James Wallace, who gave the first building. By a cordial co-operation of the trustees of the two institutions no professorships are duplicated and the professors teach in both institutions. Tuition in one gives full rights in the other. The university furnishes instruction in Latin, Mathematics and Science, while the college furnishes instruction in German, French and Greek. At different times unsuccessful efforts have been made to widen the scope of the university by organizing other departments, such as a college of pharmacy and a law school. Wittenberg College Wittenberg College is located at Springfield, Clarke County. Its organization occurred in 1845, when, on the 11th of March of that year, a charter was granted to a company of Lutheran gentlemen representing the General Synod of the United States. The original purpose of the founders was to provide education for the sons and daughters of the Church and to educate the ministry. The work of the college has been broader than the first conception without losing emphasis upon the distinctive principles of the founders. The students come chiefly from Indiana, Pennsylvania and Ohio where Lutheran churches are found. The Board of Directors is composed of members elected by five Synods—East Ohio, Miami, Wittenberg, Northern Indiana and Olive Branch. It is required that two members be from Clarke County, and provision has been made that the alumni shall have two members. The college organization includes the Collegiate Department, the Theological Department, the Wittenberg Academy, the School of Expression and the Conservatory of Music. Wittenberg College has a beautiful campus of about forty acres, within easy reach of the center of Springfield, and has in recent years made substantial growth. Mt. Union College Mt. Union College, located at Alliance, Stark County, was founded in 1846 by Rev. O. N. Hartshorn, who, in rented quarters, started a school of six. The number of students increased, and early in the '50's steps were taken for the organization of a college. On the 11th of March, 1853, a charter was granted. The purpose of the college was : "To found for the people a cosmic college, where any person may economically obtain a thorough, illustrative, integral instruction in any needed studies. To enable any persons of either sex to take any general course, or a special or elective course, or such study or studies in any department or course and for such time as their choice and life-character may need. To make the college a voluntary, representative, patriotic, philanthropic, Christian and progressive institution—not compulsory, sectarian, antiquated, arbitrary or partial." Among the leading provisions were that the property should be held in trust ; contributors were allowed to vote for trustees ; the college was to be conducted according to the principles of the Christian religion as revealed in the Bible ; the college was not to be a close corporation, but trustees were to be elected for terms of three years, and the college was to rely upon voluntary support for its needs. The college aimed to be a public institution from the start, free from the methods of the close corporation and the strictly denominational college. The work continued until 1864, when the Methodist Episcopal Church came into control of the institution, and now the Pittsburg, the East Ohio, the Erie, the West Virginia and North Ohio Conferences unite in supervision and visitation. As early as 185o the college organized a normal department. The organization at present includes the collegiate department, the academic department, the normal department, the department for oratory and physical culture, the commercial department, the departments of music and of fine arts. - 300 - Otterbein University Otterbein University, located at Westerville, Franklin County, was founded. in 1847. The institution is owned by the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, and the name of the institution was taken from Philipp William Otterbein, the founder of the Church. As early as 1845 the General Conference of that Church resolved that proper measures be adopted to establish an institution of learning, and that it be recommended to the attention of the different Conferences. The Miami Conference was the first to act, in March, 1846. Subsequently other Conferences acted favorably, and on the 26th of October, 1846, the Scioto Conference decided upon the establishment of an institution, purchased the Blendon Young Men's Seminary, then operated by the Methodist Episcopal Church, invited other Conferences to co-operate, and on the 26th of April, 1847, the trustees appointed by the Scioto and Sandusky Conferences met and founded the "Otterbein University of Ohio." The following September the school was opened as an academy. In 1849 the charter was granted by the State of Ohio. The work done was that of an academy until 1854, when the first college class was formed. In 1857 the first class, consisting of two ladies, was graduated, since which time no year has passed without a graduating class. In many ways Otterbein is a typical denominational college. Its origin was in the Church ; its declared purposes were to further the interests of the Church through the education of her children ; co-education from the founding was heartily approved. Its origin was at a time when the denomination was not well organized, and the sentiment in the Church was in many instances hostile to the cause of learning. Nevertheless, the early founders saw that "regular communicants when they left their homes for the theater of literary training were in a large majority of instances carried away by the force of surrounding influences, and either fell into the ranks of other denominations, or else made shipwreck of their faith, and were thus lost to the Church." It is significant, also, that the founding of the college was followed by the more complete organization of the Church in its enterprises for missions, Sabbath schools, theological education, church extension and other agencies for the promotion of the interests of the denominations. Like all other schools the influence of Otterbein College has not been confined to the Church. A large proportion of the alumni have entered the ministry, but with the growth of the college increasing numbers have gone into the various callings of life. The university has had a steady growth. Its buildings are in a good condition, faculty and trustees are active in the interest of the institution, and the roll of students is ever increasing. In 1870, the institution suffered from loss by fire, but it has survived the early struggles against poverty and indifference, and its prospects for the future are as bright as ever. Hiram College Hiram College, located at Hiram, Portage County, owes its existence to the members of the Church of the Disciples of Christ, and was founded in 185o. Members of that Church formed a considerable prcportion of the population of the Western Reserve, and they early felt the need of a denominational college. In 1849, at a yearly meeting held at Russell, Geauga County, Mr. A. L. Soule, a leading member of the Church, invited those interested to his home, and in that meeting, on the 12th of June, 1849, it was decided to take the necessary steps toward founding a school. Other meetings were held at Bloomfield and Ravenna, and it was finally decided to locate the school at Hiram and give it the name "Western Reserve Eclectic Institute." Articles of incorporation were drawn, and on the 1st of March, 185o, the charter was approved by the Legislature. The first meeting of the board under - 301 - the charter was held on the 7th of May, 1850. The first building was erected during that year, and the first session of the school began on the 27th of November. The charter gives the object to be "instruction of youth of both sexes in the various branches of literature and science, especially of moral science as based on the facts and precepts of the Holy Scriptures." One peculiar belief of the Disciples was that the Bible had been obscured through theological speculations and debates and their movement was a revolt from the formalism of the creeds to a simpler life based on the Scriptures. This added to their desire to emphasize its importance in education. The institute opened with eighty-four students, and grew in favor until in a short time there were as many as three hundred in attendance in a single term. On the loth of February, 1867, the name was changed to Hiram College, and the work of the college dates from the 31st of August, 1867. In 1872 the charter was amended so as to increase the number of trustees to twenty-four. By provision of the charter the trustees are elected by stock holders for a term of three years. In this respect Hiram is not exactly paralleled by any other Ohio college. The system has worked well. The college maintains a collegiate department, a preparatory department and a conservatory of music. In recent years substantial development has been made in buildings, equipment and funds. The college is on a firm footing. Urbana University Urbana University, located at Urbana, Champaign County, was founded in 1849. In that year a number of New Churchmen, or persons holding to the doctrines set forth in the writings of Emanuel Swedenborg, conceived the plan of establishing at 'Urbana, Ohio, "an institution of learning under the management and direction of persons known and recognized as belonging to the New Church, or attached to the principles thereof." Ten acres of ground, finely wooded and affording eligible sites for the college buildings, were donated by John H. James, a resident of Urbana, and at a meeting convened at Urbana by Rev. James P. Stuart of those interested in the enterprise, donations were secured for the erection of a college building. The charter bears date of March 7th, 1850, and is very liberal in its provisions, giving the institution authority to establish whatever schools or department may be desired and of conferring the usual college or university degrees. The incorporators named in the charter were as follows : Milo G. Williams, James P. Stuart, John H. Williams, Benjamin F. Barrett, E. Hinman, William E. White, David Gwynne, George Field, Sabin Hough, Samuel T. Worcester, John Murdoch and Richard S. Canby. The corporation is governed by twelve trustees, the persons named above constituting the first board, and vacancies in the board are filled by the remaining members. By the terms of the charter the trustees are required to be members of the New Church or attached to the principles thereof. The name "university" was assumed before any schools existed to form it, and it was decided that the institution should embrace the entire course of school training, from the lowest to the highest. Primary and preparatory departments were first organized, in which boys and girls were taught together. A separate school for girls was at the same time resolved upon to be carried on in conjunction with the academic classes of a college. In one of the early catalogues, published in 186o, it is stated that "the union of boys and girls in the same school may be viewed with distrust by those who have no chance to witness its working. With the experience which they have now had, the trustees and faculty unite in opinions as to its benefits. The benefits have been so obvious. in the formation of manner and character—. and this with girls no less than boys—that the present arrangement will not willingly be dispensed with." The plan of co-education was thus early adopted by the institution, and among the graduates of the classes of 1857, 1858 and 1859 appeared the names of several - 302 - young women. At the present time--1905—women are admitted to all the classes without restriction. On the 19th of June, 185o, since observed as foundation day, the corner stone of the first college building was laid. The college hall or students' dormitory was soon erected, and in 1874 a third story was added to the building. In 1875 a wing was added to the college building, providing for a chemical laboratory, and in 1883 another building was erected, known as Barclay Hall, providing for a museum, recitation rooms and a public assembly room. Shortly after the original donation of ten acres of land, an additional donation of five acres was made by Mr. Edward Dodson, of Cincinnati, and a few years later an adjoining tract of fifteen acres was donated by Hon. J. Y. Scammon, of Chicago. About this time the college received a legacy of $1o,000 from Mr. David Wilson, who stipulated that it should form the basis of a chair to be known as the Wilson professorship ; also a bequest of URBANA UNIVERSITY URBANA, O. a tract of land from Mr. Alvin Washburn, the sale of which yielded the college $14,000. These, gifts constituted the first substantial donations for the endowment of the institution. Among the early professors in the college was Milo G. Williams, professor of science and dean of the faculty, who continued in the duties of his professorship until 1870, and remained one of the trustees until his death. Associated with .him in the early days of the school were a number of professors who acquired distinction as clergymen, writers, or professors in other universities ; among whom are to be mentioned Leonhard Tafel, Ph.D. ; the Rev. J. P. Stuart, A.M.; Joseph W. Jenks, A.M., and Colonel Adolph Boyesen, of Norway. At the outbreak of the Civil War the attendance of students became so reduced that the collegiate department was suspended, and the institution was conducted for a number of years as an academy. The President of the institution during this period was the Rev. Chauncey Giles, who resided in Cincinnati, and had only an indirect management of its - 303 - affairs. In 187o Rev. Giles retired from the Presidency and was succeeded by the Rev. Frank Sewall, M.A., D.D. On the election of Dr. Sewall to the Presidency, steps were immediately taken to reorganize the school on a college basis, which was successfully done. Associated with President Sewall at various times during his service, from 187o to 1886, were Thomas F. Moses, A.M., M.D., professor of natural science ; Hjalmar H. Boyesen, from the University of Christiania, Norway, instructor in Latin and Greek ; Thomas French, Jr., Ph.D., professor of physics and chemistry ; Philip B. Cabell, A. M., professor of Latin and Greek, and Jacob E. Werren, professor of modern languages. All of the above severed their connection with the college to accept calls to the ministry or positions in other colleges. During Mr. Sewall's administration an effort was made to increase the endowment of the college, and resulted in securing subscriptions for that purpose to the amount of fifty thousand dollars. In 1878 a statement of the property of the college was ordered published by the trustees, which showed the lands, buildings and endowment of the institution amounted to eighty-five thousand dollars. Dr. Moses succeeded Mr. Sewall in the Presidency, which, owing to failing health, he resigned in 1894. In 1896 the Rev. John Whitehead was elected President, which position he held till 1899, when he accepted a professorship in the New Church Theological School at Cambridge, Mass. In June, 1901, Professor John H. Williams, B.S., M.A., was elected dean of the college, which position he is still holding. The following have been associated with Prof. Williams in recent years : Edwin G. Baldwin, M.A., Yale University; Daniel J. Lothrop, M.A., University of Minnesota, and Miss Ella G. Sullivan. Besides the dean, the faculty is at present composed of the following : Ernest G. Dodge, M.A., University of Chicago ; the Rev. Russell Eaton, New Church Theological School, Cambridge, Mass.; Frederic P. Colette, B.L., University of Paris ; Miss H. Mildred French, A.B., University of Chicago ; Miss Sylvia May Church, Miss Harriet L. James, and Mrs. Clara A. Belton. The endowments, properties, buildings and equipment of the college at the present time are valued at about one hundred and ten thousand dollars, and by the terms of a will already probated the institution will in time come into possession of bequests amounting to many thousands more. (Sketch prepared by Prof. John H. Williams, Dean.) Heidelberg University Heidelberg University, located at Tiffin, Seneca County, was founded in 185o by the Ohio Synod of the Reformed Church in the United States. The institution is governed by a board of twenty-four regents, elected by the Ohio Synod. In November, 1850, the college was opened in rented quarters, while the charter was granted to Heidelberg College in February, 1851. The erection of the first building was begun in 1850, being completed three years later. In March, 1890, the articles of incorporation were amended, changing the name to Heidelberg University. A theological seminary is connected with the university. Heidelberg University has rendered valuable services to the Reformed Church in Ohio. The present organization of the university provides for the college of liberal arts, the academy, the conservatory of music, the art department, the commercial department, the department of pedagogy and the department of oratory and art of expression. Capital University Capital University, located at Columbus, Franklin County, was founded in 1850. It 'is the lineal descendant of the German Evangelical Lutheran Seminary founded in 183o by the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Ohio, and incorporated on the 30th of January, 1834. Prior to this time but two other seminaries had been organized—the Hartwick Seminary, in - 304 - Otsego County, New York, and the Gettysburg Seminary, in Pennsylvania. The rapid flow of settlement to the West led to the conviction that a start should be made to the education of a ministry for the German people. In 1828 Rev. William Schmidt, a graduate of Halle, Germany, began in his own house in Canton, Ohio, the instruction of six students. In the following year a board of management was elected. In 1831, in accordance with a resolution adopted by the Synod, the seminary was removed to Columbus, where fourteen acres in the south end of the city had been secured. In January, 1833, the building was so far completed as to be occupied. Here the seminary lived until in 185o, when a new location on the north side of the city near Goodale Park was secured for Capital University. Capital University was incorporated on the 2d of March, 185o. This act also provided that the seminary should become a part of the university, with the provisions that the funds should not be diverted from theological education, and that the act of 1834 incorporating the seminary was not by this act repealed. Capital University thus began in 1850 as a literary and theological institution, and was under the patronage of the same church as the seminary had been. On the 30th of March, 1857, an act was passed by the Legislature, which changed the quorum of the board from twelve to seven members and repealed Section 4. This section related to the constitution of the board of trustees and the act of 1857 provided—"that the trustees of said seminary, mentioned in the preamble of the said act, together with three citizens of Columbus, to be statedly chosen by said trustees, shall, from and after the passage of this act, constitute the board of trustees of said Capital University ; provided that until the further action of the trustees of said seminary the said three citizens of Columbus in said board shall be Lincoln Goodale, Robert Neil and William Dennison, Jr." This gave the university a board of fifteen trustees, three of whom were to be residents of Columbus. These are now chosen from among the Lutherans of the city, so that the control is completely in the hands of the Synod through its chosen representatives. In 1853 the new building near Goodale Park was dedicated. Here the university continued until in 1876, when it was removed to the present location, about three miles east of the State Capitol, just south of Main Street. The university now maintains preparatory, classical, scientific and theological courses. Special attention is paid to German, the majority of the congregations of the Synod for whom the institution aims to prepare pastors being entirely or partly German. Scio College Scio College, located at Scio, Harrison Ccunty, was founded in 1857. It began its existence as Rural Seminary, at Harlem Springs, but was soon removed to New Market, now Scio, and incorporated as New Market College. In 1875, the institution changed its methods and name and was known as "The One-Study University." This plan, on the whole, was not satisfactory, and, in 1877, the college was reorganized as Scio College, returned to former methods, and passed under the control of the Methodist Episcopal Church. The organization includes the collegiate department, the department of pharmacy, the department of music, the commercial department, the department of oratory, the art department, and the normal department. The aim of the college as set forth in its published statements and illustrated in its work is "to give such a thorough Christian training as will amply fit students to discharge creditably their duties in life, whether they intend to enter business or follow a profession." More than two hundred of the alumni have entered the ministry, chiefly in the Methodist Church. - 305 - LIBRARY, UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI CINCINNATI, OHIO The University of Wooster The University of Wooster, located at Wooster, Wayne County, and founded in 1866, owes its establishment to the Presbyterian Church. In 1866, the Synods of Ohio, Cincinnati and Sandusky united in an action founding the University of Wooster. After the institution had been 'chartered, work was begun to raise the funds necessary for the beginning. In 1868, the corner stone for the first building was' laid, and by 1869 sufficient endowment had been secured to warrant the opening of the school. In September of the following year school work began, and six persons graduated in the first class of 1871. The organization at the beginning was by a board of self-perpetuating trustees, but in 1901 a new charter was adopted which provides that the election of trustees shall be by the Synod of Ohio. The alumni are given the privilege each year of nominating two of their number to the Synod. The board consists of thirty trustees. The title to the property vests in the Synod. The charter states the object of the university as follows : "The promotion of sound learning and education under religious influences." At the first meeting of the Board of Trustees the following resolutions were adopted : "Resolved, That we enter upon the work of establishing the Univer sity of Wooster with the single purpose of glorifying God and pro-: moting sanctified education, and thus furthering the interests of the Church and its extension over the whole earth." "Resolved, That we will in every way possible strive to imbue all our operations. with the spirit of Christianity and bring religious influence and instruction to bear earnestly upon all who may be connected with the institution." In October, 1870, a medical department was opened in Cleveland and continued until 1896. The preparatory department was opened in 1872. The graduate school was organized in September, 1881, but discontinued lately. The musical department was organ-ized in 1882 and the school of art in 1895. On the 11th of December, 1901, the, original main building was burned. This was regarded as a great calamity, but proved to be an unmeasarable blessing, as it made friends and affection not known before. In twelve months to a day the university had raised over four hundred thousand dollars and completed five buildings, making one of the most modern and complete college plants, with the chapel and library that remained from the fire, to be found in the Central West. The university is now well organized in buildings, faculty and equipment to do the work assigned to it. Ohio Northern University Ohio Northern University, located at Ada, Hardin County, was founded in 1871. It owes its existence to the untiring energy and efforts of its first President, H. S. Lehr, who, in 1866, came to Ada to teach in the village schools. Here he made a provision by which - 306 - he secured the use of the school buildings during the vacation period. If his venture in securing a constituency proved successful the vicinity was to aid in the erection of buildings suitable for normal school purposes. After four years he had 120 non-resident students. A movement was begun for a new building, which was formally opened on the nth of August, 1871, with an enrollment of one hundred and forty-seven pupils. In 1875 the Northwestern Normal School, then located at Fostoria, was consolidated with the school at Ada under the name of the latter—the Northwestern Ohio Normal School. The institu- . tion, being owned by the faculty, continued as a proprietary school until 1885. On the 21st of May of that year it was incorporated under the laws of Ohio as an institution not for profit as the "Ohio Normal University." In 1898 at Sidney, Ohio, the Board of Trustees sold the real estate and personal property belonging to the university to the Central Ohio Con- INNER COURT, WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY CLEVELAND, OHIO ference, from which time it is to be classed among the denominational colleges. President H. S. Lehr retired from the active management at the close of the year 1901-02, after forty years of service as a teacher and leader in education. The institution has grown up around the idea of President Lehr that a person should have an opportunity to begin improvement whenever- he is ready. He sought to make the school an open opportunity to all classes at all times. He did not favor the rigidity of the public schools and colleges for all schools, but believed that every student should find a chance to go to work. The result was that many hundreds found the Ohio Normal Univercity an open door when other schools were closed to them. The enrollment has gone beyond - 307 - three thousand different students in a single year. The school has always been without endowment. Numerous departments are organized, the most important, however, being the normal. In addition to these may be mentioned the literary, the commercial, pharmacy, engineering and law. In July, 1903, the name was changed to Ohio Northern University. Buchtel College Buchtel College, located at Akron, Summit County, was founded in 1870. It is a denominational institution of the Universalist Church. As early as 1867, the Ohio State Convention of the Universalists adopted a report favoring the establishment of a seminary. One year later a report was unanimously adopted to establish an academy, but in 1869 this action was reconsidered, and instead of an academy the organization of a college was authorized. In a joint meeting of the board of the convention and the Committee on Education, held at Columbus on the 16th of February, 1870, the location of the new college was fixed at Akron, under the provision that the sum of $6o,000 was legally secured to the convention. This amount was secured in a short time, and Buchtel College, named in honor of John R. Buchtel, whose generous gifts had made the college possible, was incorporated in 1870. The present board of government consists of eighteen members, elected in three classes for a term of three years. Soon after the completion of the organization, steps were taken for the erection of a suitable building, and on the 4th of July, 1871, the corner stone was laid, Horace Greeley delivering the principal address. In September, 1872, the' college opened with an enrollment in all departments for the year of 217. Buchtel College has been a co-educational institution from its beginning. The college maintains collegiate and academic departments, with a school of music and a school of arts. In 1889, the college suffered severe loss by fire, but new and more modern buildings soon replaced the old structures. Buchtel College has six buildings, and is well equipped for collegiate instruction. It has six endowed professorships, fifty-two perpetual scholarships and other memorial funds. Wilmington College Wilmington College, located at Wilmington, Clinton County, was founded in 1870. It is the outgrowth of a movement to establish a college—Franklin College—at Tuppers Plains, Meigs County, which was afterwards removed to Wilmington. In January, 1863, a meeting was held, in which it was decided to establish Franklin College, and to draft a constitution. This college was incorporated under the auspices of gentlemen representing the Christian Church. In 1865, a proposal to remove the college to-Wilmington was received from certain citizens of that place, and a -suitable building was promised. After the acceptance of the offer, in February, 1866, the present site of Wilmington College was purchased. At the end of the year, the building was so near completion that plans were made for the opening of the school, which event soon afterwards occurred. The school continued with reasonable success until 1868, when the managers, unable to complete the building, were forced to sell the structure to meet the indebtedness. At this point some friends of the Center Quarterly Meeting became interested in the movement and proposed to purchase the property and establish a college under the management of the three Quarterly Meetings constituting the Wilmington Yearly Meeting. This was done. The building was purchased and repaired, three trustees were appointed by each of the three Quarterly Meetings, and the name of the institution was Changed to Wilmington College. The building was finished under the - 308 - new management, and the college was opened on the firth of April, 1871. The incorporation occurred in 1875. In the first year of its existence 148 students were enrolled. The college at present is under the government of the Board of Managers and the Board of Trustees as a joint board of control. The college is free from indebtedness, and possesses some endowment. Rio Grande College Rio Grande College, located at Rio Grande, Gallia County, was founded in 1876. Its establishment is due to the benevolence of Mr. Nehemiah and Mrs. Parmelia Atwood, members of the Free Will Baptist Church. After the death of Mr. Atwood, his widow developed the long cherished plans of her husband. A campus was selected and the first building erected. On the 1st of November, 1875, a meeting was held at Gallipolis for the purpose of legal organization. In the articles adopted it was declared "that a sound education, based upon Christian principles and ethics, is necessary to the development and support of our religious institutions and the present and future welfare of our race," and resolved "to establish an institution of learning at Rio Grande, in Gallia County and State of Ohio, and having received pledges from Mrs. Parmelia Wood (the widow having married Mr. Harrison Wood) to the amount of over $50,000 and the positive payment of over $20,000 from the same party, do hereby adopt the following articles of association." Another article declared the college was founded "to promote Christian education" and to give under Christian influence a scientific, literary and classical education. The charter requires that two-thirds of the members of the Board of Trustees shall be members of the Free Will Baptist Church and forbids any change in the constitution that would alter its denominational control. The college has full denominational recognition and standing, having been endorsed by the Ohio River Yearly Meeting and by the Free Communion Baptist Association of Ohio. After the adoption of the articles referred to above, the college was incorporated. When it became necessary to erect a dormitory, Mrs. Wood furnished the means. She also pledged herself to pay during her life the salaries of instructors as they were needed. In her will, dated August 15, 1876, she gave her entire estate to the college as an endowment fund. The college came in possession of the estate after the death of Mrs. Wood, which occurred on the 9th of March, 1885. The institution was opened on the 13th of September, 1876. It has 'been quite successful, but has never been large, averaging about one hundred students. Ashland University Ashland University, located at Ashland, Ashland County, was founded in 1878. In February of that year the charter was granted. It was founded by a denomination known as the German Baptist or Dunkard Church. Although the legal title of the institution is Ashland University, the catalogue stipulates it as Ashland College, doubtless for the purpose of more accurately setting forth the work in which the institution is engaged. The Church disagreed in regard to the need of higher education and in 1881 there was a division in the denomination as the outgrowth of a dispute in the annual Conference of that year. After the division one branch of the Church came to the relief of the school and chartered Ashland University in July, 1888. The college provides for collegiate, preparatory, normal, commercial and musical departments. The enrollment amounts to about two hundred. - 309 - Findlay College Findlay College, located at Findlay, Hancock County, was organized by the Church of God and incorporated on the 28th of January, 1882. Its aim was to furnish education that should not be sectarian, but under the influences of the Church to all, irrespective of sex, race or color. In the earlier years the financial struggle was trying, but since 1897 the college has lived within its income and added to its endowment until it has reached one hundred thousand dollars, while the debt is merely nominal. The college has a faculty of sixteen members and maintains collegiate, preparatory, normal, musical, commercial, oratorical, art and theological departments. The ownership and control is in the Church and exercised through a board of fifteen trustees. Defiance College Defiance College is located at Defiance, Defiance County. Its buildings were erected in 1884. The history of the college dates back to 185o, when, on the 23d of March of that year, the Ohio Legislature chartered Defiance Female Seminary. On the loth of July, 1903, articles of incorporation for Defiance College were filed in the office of the Secretary of State. In 1896 a reorganization took place. The charter provides against anything of a sectarian character, but it has been understood that the institution is under the care of a denomination known as Christians. The institution is governed by a board of five trustees. The organization includes classical, scientific, philosophical courses and schools of pedagogy, commerce, shorthand, music, oratory, art and theology. Fourteen persons constitute the faculty. Twenty-five scholarships are announced. St. Ignatius College St. Ignatius College, located at Cleveland, was founded in 1886. Like St. Xavier College, at Cincinnati, the institution is conducted by the Fathers of the Society of Jesus. St. Ignatius College Was incorporated on the 29th of December, 1890, but four years previous was opened for scholars. It offers a classical course and some preparatory studies. The course as provided comprises Christian doctrine, Latin, Greek, English, rhetoric, poetry, elocution, English literature, mathematics, physics and chemistry, history and geography, bookkeeping and penmanship. The college is in a flourishing condition, and has a large enrollment of students. Lima College Lima College, located at Lima, Allen County, was founded in 1893. It is under the control of the "Lima Lutheran Educational Association," the object being the Christian education of young Len and women. In 1893 the corner stone of the beautiful college building was laid. The curriculum, besides the preparatory .course of three years, offers a choice of four regular courses of study, the classical, scientific and normal, with special courses in music, elocution and business. The membership of the Lima Lutheran Educational Association consists of pastors and laymen of Ohio, Indiana and Western Pennsylvania. The college has a large enrollment of students, and has a very bright future. - 310 - Cedarville College Cedarville College, located at Cedarville, Greene County, is the youngest of Ohio's denominational colleges. It was founded in 1894, and owes its existence to the generosity of the late William Gibson, of Cincinnati; who provided in his will that the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars should be given for the endowment of a college at Cedarville, Greene County, Ohio. In May, 1885, during the sessions of the Synod of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, Rev. David Steele, D.D., LL.D., offered a resolution to found a literary institution of learning at Cedarville. This resolution was adopted. In January, 1887, the college was chartered by the State of Ohio. An effort to raise funds was made, and about ten thousand dollars subscribed. Little more was done until May, 1894, when the General Synod elected Rev. David McKinney, D.D., of Cincinnati, the first President. In the following September the college was opened with its classes in the building formerly used by Rev. Hugh Macmillan, D.D., as an academy. It - began with thirty-seven students. During 1895 a commodious building was erected and dedicated by the General Synod in May, 1896. The students now number over one hundred. Cedarville has started out as *a denominational college with the avowed purpose of confining itself to the work ,of a small college, and with the purpose of emphasizing the importance of Christianity in education. The denomination in the country is small, but active, and the constituency of the college is largely from the Church and the immediate vicinity. Cedarville College is the only college of the denomination in America. Wilberforce University The Wilberforce University, located in Greene County, near Xenia, Ohio, can not be considered one of the State educational institutions, except that it has been receiving State assistance in establishing and maintaining an industrial department since 1887. The university is for colored youth, and affords. an opportunity for extending industrial training to colored youth, such as is not found in other institutions in the State. On the 28th of September, 1853, the Cincinnati Conference of the M. E. Church selected a committee which recommended "the establishment of a literary institution of high order for the education of colored people generally; and in May, 1856, "Tawawa Springs," a beautiful summer resort in Greene County, Ohio, was purchased, and Wilberforce University was organized. By concurrent action, the M. E. and the A. M. E. Conferences of Ohio entered into co-operation for the success of the university. It was incorporated August 30, 1856, and a board of twenty-four trustees selected, including Governor Salmon P. Chase, President R. S. Rust, Ashland Keith of the colored Baptist denomination, and D. A. Payne ; and the broad principle adopted that there should never be any distinction among the trustees; faculty or students, on account of race, color or creed. The university began its work in October, 1856„ under Rev. M. P. Gaddis, as principal. He was succeeded 'by Professor James K. Parker, and he by Dr. Richard S. Rust, the first President. During the first epoch, which terminated with the Civil War, the number of students, largely the children of Southern planters, varied from seventy to one hundred. Commendable progress was made in literary culture. The War closed the school, and the M. E. Church withdrew from the field. On the 10th of March, 1863, D. A. Payne purchased the property for ten thousand dollars, and associated with himself James A. Shorter and Professor John G. Mitchell, in the reorganizing of the university. It is the oldest college for negroes in this country. Congress in 1870 appropriated twenty-five thousand dollars ; Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase - 311 - bequeathed ten thousand dollars ; the Charles Avery estate added ten thousand dollars, and the American Unitarian Association gave" for lectures six thousand dollars to the university. On the 19th of March, 1887, the Legislature of the State of Ohio came to the aid of the university, helping in establishing a Normal and Industrial Department, and is appropriating now seventeen thousand dollars per annum to the university. On the 9th of January, 1894, President Cleveland detailed Lieutenant John H. Alexander, a West Point graduate, to organize and instruct the Military Department of Wilberforce University, and the United States Government is still maintaining this department. At the breaking out of the Spanish-American War, Wilberforce furnished some of the best negro soldiers that went to the front, a number of whom are fighting for the flag in the Philippines to-day. The university has received from all sources since organization more than five hundred and fifty thousand dollars. More than six thousand negro youths have attended the university, most of them coming- from the South. It is the pride of the university that it has always been the aim and object to contribute her full share to the intellectual, moral, physical and industrial uplift of the negro, and thereby assist in removing the standing, menace to our American institutions—the race problem. - 312 - OHIO NATIONAL GUARD A Brief Synopsis of Its History Its Re-organization after the Civil War. — Patriotism Displayed by the Volunteers.—The Citizen Soldier in Action.—Reminiscences of the Cincinnati Riot.—Other Internal Troubles.— Men of Courage and Feality. FROM the earliest days of the first settlers in America it was found necessary to form armed bodies of men for the protection of the people. These volunteers in Colonial Days were, in the New England States, called "Minute Men," and they, originally formed for the protection against Indian aggression, became the nucleus later of the Revolutionary Army. A similar organization, the "State Militia," was later formed in the different States, as the country developed and expanded, and in Ohio this force did yeoman service in St. Clair's and "Mad" Anthony's campaigns against the Indians then in hostile arms. After the subjugation of the Indians, and Ohio becoming populated in all directions, military bodies in the different settlements became numerous, and in the War of 1812 against England and her Indian allies, these volunteer bodies again took up arms for the protection of their homes. Again in the Civil War the military organizations, organized un der the administration of Governor Chase, contributed many thousands of volunteers to the cause of the Union. After the dispersion of the Union forces at the termination of the Civil War, for several years no active volunteer military organizations were continued, as the people were surfeited with the display of arms, and a natural reaction occurred, in which the masses looked with disapproval on any further efforts that might be made for the continuation of armed bodies of men. Later, however, it was found necessary to organize a National military body of volunteers, fostered in a measure by the United States Government, which organizations were called "National Guards." Each State in the Union supplied one of these armed and organized bodies, and Ohio, as usual, took the lead in this, like other departures, for the public good. The Ohio National Guard, since the early seventies, has seen active duty at many occasions. The prominent place Ohio has held in the last forty years in commerce and industry, has brought with it innumerable labor disputes, and not infrequently these have assumed such proportions and aspects "as to constitute infractions of the laws governing public peace and property rights. These and the occasional lynchings which have occurred in the State have given the Ohio National Guard experiments in the field and under arms in actual opposition to an enemy none the less obstinate and difficult to subdue than a foreign foe. In December, 1873, the National Guard of Ohio was for the first time after its reorganization called to actual service during the time of a railroad strike in Ohio, when the Harman Guards of Steubenville, Captain B. Miller, were dispatched to Dennison, and the Covington Guards were sent to Bradford. No active duty, however, followed, as the mere show of military force was sufficient to discourage violence. In June of the following year demonstrations by striking coal miners in the Hocking Valley led to the sending of the Still Guards, of Chillicothe, and the Lytle Guards, of Cincinnati, to Nelsonville. The next and possibly the most wide-spread and serious outbreak ever confronted by the National Guard occurred in the year 1877, when Charles W. Karr was Adjutant General. This was the time of the great railroad strikes, breaking out first on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad at Newark, soon spreading along that line, then to other lines, until practically the whole State was involved. On the 18th of July troops were ordered to be sent to Newark. Company A, Seventh Regiment, of Springfield; Company D, Sixth Regiment, Circleville, of which - 315 - Charles E. Groce was Captain; the Zanesville City Guards, and the Mt. Vernon Guards were sent to the original seat of the trouble, and placed under the command of Colonel C. B. Hunt, of Cincinnati, afterwards for many years commandant of the First Regiment. It soon became apparent that this military force would not be sufficient. Consequently four companies of the First Regiment, all of the Third. Regiment and two companies of the Fourth Regiment were ordered to the scene of strife. When it appeared that the strikers were subdued, a number of the companies were ordered home, but just about that time the turmoil broke out in other places. The efforts of the police at Columbus to preserve order were fruitless. The Circleville Company, en route home from Newark, was sent immediately to that city to the aid of the police. The disorder continued throughout the month, and before it was over practically the whole National Guard of the State had been called into service. The next disturbance warranting the services of troops occurred on the 8th of May, 188o, when rioting broke out at the Silver Creek mine, in Wayne County. Company D, Eighth Regiment, Massillon, Captain F. W. Warthorst, was sent to the scene. The late Governor Nash was then Attorney General, and he accompanied Colonel S. B. Smith, Assistant Adjutant General, to the seat of trouble, the former to give legal advice. On the 27th of August of the same year one hundred masked men surrounded a boarding house near Coalton, in an attempt to drive away non-union miners who had taken their positions. Company A, Sixth Regiment, Captain Arthur Hamilton, and Company A, Fourth Regiment, Captain H. E. Mead, were ordered there. They were stoned and shot at by the rioters, but fortunately no one was hurt. A report became current on the 14th of August that miners were trying to destroy the property of the Central Coal Company, at Corning. Company C, Seventeenth Regiment, and two companies of the Fourteenth Regiment, under Colonel George D. Freeman, were called for. In this riot the military shed blood for the first time since its reorganization. Upon opening fire seven rioters were wounded. The energetic manner in which the mob was attacked resulted in the dispersion of the men and the restoration of peace and order. In June, 1882, there .were riots in Cleveland. The First Light Artillery, the Cleveland Grays and the Cleveland Gun Batteries were called into service to suppress them. About this time a series of disturbances caused at the time of executions of criminals began, many of them so serious. as to call. for the militia. In those days executions took place at the county seats, and naturally they attracted multitudes of curious, and in some cases dangerous, onlookers. The Sheriffs were unable to restrain the crowds that pressed in to see the gruesome performances. On the 12th of October, 1883, at. Bowling Green, in connection with the execution of Charles Bach, Company C, Sixteenth Regiment, and the Toledo Cadets, under Colonel H. M. Bunker, restored order. About this time the First Regiment did service in preventing robbery during the tremendous floods in the Ohio Valley in the neighborhood of Cincinnati, and Company B, Seventeenth Regiment, did similar duty in the Muskingum Valley, near Zanesville. Companies B, C, D, E, F and G of the Eighth, B of the Second, G of the Fourteenth and D of the Seventeenth, were called on the 14th of May to suppress rioting, on the day of the execution of Horn and Gribblen at Ashland. On the 29th of May, 1884, Company F of the Seventeenth. Regiment, did service in preventing similar lawlessness at the execution of Wesley Johnson, at Napoleon. The most serious outbreak that the Ohio National Guard has ever been called upon to suppress was the Cincinnati riot,, which followed the failure of a jury to find William Berner guilty of murder in the first, degree for killing William Kirk. In all probabilities a similar scene has never been enacted in any large city in the United. States during the history of - 316 - our country as that which occurred during that time. The outbreak began and was in a measure caused by a mass meeting held by the leading citizens of Cincinnati to protest against' the inefficiency of the judiciary of Hamilton County in their treatment of criminals guilty of murder. Many men had been tried, proven guilty, and sentenced to light punishment. Consequently, an epidemic of crime became prevalent and to protest against this condition and to stigmatize the Judges and juries by whose aid these criminals escaped the gallows, this meeting was called. It was not anticipated,, however, that any radical move- ment would be made other than that of signifying their protests during the progress of the mass meeting. An undesirable element, however, attended the meeting, and after its conclusion, they, being wrought up to a frenzy of rage by the condemnatory addresses of the speakers, against the judiciary of the county, took violent action. With cries of "To the jail," the meeting, originally called for a peaceful protest, ended in a riotous outbreak. A mob formed and marched in a body to the Hamilton County jail for the purpose of forcibly taking possession of the incarcerated criminals and putting them to death by lynching. This riot began on the 28th of March, 1884, and so strong, so destructive and defiant were the rioters that before the rout of the mob every regiment in the State but one was called upon for service. The rioters were armed, and dozens of the members of. the National Guard were wounded. Two were killed, one of these was a Columbus man, Israel Getz, a member of the Fourteenth Regiment ; the other was Captain John L. Desmond, of Cincinnati. It was in this riot that the Hamilton County Court House was burned, and for several days the mob was in control of many of the streets of the city. During this riot forty-five people were killed and over one hundred and fifty were wounded, many of them fatally. In another part of this volume a more detailed account of this riot can be found.* In June of the same year an outbreak of striking miners in the Hocking Valley called the militia to arms again. The trouble included the mining regions of Hocking, Perry and Athens Counties, and Companies E and F of the Sixth, H of the Fourteenth, A of the Seventeenth and K of the Fourteenth were called into service. Two guardsmen lost their lives during this riot. On the 15th of April, 1892, a mob attempted to lynch a man who had been arrested for assault upon the person of a seven-year-old girl at Newark. Company G, Seventeenth Regiment, being called out, prevented the lynching. On the 15th of November an attempted lynching at Alliance called out Company K, Eighth Regiment, and a little later Companies D and I of the Third Regiment were called out at Dayton to prevent the same kind of violence. All the Toledo National Guard was called cut in connection with a fire in that city in January, 1894, and Companies D of the Third, A of the Ninth Battalion and Battery E rendered similar service soon afterwards at Springfield; Company F of the Second Regiment was called to Rushsylvania to prevent a lynching. This lynching was carried out, notwithstanding the arrival of the troops. Then came the trouble that the Guard had with the different divisions of the so-called "Industrial Army." This movement was originally formed in Oakland, California, where many unemployed men banded themselves together and determined to cross the continent and visit the seat of government at Washington, under the impression that by a show of force Congress could be induced to enact some legislation for the benefit of the unemployed. These men were organized as an army, regularly officered. Not having the funds to pay for transportation across the continent, it forcibly took possession of trains and compelled the railroads to carry the men free of charge. Naturally trouble followed all along the route, and this was also the case in Ohio. The B. & O. Railroad took a decided stand against * See page 132. - 319 - this and asked the State military to compel a branch of the "Army" en route to meet the main body that had taken possession of a train at Mt. Sterling to vacate. Companies A, B, C, F and L of the Fourteenth Regiment and B attery H were sent, and "General" Galvin soon surrendered without a shot being fired. At Cleveland Companies A, B, F and I of the Fifth Regiment and the Cavalry Troop were called upon to perform similar duties. On the 21st of July, at Clyde, an "Industrial Army," under command of "Count Bylakovsky," was compelled to vacate freight trains and march to Washington. On the 9th of May Company E of the Eighth and Battery F were called out to stop riots at Akron. On the 30th of May Companies A, B, K and L of the Seventeenth Regiment and Battery H were ordered to Glouster, where miners were stopping coal trains, but were recalled en route, the situation being well in hand by the local civil authorities. Then came the Wheeling Creek campaign, the most general engagement of all the State troops since the Cincinnati riot. The regiments participating were the Eighth, Fourteenth, Companies BAND OF THE EIGHTH REGIMENT AKRON, OHIO A, C, F, G, H, K and M of the Seventeenth ; Second, Sixteenth, Fifth; Companies B. G and I of the Third; the Toledo Cadets and Batteries C, D and H, in all 3,371 officers and men. The cause of the call was the attempt of miners to prevent the shipments of coal from nonunion mines. The most sanguinary encounter between the militia and rioters occurred on the loth of October of that year at Washington Court House, when a mob attempted to take a negro who was arrested for assault on a woman from the jail and lynch him. Companies A, B, C, D, E, F and L of the Fourteenth Regiment, Company M. of the Third, H of the Seventeenth and Battery B were ordered to the scene of trouble. The Fourteenth was in command of Colonel Coit. The mob was persistent, and even when the rioters knew troops were inside the -courthouse, they tried to beat the door in with a battering ram. The troops were ordered to fire through the doors, and m any people were killed or wounded. Unfortunately, some of them belonged to the "innocent spectator" class and were far away from the scene of the tumult. This experience has led to the use of the riot shell, which is just as deadly at close range as the standard cartridge, but does not carry so far Colonel Coit was tried for manslaughter at Circleville, as a result of the shooting, but he was acquitted. - 320 - The murder of the City Marshal of Tiffin, on the 30th of August, 1895, led to an attempt to lynch the murderer, and Companies D and I of the Sixteenth Regiment and E, G and I of the Second were called out; and an attempt to lynch Lyman Strong, arrested for the murder of the Stone family at Talmadge, on the 30th of March, 1896, called Company B of the Eighth Regiment and Battery F to Akron. A strike at the Brown Hoisting Works at Cleveland called out Companies B, F, I and L of the Fifth Regiment on the 2d of July of the same year, and kept them on duty until the 11th of August. Companies D and B of the Third were called to Urbana by the lynching of Chick Mitchell, and on the 7th of August Company M of the Fifth Regiment was called to Fairport by a strike of ore handlers. The event of the year 1898 was the calling of all the National Guard to Camp Bushnell to enter the volunteer service in the war with Spain. On the 25th of March, 1899, an attempt to' lynch the Zeltner brothers, murderers of Attorney Westenhaver, at Hoyt's Corners, Wood County, called Companies H and K of the Second Regiment to Bowling Green. On the 23d of August, 1900, rioting in Akron, resulting in the destruction of $200,000 worth of property, called Companies A, B, C, D, E, G, H, K and L of the Fourth Regiment to that city. The regiment was encamped at Minerva Park when the call was made. Colonel J. D. Potter was in command. Companies B and F of the Eighth Regiment were also called out during this trouble. When there came a call for troops during the Spanish-American War the National Guard of Ohio enlisted as one man. Camp Bushnell was established, and soon the First, Second, Third, Fifth, Eighth Regiments, the Ninth Battalion, the Fourteenth and Sixteenth and Seventeenth Regiments of Infantry, the Artillery, Signal and. Medical Corps, and finally a Regiment of Cavalry were on the field. Part of the service was not accepted by the Government, and some of the men were not taken on account of physical disability, but this made no difference, as the places of those who could not go were soon filled by volunteers. In fact, the companies were running over and in June were at the full war strength—one hundred and six to a company. Later the Tenth Ohio. was organized. In the various camps the Ohio troops drilled faithfully, the Artillery and the Cavalry soon became the best troops in the field. When the advance was made on Santiago, Cuba, .all wanted to go. The Eighth Regiment was the first. Afterwards the Sixth followed and did garrison duty in Cuba. Then came the orders for General Brook to go to Porto Rico, and the gallant Fourteenth, rechristened the Fourth, was chosen. This regiment was the only one from Ohio to be under heavy fire, and at Guayama and other places served with distinction. In the spring of 1903 labor troubles at Fremont necessitated the calling out of troops, but fortunately no blood was shed. In March of the following year, at Springfield, serious riots culminated in the lynching of a negro who had assassinated a police officer of that city. The local guards were called out, but were unable to prevent the lynching. Subsequently the entire "levee," notorious negro quarters, were burned to the ground, and Governor Herrick called additional troops, which suppressed any further demonstrations. In May of the same year labor troubles at Hanging Rock, near Ironton, compelled the National Guard to go to the scene of trouble. Colonel Carmi Thompson was in command, and he handled his troops so admirably that, notwithstanding considerable provocation, he dispersed the rioters and restored law and order without the loss of lives on either side. After the war with Spain the National Guard was reorganized and became more closely allied with the Central Government. They are now regularly inspected by United States Army officers and are a part of the National Army. The strength of the Guard in Ohio is about five thousand men, divided into eight Regiments of Infantry, one Battalion of colored - 321 - troops, two troops of Cavalry, two Battalions of Naval Reserves and four Batteries of Artillery. The First Brigade is made up as follows : The Sixth, Third, Second, First, Ninth Battalion, Batteries B and D and Troop A ; the Second Brigade has the Eighth, Fourth, Fifth and Seventh Regiments, Engineers, Batteries H and A and Troop B. The Medical Staff is assigned as it is in the regular army. Rigid inspection may lessen the number of the Guard for a time, but Ohio can any time put ten thousand men into the field in twenty-four hours, drawing on ex-members and the several military colleges. The personnel of the members of the Ohio National Guard probably ranks as high if not higher than that of any other State in the Union. The officers are all men naturally endowed with the mental attributes which go to make excellent soldiers, splendidly trained, and gifted with a thorough knowledge of military tactics. In the ranks will be found a majority of men who occupy leading social positions in :life and who, when the occasion presents itself, are capable of filling the higher branches of military duty. Some of the Ohio Regiments have Bands of National reputation, and are led by musicians of great and acknowledged abilities. This is especially true of the First, the Fourth and the Eighth Regimental Bands. Of these Bands it can be truthfully said that they have no superiors in any military organization. - 322 - Who is Who in and from The State of Ohio Sketches of Men who have made the Commonwealth Famous ALL that the State of Ohio has accomplished in the history of this country—and that her position is a proud one, a perusal of these pages will prove—is due not alone to any special natural blessing, but to the men who have helped to carve her destiny. When the early voyagers faced toward the setting sun on their perilous journey into a new, wild and dangerous country, to erect the foundations of a new empire, great men were found among them, hardy, courageous and adventurous spirits, who ably filled special positions of leadership. From that early day to the present, as necessity has required it, men have arisen among their fellows to lead in the dif- ferent enterprises of a great and glorious State. Statesman, soldier, financier, educator, -scientist, husbandman and trader—all have responded to the call of the hour. In every city, town, village and hamlet, are to be found men of character and influence, who, by their enterprise and thrift, by their activity and sagacity, their zeal in religious and political affairs, have contributed their individuality to the material prosperity of the community in which they live, and thus each adds its quota to the general welfare of the people. Of those are the men who developed the natural resources ; who delved for the hidden treasures of the earth ; who made the fields blossom ; who carved their way through the great forests ; girded the State with iron bands ; built canals and steamboats ; erected great manufacturing and industrial enterprises ; introduced new processes in science and mechanics ; devoted their lives to the advancement of the people in education and the dissemination of special knowledge ; who championed the cause of humanity ; promoted the comforts of living and whose deeds are worthy of being perpetuated and followed by future generations. "What man has done man may do." In the previous pages of this work is set forth the general history of the great State of Ohio—the pages which follow are devoted to the deeds and achievements of those who have made the State great. Every human life is a history, and the collected biographies of the great men of any community are the simple records of the country in which they live, and the mirror of their time. Samuel Johnson says : "I have. often thought that there has rarely passed a life of which a judicious and faithful narrative would not be useful." To the student, the thinker and the historian, the lives and attainments of gifted men are of absorbing interest, showing, as they 'do, the difficulties which have been overcome, and how success has crowned earnest and faithful effort. These biographies are the most attractive form of history, for, while they perpetuate the memory of the great, they also illustrate aptly the conduct of life, and convey to succeeding generations important lessons full of instruction, human interest, and often replete with romance. It is men such as these whose biographies are preserved in this work. They all have contributed towards the State's progress and glory. It is unfortunate that many great men have passed away leaving no printed records of their attainments, which, if obtainable, would act as beacon lights to succeeding generations, and which would be preserved by their descendants as a family treasure of priceless value. The civilization of our day, the enlightenment of the age, and the solemn duty which men owe to their ancestors, to themselves and to their posterity, demands that a record of their lives and deeds should be preserved. But there are deeds which shall not pass away And names that must not wither, though the earth Forgets her empires with a just decay. — Byron - 325 - - 322 -