Associated with this patriotic ideal is the conviction that leaders should be men of scholarship and sound character. The management has never faltered in that belief that a college faculty should be men of unquestionable character and highest ability. The college education shows itself in a patriotic citizenship, genuine manliness, sound scholarship and liberal culture. The institution has graduated one President of the United States, seven United States Senators, several Foreign Ambassadors and fifty-three Judges of State and Federal Courts, in addition to many distinguished clergymen and men in other walks of life. The original act founding Miami University, enumerates among other objects of its establishment, "The Promotion of Virtue, Religion and Morality." It is the aim of the man- WOMEN'S DORMITORY, MIAMI UNIVERSITY OXFORD, OHIO agement to cultivate and develop the religious nature of the student ; to create and maintain a religious sentiment that shall be in harmony with the best thought of our Christian civilization. Religious services are held in the chapel on the third Sabbath afternoon of each month, at 2 :3o o'clock. At these services a sermon is preached by the President, or by some other member of the faculty or by some minister from abroad. The daily chapel services are held at 9:3o o'clock each morning. Attendance upon all these services is obligatory upon all students. The Bible is a recognized text book in the university and the constant aim is to surround the students with an atmosphere which is genuinely Christian without being sectarian. A Young Men's Christian Association and a Young Woman's Christian Association maintain regular religious meetings entirely in charge of the students. - 275 - The Ohio State University The Ohio State. University, situated within the corporate limits of the city of Columbus, three miles north from the Capitol Buildings, differs materially from all other institutions of higher learning in the Buckeye State. Unlike all others, it is not a corporation. The ownership of the property is vested in the State of Ohio. The governing body of the institution is a board of Trustees, appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate, for terms of seven years. The powers and duties of the trustees are prescribed by law. All appropriations are made by the Legislature, and the trustees are not allowed to incur any indebtedness, except by the consent of the Legislature and as provided for by law. The university grounds consist of three hundred and forty-five acres, bounded east and west by High street, and the Olentangy River, respectively. The western portion, about 235 acres, is devoted to agricultural and horticultural purposes, and is under the management of the College of Agriculture and Domestic Science. The eastern portion is occupied by the principal university buildings, campus, athletic and drill grounds, a park-like meadow and a few acres of primitive forest. OBSERVATORY, OHIO, STATE UNIVERSITY COLUMBUS, OHIO The grounds are laid out with care, ornamented with trees, shrubs and flower beds ; and are so managed as to illustrate the instruction in Botany, Horticulture, Forestry, Landscape Gardening and Floriculture. The university has sixteen buildings devoted to instruction, one Boiler House, one Power House, two Dormitories, six residences and some farm buildings. These buildings represent an investment for construction of about nine hundred thousand dollars. The equipment and apparatus amount to about two hundred thousand dollars. The land now occupied as a site with the farm is valued at one million five hundred thousand dollars. What is now commonly known as the Morrill act was a land grant made by the United States under an act approved by President Lincoln, July 2, 1862, which provided that there should be granted to each State an amount of public land equal to thirty thousand acres for each Senator and Representative to which the State was entitled by the apportionment of the census of 186o. The proceeds under this act were to constitute a perpetual fund, the capital of which was to remain forever undiminished, and the interest of the same was to be - 276 - inviolably applied by each State which should take and claim the benefits of the act to the endowment, support and maintenance of at least one "college where the leading objects shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such a manner as the Legislature of the States may respectively prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions of life." Under this law Ohio received in 1864 certificates of scrip for 630,000 acres after the Legislature had formally accepted the conditions of the trust. The Auditor of State, the Treasurer of State and the Secretary of State were made a commission to advertise for and receive proposals for the purchase of the scrip. The greater portion of the scrip sold at fifty-three cents an acre. The receipts amounted in all to $340,906.80. By law this 'became a part of the irreducible debt of the State, on which six per cent interest is paid. As the school was not opened until 1873, the interest was from time to time added to the principal. In 1871 Congress gave to the State of Ohio all unpatented surveys within the 'Virginia Military District, and in 1872 the State gave these lands to the university. These lands have been sold ORTON HALL, OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY COLUMBUS, OHIO from time to time, and the proceeds turned into the State treasury as part of the irreducible debt of the State, constituting an endowment fund for the university. This fund now amounts to something more than $550,000. Governor Tod, in November, 1862, brought the subject of accepting the Morrill grant before the State Board. of Agriculture, and later to the attention of the Legislature. In January, 1864, Columbus Delano introduced a bill accepting it. This became a law February 9th, 1864, and pledged the faith of the State to the performance of all the conditions and provisions contained therein. In 1866 an act, introduced by Hon. J. T. Brooks was passed, which provided for the establishment of the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, but the provisions were not carried into effect, and a second act, introduced by R. P. Cameron, was passed in 187o, entitled, "An Act to Establish and Maintain an Agricultural and. Mechanical College in Ohio." Under the provisions of this act the institution was located in Columbus, and the board proceeded to the organization of the college and the election of a faculty of instruction, and the institution was opened for the reception of students on the 17th day of September, 1873. - 277 - In 1878 the Legislature passed "An act to reorganize and change the name of the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College and to repeal certain acts therein mentioned." The act provided that the institution should be thereafter designated as "The Ohio State University." Up to this time but one appropriation had been made by the State for the support of the institution. With the reorganization came the larger and broader view of the State's relation to public education, and since that time the Ohic, State University has shared with other public educational institutions a more generous support by the State. The Ohio State University comprises six colleges, as follows : The College of Agriculture and Domestic Science consists of those departments represented in the course leading to the degrees of Bachelor of Science in Agriculture, Bachelor of Science in Horticulture and Forestry, and Bachelor of Science in Domestic Economy, and in the course in Dairying, the short course in Agriculture, and the short course in Domestic Science. ON THE CAMPUS, OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY COLUMBUS, OHIO The College of Arts, Philosophy and Science consists of those departments represented in the courses leading to the degree of Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Philosophy and Bachelor of Science. The College of Engineering consists of those departments represented in the courses leading to the degrees of Civil Engineer, Engineer of Mines, Engineer of Mines and Ceramics, Mechanical Engineer, Mechanical Engineer in Electrical Engineering, and Bachelor of Science in Industrial Arts, Bachelor of Science in Chemistry or in Metallurgy ; in the course in Architecture, in the short course in Clay-Working and Ceramics, and in the short course in Mining. The College of Law consists of those departments represented in the course leading to the degree of Bachelor of Laws. The College of Pharmacy consists of those departments represented in the courses leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy, and in the short course in Pharmacy. The College of Veterinary Medicine consists of those departments represented in the course leading to the degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, and to a certificate of Veter inary ,Surgeon. - 278 - The graduate school has been organized with a Board of Managers, and is making steady progress. Each college is under the direction of its own Faculty, which has power to act in all matters pertaining to the work of students in that college. When the university was opened, in 1873, seventeen students were admitted. Ten years later, in 1883, the roll was three hundred and fifty-five ; in 1893, six hundred and forty-two. and in 1903, seventeen hundred and seventeen. In 1895 the preparatory department was abolished. In 1873 the faculty of the new institution comprised a President and seven instructors, while in the last year of the first century of. Ohio's Statehood more than one hundred and thirty persons were engaged in the work of instruction. The sources of income are the interest on the endowment ; annual grants from United States Congress under the provisions of the second Morrill act ; receipts from the fees of students ; receipts from rentals and incidental accounts and proceeds from the State levy. In 1895 the Lake Laboratory of the Ohio State University was organized by Prof. D. S. Kellicott, and work began during the summer of that year, though steps toward the establishment of a laboratory had been taken in the preceding year. The original purpose of the laboratory involves the idea of furnishing opportunity for investigation of the life of the lake to be open particularly to the students and teachers of the Ohio State University as set- forth by Prof. Kellicott. "The purpose of the plant that I would advocate is to afford an opportunity and a stimulus to instructors and students of biology in the university to spend their vacations investigating living problems in biology, especially such as are connected with important industries like the fisheries. The obvious advantages to the university are.: 1. Prestige. 2. Practical training of our students. 3. The sure increase of our collections. 4. It should extend the influence and usefulness of the university." The selection of Sandusky as the location of the laboratory was due to a careful examination of various points and the recognition by Prof. Kellicott of this situation as especially favorable. He says : "I think it would be difficult, if not impossible to find, anywhere about the Great Lakes, a more suitable place for such a station than at some point near Sandusky. I may say that I spent the greater part of the time from June 23 to August I, last, at Sandusky, Toledo and about the islands and found the whole region unsurpassed in richness. of material and advantages for study." His estimate for the facilities desired show a distinct appreciation of the necessities of a station devoted especially to research and used by a few individuals. "The plant that I consider necessary for success in this undertaking may be briefly outlined as follows: 1. The main thing is a building that shall give shelter and security to the investigators and their outfit. This could be constructed in the simplest manner ; the size should be sufficient to accommodate from six to ten men, say 24x30 feet, with two floors ; the lower for the storage of boats and apparatus, and for the coarser operations of "preparing ;" the upper for tables and aquaria. 2. The necessary furniture for convenience in work (apparatus, books, etc., could be moved up from the university and returned annually). 3. Boats, nets and aquaria." Unfortunately, the development of the laboratory under Prof. K- ellicott's direction was cut short by his untimely death, he having spent the summers of 1895, 1896 and 1897 in. work at the station. The results of his studies appear in the papers upon the Rotifera of Sandusky Bay, and also in various records of other animals observed there, especially upon the Odonata. Dr. Kellicott died in the spring of 1898, and, as his successor was not - 279 - elected until late in June, and could not assume charge there that season, the summer of 1898 passed without any work being done at the laboratory. In 1899, the present Director took charge of the laboratory, and, with several students and associates, devoted the summer to studies upon the fauna of the locality. As a result of this summer's work, and especially on account of consultation with various teachers of Biology, who expressed the desire to secure instruction along the lines followed at the laboratory, it was determined to broaden the scope of the laboratory by opening courses of instruction. This later was taken up by the Board of Trustees and provision made for certain courses for the summer of 1900. The work was still carried on, as it had been in previous years, in rooms that had been provided by building a two-story addition to the State Fish Hatchery Building, located near the Water Works in Sandusky. The number of students who attended made it necessary, however, to seek additional room, and this was accomplished for the two following summers by occupying portions of the Hatchery in the lower part of the building. It was soon manifest that these rooms were inadequate for the growth of the laboratory. and especially for the provision of both investigation and instruction work. A movement, therefore, began in 1901 to secure a larger building, especially planned for the purposes of the summer work. A recommendation was made by President Thompson to the Board of Trustees in 1902, and on the 16th of June of that year the Board of Trustees appropriated $2,500 for this purpose. A change of location from the narrow quarters next to the Water Works, where the work was somewhat hampered by the din and smoke of factories, and by the. necessity of long trips in the pursuit of material, was made convenient by the generous grant of a site upon Cedar Point by the Cedar Point Pleasure Resort Company. The erection of the building did not begin until the spring of 1903, and it was finished in the latter part of June and occupied for the summer courses of that year. The present building, located about three-fourths of a mile from the docks of the Cedar Point Pleasure Resort Company, is one of exceptional advantage, since it provides on one side quiet water of a small cove, giving convenient harborage for small boats, a dock and excellent collecting grounds in the still waters of the bay and swamp; while on the other side, but a short distance away, is the magnificent beach of Cedar Point, with its fine outlook upon Lake Erie. Moreover, there is close to the building Quite a dense native forest, and in the other direction extended sand dunes, .so that within a few feet of the laboratory tables, one may secure representatives. of life from a. great variety of conditions. The building is about one hundred feet long by fifty feet through the center, and will accommodate about one hundred students and investigators. The equipment of tables, dark room, boats, collecting apparatus, etc.,. provides for all varieties of laboratory and field work. The instruction staff is made up of members of the State University force, but the plan of the organization is to select instructors from various institutions as they may be available for special subjects. LAKE LABORATORY, OHIO STATE UN I VERSITY CEDAR POINT, OHIO - 280 - The formal opening of the laboratory building occurred on July 2, 1903, at which representatives from different institutions were present, and addresses were given by Prof. C. J. Herrick, representing the science organizations of the State ; Hon. John T. Mack, for the citizens of Sandusky and Trustees ; Prof. J. V. Denney, for the Arts College : Captain Cope, Secretary of the Board, whose address consisted of a history of the laboratory, and remarks by the Director. The following extracts from Prof. Herrick's address indicate the relation of the laboratory to the scientific workers of the State : "It is a source of congratulation to us, the members of this laboratory, that these liberal principles are clearly at the foundation of our present organization. Our Director has made it very plain, not only by word of mouth, but much more forcibly in practical ways, that it is to be the policy of our laboratory to secure the widest co-operation among all the men of science of our State. To this, as a representative of organized science in Ohio, I have pleasure in responding with equal cordiality that it will be our purpose to share in this great work here established to the full extent of our ability, by attendance when possible, and by sympathetic interest at all times. While we are gainers by this liberal hospitality offered by the laboratory, it is certain that the laboratory in thus casting its bread upon the waters will find it again after many days." The policy of the laboratory is indicated by the following extract from the Director's remarks : "It is our hope and aim to make the laboratory of service to any student in any phase of biology that can be profitably studied under the conditions here. To make thiS as broad and emphatic as possible, we may say that it will be our policy to assist to the extent of our ability any competent scientific worker from any institution or locality in the prosecution of any investigation which our locality and equipment will permit. I believe this represents the spirit of the Board of Trustees, the President and all officially connected with the laboratory. I believe this to be fully shown by the equipment already furnished and the attitude shown in making these facilities equally accessible to all who, may desire to use them. We hope educators and scientific workers in our own and adjacent States especially will find it a profitable meeting ground and feel that its opportunities are open on the most liberal basis to all." In recent years students and investigators have been enrolled who represent some twenty different colleges and universities, sca ttered from Massachusetts to California, and one from Argentina, South America. Papers giving results of investigations have been published in various scientific journals and Society Proceedings, and the work now in progress on the animals and plants of the locality will result in a much better knowledge of the 'life of the Great Lakes. University of Cincinnati Highest in the series of Cincinnati's free educational institutions is the University, an organic part of the public school system. The desire to have a University for the city of Cincinnati dates back to 1806, when in that city a school association was formed, which was incorporated in 1807 for the purpose of establishing an institution of higher learning. The endowments "were not exactly correspondent to its elevated title," consisting only of moderate contributions. An application was made to the Legislature for permission to raise money by lottery, which was granted. The lottery was a complete failure, although many tickets were sold ; no drawing was ever had, and—perhaps as a matter of retribution—the building erected for university purposes was blown down by a tornado on Sunday, the 28th of May, 1809. This ended the first "University of Cincinnati." - 281 - The present University of Cincinnati owes its existence to the generosity of Charles McMicken, a native of Pennsylvania, who came to Cincinnati in 1803, accumulated a large fortune and died in 1858. By the terms of his will, he bequeathed to the city of Cincinnati almost the whole of his estate, valued at about $1,000,000, for the purpose of establishing and maintaining "two colleges for the education of white boys and girls." He had "long cherished the desire to found an institution where white boys and girls might be taught not only a knowledge of their duties to their Creator and their fellow-men, but also receive the benefit of a sound, thorough and practical English education, and .such as might fit them for the active duties of life, as well as instruction in the higher branches of knowledge, except denominational theology, to the extent that the same are now or may hereafter be taught in any of the secular colleges or universities of the highest grade in the country." Nearly half of the property devised by Mr. McMicken was situated in the State of Louisiana. This was entirely lost, in 1860, by a decision of the Supreme Court of that State annulling that part of the devise. The court refused to recognize the validity of bequests of real estate to institutions controlled by non-resident trustees upon perpetual trusts. The remainder of the UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI CINCINNATI, OHIO Photo by Young & Carl, Cincinnati, 0. property, lying in Cincinnati and its vicinity, did not yield a sufficient income to warrant the establishment of the proposed colleges. For ten years, therefore, the revenue derived from the estate was applied to its improvement. In 1869 the trustees provided for a School of Design, which they maintained, with aid from Joseph Longworth, until 1884, when they transferred it to the Cincinnati Museum Association. Meanwhile, an attempt was made to unite the various educational trusts in Cincinnati. In April, 1870, the General Assembly of Ohio passed an act to enable cities of the first class to aid and promote education, under which the city of Cincinnati accepted the bequest of Charles McMicken and proceeded to establish the University of Cincinnati. Academic instruction was actually begun in 1873, in the building and by the teachers of the Woodward High School, and the University was formally organized in 1874, by the appointment of professors of Mathematical and Civil Engineering, of Latin and Greek and Physics and Chemistry. During the academic year 1874-1875 instruction was given by these pro- - 282 - fessors in the Woodward High School Building, but at the beginning of the year 1875-1876 possession was taken of the new building then erected on the site adjoining,- the McMicken homestead in 1842. The effort to unite other trust funds with those given by Charles McMicken having failed, the income remained long inadequate to the needs of such an institution as he had intended to found. At length the city undertook to support the University in part by public taxation, the tax for this purpose being limited to three-tenths of one mill. In the course of time additional funds for the maintenance of the institution were provided by individual citizens, the most important being the bequest of property valued at $130,000 by Matthew Thoms in 189o, and the gift of $100,000 by David Sinton in 1899. New departments were also added. In 1872 the Cincinnati Astronomical Society. (founded in 1842) transferred its property on Mt. Adams to the city, which agreed, as a condition of the gift, to sustain, in connection with the University, on a new site provided by John Kilgour, an Observatory, to be built with funds given by him. For this. purpose the city levies annually a special tax of one-twentieth of one mill. In 1896 the Medical College of Ohio (founded in 1819) became the Medical Department of the University, though still retaining its original title conjointly with its new one. In the same year a Law Department was established, and six professors of law were appointed, and gave instruction at first in rooms on Fourth street. But, in 1897, by a contract with the Law School of the Cincinnati College (founded in 1833), a union was effected. The Law Department of the University was to be knoWn as the Cincinnati Law School, and the degree of Bachelor of Laws was to be conferred by the concurrent action of the Board of Directors of the University and the Trustees of the Cincinnati College. Out of a professorship of Civil Engineering in the Academic Department has developed the College of Engineering. It was organized under that name in 1900, and became a distinct department in 1904. Since its organization, in 1887, the Clinical and Pathological School of the Cincinnati Hospital has been affiliated with the University, being designated as the Medical Department, until 1896, and afterwards as the Department of Clinical Medicine. The Ohio College of Dental Surgery (founded in 1845) has been affiliated with the University since 1888. From 1875 to 1895 the Academic Department occupied the building erected on the grounds of the McMicken homestead, as required by the will of the founder. This site proving altogether unsatisfactory, application was made to the courts for permission to remove to a more suitable location in Burnet Woods Park. The desired permission having been granted by the court of last resort in March, 1893, steps were immediately taken for the construction of a main building, called McMicken Hall, which was completed in two years. This building stands on high ground at the southern end of the park, forty-three acres having been set apart as a site for the University. During 1895-1896 the north wing, known as Hanna Hall, was built for the departments of Chemistry and Engineering, with funds amounting to about $7o,000, provided by Henry Hanna. The south wing, called Cunningham Hall, was built in 1898-1899 by Briggs S. Cunningham, at a cost of $60,000. This wing is occupied by the departments of Physics and Biology. The Van Wormer Library, costing about $6o,000, the gift of Asa Van Wormer, was built during 1898-1900. A friend of technical education, whose name was not made known, gave the sum of $22,500 in 1901, to provide a building for the Technical School. The Observatory, built in 1873 with $10,000 given by John Kilgour, stands on Mt. Lookout, at a distance of several miles from the other University buildings. A smaller structure, the 0. M. Mitchell Building, was added in 1904 to house the old telescope. Since 1896 the building on the McMicken - 283 - homestead site has been used by the Medical Department. A dispensary, erected in that year, is situated on the lower part of the grounds. The Law Department, on Ninth street, occupies a new building, which was completed in 1902. The charter of the Medical College of Ohio was granted by the Legislature of Ohio in 1819. This institution is, therefore, much the senior of any medical college west of the Alleghenies. Annual courses of lectures have been delivered by the faculty with unvarying regularity during the eighty-six years of the existence of the school. With the beginning of the session of 1895-96, attendance upon four annual courses of lectures was required; the entire system was carefully graded, and more detailed, direct and vigilant supervision was brought to bear upon the individual student. In 1896 its Board of Trustees transferred its OLD COLLEGE HALL CINCINNATI charter to the Board of Directors of the University of Cincinnati, thus constituting it the Medical Department of the university, though still retaining its original conjointly with its new title. The college is located on the McMicken homestead lot, on McMicken avenue, at the head of Elm street. This lot has a frontage of three hundred feet, extending back about the same distance to' Clifton avenue. The Lecture and Laboratory Building is four stories above the basement, which is itself above ground level, and is constructed of cut stone and brick, with iron stairways and internal finish of the most substantial character. On the basement floor are small lecture or demonstration rooms, students' sitting room, lockers, and the dark room for photographic work. On the first floor are the Registrar's - 284 - office, the Faculty room, museum and students' reading room. The second floor contains the laboratories of bacteriology, of normal and pathological histology, and of physiology, all thoroughly equipped with modern apparatus. On the third floor are two large lecture rooms, furnished with comfortable opera chairs with table arms ; a special room for the Roentgen or X-ray apparatus is also located h ere. The fourth floor is occupied by a large dissecting room and chemical laboratory. In immediate connection with these is a lecture room for demonstrations in chemistry and anatomy. The surgical laboratory is also located on this floor. The Dispensary Building is a one-story brick structure on the lower extremity of the lot on McMicken avenue. Its dimensions are 123 by so feet. It contains eight small lecture rooms, each with an adjoining waiting room for patients, a dispensing drug room, and a OBSERVATORY, UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI CINCINNATI, OHIO room for necessary chemical and microscopical investigation of the cases daily presenting themselves for treatment. Although in the center of a densely populated district that affords an immense clinical field, the site of the college building is, nevertheless, upon high ground, commanding a fine view of the greater portion of the city. Ventilation is perfect, and each room is so well lighted as to permit all laboratory work to be done by day, even in cloudy weather, without artificial illumination. The Law Department of the University of Cincinnati was organized in June, 1896, and received its first class in October of the same year. It was the purpose of the Board of Directors to make it truly a university law school, and the faculty therefore established a rule requiring every applicant for admission to the school to pass an examination, or to - 285 - exhibit a diploma at least equivalent to that received from a high school. In the conduct of the school the faculty decided that the wisest course would be to follow, as closely as circumstances would permit, the method of study known as the "case" system, and in nearly all the subjects the instructors have adopted this system. The Law School of the Cincinnati College was founded in May, 1833. It was the first law school established west of the Allegheny Mountains. The first term began on October 7, 1833. In 1835 the Law School was incorporated with the Cincinnati College, a literary and academic institution, founded in 1819; and from that time it was conducted under the name. of the "Law School of the Cincinnati College." As such, it became permanently located in the college building, on Walnut street, between Fourth and Fifth streets, in the city of Cincinnati. It has enjoyed the benefit of a substantial endowment, and has acquired a large law library. In May, 1897, steps were taken by the Board of Directors of the Cincinnati College to bring about a union of the Law Department of the university and the Law School of the Cincinnati College. A contract drawn up by a joint committee representing the Board of Directors of the University of Cincinnati and the trustees of the Cincinnati College, was ratified by both bodies. By this contract it was provided that the faculty of the Law Department, together with certain members of the faculty of the Law School of the Cincinnati College, should be the faculty of the new school, and that the degree of Bachelor of Laws should, by the concurrent action of the Board of Directors of the University of Cincinnati, and the trustees of the Cincinnati College, be conferred upon those passing satisfactory examinations in the new school. The benefit to the cause of thorough legal education arising from the :unon was substantial. The University of Cincinnati thus acquired a substantial endowment fund and a law library, now numbering over 7,500 volumes, for the use of its Law Department, together with the advantage of the good will of the Law School for the Cincinnati College, and of its honorable history of more than half a century. The course and methods of study in the new school are the same as those marked out by the faculty of the Law Department of the university before the union. The CINCINNATI LAW SCHOOL CINCINNATI - 286 - endowment enables the new school to enlarge the course of study, and to make the work more thorough than would have been possible had the two schools continued separate. The government of the University of Cincinnati is by a board of nine directors, appointed by the Mayor of Cincinnati. Franklin College The cause of education in Ohio is encouraged by the constitution of the State, and the statutes provide for the incorporation of colleges and universities. It has always been the custom to relieve property devoted to education from taxation. A number of the colleges incorporated in the Buckeye State are under private control. They are what is known as close corporations ; the trustees elect their own successors and thus definitely and permanently fix the character and policy of the institutions. While in the strict sense of the word they are free from any ecclesiastical control, they are, nevertheless, usually governed by trustees unwilling to separate the interests of religion from those of education. At first they were regarded as denominational institutions, but as the idea of demoninational support and control was developed, they were less closely related to the church, and depended upon individuals for endowment. Some of these institutions have flourished, while others have languished, as religious people gradually attached themselves. to the denominational colleges, giving them their support and patronage. The oldest college under private. control, Franklin College, was founded in 1825. The institution is situated at New Athens, Harrison County. It is the outgrowth of a school known as Alma Academy. In 1825 the name was changed to Alma College, and one year later to Franklin College. The founders of this college were chiefly of the Scotch-Irish stock that settled in Western Pennsylvania and East-• ern Ohio. Many of the early trustees were of the Calvinistic faith and belonged to the several branches of the Presbyterian communion. The college became involved in the slavery agitation and finally divided so that New Athens had the distinction of two colleges—one proslavery and the other antislavery. Providence College, which was proslavery, soon languished, and its property was bought by the other. These stirring days with their slavery debates produced some vigorous men. Able and learned men were in the faculty, and the alumni roll contains such names as George W. McCook, John A. Bingham, William Kennon, member of Congress ; John Welch, of the Supreme Court of Ohio ; Joseph Ray, author of the arithmetics so long in popular use in Ohio and adjoining States, and many others of equal fame. The war, as in many other colleges, practically emptied the class rooms, so that during one year of that period as few as twelve students were enrolled. In recent years the college has lacked funds to expand in response to the demands upon higher education. This has resulted in a limited attendance and the relative decline of the college as compared to earlier days. Western Reserve University One of the most flourishing universities in Ohio is the Western Reserve University, founded in the year 1826, and located at Cleveland. The university embraces six organizations, all of which are under the general management and control of the Board of Trustees. Adelbert College, formerly Western Reserve College, located at Hudson, was. of New England origin and type. In 1801 certain residents of the Western Reserve petitioned the Territorial Legislature for a charter for a college, to be located in that region. Their petition was refused, but two years later, after the admission of Ohio into the Union as a State, - 287 - they renewed their plea, and this time they were successful. The "Erie Literary Society," with full college powers, was organized. A building was erected at Burton, and, in 1805, an academy was opened. During. the early years of this academy the Presbyteries of Grand River and Portage had organized an educational society for the purpose of educating young men for the ministry. Subsequently they made proposals to the Erie Literary Society to establish a theological department, but after. a brief trial it was believed that Burton was not a suitable location in which to develop educational plans, and a request for a change of location was made. This request was not granted by reasons of property limitations., and in 1824 the managers of the educational fund withdrew and began their efforts for a new loca- tion. In this movement the Presbytery of, Hudson became also interested, and the outcome ADELBERT COLLEGE, WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY CLEVELAND, OHIO was that twelve men, representing the three Presbyteries, became a Board of Trustees. They held their first, meeting on the 15th of February, 1825, drew up a charter and were incorporated as Western Reserve College on the 7th of February, 1826. The little village of Hudson was selected as the location, and the corner-stone of the first building was laid in the following April. The building was finished in 1827, when the preparatory department was opened. The organization was that of a close corporation. The trustees had full power to elect their own- successors, and no restrictions whatever were made in respect to manner of election, qualifications of members, term of service, religious creed or residence. The control of the State was limited to amending the charter, with the provision that no fund or property of the college should ever by law be appropriated to any other purpose. The original trustees were either ministers or members of the Presbyterian and Congregational - 288 - Churches, then co-operating under what was known as the "Plan of Union." At that time there was no such thing known as a denominational college or State university. The trustees followed the New England model of organizing a college under Christian auspices, and the objects of the founders were "to educate pious young men as pastors for our destitute churches," "to preserve the present literary and religious character of the State and redeem it from future decline," and "to prepare competent men to fill the cabinet, the bench,' the bar and the pulpit." The charter provided that the plan should include instruction in the liberal arts and sciences, and at the discretion of the trustees additional departments should be organized for the study of any or all the liberal professions.. The early founders were men who had been educated in New England--chiefly at Yale—and were guided in their work by their own education. In 1828 Rev. Charles Backus Storrs was appointed professor of Christian Theology, and became President in 1830. The theological department was continued until 1852. In 1876 discussion became earnest with reference to removal to Cleveland. The comparative advantages and disadvantages of the two locations were freely discussed in all quarters, and President Carroll Cutler became strongly in favor of removal. In 1880 the late Amasa Stone offered the sum of five hundred thousand dollars in case of removal, and the change of name to that of "Adelbert College of Western Reserve University," the location to be upon a suitable campus to be provided by the citizens of Cleveland. The trustees decided to accept the proposition of Mr. Stone, and in September, 1882, Adelbert College, so named in memory of Mr. Stone's only son, drowned while a, student at Yale, was opened in Cleveland. The property at Hudson is now used as Western Reserve Academy. Since the removal the magnificent gift of Mr. Stone has been supplemented by many others. The Medical College, another department of the Western Reserve University, was organized in 1843 under the name of Cleveland Medical College. On the following February the charter of the Western Reserve University was so amended as to allow the establishment of the medical department in Cleveland. For a long time the relation was nominal, but in 1884 the medical school became an organic part of the university. It now ranks as one of the highest grade in the country. The College for Women of the Western Reserve University was the outgrowth of the following resolution, adopted by the trustees of the university on the 7th of December, 1887: "Whereas, The trustees of the university are strongly impressed with the necessity of providing for young women facilities for higher education equal to those now furnished to young men, and the abandonment of co-education by Adelbert College makes this especially an opportune time for establishing here a college for women which shall offer advantages equal to those afforded by similar institutions of the first grade elsewhere ; and "Whereas, The President has received encouragement that, both as to instruction and funds, for the preliminary work, interested friends are ready to come to the front and generously assume responsibilities if there be hope of success in so laudable an undertaking  CLARK HALL COLLEGE FOR WOMEN, WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY CLEVELAND, OHIO - 289 - "Resolved that the President be requested to take such steps as shall seem to him expedient to establish such a college for young women, to be known for the present as the Cleveland College for Young Women, with the express understanding, however, that none of the funds of any existing department of the university shall be applied to its establishment or support."   For a number of years co-education had become a fact through popular demand, and the consent of the President of the institution. In September, 1888, the college opened in rented quarters, and for the first three years depended almost exclusively on the services of the faculty of Adelbert College, gratuitously offered as a contribution to the establishment of the new movement. The college now has a separate faculty ; has received a number of gifts ; is provided with adequate buildings in a beautiful location, and has become one of the important factors for the education of women in Ohio. The degrees are granted by the university of which the College for Women forms an integral part. The law department of the Western Reserve University began its existence in 1892 in rented quarters, and in 1893 in recognition of an endowment provided by Mrs. Backus, of Cleveland, and in honor of her husband, the name was changed to the Franklin T. Backus Law School of Western Reserve University. Since 1900 the rule is in force that candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Laws, granted by the university are required to have sufficient education to enter college. The Dental College of the university is an integral part of the institution, under full and direct control of the trustees. The work in the college is associated with the Medical Col lege in as much as the students in dentistry are given instructions in several branches of medicine. The course covers four years, and the requirements for admission and graduation are those established by the National Association of Dental Faculties. The Graduate School, organized in 1892 by the co-operation of the two faculties of Adelbert College and the College for Women, is open to both sexes, and aims to furnish to graduates of any college of good standing opportunity to pursue graduate work looking especially to the Master's degree in Arts and the Doctorate in Philosophy. Oberlin College located at Oberlin, Lorain County, was founded in 1833. Its existence is due to the efforts of Rev. John J. Shipherd, pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Elyria, and his friend, Philo P. Stewart, a returned missionary, whose health had failed while working among the Choctaws in Mississippi. Their plan was to secure a large tract of land on which a Christian community could be realized. A Christian school was to be the center, and by a solemn covenant the people were to pledge themselves to the spread of the kingdom of God. This covenant enforced plain living and a community of interests, while preserving the rights of private property. The school was expected to train teachers, Christian citizens and, a ministry for the destitute fields of the great Mississippi Valley. The name of Oberlin was selected in view of the devoted labors of a German pastor, Johann Friedrich Oberlin,, whose life had been spent in redeeming an ignorant and degraded population in his parish in Eastern France. In 1832 a journey to the East was undertaken by Mr. Shipherd in the interest of the enterprise A gift of five hundred acres for a manual training school was secured from Messrs. Street and Hughes, of New Haven, Connecticut, and an arrangement to buy five thousand acres at one dollar and a half an acre, which was to be sold to the colonists at an advance of one dollar an acre, thus providing a fund of five thousand dollars for the school. The Oberlin covenant was drawn and served the purpose of limiting the settlers to a desired class of people. Later it fell into disuse. Mr. Shipherd - 290 - continued his efforts by soliciting for colonists, for money and for students. When he returned to Ohio in September, of the same year, he had secured a numbr of families, students, teachers and a fund of nearly fifteen thousand dollars. Meantime Philo P. Stewart had been giving general oversight to the enterprise in Ohio. Peter P. Pease, the first settler and a member of the first Board of Trustees, had gone to the present site, cleared away the forest and made preparation for the coming of the colonists and the erection of a .building for the school. This was in the heart of the forest. However great the undertaking was, the school was opened December 3, 1833, at which time there were eleven families in the center of the woods, and forty-four students—twenty-nine young men and fifteen young women—at the school. In February, 1834, the Legislature chartered the Oberlin Collegiate Institute, and in 1850 the name was changed to Oberlin College. The first circular was issued in March, 1834. This circular and the charter set forth clearly the conceptions of the men of those days as to the mission of the "Institute," and in a large measure the spirit of Oberlin has remained to this day. "The grand objects of the Oberlin Institute are to give the most useful education at the least expense of health, of time and money, and to extend the benefit of such education to both sexes and to all classes of the community, as far as its means will allow. Its system embraces thorough instruction in every department, from the infant school up through a collegiate and theological course. While care will be taken not to lower the standard of intellectual culture, no pains will be spared to combine with it the best physical and moral education. Prominent objects of this seminary are the thorough qualification of Christian teachers, both for the pulpit and for schools ; and the elevation of female character, by bringing within the reach of the misjudged and neglected sex all the instructive privileges which have hitherto unreasonably distinguished the leading sex from theirs." This declaration of principles definitely committed Oberlin to co-education. The admission of colored students was another feature that brought Oberlin into discussion. At the outset Mr. Shipherd stood for it on the broad ground of humanity that moved him to found the college ; on the ground that the education of the negro was essential to his progress ; and on the ground that Christian people, and especially a Christian school, could not deny the colored man an opportunity. There was some feeling in his day, as his correspondence will show, but the cause triumphed. In the days of the slavery agitation Oberlin was brought prominently into the discussion. It brought trouble, made some enemies and some friends. Oberlin was on the right side, and the right prevailed. In the end the reward came, and the country now honors the college for the position. The colored students have not been a large factor, and in the future will probably be fewer in number. The position of Oberlin has been approved, and the colored student is now recognized in all the Northern schools. In addition to this, there are ample provisions for his higher education in nearly every State. Oberlin College has been widely influential in the mission field abroad and at home. In this the college has realized the hopes of the founders. The college has been free from any interference by church, State or outside factions ; the management has been true to the ideals of the college ; and the friends are coming to the support with increasing endowments. A Conservatory of Music, organized in 1865, is in connection with the college. Marietta College Two years after the organization of Oberlin College, Marietta College, located at Marietta, Washington County, was founded by a number of men of New England birth and education. Consequently, the college itself is of the New England pattern. From the beginning - 291 - town and college were closely linked. The desire for higher education in Marietta dates back to 1797, when a meeting of citizens was held, and it was decided to erect a building for the purpose of higher education. In this building Muskingum Academy was conducted until 1832. In the first period of its existence the house was used for worship until the Congregational Church was erected: in 1808. In the year 1830 the "Institute of Education" was established by Rev. Luther G. Bingham, who, in the following year, was associated with Mr. Mansfield French. On the 8th of September, 1832, the following notice was printed in the "American Friend" : "It is the intention of all concerned to take early measures to make the Marietta Collegiate Institute an entirely public institution, so as to perpetuate its advantages on a permanent basis." On the 22d of November, of the same year, a public meeting was held, in which steps were taken to incorporate "The Marietta Collegiate Institute and Western Teachers' Seminary." The charter was obtained on the 17th of December following, and on the 16th of . January, 1834, the organization was completed by the election of a President and a Secretary. Negotiations were then begun which resulted in the transfer of the' property of Bingham and French to the board just organized, and steps were taken to secure additional teachers. In September, 1833, Henry Smith, D. Howe Allen, Milo P. Jewett and Samuel Max- well appeared as a corps of teachers for the new enterprise. This was the beginning of a chartered institution in the interest of public education. The charter conferred no powers to grant degrees, and was subject to repeal by the Legislature. In February, 1835, amendments were secured providing against repeal, granting power to confer degrees and changing the name to Marietta College. Thus the college was legally and formally begun. All the men interested in' organizing the college were also interested in the other schools, so that it may be truthfully said that the lineage of Marietta goes back through them to 1797. The organization is that of a close corporation, with full power to perpetuate itself and carry forward its work in harmony with the ideals of its 'founders. The purposes and aims of the college are clearly set forth in the early published statements as follows: "The board wish it to be distinctly understood that the essential doctrines and duties of. the Christian religion will be assiduously inculcated, but no sectarian peculiarities of belief will be taught." The college retained its character until 1897, when it became co-educational. Marietta College has never been large in numbers, its progress has been substantial and steady. Its work has always been characterized by thoroughness and strict adherence to the college idea. In recent years some expansion of the course of study has been made. The library of Marietta College is large, containing more than sixty thousand volumes. It is probably the best library in Ohio from the historical point of view, as many volumes are of great historical value. Lake Erie College and Seminary The aim of the Lake Erie College and Seminary, located in the pretty little city of Painesville, Lake County, Ohio, is to furnish separate education for women of a grade equal to that offered in standard colleges. The history of the college dates back to 1847, 'when Willoughby Female Seminary was founded. Lake Erie Female Seminary became the successor to Willoughby Female Seminary, and Lake Erie Female Seminary was succeeded, in 1898, by the above named institution. From 1847 until 1856, Willoughby Female Seminary was conducted at Willoughby on the plan of Mt. Holyoke Seminary, as suggested by Miss. Mary Lyon, who had founded Mt. Holyoke. in 1837. The success of her movement drew to it the attention of people in the West interested in the education of young women. These seminaries were without' endowment, and by introducing the plan of self-help in the form of domestic service were able to give the education then thought desirable for young women - 292 - at moderate expense and under satisfactory government and discipline. Willoughby Seminary was under the direction of Mt. Holyoke graduates and prospered greatly during its life. Unfortunately its buildings were destroyed by fire in 1856. At this juncture the plans for enlargment, previously discussed, were taken up anew, and the question of location became involved. After full discussion, the trustees decided to locate at Painesville upon a slightly different basis. Accordingly the Lake Erie seminary was incorporated in 1856 and located at Painesville, where the trustees had secured fourteen acres of ground one-half mile west of the town. A building one hundred and eighty feet by sixty feet, four stories high, was erected, and the school opened on the residence plan. The main features of the seminary were taken from the Mt. Holyoke plan, which, in Miss Lyon's words, embrace the following features : "Buildings for the accommodation of the school and boarders, together with furniture and all things necessary for the outfit, to be furnished by voluntary contributions, and placed, free from encumbrance, in the hands of trustees, who should be men of enlarged views and Christian benevolence." "Teachers to be secured possessing so much of a missionary spirit that they would labor faithfully and cheerfully, receiving only a moderate salary compared with what they would command in other situations." "Style of living neat, but plain and simple." "Domestic work of the family to be performed by members of the school." "Board and tuition to be placed at cost, or as low as may be, and still cover the common expenses of the family instruction, etc." "The, whole plan to be conducted on the principles of our missionary, operations ; no surplus 'income to go to the teachers, to the domestic superintendents or to any other person, but all to be cast into the treasury for the still further reduction of expenses the ensuing year." In the course of years the educational .studies were enlarged, and in 1898 the seminary changed its name to correspond to the .work then offered. It now became a college to grant the usual collegiate degrees. A Conservatory of Music is connected with the seminary. Antioch College Antioch College, located at Yellow Springs, Greene County, was founded in 1852. It owes its origin to an action taken by the Christian denomination in a convention at Marion, New York, on the 2d of October, 1850. At first it was intended to locate the college in New York, but the outcome of the canvass for funds showed the Ohio agents to be far in the lead, and, accordingly, the location was finally made at Yellow Springs, whose citizens had pledged to the new college twenty acres of land and thirty thousand dollars- in money. The land was donated by William Mills, who also paid twenty thousand dollars of the pledge. On the 14th of May, 1852, the new college was incorporated. It was the intention of the founders to establish a college of high rank, open to both sexes. Immediately after the incorporation the authorities proceeded to the erection of the main building, two dormitories and a President's residence. Horace Mann was elected the first President of the institution. During the first years of the existence the young college had to struggle with financial embarassments, and on the 19th of April, 1859, the property was sold for debt. A re-organization followed, and the property was transferred to the new corporation, "Antioch College, of Yellow Springs, Greene County, Ohio." A plan of co-operation was then devised between the Christian denomination and the Unitarian denomination. This did not entirely relieve the situation. Debates and strifes ensued. Through the re-organization the college was made free of debt, and by charter provision must remain so. The college is possessed of some funds, and maintains a creditable curriculum although the number of students does not equal that of earlier days. - 293 - Antioch College has always advocated three notable features : Freedom from sectarianism, co-education and lack of anything of the nature of prizes, honors, etc., which could arouse rivalry among students. The Western College for Women The Western College for Women, located at the beautiful little university town of Oxford, Butler County, began its history as the Western Female Seminary and continued under the original plan until 1894, when the name was changed, the work of a college grade being offered. A few years later the name was again changed to the Western College for Women. The college owes its existence chiefly to a body of what was then New School LIBRARY BUILDING, WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY CLEVELAND, OHIO Presbyterians. The principles of Mt. Holyoke were adopted, and in later years the college has been conducted in harmony with the practices prevailing at Mt. Holyoke and Wellesley. The object was set forth in the charters to give a liberal education at a moderate cost, and under distinctly Christian influences. The patronage has been chiefly from the Presbyterian Church until in recent years when the roll has included a considerable percentage from other denominations. The college has a campus of sixty acres, two buildings, and a third one in process of construction. The resources approximate a quarter of a million of dollars. - 294 - The National Normal University Though the National Normal University, located at Lebanon, Warren County, Ohio, was founded in 1855, several previous attempts had been made to establish an institution of higher learning in that city. In the summer of 1855 a summer institute was held for three weeks in the buildings of the Miami University, at Oxford. During this session an organization was effected under the name. of the "Southwestern State Normal School Association." The object was to maintain a school until State aid could be secured. The first trustees were A. J. Rickoff of Cincinnati, Charles Rogers of Dayton, and E. C. Ellis of Georgetown. They selected Lebanon as the location, and the trustees of Lebanon Academy turned over their property to them with an agreement to furnish eighty pupils for five years to assist in maintaining the school. Alfred Holbrook was elected principal. The school under his: management opened on the 24th of November, 1855, with ninety-five pupils. At the end of the first year the management retired and the school passed into the control of Mr. Holbrook. The second year saw an enrollment of two hundred and fifty-seven. As the school grew the curriculum was enlarged, and in 1870 the students were enrolled from so wide a territory that the name was changed to the National Normal School. In 1883 the National Normal University was established. During the life of Prof. Holbrook the school was continued as a private enterprise so far as the financial features were involved. After he retired from the school the management was somewhat disorganized, and the future stability of the school was threatened. In May, 1893, with a capital stock of thirty thousand dollars divided into twelve hundred shares of twenty-five dollars each, the National Normal University Company was incorporated. Under this company the National Normal University is operated by a board of six managers, and, in form, remains a proprietary school. The organization comprises colleges of business, teachers, science, liberal arts, law, oratory, music, english and classics. Case School of Applied Science The Case School of Applied Science, located at. Cleveland, was founded in 1880. It owes its existence to the liberality of the late Leonard Case.. In a deed of trust executed on the 24th of February, 1877, Mr. Case gave the following directions to the trustees : "To cause to be formed and to be regularly incorporated under the laws of Ohio an institution of learning, to be called Case School of Applied Science and located in said city of Cleveland, in which shall be taught, by competent professors and teachers, mathematics, physics, engineering—mechanical and civil—chemistry, economic geology, mining and metallurgy, natural history, drawing and modern languages, and such other kindred branches of learning as the trustees of said institution may deem advisable. And, without intending to make it a condition or limitation of this conveyance, or any binding restrictions upon the power of such trustees, the said grantor does hereby recommend to them to hold said property without alienation, and apply the rents, issues and profits thereof to the uses and purposes above, and that the expenditures of such institutions be not permitted to exceed the annual income derived from said property." On the 6th of January, 1880, after the death of Mr. Case, steps were taken to incorporate and articles filed. Instruction began in 1881, in the Case homestead and continued until 1885, when the transfer was made to the new building for occupancy. Subsequently several new laboratories were erected. The school is one of the best of its class in the United States. It confers the usual scientific and technical degrees. - 295 - Kenyon College The State of Ohio possesses many denominational institutions of higher learning. Not less than twenty-six are operated within her limits, some of which have attained very great importance. The oldest of the colleges, Kenyon College, situated at Gambier, Knox County, was organized as early as 1824, and is the pioneer of the Ohio denominational colleges. It was founded by the Right Rev. Philander Chase, first Bishop of Ohio in the Protestant Episcopal Church, and uncle of Salmon P. Chase, United States Senator and Secretary of the Treasury of the United States during the War of the Rebellion. The first articles of incorporation were dated December 29th, 1824, under the name of the "Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Diocese of Ohio." On the 24th of January, 1826, the charter was amended so that the President and professors should constitute a faculty with the usual collegiate powers. Under this amended charter the college was operated until 1839, when another change was made so as to provide for the establishment of a college and a preparatory department. The power -to confer collegiate degrees was given to the college .faculty, and the degrees in theology to the theological faculty. In August, 1891, the name of the college was changed to "Kenyon College," and the three heretofore independent institutions were consolidated into one. The college now consists of three departments, a Theological School; .a Collegiate School and. a Preparatory School. In 1898 another amendment was made providing that the Bishop and Bishop Co-adjutor of any diocese outside of the State of Ohio may become members of the board by filing with the Secretary a written acceptance of an offer by the board' of such membership ; upon such acceptance by its Bishop, one additional trustee may be appointed for the term of three years, by the diocesan convention of such diocese. Under these provisions the government of Kenton College is vested in a group of Bishops, together with additional trustees elected by the several affiliated dioceses. In the development of his plans Bishop Chase went to England with letters of introduction from Henry Clay to Lord Gambier, whom Mr. Clay had met as commissioner of the Treaty of Ghent, in 1815. Thirty thousand dollars was realized from this trip. He returned to Ohio in the autumn of 1824. The preparatory school was opened on the Bishop's estate at Worthington a few miles north of Columbus. The choice of location was made by the purchase Of a tract of eight thousand acres of land in Knox County at two dollars and twenty-five cents an acre. Here with much hard labor, many trials, some disappointments and some controversy, the new college was started. The village was named Gambier and the chief building, Kenyon College, thus recognizing Bishop Chase's most ardent friends. The corner-stone of Kenyon College was laid' with appropriate ceremonies June 9th, 1827. The college now has ten buildings and possesses considerable endowments and a number of scholarships. The institution is not co-educational, but Harcourt Seminary, of Gambier, offers facilities for the education of young women. St. Xavier College The institution, known at present as St. Xavier College, was established October 17th, 1831, by the Right Rev. Edward D. Fenwick, D.D., the first Bishop of Cincinnati, under the name of the "Athenaeum." in the year 1840 it was transferred by the Most Rev. Archbishop John B. Purcell, D.D., to the Fathers of the' Society of Jesus, who have conducted' it ever since under the title first mentioned. It was incorporated by the General Assembly of the State' of Ohio in 1842, and on May 7th, 1869, an act was passed which secures to the institution a perpetual charter and all the privileges usually granted to universities. During the first - 296 - twenty-three years of its existence the institution was conducted as a boarding college, and its repute for excellence, in the moral and literary training imparted to its pupils, collected within its walls students from all the neighboring States, from Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and even from Cuba, Mexico and South America. In 1854, however, it was deemed advisable that the institution should henceforth be exclusively devoted to the education of day-scholars. The reasons for this decision were the rapid growth of the city round about the college site and the difficulty of supplying a sufficient number of professors and prefects to meet the increase of students in the boarding colleges of the Missouri Province (of the Society of Jesus), to which St. Xavier College belonged. As a day-college, the institution sustained its high reputation as a seat of learning and continued to receive the increasing patronage of those who desired a thorough religious education for their sons. To meet the growing exigencies and to keep pace with the development of the times, three additions, which constitute the present college buildings, were made to the original structures ; the first, at a cost of two hundred thousand dollars, in 1867 ; the second in 1884, at a cost of thirty thousand dollars, and the third in 189o, at a cost of one hundred thousand dollars. To-day the college affords its students every facility for mental, moral and physical development. Its class rooms and lecture halls are spacious, airy and well lighted ; it has a thoroughly equipped gymnasium, an auditorium, known as "Memorial Hall," for college theatricals and literary entertainments, and a chapel of marked architectural beauty, capable of seating six hundred and fifty students. In the department of science, the lecture halls are fitted out with the latest improved devices. The physical cabinet is generously provided with suitable physical apparatus and contains a valuable collection of mineralogical and geological specimens ; and the chemical laboratory is supplied with every requisite appliance for students in qualitative analysis and general chemistry. The library numbers about twenty-seven thousand volumes. Denison University Denison University, located at Granville, Licking County, was founded in 1831. On the 13th of December of that year the Granville Literary and Theological Institution was opened. The incorporation occurred in January, 1832, and the official signatures were affixed on the 3d of February of that year. The institution was operated under its original name until June, 1856, when, in recognition of the generosity of William Denison, of Adamsville, Ohio, the name was changed to Denison University. Eleven years later the university was re-incorporated under the general law of 1852. TECHNICAL SCHOOL, UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI CINCINNATI, OHIO - 297 - The agitation for the institution was begun in the Ohio Baptist Education Society, and at a meeting held in Lebanon in May, 1830, it was decided to proceed to the establishment of a college. The original thought was to prepare an educated ministry for the church and to provide a college of literary character. At the meeting of the society in Lancaster, May, 1831, a report was submitted, naming certain trustees. Applications were received at this meeting for the location. of the college. Granville offered a farm valued at $3,400 and the offer was accepted. Among the early provisions was one that required each student to work at agriculture or some mechanic art four hours a day for five days in the week. The proceeds of this labor were to go to the maintenance of the school, the student's board, washing, etc. But the manual labor feature failed, and was abandoned. The university now includes the following departments : Granville College, Shepardson College, Doane Academy, a Conservatory of Music and a School of Art. Shepardson College for women had been in operation for a number of years, and. was presented to the Baptists of Ohio in 1887 by Dr. Daniel Shepardson. In June, 'goo, an arrangement was made by unanimous consent of the boards by which the work of Denison University covers the work of both colleges. Shepardson College maintains its legal existence, but the membership of its board is identical with that of Denison, and thus a complete co-operation is secured.' The property and funds of Denison University now exceed a million of dollars in value. The government of the institution is by a board of thirty-six trustees. Formerly the trustees were chosen by the education society, but the self-perpetuating plan is now in operation. Muskingum College Muskingum College, located at New Concord, Muskingum County, was founded in 1837. Local conditions led to the organization of this institution. New Concord and vicinity were chiefly settled by Scotch and Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, who believed in an educated ministry and in education alike for boys and girls. As early as 1836 they began the agitation for the organization of a school of higher learning. The public school system at that period was in its infancy, and college privileges were unusual. The matter was thoroughly discussed by the people, and finally, in 1836, it was decided to proceed with the organization of a college. On the 18th of March, 1837, Muskingum College was incorporated with a board of nine trustees, and the school was opened in rented quarters, where it 'remained until the community had raised the necessary funds and erected the college building. Until 1877, management and patronage of Muskingum College were purely local. In the latter year the board proposed to affiliate more closely with the United Presbyterian Church by putting the college under the control of Muskingum Presbytery, in which the college was located, and the adjacent Presbytery of Mansfield. When this was agreed to, a change of charter was secured to meet the new conditions. In 1883 the United Presbyterian Synod of Ohio took formal control. The Board of Trustees consists of twenty-one persons elected in three classes for three years. The change of Muskingum College into a denominational institution widened its scope of usefulness and- its constituency. The United Presbyterian Church furnished its patronage as well as the money for its support. At the beginning the college was for men, but in 1854 the board decided in favor of co-education, and the first woman graduate was in the class of 1855. The college participates in the benefits of the quarto centennial fund. Ohio Wesleyan University Ohio Wesleyan University, located in the pretty city of Delaware, Delaware County, was founded in 1844. Now it is one of the most important colleges in Ohio. A number of years previous to the organization of Wesleyan University an attempt had been made to - 298 - establish a watering place at the famous White Sulphur Spring, at Delaware. This enterprise had not been as successful as was hoped and the owner concluded to abandon his project. At this time Rev. Adam Poe offered the suggestion of purchase and the establishment of a Methodist college at the place. The proposal was favorably received, and on the 1st of September, 1841, a joint committee of the North Ohio and the Ohio Conferences met and accepted the proposed location. On the 7th of March, 1842, a charter for the new college was granted by the Legislature. A preparatory school was opened in 1841, and in 1842 Dr. Edward Thomson was elected to the Presidency, but was not expected to enter actively upon his duties for some time. Meantime, plans were matured for opening the college and efforts made to procure necessary funds. In 1844 the board proceeded to organize a faculty and the school was opened on the 13th of November, 1844, with a President and four members of the faculty. The early days of the college were, as usual in the Western country, surrounded with discouraging features, but inspired by the devotion and loyalty of the faculty and friends. Ohio Wesleyan began on the old lines of separate education. At the beginning twenty-nine young men appeared and the college continued on these lines until the union with the Ohio Wesleyan Female College, in 1877. In those years co-education was not popular. As early as 185o a movement for the education of young women was started in Delaware by Rev. William Grissell and wife. This movement was abandoned two years later, and in 1853 the property of Mr. Grissell was bought and "The Ohio Wesleyan Female College" was incorporated by twenty men, among whom was the late Prof. William G. Williams, so long identified with the university. The discussion of co-education continued throughout the country and sentiment steadily changed until the Church in the West has almost unanimously declared for the policy. It was inevitable that the union should come, and in 1877 the Female College, which had acquired a fine property known as Monnett Hall, with a body of more than four hundred alumnae, was united with the Ohio Wesleyan University, and then began the most vigorous and progressive life in the history of the two movements. The government of the university is vested in a board of thirty-one trustees. The President of the university is a member ex-officio. As previously stated, the Wesleyan University is one of the most important in Ohio and in the Central West. All the buildings are modern and adequate ; the funds. and endowments have increased liberally, and the students' roll has grown steadily, while the faculty is able and progressive. Baldwin University and Wallace College Baldwin University, located at Berea, Cuyahoga County, was founded in 1845. It owes its existence to the generosity of John Baldwin, who had come to Berea a young man without property, and located upon lands that proved to be exceedingly valuable, owing to the stone quarries, among which were stone suitable for grindstones. A seminary had been in operation at Norwalk, Huron County. Mr. Baldwin proposed the removal of that seminary to Berea and offered fifty acres of land, including most of the grindstone quarries, and promised to erect a building for college purposes, to be finished by September, 1845. In June, 1845, he offered fifty lots, to be sold at a fair valuation and the proceeds used as an endowment. This offer was accepted, and Baldwin Institute was chartered in 1845. In 1855 the name of the institution was changed to Baldwin University, in honor of its benefactor. The quarries have made it possible to erect the buildings of stone. From its beginning the institution has been co-educational. In 1858, a German department was organized, with a view of meeting the needs of the German Methodists. Five years later, in 1863, it was organized as a separate institution, and named German Wallace College, in honor of - 299 -