HISTORY OF SOUTHEASTERN OHIO and the MUSKINGUM VALLEY 1788-1928 Covering Athens, Belmont, Coshocton, Guernsey, Licking, Meigs, Monroe, Morgan, Muskingum, Noble, Perry and Washington Counties By THOMAS WILLIAM LEWIS Author of "Zanesville and Muskingum County," Etc. VOLUME I ILLUSTRATED CHICAGO THE S. J. CLARKE PUBLISHING CO. 1928 FOREWORD No twelve contiguous counties west of the Alleghanies are more worthy to be grouped together for historic treatment than are those whose creation and growth are described in these pages. No two rivers of the same region furnish richer historical material than do the Ohio, which bathes the shores of five of these counties and the Muskingum, which flows for more than a hundred miles through the center of the Southeastern Ohio territory which the twelve counties form. Nor has any American highway contributed so long and so effectively to American development and unification as the National road which, binding together four of these Southeastern Ohio counties for a distance of more than a hundred miles, continues the work today in a different but very thorough way. The story of that thoroughfare's origin and development; of its surpassing usefulness until the railroads came ; of its decay during long discouraging years and of its restoration when the World war and the motor car called for its transformation into a hard-surfaced highway, is one of abiding interest. LONG CONTINUED AND IMPORTANT HISTORY The National road began to develop Southeastern Ohio over one hundred years ago and the Ohio and Muskingum rivers entered the historic period almost two centuries ago : In 1749 when Celoron's Expedition passed down the Ohio and in 1750 when Christopher Gist tarried awhile with the Indians at the Forks of the Muskingum. The accounts of these two journeys are not legends, but history, and history of great import and absorbing interest. vi - FOREWORD The journeys were succeeded by a long line of events having marked effect upon conditions in the Ohio country throughout the remainder of the century—the contest between France and England for control of the Western territory; Pontiac's war in 1763; Bouquet's expedition in 1764; the McDonald and Lewis victories at Dresden and Point Pleasant and the Dunmore treaty of 1774; the opening of the war of the Revolution in 1776 and the Indian attack at Fort Henry in 1777; the massacre of friendly Indians at Gnadenhutten in 1782; the institution of territorial government at Marietta in 1788; the Big Bottom Massacre and St. Clair's defeat in 1791 and Wayne's victory at Fallen Timbers and his treaty with the Indians in 1795, which brought peace to the frontier. Some of these events are briefly dealt with here ; others are reserved for the county histories for reasons that will appear. The Celoron expedition will engage our attention following the Foreword. The S. J. Clarke Publishing Company's decision to print a history of "Southeastern Ohio and the Muskingum Valley," was welcome news to residents of the twelve counties which constitute this populous and wealthy section of the state—Athens, Belmont, Coshocton, Guernsey, Licking, Meigs, Monroe, Morgan, Muskingum, Noble, Perry and Washington. It is rather remarkable that such a history was not published years ago. In this part of the Ohio country the white man's civilization was formally planted twelve years before the dawn of the nineteenth century and within the 139 years which have since elapsed vast progress has been made throughout the counties named in agriculture, industry, commerce, mineral development, transportation, government and social welfare. The only new history of a Southeastern Ohio county is the "History of Zanesville and Muskingum County," which was issued in February, 1927, by the S. J. Clarke Publishing Company. So far as the writer has been able to learn the latest of older county records is the Sarchet history of Guernsey County, published in 1911. One county, at least, we believe, has had no history since 1869 and some of the others have gone without one since the '80s. By bringing the history of Southeastern Ohio counties down to date, the S. J. Clarke Publishing Company promises to their inhabitants a service of genuine value. Of especial value will be the biographical section of the pro- FOREWORD - vii posed publication, furnishing as it will data concerning the careers of men and women who have helped to make Southeastern Ohio and Muskingum Valley history. The biographical features of modern history are becoming more and more appreciated for purposes of research and reference. Thomas W. Lewis CONTENTS GENERAL HISTORY CHAPTER I FRENCH AND ENGLISH STRUGGLE FOR THE OHIO COUNTRY CELORON'S EXPEDITION DESCENDS THE OHIO IN 1749—HE PARLEYS MANY TIMES WITH THE INDIANS—FINDS THEY FAVOR ENGLISH TRADERS—DEPOSITS LEADEN PLATES TO ASSERT FRANCE'S CLAIM—RETURNS TO NEW FRANCE BY WAY OF THE MIAMI AND LAKE ERIE—CHRISTOPHER GIST COURTS THE INDIANS AT THE FORKS OF THE MUSKINGUM 33 CHAPTER II DELAWARES IN THE OHIO AND MUSKINGUM VALLEYS CAME FROM THE EASTERN SEABOARD ABOUT 1750—FIERCELY RESENTED THE WHITE MAN'S PRESENCE—FRENCH-ENGLISH PEACE LEFT TRIBES IN ILL HUMOR—PONTIAC'S WAR HELD BACK THE PIONEER—BOUQUET'S ARMY MARCHED TO FORKS OF THE MUSKINGUM AND RECLAIMED WHITE CAPTIVES—DUNMORE'S WAR BEGINS--McDONALD DEFEATS INDIANS AT DRESDEN AND LEWIS WINS AT POINT PLEASANT—EARLY FORECAST OF INDEPENDENCE AT FORT GOWER—ATTACK ON FORT HENRY IN 1777—SQUATTERS WARNED TO QUIT 39. x - TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER III BIRTH OF THE OHIO COMPANY FAMOUS ORDINANCE OF 1787 PAVES THE COMPANY'S WAY-WASHINGTON'S VISIT TO THE OHIO IN 17 70 HAD LAID FOUNDATIONS FOR HIS AID-HIS FRIEND PUTNAM AND ASSOCIATES ASKED FOR LAND ON THE OHIO'S WESTERN SHORE BUT HAD TO BUY IT-THEY TOOK FIRST STEPS AT BOSTON'S "BUNCH OF GRAPES"-COMPANY ORGANIZED AND SUBSCRIBED FOR 250 SHARES 49 CHAPTER IV FRANKLIN AND CUTLER PRAISE OHIO COUNTRY REVOLUTIONARY OFFICERS BUY A MILLION AND A HALF OF ITS ACRES-COLONY LEAVES NEW ENGLAND FOR THE NEW HOME IN TWO SECTIONS-BITTER WINTER WEATHER CHECKS PUTNAM'S PARTY IN THE ALLEGHANIES-"MAYFLOWER" AND OTHER BOATS BUILT ON THE "YOH"-FLOTILLA FLOATS DOWN THE OHIO AND REACHES MOUTH OF THE MUSKINGUM APRIL 7, 1788 57 CHAPTER V LAW AND LAND YOKED TOGETHER WEBSTER, HOAR AND CHASE LAUD ORDINANCE-GOVERNOR ST. CLAIR REACHED MARIETTA AND TOOK COMMAND-TERRITORIAL COURTS ORGANIZED-ST. CLAIR'S DEFEAT USHERED IN NEW INDIAN HOSTILITIES BUT WAYNE'S VICTORY AT FALLEN TIMBERS BEGAN 17 YEARS OF PEACE 63 CHAPTER VI TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT AND STATEHOOD ST. CLAIR WAS IN NO HURRY FOR THE LATTER BUT HIS POLITICAL FOES WERE-THEY USED IT TO DEFEAT AND DETHRONE HIM-POLITICAL FEELING RAN HIGH AND THERE WAS A MOB AT CHILLICOTHE-FEDERALISTS WANTED A STATE HALF THE SIZE OF TODAY'S OHIO STATEHOOD CAME MARCH 1, 1803 69 TABLE OF CONTENTS - xi CHAPTER VII EBENEZER ZANE PETITIONS CONGRESS ASKS RIGHT TO CONNECT WHEELING AND MAYSVILLE WITH A ROAD THROUGH OHIO'S WILDERNESS-TRACE MAKERS STARTED IN SUMMER OF 1796 AND COMPLETED WORK THE FOLLOWING YEAR-GREAT IMPETUS GIVEN TO SETTLEMENTS ALONG THE WAY-TRAIL RAN WESTWARD TO ZANESVILLE THENCE TURNED TO THE SOUTHWEST 75 CHAPTER VIII GREAT NATIONAL ROAD LAUNCHED, 1811 FINISHED FIRST TO WHEELING AND BEGUN AT ST. CLAIRSVILLE JULY 4, 1825-PLAYED A VITAL PART IN POPULATING THE STATE AND BINDING EAST AND WEST TOGETHER-BUILT TO ZANESVILLE BY 1829-RAILROADS TAKE ITS TRAFFIC AND GLORIES FADE-"COMES BACK" WITH AUTO AND WORLD WAR 83 CHAPTER IX THE BROAD AND MAJESTIC OHIO FRENCH FORCE DESCENDED THE STREAM IN 1749 AND WASHINGTON FOLLOWED 21 YEARS LATER-ITS EARLY SHORES A TANGLE OF SNAGS, TREES AND DEBRIS-WAS THE PIONEER'S FRIENDLY HIGHWAY -FIRST STEAMBOAT LEFT PITTSBURGH IN 1811-APPROPRIATION OF $50,000 IN 1835 USED TO BEGIN ITS IMPROVEMENT-OVER $131,000,000 HAS SINCE BEEN SPENT-FORTY LOCKS AND DAMS GIVE A NINE FOOT CHANNEL, PITTSBURGH TO LOUISVILLE 91 CHAPTER X MUSKINGUM RIVER AND VALLEY MELTING OF THE ICE CAP REVERSED THE STREAM'S COURSE-THE OLD MUSKINGUM AN EARLY HIGHWAY FOR CANOES, WITH A PORTAGE OF BUT EIGHT MILES BETWEEN LAKE ERIE AND THE OHIO-DRAINS 24 OHIO COUNTIES-GIVEN SLACKWATER NAVIGATION IN THE EARLY FORTIES-TAKEN OVER BY UNCLE SAM IN 1887-CARRIED VAST TRAFFIC TILL RAILROADS CAME-ABOUT FIVE MILLION DOLLARS SPENT ON IT-HAS SURPASSING SCENIC CHARMS 103 xii - TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER XI SOUTHEASTERN OHIO'S COAL WEALTH FIRST DISCOVERIES SOMETIMES ACCIDENTAL-BLACKSMITHS THE EARLIEST BUYERS-DOMESTIC USE IN OHIO RIVER TOWNS BEGAN 1833- PERRY COUNTY GREATEST PRODUCER 1885-90-JACKSON TOOK THE LEAD AMONG ALL OHIO COUNTIES IN 1895-BELMONT AHEAD IN 1905, 1910, 1915, 1920 AND 1925 137 CHAPTER XII OIL, GAS AND SALT HISTORY PIONEERS BORING FOR SALT FOUND OIL A NUISANCE AND GAS A PERIL-THEIR DESCENDANTS DRILLING FOR OIL AND GAS FOUND BRINE A DESTROYER OF PRODUCTION-MUSKINGUM VALLEY'S SALT OUTPUT ONCE VERY HEAVY-ROCK SALT DISCOVERY KILLED THE LOCAL INDUSTRY-SOUTHEASTERN OHIO A HEAVY PRODUCER OF OIL AND GAS 145 CHAPTER XIII SOUTHEASTERN OHIO STATISTICS HER TWELVE COUNTIES HAD NEARLY HALF A MILLION POPULATION IN 1920 AND THEIR AREA REPRESENTED 6,126 SQUARE MILES OF LAND-HOME OWNERS NUMBERED 71,872-MANUFACTURERS PAID OUT OVER $30,000,000 IN WAGES 1920-FARMS NUMBER 36,531 AND ARE WORTH $158,456,554-INDUSTRY AND AGRICULTURE GO HAND IN HAND 149 TABLE OF CONTENTS - xiii WASHINGTON COUNTY CHAPTER XIV THE BIRTH OF WASHINGTON COUNTY CREATED BY GOVERNOR ST. CLAIR'S PROCLAMATION JULY 26, 1788-OCCUPIED NEARLY HALF THE PRESENT STATE OF OHIO-FIRST COUNTY COURT, HELD IN FAMOUS COMPUS MARTIUS, A CEREMONY OF GREAT DIGNITY-"MEN IN GOOD SPIRITS" WROTE PUTNAM TO CUTLER MONTH AFTER ARRIVAL-BUT CRITICS CITED SICKNESS, SAVAGES AND HOOP SNAKES 155 CHAPTER XV SOME OF THE SETTLERS SHORT OF FOOD WINTER OF 1788-89 ONE OF HARDSHIP AND TROUBLE-INDIANS HAVING KILLED AND DRIVEN AWAY GAME EVEN WILD MEAT WAS SCARCE-CORN WENT UP TO $2 A BUSHEL-ISAAC WILLIAMS SOLD HIS AT A LIVING PRICE AND WAS THE SETTLEMENT'S BENEFACTOR-PESTILENCE SET IN AND CAUSED MANY DEATHS-MILLIONS OF PIGEONS WERE DESTRUCTIVE - FIRST TOWNSHIP ORGANIZED 1790 FIRST COURTHOUSE BUILT OF LOGS 161 CHAPTER XVI THE TOMAHAWK AND SCALPING KNIFE INDIAN ATTACKS BREAK OUT IN OHIO COMPANY'S LANDS-WATERFORD BUILDS BLOCKHOUSE-BIG BOTTOM MASSACRE-WOLF CREEK MILLS IN DANGER-AN ANXIOUS NIGHT AT BELPRE-PUTNAM APPEALS TO WASHINGTON-FORT FRYE ATTACKED-CAPTAIN RODGERS AND HURL-BUT KILLED-ST. CLAIR MEETS DISASTER-FOUR SLAIN AT NEWBURY PUTNAM HOST TO 14 CHIEFS-WAYNE'S VICTORY BRINGS PEACE 167 xiv - TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER XVII RISE AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF MARIETTA CUTLER PROPOSED THE NAME ADELPHIA BUT OHIO COMPANY PREFERRED TO HONOR MARIE ANTOINETTE-INDIAN CHIEFS AT VARNUM'S FUNERAL-FAMILIES CAME FROM EAST AND THE LADIES HELD A RECEPTION NEXT DAY-DR. CUTLER AN EARLY VISITOR-POPULATION 550 IN 1803 AND THE TOWN HAD NINETY-ONE DWELLING HOUSES AND EIGHT STORES-SHIPBUILDING AN EARLY INDUSTRY- GROWTH BEGAN IN 1880 AND CENTENNIAL GAVE IT MOMENTUM- GREAT PROGRESS IN THE '90s-POPULATION OVER 13,000 IN 1920 181 CHAPTER XVIII THE CITY OF MARIETTA TODAY PRESENT POPULATION ESTIMATED AT OVER 17,000-CHURCHES AND SCHOOLS MANY AND EXCELLENT-MARIETTA COLLEGE OCCUPIES A HIGH PLACE-OIL AND GAS FIELDS SURROUND THE CITY-NEARLY FOUR-SCORE INDUSTRIES-POINTS OF INTEREST OF GREAT HISTORIC VALUE INDICATED TO ASSIST THE VISITOR-"BEST MARKED CITY IN AMERICA" 189 CHAPTER XIX EARLIEST CHURCHES AND SCHOOLS OHIO COMPANY PROVIDED FOR BOTH IN MASSACHUSETTS AND EMPLOYED REV. DANIEL STORY TO PREACH AND TEACH--SECOND SERMON PREACHED IN MARIETTA BY DOCTOR CUTLER-FIRST SUNDAY SCHOOL IN NORTHWEST TERRITORY ORGANIZED IN THE STOCKADE-SCHOOL TEACHING BEGAN 1788 WITH DOCTOR JABEZ TRUE AS AN EARLY TEACHER-FIRST CHILDREN'S HOME WAS ORGANIZED IN MARIETTA 197 CHAPTER XX SHIPBUILDING AT MARIETTA FIRST OCEAN-GOING BRIG, THE ST. CLAIR, LAUNCHED IN 1800-FAMOUS COMMODORE WHIPPLE TOOK HER VIA NEW ORLEANS TO HAVANA - TWENTY-FOUR OTHERS BUILT UP TO 1814-MARIETTA-HARMAR STEAMBOATS TO THE NUMBER OF SIXTY BUILT BETWEEN 1823 AND 1880 203 TABLE OF CONTENTS - xv CHAPTER XXI BLENNERHASSETT AND BURR'S CONSPIRACY THE FORMER CAME FROM IRELAND AND LANDED IN MARIETTA 1797-BOUGHT PART OF ISLAND FOURTEEN MILES DOWN THE OHIO AND BUILT A PALACE COSTING $40,000-HERE THE TREACHEROUS BURR CAME AND THE OWNER WAS SOON HIS DUPE-BOTH TRIED FOR TREASON AND ACQUITTED BUT WERE BOUND OVER TO APPEAR AT CHILLICOTHE-BLENNERHASSETT, A RUINED MAN, DIED IN POVERTY ON THE ISLE OF GUERNSEY-HIS BEAUTIFUL WIFE MET A SIMILAR FATE -MANSION ON THE ISLAND FLOODED AND BURNED 207 CHAPTER XXII SOME VERY DISTINGUISHED VISITORS LOUIS PHILLIPE, AFTERWARDS KING OF FRANCE, IN MARIETTA 1798-HIS BOAT RACED DOWN THE OHIO TO GET AHEAD OF MUSKINGUM'S ICELAFAYETTE STOPPED ON HIS WAY UP THE OHIO IN 1825-HELD A RECEPTION AT NAHUM WARD'S-THE BEN FRANKLIN BROUGHT JOHN QUINCY ADAMS-PIONEER SOCIETY LAUNCHED 1842-ANNUAL CELEBRATIONS OF MARIETTA'S SETTLEMENT- ANTI-SLAVERY MEN NUMEROUS AT MARIETTA AND THEY OPERATED A BUSY UNDERGROUND RAILROAD 213 CHAPTER XXIII THE COUNTY IN FOUR WARS FURNISHED GENERAL TUPPER AND SEVEN COMPANIES. IN 1812-PROMPTLY RESPONDED TO LINCOLN'S CALL FOR TROOPS-MARIETTA FEARED A REBEL ATTACK-REGIMENT PROMISED IN FIFTEEN DAYS-PATRIOTISM RANG TRUE-OVER 4,000 SOLDIERS SENT TO THE FRONT-JOY OVER VICTORY FOLLOWED BY MOURNING WHEN LINCOLN DIED-FOUR OF THE COUNTY'S SONS WON THE STAR-GENERAL OTIS AND TWO COMPANIES IN THE WAR WITH SPAIN-SOLDIERS MONUMENT ERECTED-COUNTY'S DEATH ROLL, WORLD WAR 221 xvi - TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER XXIV MIGHTY MEN OF EARLY MARIETTA RUFUS PUTNAM, "FATHER OF OHIO," HAD THE FATHER OF HIS COUNTRY AS A PERSONAL FRIEND-MANASSEH CUTLER HAD MUCH TO DO WITH THE MERITS OF THE ORDINANCE OF '87-HIS SON EPHRAIM A STRONG FRIEND OF FREEDOM AND EDUCATION-GENERALS TUPPER, PARSONS AND VARNUM AND COMMODORE WHIPPLE GALLANT FIGURES OF THE REVOLUTION-RETURN JONATHAN MEIGS ROSE TO OHIO GOVERNORSHIP-SPROAT AND OLIVER STRONG TYPES-HILDRETH, HISTORIAN AND PHYSICIAN-MAJOR NYE IN THE WAR OF 1812 235 CHAPTER XXV OIL, GAS AND COAL IN WASHINGTON COUNTY DRILLING BEGAN IN THE DUCK CREEK VALLEY IN 1860-IN 1864 OIL LANDS SOLD AT FABULOUS PRICES-EXCITING TIMES ON COW RUN IN 1867-"OIL STRIP" STRETCHED FROM MACKSBURG TO LOWELL-HEAVY PRODUCTION IN WESTERN WASHINGTON COUNTY ABOUT 1898-PRODUCING LEASES NUMBERED NEARLY SEVEN HUNDRED IN THE COUNTY, 1902-OPERATIONS IN EACH TOWNSHIP-COAL 253 CHAPTER XXVI A CHAPTER OF MISCELLANIES BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF CHARLES G. DAWES, VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES-SEVERAL OTHER BIOGRAPHIES-WASHINGTON'S SONS IN CONGRESS- MARIETTA COLLEGE-NEWSPAPERS OF MARI- ETTA-MOUND BUILDERS ONCE BUSY AT THE MOUTH OF THE MUSKINGUM - EARLY MARIETTA BANKS - OHIO'S OLDEST MASONIC LODGE 259 CHAPTER XXVII WASHINGTON COUNTY AND MARIETTA TODAY CENTER OF GREAT TRUCK-RAISING INDUSTRIES-LIVE STOCK'S VALUE NEARLY MILLION AND A HALF - FARMS NUMBER 4,232 AND ARE WORTH MORE THAN $15,000,000-VALUE OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS EXCEEDS $11,000,000 ANNUALLY MARIETTA A BEAUTIFUL MODERN CITY OF RICH HISTORIC INTEREST-VERY ATTRACTIVE TO THE TOURIST-PRAISE FROM "SCENIC AND HISTORIC OHIO"-RELIGIOUS EDUCATION-MARIETTA CHURCHES, 1927-PUBLIC UTILITIES-TELEPHONE SYSTEM-VILLAGES OF THE COUNTY-COUNTY OFFICERS, 1927 273 TABLE OF CONTENTS - xvii BELMONT COUNTY CHAPTER XXVIII THE COUNTY'S ROCK PICTURES CUT IN SANDSTONE, THEY REVEAL PREHISTORIC MAN'S OCCUPATION OF THE COUNTY—THIRTY-TWO MOUNDS, VILLAGE SITES AND ENCLOSURES ADD VARIETY TO THE EVIDENCE—AN INDIAN TRAIL PASSED THROUGH A CORNER OF THE COUNTY AND A VILLAGE EXISTED ON OR NEAR THE OHIO—BLOODY BATTLE BETWEEN WHITES AND REDSKINS FOUGHT ON CAPTINA CREEK—LEWIS WETZEL, FAMOUS INDIAN FIGHTER, A BELMONT FIGURE 289 CHAPTER XXIX BELMONT COUNTY'S EARLY HISTORY OHIO RIVER, THE ZANES AND THEIR TRACE ACCELERATED EARLY SETTLEMENT—EARLY COUNTYHOOD ALSO AN ENCOURAGING FACTOR - EBENEZER ZANE A TOWER OF STRENGTH AND HIS SISTER ELIZABETH A HEROINE OF RAREST TYPE—THE FORMER ACQUIRED WHEELING ISLAND AND A LARGE TRACT OF BELMONT LAND—FOUGHT FOR THE COLONIES IN THE LAST BATTLE OF THE REVOLUTION—CELORON HAD PASSED DOWN THE OHIO IN 1749, AND GEORGE WASHINGTON IN 1770 293 CHAPTER XXX PIONEERS SETTLING IN BELMONT TERRITORY BUT INCREASING INDIAN HOSTILITIES CHECKED THE WESTWARD MOVEMENT—SOME OF THE WHITES MUCH TO BLAME—BOUQUET'S BLOODLESS VICTORY AT THE MUSKINGUM'S FORKS, McDONALD'S SUCCESS AT DRESDEN AND LEWIS' DEFEAT OF CORNSTALK AT POINT PLEASANT HAD GOOD EFFECTS— BUT THE SAVAGE STILL STOOD FAST FOR THE OHIO AS A BOUNDARY AND WAYNE'S CRUSHING VICTORY AT FALLEN TIMBERS WAS REQUIRED TO BRING THE BLESSINGS OF PEACE 299 xviii - TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER XXXI THE COUNTY'S BEGINNING GOVERNOR ST. CLAIR PROCLAIMED BELMONT'S COUNTYHOOD SEPTEMBER 7, 1801—FIRST COURTHOUSE BUILT AT PULTNEY—COUNTY SEAT REMOVED TO ST. CLAIRSVILLE, APRIL, 1804—SECOND COURTHOUSE, ERECTED AT THE COUNTY SEAT IN 1814, A TWO-STORY BRICKPULTNEY LAID OUT BY DAVID McELBERTON—LIST OF. TOWNSHIPS AND THEIR EARLIEST SETTLERS—ZANE'S TRACE FORERUNNER OF NATIONAL ROAD—SOME. OFFICIAL "FIRSTS" 303 CHAPTER XXXII BELLAIRE THE OLD AND THE NEW LAID OUT BY JACOB DAVIS, WHO CAME FROM MARYLAND IN 1802— FINK'S COAL MINE ONE OF THE COUNTY'S FIRST—INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BEGAN IN 1866 AND HAS REACHED A HIGH STAGE—CHURCHES AND SCHOOLS NUMEROUS AND INFLUENTIAL—NEW INTERSTATE BRIDGE A SUPERB STRUCTURE—LIST OF MAYORS SINCE 1861—THE DAILY LEADER 319 CHAPTER XXXIII MORE ABOUT BELMONT COUNTY TOWNS ST, CLAIRSVILLE, MARTINS FERRY, BARNESVILLE, BETHESDA, SHADY-SIDE, BRIDGEPORT, ETC.—SOME OF THEM ARE BUSY MANUFACTURING CENTERS—STORY ABOUT TWO OLD ST. CLAIRSVILLE NEWSPAPERS— ADVANTAGES, MERITS AND POSSESSIONS ARE VARIED—STRONG FACTORS IN BELMONT COUNTY'S GROWTH 329 CHAPTER XXXIV SOME BELMONT COUNTY VILLAGES NEFFS, WITH A MODEST START, HAS MADE MARKED PROGRESS—POWHATAN'S FIRST BUILDING ERECTED 1810—HENDRYSBURG'S FIRST STEAM MILL BUILT 1827—ZANE LAID OUT MORRISTOWN—LLOYDSVILLE, GLENCOE AND FAIRVIEW BEGINNINGS MENTIONED—FARMINGTON, CONCORD, MAYNARD AND BARTON ALL IN COLERAIN TOWNSHIP—SIX OTHER VILLAGES LISTED 339 TABLE OF CONTENTS - xix CHAPTER XXXV THE RAILROADS OF BELMONT COUNTY CENTRAL OHIO (B. & O.) BUILT IN 1854 AND BRIDGED THE OHIO IN LATER YEARS-WORK BEGAN ON THE CLEVELAND & PITTSBURGH LINE IN 1847- CLEVELAND, LORAIN & WHEELING ROAD OPENED IN LATE SEVENTIES-OHIO RIVER & WESTERN OHIO'S LAST NARROW GAUGE-ST. CLAIRSVILLE BUILT TWO CONNECTING LINKS-TOTAL TAX VALUATION OVER 810,000,000 345 CHAPTER XXXVI GOOD WAR RECORDS BELMONT COUNTY RAISED A REGIMENT IN 1812-SENT SOLDIERS ALSO TO MEXICO OVER 2,000 SONS OF BELMONT IN THE CIVIL WAR -ABOUT 150 FELL IN THE WORLD WAR-MONUMENTS HONOR MEMORY OF THE DEAD 349 CHAPTER XXXVII HOME OF MANY NOTED MEN BENJAMIN LUNDY LABORED FOR THE FREEDOM OF THE SLAVE IN ST. CLAIRSVILLE-BENJAMIN RUGGLES A SENATOR OF THE UNITED STATES-OTHER WORTHY CITIZENS-COUNTY SENT MANY REPRESENTATIVES TO LOWER HOUSE OF CONGRESS-WILLIAM WINDOM AND WILLIAM D. HOWELLS NATIVE SONS 355 CHAPTER XXXVIII A CHAPTER OF MISCELLANIES "GOOD CITIZENS" PETITIONED FOR PUBLIC LOTTERY TO RAISE FUNDS FOR AN ACADEMY-TERRIFIC HAIL STORM IN 1815-TORNADO SWEPT OVER ST. CLAIRSVILLE IN 1887-MANY QUAKERS SETTLED IN BELMONT COUNTY-MORE RURAL THAN URBAN INHABITANTS-TOBACCO RAISING IN 1840-OIL AND GAS, EARLY DEVELOPMENT-"JOHNNY APPLESEED"-INDIANS AND BEASTS LET HIM ALONE 361 xx - TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER XXXIX BELMONT COUNTY OF TODAY INDUSTRY AND AGRICULTURE GO HAND IN HAND—LEADS SOUTHEASTERN OHIO IN MANUFACTORIES, POPULATION AND TAX DUPLICATE—IMPROVED ROADS REACH REMARKABLE TOTAL—PUBLIC UTILITIES WORTH OVER $15,000,000— HEAVIEST COAL PRODUCER SINCE 1905—IMPORTANT POSITION ON NATIONAL ROAD—VALUE OF THE OHIO RIVER—CHURCHES MANY AND ACTIVE—PROGRESSIVE PUBLIC SCHOOLS—USEFUL INTERURBAN CONNECTIONS—COUNTY OFFICERS, 1927 371 MUSKINGUM COUNTY CHAPTER XL MUSKINGUM COUNTY MOUND BUILDERS FLINT RIDGE A WORKSHOP AND CENTRAL SOURCE OF SUPPLY—IT FURNISHED SPEAR AND ARROW HEADS FOR OHIO ABORIGINES—WAS THE END OF OLD TRAILS—ITS FLINT WAS QUARRIED BY USE OF STONE HAMMERS—STORY OF EXTENSIVE EXPLORATIONS 379 CHAPTER XLI INDIANS OF THE MUSKINGUM VALLEY DELAWARES, WYANDOTS AND SHAWNEES THE PRINCIPAL TRIBES HERE —SHAWNEES WERE ROUTED NEAR SITE OF DRESDEN BY McDONALD'S SOLDIERS—TREATY ATTEMPTED AT DUNCAN FALLS—INDIANS MASSACRE WHITES AT BIG BOTTOM 383 CHAPTER XLII JOHN McINTIRE AND SARAH ZANE DEFIED PARENTAL VETO AND BECAME MAN AND WIFE—GROOM THIRTY-FIVE, BRIDE IN HER TEENS—COLONEL ZANE TOOK TO THE WOODS WHEN KNOT WAS TIED—WIFE USED SLIPPER ON DAUGHTER'S BACK —BUT IN DUE TIME McINTIRE GOT ZANE LAND—HE AND WIFE CAME TO ZANESVILLE TO BUILD IT UP 387   TABLE OF CONTENTS - xxi   CHAPTER XLIII   MAILS FROM THREE ROUTES MET HERE   DANIEL CONVERS THE CARRIER BETWEEN ZANESVILLE AND MARIETTA— LETTERS ASSORTED AT FERRYMAN McCULLOCH'S CABIN—SECOND FERRY OPERATED AT UPPER FALLS—GREENE'S TAVERN SCENE OF FIRST FOURTH OF JULY CELEBRATION—PIONEER FAMILIES CAME FROM TWENTY MILES AWAY 391   CHAPTER XLIV   SITE OF PUTNAM PUT ON MARKET   DR. INCREASE MATHEWS OUTBID JOHN McINTIRE—THEY HAD RIDDEN TOGETHER FROM ZANESVILLE TO MARIETTA WITHOUT KNOWING EACH OTHER'S ERRAND—GENERAL PUTNAM AND LEVI WHIPPLE WERE MATHEWS' PARTNERS—TOWN LAID OUT AND FIRST CALLED SPRINGFIELD 397   CHAPTER XLV   STATE CREATES MUSKINGUM COUNTY   FIRST AREA SIXTY BY FIFTY-FIVE MILES—FIRST COURT HELD IN HARVEY'S LOG TAVERN—FIRST PROSECUTOR FAMOUS LEWIS CASS—LOG COURTHOUSE AND JAIL BUILT 1807-8—BURNED DOWN BY A FUGITIVE SLAVE—ZANESVILLE THE SEAT OF JUSTICE 401   CHAPTER XLVI   THE OLD FURNACE AT DILLON FALLS   MOSES DILLON DISCOVERS FALLS AND SIGNS OF IRON ORE—STARTS BUSY INDUSTRIAL CENTER—IRON AND GRIST MILLS AND STORES ALL PROSPER— SCHOOLS AND RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS FOLLOWDILLON BUILT DAM AT LICKING'S MOUTH 405   CHAPTER XLVII   CAPITAL OF THE STATE NINETEEN MONTHS   COUNTY BUILT STRUCTURE FOR LEGISLATURE AND STATE OFFICIALS WHERE COURTHOUSE IS—STATE OCCUPIED IT, THEN "MOVED" TO CHILLICOTHE AGAIN—COLUMBUS FINALLY FAVORED BECAUSE OF ITS CENTRAL LOCATION—WHIPPING POST AND OLD LAWS 409   xxii - TABLE OF CONTENTS   CHAPTER XLVIII   McINTIRE'S DEATH GREATLY DEPLORED   TOWN'S FOUNDER PASSED AWAY JULY 29, 1815, AGED FIFTY-SIX—ILLNESS BRIEF BUT DISTRESSING—LARGE CONCOURSE PAID TRIBUTE TO THE DEAD—ORDINARY BUSINESS SUSPENDED DURING FUNERAL —NEWSPAPER OF THE TIME DEPLORED LOSS 415   CHAPTER XLIX   SUNDAY SCHOOLS START IN YEAR 1816   READING AND SPELLING TAUGHT, AS WELL AS MORALS AND RELIGION —ST. JAMES' NUCLEUS FORMED, 1816; LUTHERAN AND ST. THOMAS', 1818; FIRST BAPTIST, 1821—NUMBERS SMALL IN EACH CASE, BUT ZEAL WAS NOT LACKING 419   CHAPTER L   GROUND BROKEN FOR OHIO CANAL   WORK BEGAN AT LICKING SUMMIT—ZANESVILLE ARTILLERY WON HONORS—EBENEZER BUCKINGHAM A LEADING FIGURE—CITY ON THE CANAL MAP AND DEEPLY INTERESTED—MUSKINGUM RIVER IMPROVEMENT 423   CHAPTER LI   CITY'S FIRST FREE SCHOOL IN 1836   McINTIRE ACADEMY GREAT BOON IN A PERIOD OF HARD TIMES—PAY SCHOOL ON MARKET STREET, FOURTEEN YEARS EARLIER—STOOD ON McINTIRE LAND AND MASONS HELPED TO BUILD IT 431   TABLE OF CONTENTS - xxiii   CHAPTER LII   ZANESVILLE AND CAMBRIDGE HAD A BIG CELEBRATION   GUERNSEY TOWN THE HOST WHEN C. & O.'S FIRST TRAIN ROLLED IN-LOCOMOTIVE PATASKALA BROUGHT FROM CLEVELAND TO ZANESVILLE BY WATER 435   CHAPTER LIII   QUICK RESPONSE TO PRESIDENT LINCOLN'S CALL FOR TROOPS   JOHN C. HAZLETT RECRUITED ONE OF OHIO'S FIRST CIVIL WAR COMPANIES-THREE OF ITS MEN FELL IN THE BATTLE OF VIENNA-GALLANT DAVID MERCER SANG "THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER" WITH HIS LAST BREATH-SAD NEWS EARLY FROM THE FRONT 439     CHAPTER LIV   SPECTACULAR WORK OF MORGAN RAIDERS AT EAGLEPORT   ALMOST BOTTLED UP AFTER CROSSING RIVER BUT THEY WRIGGLED OUT AND RODE AWAY-GALLOPED THROUGH MEIGS TOWNSHIP WITH 300 MEN-"BILLY" DUNLAP SURRENDERED HIS HORSE BUT HELD FAST TO HIS HAT 443   CHAPTER LV   ZANESVILLE WENT WILD WITH JOY WHEN LEE SURRENDERED   BUT BELLS WERE TOLLING FOR LINCOLN NOT LONG AFTER-GREAT THRONG ATTENDED MEMORIAL SERVICE-COUNTY'S PATRIOTISM PROVED-LOST 600 OF HER SONS 447   xxiv - TABLE OF CONTENTS   CHAPTER LVI   ZANESVILLE TOOK THE LEAD IN MAKING AMERICAN TILING   AMERICAN ENCAUSTIC COMPANY FOUND IT HARD AT FIRST TO GET INTO THE MARKET—BUT PRODUCT SOON MADE ITS WAY—NEW $100,000 PLANT OPENED 1892 453   CHAPTER LVII   LOCAL POTTERS STOOD AT THE WHEEL AS EARLY AS THE YEAR 1808   PLAIN DISHES AND STONEWARE THE EARLIEST PRODUCTS—MANY WERE THE COUNTRY POTTERS—IMMENSE SHIPMENTS SOUTH IN FLATBOATS—BY 1900 ZANESVILLE WAS BEGINNING TO BE CALLED THE WORLD'S ART POTTERY CENTER—PUTNAM HILL A CLAY "MONUMENT"—McKINLEY MEMORIAL A NOTABLE AFFAIR—ZANESVILLE HOST TO Y. M. I. CONVENTION 459   CHAPTER LVIII   PUTNAM SEMINARY AND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH HISTORY INTERWOVEN   THE TWO INSTITUTIONS BEGAN TO EXIST IN MIDDLE THIRTIES AND HAD COMMON SUPPORT—SEMINARY BUILDING NOW HOUSES HELEN PURCELL HOME—PUTNAM CHURCH HAS HAD BUT SEVEN PASTORS IN EIGHTY-NINE YEARS—BROTHER OF HENRY WARD BEECHER ITS FIRST MINISTER 463   CHAPTER LIX   SENATOR HANNA THOUGHT WELL OF ZANESVILLE AS A TROLLEY POINT   BACKED PROJECT TO BUILD LANCASTER-ZANESVILLE LINE—HIS DEATH CURTAILED PLANS AND MADE CROOKSVILLE THE SOUTHERN TERMINAL— COLUMBUS-ZANESVILLE INTERURBAN FINISHED 1904 471   TABLE OF CONTENTS - xxv   CHAPTER LX   LAUNCHED THE CITY'S FIRST CHAMBER OF COMMERCE IN 1905   R. H. EVANS ELECTED PRESIDENT—CORNERSTONE NEW MARKET STREET BAPTIST CHURCH LAID—AMERICAN ROLLING MILL COMPANY BUYS LOCAL SHEET STEEL PLANT—HOME-COMING NUMBER TWO AN ENJOYABLE EVENT 477   CHAPTER LXI   CHAMBER OF COMMERCE SECURED $50,000 FOR THE McINTIRE LIBRARY   ANDREW CARNEGIE DONATED THE MONEY—CONTRACT LET FOR NEW BUILDING IN 1906—ATHENEUM BUILT IN 1830—McINTIRE FUNDS BACK OF ITS MAINTENANCE—LAST HOME ON SOUTH FIFTH STREET —NAME CHANGED TO McINTIRE IN 1904 - 481   CHAPTER LXII   TENTH LEGION LED IN WORK OF BUILDING GRACE M. E. CHURCH   BOUGHT SITE AND PLEDGED FURNISHINGS BY SELF-SACRIFICE, SELF-DENIAL AND WORK—PLANS PROMOTED IN SPECIAL EDITION OF TIMES RECORDER—PARK MAKING BEGAN AT LAST IN 1907 485   CHAPTER LXIII   A DECADE OF CHURCH BUILDING IS REVIEWED   ZANESVILLE CONGREGATIONS PROSPEROUS AND BUSY—COUNTY LETS CONTRACT FOR AVONDALE HOME 491   xxvi - TABLE OF CONTENTS   CHAPTER LXIV   ZANESVILLE ROSE TO THE OCCASION DURING THE FLOOD OF 1913   SAVED HUNDREDS OF IMPERILED LIVES, FED THOUSANDS OF THE HUNGRY AND HOMELESS-GENEROUS AID RENDERED BY THOSE ON THE OUTSIDE-MUSKINGUM AND LICKING HIGHER THAN EVER BEFORE 493   CHAPTER LXV   COUNTY AND CITY ENTER SHADOW OF WAR IN SPRING OF 1917   WAR GARDENS BEING TILLED-COMPANIES A AND E SENT TO BELLAIRE -STATE OF WAR DECLARED-WOMEN BUSY, SEWING AND KNITTING -MUSKINGUM BOYS REGISTER FOR SERVICE-DRAFT BOARD AT WORK-FAREWELLS TO DEPARTING SOLDIERS 499   CHAPTER LXVI   RED CROSS SATURDAY A RED LETTER DAY IN ZANESVILLE'S HISTORY   FIVE THOUSAND WOMEN IN WHITE PARADE CITY STREETS-LATER A FAREWELL WAS SAID TO 258 SELECTS-FOREIGN BORN CITIZENS CELEBRATE FOURTH OF JULY 503   CHAPTER LXVII   CHAMBER OF COMMERCE TURNED NEW LEAF IN 1919   RAN ROSTER UP TO 1,163 AND RAISED DUES TO $25-NEW CONCORD VOTES $35,000 TO ACCOMPLISH MUNICIPAL OWNERSHIP-MUSKINGUM COLLEGE BREAKS GROUND FOR $150,000 BUILDING-PUTNAM METHODISTS BUY CHURCH SITE-ADAMSVILLE BAPTISTS CELEBRATE CENTENNIAL-LOCAL COMMUNITY MOVEMENTS GROW 507   TABLE OF CONTENTS - xxvii   CHAPTER LXVIII   MUSKINGUM COUNTY TO THE FRONT IN 1920 WITH $15,000,000 PAY ROLL   IRON, STEEL, POTTERY AND COAL THE BIG FOUR IN POINT OF PRODUCTION- CORNERSTONE OF ST. THOMAS PAROCHIAL SCHOOL LAID AUGUST 7, 1921-FIRST M. E. CHURCH BEGUN-EAGLES LAUNCH NEW CHRISTMAS IDEA 513   CHAPTER LXIX   PRESIDENT HARDING HONORED MUSKINGUM AND WAS HONORED BY IT MOTORING EASTWARD THROUGH NEW CONCORD, HE STOPPED TO RECEIVE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF LAWS-OVER 5,000 VISITORS SAW THE IMPRESSIVE CEREMONIES-TWO DOZEN PERSONS IN PRESIDENTIAL PARTY 517   CHAPTER LXX   MUSKINGUM COUNTY GETS GREAT UTILITY AND INDUSTRIAL PLANTS   HER RIVER, MINERALS, GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION, RAILROADS AND LABOR ATTRACT MILLIONS OF EASTERN CAPITAL-VAST CONSTRUCTION FOLLOWS AT PHILO, WHITE COTTAGE AND ZANESVILLE 521   CHAPTER LXXI   A PROSPEROUS COUNTY IN THE MIDDLE '20s   GREAT PROGRESS MADE IN ROAD BUILDING-CONSTRUCTION WORK REMAINED HEAVY-VILLAGES MADE PROGRESS-NEW HONORS FOR ZANESVILLE-LITERARY DIGEST'S TRIBUTE-A PLACE ON THE AIR MAP-COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT CONTINUED-TRAFFIC ON THE MUSKINGUM-GOVERNMENT WANTS WATER POWER USED-RURAL POPULATION SHRINKS-LOCAL MINERAL WEALTH- SIGNIFICANT STATISTICS-NEW CHURCHES AND SOME OLD ONES-LAST WORD ON LOCAL CONDITIONS-ANNEXATION IN 1927 525   xxviii - TABLE OF CONTENTS   CHAPTER LXXII   BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES   STATESMEN, GENERALS, BISHOPS, AND OTHERS WHO WERE BORN IN OR SPENT PART OF THEIR LIVES IN MUSKINGUM COUNTY 541   CHAPTER LXXIII   THE BANKS OF ZANESVILLE   ZANESVILLE'S FIRST BANK-MOVED TO ZANESVILLE-THE ZANESVILLE BANK-MUSKINGUM BRANCH-FIRST NATIONAL BANK-SECOND NATIONAL BANK-CITIZENS' AND OLD CITIZENS' NATIONAL BANKS -THE BANKS OF TODAY 551   CHAPTER LXXIV   ZANESVILLE A BUSY NEWSPAPER FIELD   TWO WEEKLIES AS EARLY AS 1810-MANY CHANGES IN OWNERSHIP-TIMES RECORDER, SIGNAL AND SUNDAY NEWS (NOW THE TIMES-SIGNAL) CONSOLIDATED IN 1919----IT SOLVED A PROBLEM LEFT BY THE WORLD WAR - 557   TABLE OF CONTENTS - xxix   ATHENS COUNTY   CHAPTER LXXV   "ARCHEOLOGICALLY UNIQUE" IS ATHENS COUNTY   ITS PLAINS "APPEALED STRONGLY TO THE ABORIGINAL LIKING"-SIXTYTHREE ANCIENT MOUNDS AND TWELVE ENCLOSURES RECORDED-TWO INDIAN VILLAGES ON THE HOCKING AND A MUCH USED TRAIL CROSSED THE COUNTY-CROGHAN CALLED THE HOCKING "BOTTLE RIVER"-DUNMORE BUILT FORT GOWER AT ITS MOUTH AND MARCHED UP ITS VALLEY AND BACK-HIS OFFICERS EXPRESSED THEIR AMERICANISM AS THE REVOLUTION'S SHADOW GATHERED-EVENT PRESERVED IN GRANITE 571   CHAPTER LXXVI   OHIO COMPANY'S LANDS CONSTITUTED THE COUNTY   COMPANY'S SURVEYORS MEASURED THE HOCKING COUNTRY IN 1795- RUFUS PUTNAM SURVEYED ATHENS AND ALEXANDER TOWNSHIPS AND RECOMMENDED THEM TO MARIETTA PIONEERS-IDEAL SETTLERS LOCATED IN THE HOCKING VALLEY-COUNTY ORGANIZED MARCH 1, 1805-STORY OF EARLY ELECTIONS, FIRST PUBLIC BUILDINGS 577   CHAPTER LXXVII   ATHENS AND COLLEGE WERE "MUTUALLY PARENT AND CHILD"   NATURE HAD FAVORED THE TOWN SITE AND MAN'S OFFER TO IMPART KNOWLEDGE WAS AN ADDED ATTRACTION-PUTNAM AND CUTLER ITS FAITHFUL FRIENDS-FIRST BUILDING A SMALL TWO-STORY BRICK WING, BROUGH AND COX EARLY GRADUATES-"COONSKIN LIBRARY" ESTABLISHED IN AMES TOWNSHIP 585   xxx - TABLE OF CONTENTS   CHAPTER LXXVIII   COUNTY SENT 2,610 SOLDIERS TO THE FRONT   THIS WAS DURING THE CIVIL WAR, AFTER RESPONDING PROMPTLY TO LINCOLN'S FIRST CALL-STIRRING RECRUITING SCENES IN ATHENS CITY- VOLUNTEERS POURED INTO CAMP JEWETT. FROM SOUTHEASTERN OHIO-MORGAN RAIDERS SWOOPED DOWN ON NELSONVILLE-- FULL COMPANY SERVED IN WAR WITH SPAIN AND 2,000 IN WORLD WAR 593   CHAPTER LXXIX   DANIEL NELSON WAS NELSONVILLE'S FOUNDER AND FRIEND   THE SPOT'S NATURAL BEAUTY A MAGNET ERE ITS COAL WEALTH WAS KNOWN-IT WAS A WIDEAWAKE SETTLEMENT AND PROGRESS FOLLOWED-BUILT THE HOCKING'S FIRST BRIDGE IN THE MIDDLE TWENTIES-VILLAGE LIBRARY OF FORTY-SEVEN VOLUMES IN 1828- THE TOWN'S EARLIEST CHURCHES - 603   CHAPTER LXXX   A COLLECTION OF MISCELLANEOUS FEATURES   A METHODIST MISSIONARY PREACHED IN ATHENS IN 1800-FIRST PRESBYTERIAN SOCIETY FOUNDED 1809 - TOWNSHIP AND VILLAGE CHURCHES FOLLOWED SUIT-STORY OF OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT -CHARLES H. GROSVENOR MOST FAMOUS OF FIVE CONGRESSMEN FROM ATHENS-HE SERVED IN TEN CONGRESSES-WHEN THE RAILROADS CAME-THE HOCKING CANAL. 607   CHAPTER LXXXI   ATHENS IN FRONT RANK AS A COAL PRODUCER   SECOND AMONG OHIO'S COAL COUNTIES IN 1885 AND NEVER LOWER THAN FOURTH SINCE-DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT AN INTERESTING CHAPTER OF HISTORY-COAL DUG FROM HOCKING'S BED HAULED TO COL.UMBUS BY A SIX-HORSE TEAM-JAMES KNIGHT PROPHESIED GREAT VALUE FOR ATHENS HILLS AS EARLY AS 1834-HOCKING CANAL GAVE GREAT IMPETUS TO MINING. 615   TABLE OF CONTENTS - xxxi   CHAPTER LXXXII   SURVEY OF ATHENS COUNTY'S VARIED CHARACTERISTICS     ITS 2,787 INHABITANTS OF 1810 GREW TO MORE THAN 50,000 BY 1920-PUBLIC UTILITIES VALUED AT OVER TWELVE MILLIONS IN 1926 AND GRAND TAX DUPLICATE MORE THAN $51,000,000-ONE ROOM SCHOOLS REDUCED FIFTY PER CENT-NEARLY A MILLION DOLLARS SPENT ON PUBLIC SCHOOLS-ATHENS CITY AS IT IS TODAY. 619   ILLUSTRATIONS   Page First Locomotive Run Out of Newark 87 Ohio River Beauty Spot in Monroe County 93 Famous Ohio River Bend at Pomeroy 99 "Long Reach," A Rare Muskingum View 105 Black Hand Blasted Away 113 Muskingum River at Zanesville 121 Oldest Building in Ohio, Marietta 157 Famous Campus Martius 157 Mound in Mound Cemetery, Marietta 193 Gen. Rufus Putnam's House, Marietta 237 Marietta Public Library 264 Map of Marietta, 1788-1926 275 Largest Elm Tree in the United States 279 Old Belmont County Courthouse, St. Clairsville 305 Old Tavern at St. Clairsville 313 National Road Inn, Morristown, Belmont County 313 Steel Bridge Across the Ohio River 323 One Corner of Bellaire's Beautiful City Park 323 Main Street, St. Clairsville, After Cyclone, 1887 363 Courthouse at Zanesville, Built in 1809 411 The Old Zane Hotel, Zanesville 425 Main Street at Fourth, Zanesville (1875) 455 Old Institution of Learning, Zanesville (Helen Purcell Home for Aged Women) 465 Grant Park, Zanesville, Pavilion and Horse Car Shown 473 Old Courthouse Fountain, Zanesville 487 Zanesville and Bridges From Putnam Hill 495 New Aerial View of Zanesville 529 Leggett, Gen. M. D. 545 Zanesville Publishing Company's New Home 559   - xxxii -   GENERAL HISTORY   CHAPTER I   FRENCH AND ENGLISH STRUGGLE FOR THE OHIO COUNTRY   CELORON'S EXPEDITION DESCENDS THE OHIO IN 1749-HE PARLEYS MANY TIMES WITH THE INDIANS-FINDS THEY FAVOR ENGLISH TRADERS-DEPOSITS LEADEN PLATES TO ASSERT FRANCE'S CLAIM-RETURNS TO NEW FRANCE BY WAY OF THE MIAMI AND LAKE ERIE-CHRISTOPHER GIST COURTS THE INDIANS AT THE FORKS OF THE MUSKINGUM.   Capt. Pierre Joseph Celoron, Knight of the Royal and Military Order of St. Louis, was sent down the "Beautiful River" by the order of Roland Michael Barrin, Marquis de la Galissoniere, governor general of Canada from 1747 to 1749. The object of the Celoron expedition was to redeclare the French claims to the Ohio country, to signify that France was possessing it, to exert pressure that would drive English traders out of it, to cause its Indians to deal with French traders only and to ascertain the attitude of the red men toward the French and their claims.   Celoron's force consisted of a captain and eight subaltern officers, six cadets, a chaplain, twenty soldiers, 180 Canadians and about thirty Indians. After leaving La Chine this force proceeded to "Chatakuin," the stream which enters Lake Erie opposite Lake Chautauqua, which he reached July 16, 1749. Celoron's first objective was the Alleghany River, then regarded as part of the Ohio and his force passed down to the Ohio of today, which was reached July 29. Here he began to deposit those historic leaden plates which were meant to record France's claim to the territory in dispute.   - 33 -   34 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO   FIRST LEADEN CLAIM DEPOSITED   The record of this transaction reads as follows :   "In the year 1749, in the reign of Louis the XV, King of France, we, Celoron, commander of the detachment sent by M. the Marquis de la Galissoniere, governor-general of New France, to reestablish peace in some villages of these Cantons, have buried this plate at the confluence of the Ohio and the Kanaaiagon, the 29th of July, for a monument of the renewal of possession which we have taken of the said river Ohio, and of all those which fall into it, and of all the territories on both sides as far as the source of the said rivers, as the preceding Kings of France have possessed or shall possess them, and as they are maintained therein by arms and by treaties, and especially by those of Riswick, Utrecht and of Aix la Chappelle ; have moreover affixed to a tree the arms of the King ; in testimony whereof, we have drawn up and signed the present written record. Made at the entrance of the Beautiful River, the 29th of July, 1749. All the officers signed."   The second plate was deposited about nine miles below French Creek.   AT THE SITE OF WHEELING   After passing what is now the boundary between Pennsylvania and Ohio, the expedition halted at the mouth of the "River Kanonuara" (probably Wheeling Creek) to deposit the third leaden plate.   The record of this transaction reads as follows :   "The year 1749, we, Celoron, Knight of the Royal Military Order of St. Louis, and Captain commanding a detachment sent by the orders of Monsieur the Marquis de la Galissoniere, Governor-General of Canada, upon the Beautiful River, accompanied by the principal officers of our detachment, had buried at the foot of a large elm tree at the entrance of the river and upon the southern bank of the Kanonuara, which empties itself at the east of the river Oyo, a leaden plate and have attached to a tree in the same spot, the arms of the King. In testimony whereof we have drawn up and signed, along with Messrs. the officers, the present official statement, at our camp, the 13th of August, 1749."   SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 35   REACH MOUTH OF THE MUSKINGUM   The voyage continued to the mouth of the River Yenanguekouan (Muskingum). Here, on the 15th was deposited the fourth leaden plate with the usual ceremonies. Celoron's official statement reads:   "The 15th of August, 1749, we, Celoron, Knight of the Royal and Military Order of St. Louis, Captain commanding a detachment sent by the orders of Monsieur the Marquis de la Galissoniere, Governor-General of Canada, upon the Beautiful River, otherwise called the River Oyo, accompanied by the principal officers of our detachment, have buried at the foot of a maple tree, which forms a triangle with a red oak and an elm tree, at the entrance of the river Yenanguekouan, at the western bank of that river, a leaden plate, and have attached to a tree on the same spot, the arms of the King. In testimony whereof we have drawn up and signed the present official statement, along with Messrs. the officers at our camp, the 15th of August, 1749."   This plate was brought to light in 1798 by boys who were swimming at that place.   LEAVE PLATE AT THE KANAWHA   The mouth of the Chinodaista (Kanawha) was reached. Here the fifth plate was left, of which Celoron says :   "The year 1749, we, Celoron, Knight of the Royal and Military Order of St. Louis, Captain commanding a detachment sent by the order of Monsieur the Marquis de la Galissoniere, Governor-General of Canada ; upon the Beautiful River, otherwise called L'oyo, accompanied by the principal officers of our detachment, have buried at the foot of an elm tree, upon the southern bank of the L'oyo, and the eastern bank of Chinodaista a leaden plate, and have attached to a tree in the same spot the arms of the King. In testimony whereof, we have drawn up the present official statement, and which we have signed along with Messrs. the officers at our camp, the 18th of August, 1749."   ARRIVE AT ROCK RIVER   The sixth leaden plate was deposited at the entrance of the Rock River, the 31st day of August, 1749. Celoron says of the event:   36 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO   "The year 1749, we Celoron, Knight of the Royal and Military Order of St. Louis, Captain commanding a detachment sent by the orders of M. the Marquis de la Galissoniere, Governor-General of Canada, upon the Beautiful River; otherwise called the Ohio, accompanied by the principal officers of our detachment, have buried at the point formed by the right bank of the Ohio and the left bank of the Rock River, a leaden plate, and have attached to a tree the arms of the King. In testimony whereof, we have drawn up and signed with Messrs. the officers the present official statement." At the Miami's mouth the expedition turned north, reached Detroit early in October and Quebec November 12, having covered 3,000 miles.   CELORON ADMITS FAILURE   Celoron concluded his report in terms of which the following is a part :   "All that I can say is, that the nations of these localities are very badly disposed towards the French, and are entirely devoted to the English. I do not know in what way they could be brought back. If violence were to be used, they would be notified and would take to flight. If our traders were sent there for traffic, they could not sell their merchandise at the same price as the English sell theirs, on account of the many expenses they would be obliged to incur. Moreover, I think it would be dangerous to make any easier conditions with the nations who inhabit the Beautiful River, than those made at the other posts. Detroit, Miamis and the rest would abandon our ancient posts and perpetuate the nations on the Beautiful River, who are within the grasp of the English government. However, some persons have been sent these last years; but there were fewer English then, and they had not so much credit as they have today; and if the French traders will tell the truth, they will agree that their profits will prove just as trade made with the English by the exchange of furs. The racoons, the otters, and pecos command a very low price in England, while with us they are very high ; and, besides, only these furs are known to come from that quarter, but never beavers; this last is given in exchange to the English. A solid establishment would be useful in the colony, but there are a great many inconveniences in being able to sustain it, on the score of the   SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 37   difficulties of the ways for transporting provisions and the other suitable requisites. I am in doubt as to the feasibility of the undertaking without incurring enormous expense."   BONNECAMPS A PESSIMIST TOO   Celoron's chaplain also took a gloomy view of France's power to detach the Indians from their British friends as the following words from his journal prove :   "This Beautiful River—so little known to the French, and unfortunately, too well known to the English—is, according to my estimate 181 marine leagues from the mouth of the Yjadakom (or Tjadakoin) to the entrance of Riviere a la Roche. In all this distance, we have counted twelve villages established on its banks; but if one penetrate into the small continent enclosed between lake Erie and the Ohio, one will find it, according to what has been told us, much more populous. We have been specially told of a certain village situated on the river Kaskaske, in which we are assured there are nearly eight hundred men. Each village, whether large or small, has one or more traders, who have in their employ engages for the transportation of Peltries. Behold, then, the English already far within our territory; and what is worse, they are under the protection of a crowd of savages whom they entice to themselves, and whose number increases every day. Their design is, without doubt to establish themselves there, and if efficacious measures be not taken as soon as possible to arrest their progress we run very great risk of seeing ourselves driven from the upper countries, and of being obliged to confine ourselves to the limits which it may please those gentlemen to prescribe to us."   CHRISTOPHER GIST IN OHIO   There was a striking contrast between this mission of formidable strength and that undertaken a year later when Christopher Gist, with a few attendants, penetrated the Ohio wilderness and proceeding through it from the Pennsylvania border made his way to the Forks of the Muskingum, (Coshocton) and sought the good will of the savages as a representative of the Ohio Company of Virginia. A more extended account of this remarkable journey will appear on later pages in the Coshocton County history.   CHAPTER II   DELAWARES IN THE OHIO AND MUSKINGUM VALLEYS   CAME FROM THE EASTERN SEABOARD ABOUT 1750—FIERCELY RESENTED THE WHITE MAN'S PRESENCE—FRENCH-ENGLISH PEACE LEFT TRIBES IN ILL HUMOR—PONTIAC'S WAR HELD BACK THE PIONEER—BOUQUET'S ARMY MARCHED TO FORKS OF THE MUSKINGUM AND RECLAIMED WHITE CAPTIVES– DUNMORE'S WAR BEGINS--McDONALD DEFEATS INDIANS AT DRESDEN AND LEWIS WINS AT POINT PLEASANT—EARLY FORECAST OF INDEPENDENCE AT FORT GOWER—ATTACK ON FORT HENRY IN 1777—SQUATTERS WARNED TO QUIT.   The chief Indian occupants of Eastern and Southeastern Ohio at the middle of the 18th century were Delawares who had left their hunting grounds on the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers, crossed the mountains and settled in the Ohio and Muskingum valleys. During the war between France and England these and other Ohio tribes could not be depended upon by either side. The Indians of course distrusted and feared both suitors for their favor. They knew that no matter which side won, the pressure upon the red man would continue. They looked upon the Ohio River as a boundary east of which the whites must be compelled to remain.   The desire and purpose of these children of the forest to hold fast to the lands south of Lake Erie and north and west of the Ohio was as deep as it was fierce. Here were wide, open, friendly valleys; streams which the savage loved to abide upon and which teemed with food easy to secure; soil which with scant cultivation yielded ample vegetable supplies; game whose flesh furnished the heavier foods and whose skins gave warmth; a climate which minimized the struggle for existence.   STRONGLY ATTRACTED THE WHITE MAN TOO   To the pioneer these bounties of nature appealed with corresponding force but in his mind was the knowledge that this rich Ohio country would remain a mere hunting ground as long as   - 39 -   40 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO   the red men kept it in their grasp. The pioneer proposed to clear forests, build cabins, plant crops and establish settlements, courts, churches, schools, colleges and governments. He knew that the savages could not and would not advance civilization. We cannot blame him for regarding it as according to the fitness of things that the Indian should continue to move toward the setting sun, but we must always think with shame of the murders he committed at Gnadenhutten and elsewhere to accelerate the movement.   TITLE QUIETED BUT NOT THE INDIAN   The struggle between England and France reached a climax with the defeat of Braddock in 1756. England's declaration of war intensified the contest, which lasted until peace was declared in 1763, the treaty giving her dominion over all the disputed territory east of the Mississippi River.   This quieted the title to those lands as between England and France but it did not quiet the Indians. The Ohio tribes still clung tenaciously to the claim that the eastern boundary of their lands was and must forever remain the Ohio River. Pontiac, that able and resourceful chieftain, came to the front as the leader of savage discontent and his terrible war of 1763 was so great a blow to pioneer effort that but for Bouquet's extraordinary success at the Forks of the Muskingum in 1764 white progress north and west of the Ohio would have halted for an indefinite period. The detailed story of this soldier's splendid achievement is reserved for the pages of the Coshocton County history.   BRITAIN FORBIDS SETTLEMENT   After the close of the French-English war Great Britain forbade her subjects to settle or trade in the Ohio Valley and the Northwest Territory and sought by the Stanwix treaty to confirm Indian claims thereto. Had her American subjects obeyed orders the frontiers would have been the scenes of less bloodshed, but settlements in the Northwest Territory and Statehood for Ohio would have been delayed.   On April 1, 1774, Shawnee Indians captured in Mason County, Virginia, three whites and soon after this a group of surveyors in   SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 41   an attack upon Shawnees at the mouth of the Scioto killed some of them and seized thirty-nine horse-loads of skins. Cresap's war began near Wheeling in the same month and on April 30, Logan's brother and sister were killed by the whites, a murder which started the outraged chieftain upon his career of revenge. Thrown into panic, settlers began to retreat from the frontiers.   DUNMORE PREPARES FOR WAR   Earl Dunmore, governor of Virginia, was moved by the hostile attitude of the Ohio tribes to take action against them and in July, 1774, McDonald with 400 troops marched westward from the mouth of Captina Creek to the site of Dresden, on the Muskingum, where he defeated the Shawnees, burned their villages and corn, took hostages and returned to the Ohio. The routed Shawnees left for the Scioto country. The story of this action and its good results will be found in the Muskingum County section of this history. This campaign of the summer of 1774 reduced the Indian population on the upper Muskingum.   It was part of Dunmore's plan to organize two other armies, one to descend the Ohio from Wheeling under his own command ; the other to assemble at Point Pleasant, at the mouth of the Great Kanawha; and the two to unite and march against the Indians at the Pickaway Plains. The red men, under Cornstalk, the warlike and sagacious chief, did their best to bring these plans to naught.   THE BATTLE OF POINT PLEASANT   The measures taken by Cornstalk were able and thoroughgoing. He proceeded to build up a disciplined force of 1,200 warriors but had his finger upon the pulse of the Dunmore campaign all the time. His scouts watched and reported its every movement and when it was found that General Andrew Lewis and his army were at Point Pleasant while Dunmore's force was far enough away on the Ohio to permit him to strike at Point Pleasant before the two armies could unite he executed a stealthy approach to the Lewis position with consummate skill.   With his warriors he crossed the Ohio on rafts in the night of October 9, 1774, and landed on the Virginia shore near his foe's camp. What might have happened to the whites if two of their   42 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO   soldiers had not started to leave camp on the next morning at dawn is a question that is often asked. One of these men fell when, coming upon a pair of Cornstalk's warriors, he received a shot from their guns; the other soldier ran and gave the alarm.   ATTACK IN THE REAR SAVES THE DAY   The camp was quickly awake but General Lewis, unaware that a force equal to his own was at hand, sent 150 men to dispose of what he judged to be a scouting party. He soon found that the Indians were in great strength and disposed his men accordingly. Thus began one of the most stubbornly contested battles that soldiers ever fought with the American Indian. All day it lasted with scarcely a pause.   Cornstalk left nothing undone to win the victory. "Be strong, be strong," he cried out constantly in the Shawnee tongue to the warriors around him. They had been forced to retreat in the afternoon but the position taken was being successfully defended.   General Lewis in good time ordered a flanking movement which had within it the elements of success. The detachment which executed it went around the enemy's flank and reaching the rear of his position opened fire. This body was believed by the Indians to indicate a reinforcement and they began a retreat. Recrossing the river Cornstalk's defeated warriors took up the march toward their towns. Lewis' army pursued but could not bring about an engagement.   FIRST DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE   The movements of Dunmore's army and the treaty made with the Indians are referred to in the Athens County section of this history. Dunmore marched from the mouth of the Hocking to the plains and back and on the return his officers made that forecast of American independence which historians have placed to their everlasting credit. The shadow of revolt was upon the army.   Revolution was near at hand and when it came the patriots soon found evidence of an alliance between the English of the lake region and the Ohio Indians which multiplied frontier dangers. Henry Hamilton, lieutenant governor of Canada, encouraged the   SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 43   tribes to let themselves loose upon the white settlements and it was the cruelty of this policy which prompted the great Pitt to deliver in parliament that denunciation of the English government which was to add to his fame. We refer briefly to some of the hostilities which followed. One of these was the   ATTACK ON FORT HENRY   This was opened September 1, 1777, by 200 Indians. The garrison was limited, but a part of it bravely marched out to make a counter attack. An ambush followed in consequence of which most of the whites fell. The garrison stoutly held the fort and next day Major Samuel McCullough came to its relief with 40 men. The savages cut him off from his command and he spurred his horse along a ridge which led to Van Meter's stockade, a few miles distant.   Here a band of pursuers blocked his way, but with matchless daring and skill he rode down a bluff 300 feet high and reached the stockade, his steed as well as himself unharmed. The Indians, taking the death of both for granted, had given up the pursuit. The entire force of savages later abandoned their attack on the fort. They had taken a toll of fifteen American lives and had wounded five members of the garrison.   Later in this month of September, however, Half-King and a band of Wyandots returned to the fort, ambuscading and killing Captain William Foreman and twenty-five men on their way to reinforce the fort.   NINETEEN SOLDIERS KILLED AT FORT LAURENS   Here, on the site of Bolivar, Tuscarawas County, in February, 1779, Girty, the renegade, ten British soldiers and 120 Indians ambushed nineteen American soldiers, killed and scalped them and laid siege to the fort. The latter was heroically held for a month when the siege was raised. Successive garrisons held the place until August when it was evacuated. The fort has disappeared but the state owns the site and maintains a small park there. The crime of Gnadenhutten, a white man's crime on a colossal scale and of revolting cruelty, is described in the Coshocton County section of this history.   44 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO   FOUGHT INDIANS AT FORT HENRY   The last battle of the Revolution took place opposite Southeastern Ohio territory and on the banks of the Ohio. Colonel Ebenezer Zane, promoter of Zane's Trace, was in command and his sister, Elizabeth Zane, was the heroine of the engagement. A British captain, forty regular soldiers and 260 Indians attacked the fort September 11, 12 and 13, 1782, and made four attempts to carry it by storm, all of which were repulsed. It was here that Elizabeth Zane braved Indian missiles as she dashed out after powder housed 60 yards away and ran back with it to the fort. The heroic deed has been glorified in story and song. The following tribute is worthy of it.   ELIZABETH ZANE   This dauntless pioneer maiden's name, Is inscribed in gold on the scroll of fame. She was the lassie who knew no fear, When the tomahawk gleamed on the far frontier. If deeds of daring should win renown, Let us honor this damsel of Wheeling town, Who braved the savages with deep disdain, Bright-eyed, buxom Elizabeth Zane.   'Tis more than a hundred years ago They were close beset by a dusky foe ; They had spent of powder their scanty store, And who should the gauntlet run for more? She sprang to the portal and shouted "I, 'Tis better a girl than a man should die! My loss would be but the garrison's gain, Unbar the gate," said Elizabeth Zane.   The powder was sixty yards away, Around her the foemen in ambush lay ; As she darted from shelter, they gazed with awe, Then wildly shouted "A squaw ! a squaw !" She neither swerved to the left or right. Swift as an antelope's was her flight, "Quick ! open the door !" she cried amain, For a hope forlorn ! "'Tis Elizabeth Zane."   SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 45   No time had she to waver or wait Back must she go ere it be too late ; She snatched from the table its cloth in haste And knotted it deftly around her waist, Then filled it with powder—never, I ween, Had powder so lovely a magazine ; Then scorning the bullets' deadly rain, Like a startled fawn fled Elizabeth Zane.   She gained the fort with her precious freight ; Strong hands unfastened the oaken gate ; Brave men's eyes were suffused with tears That had been strangers for many years. From flint-lock rifles again there sped 'Gainst the skulking redskins, a storm of lead, And the war-whoop sounded that day in vain, Thanks to the deed of Elizabeth Zane.   —John S. Adams in St. Nicholas.   In due time Elizabeth Zane was married. She lived on the Ohio River two miles above Wheeling. Her death occurred at St. Clairsville, Ohio, in 1847.   WARNING SQUATTERS TO LEAVE   Having won the war with England and come into possession of the Ohio country through the treaty with that country and the action of the states of Virginia, Connecticut and New York, Congress took steps to eject Ohio Valley squatters by a measure of which the following is a copy:   "Whereas, it has been represented to the United States, in Congress assembled, that several disorderly persons have crossed the Ohio and settled upon their unappropriated lands; and whereas it is their intention, as soon as it shall be surveyed, to open offices for the sale of a considerable part thereof, in such proportions and under such other regulations as may suit the convenience of all the citizens of the United States, and others who may wish to become purchasers of the same and as such conduct tends to defeat the object they have in view, is in direct opposition to the ordinances and resolutions of Congress, and highly disrespectful to the Federal authority, they have therefore, thought fit, and do hereby issue this their proclamation, forbidding all such unwarrantable intrusions, and enjoining all those who have set-   46 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO   tied thereon to depart with their families and effects without loss of time, as they shall answer the same at their peril."   BUTLER DESCENDS THE OHIO   General Richard Butler, when he descended the Ohio in the fall of 1785 on his way to attend the treaty with the Indians at the mouth of the Little Miami, kept a journal which reveals the then condition of the country and relates incidents of his contact with some of the squatters of the time. This is a sample entry :   "Friday, October 1, 1785. Passed Yellow Creek, and found improvement on both sides of the river. Put in at one Jesse Penniman's on the north side five miles below Yellow Creek. Warned him off; called on one Pry who I warned off also ; this appears to be a shrewd, sensible man. I told him as well as the others, that Congress was determined to put all of the people off of the lands, and that none would be allowed to settle but the purchasers, and that these only would be protected ; that troops would be down next week, who have orders to destroy every house and improvement on the north side of the river, and that garrisons will be placed at Muskingum and elsewhere, and that if any person or persons attempted to oppose government they may depend on being treated with the greatest rigor. He seems not well pleased, though he promised submission. * * * * Passed on to the Mingoe towns, where we found a number of people, among whom one Ross, seemed to be the principal man of the settlers on the north side of that place. I conversed with him, and warned him and the others away. * * *   TORN DOWN HOUSES REBUILT   "Sunday, October 2nd. * * * Called at the settlement of Charles Morris, whose house has been pulled down and he has rebuilt it. At this place found one Walter Kean, who seemed but a middling character and rather of the dissentious cast; warned all of these off, and requested they would inform their neighbors, which they promised to do. Colonel Monroe spoke to them also, which had weight, as I informed them of his character. Called at the settlement of Captain Hoglan, who we also warned off ; his house had also been thrown down and rebuilt. We informed him of the impropriety of his conduct which he acknowl-   SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 47   edged, and seemed very submissive, and promised to remove and to warn his neighbors off also. * * *   "Tuesday, October 4th. I directed one corporal and three soldiers to stay at Zane's till Captain O'Hara would send a good boat from Fort McIntosh. * * * I wrote to Colonel Harmar for three other men to join these as an escort to the Miami, and to give Major Dougherty (Doughty) orders to pull down every house on his way to Muskingum that is on the north side of the Ohio. * * *   "Wednesday, October 5th. Met some of the inhabitants from Fishing Creek, one of whom had made a settlement on the north side of the Ohio, warned him off and gave him two of the proclamations of Congress."   CHAPTER III   BIRTH OF THE OHIO COMPANY   FAMOUS ORDINANCE OF 1787 PAVES THE COMPANY'S WAY-WASHINGTON'S VISIT TO THE OHIO IN 1770 HAD LAID FOUNDATIONS FOR HIS AID-HIS FRIEND PUTNAM AND ASSOCIATES ASKED FOR LAND ON THE OHIO'S WESTERN SHORE BUT HAD TO BUY IT-THEY TOOK FIRST STEPS AT BOSTON'S "BUNCH OF GRAPES"-COMPANY ORGANIZED AND   SUBSCRIBED FOR 250 SHARES.   The pioneers who had expected a cessation of hostilities on the part of the Indian with the end of the Revolution were not long in realizing their error as will be shown on later pages. Meanwhile the beginnings of a memorable movement, the planting of a colony at the mouth of the Muskingum, was under way and we turn now for a season from wars, ambuscades and slaughter to the victories of peace, dwelling upon one of the brightest chapters of American history, a chapter recording the high pioneering aims of a group of Revolutionary officers and the answering wisdom of an American Congress. Issuing from these came the Ordinance of 1787 and in connection with that beneficent instrument arose organization of the Northwest Territory and Ohio Statehood. The twelve counties whose history is retold in these pages were carved out of the territory and the state.   THE ORDINANCE OF 1787   The inhabitants of these counties will always take especial interest in the Ordinance of 1787 because of its influence upon the civilization which they enjoy, while the friends of free institutions everywhere will have reason to study and admire its provisions.   Another source of pride to these inhabitants is the favor with which George Washington looked upon the Ohio Valley as purchaser of 50,000 of its acres and as steadfast friend of the Ohio   - 49 -   4-Vol. 1