionary scheme was a mere pretense, in order to enable the white people to obtain a footing in the Indian country, and that in course of time a fort wculd be erected. When they observed Post marking out three acres of ground for a cornfield, and beginning to cut down trees, they were alarmed and ordered him to appear before them at the council house on the following day, and in the meantime to desist from doing any further work on the premises. On his appearance before them at the time appointed, the speaker, in the name of the council, delivered the following address : "Brother ! Last year you asked our leave to come and live with us, for the purpose of instructing us and our children, to which we consented ; and now, being come, we are glad to see you. Brother ! It appears to us that you must since have changed your mind, fcr instead of instructing us and our children, you are cutting down trees on our land ; you have marked out a large spot of BLACK RIVER FALLS IN THE DRY SEASON ELYRIA, OHIO ground for a plantation, as the white people do everywhere ; and by and by another and another may come and do the same, and the next thing will be that a fort will be built for the protection of those intruders, and thus our country will be claimed by the white people, and we driven farther back as has been the case ever since the white people came into this country. Say, do we not speak the truth ?" In his answer to this address Post said: "Brother ! What you said I told you is true, with regard to my coming to live with you, namely, for the purpose of instructing you, but it is likewise true that an instructor must have something to live upon, otherwise he can not do his duty. Now, not wishing to be a burden to you, so as tc ask of you provisions for my support, knowing that you already have families to provide for, I thought of raising my own bread ; and believed that three acres of ground were little enough for that. You will recollect that I told you last year that I was a messenger from God, and prompted 'by him to preach and make known his will to the Indians, that they also by faith might be saved, and become inheritors of his heavenly kingdom. Of course, land I do not want a foot, neither will my raising a sufficiency of corn and - 24 -