Blaknee, Faun. Boue, Ernest. Bricker, Joseph E. Brown, James F. Cappelletti, Amedo. Carey, Leo J. Day, Clarence E. De Paul, John. Domiana, Sabitini. Englehart, Robert H. Fabry, Harry E. Genevriere, Louis. Genevriere, Adrian. Haught, Harry. Hudson, Clarence E. Janzito, Anthony. Johnson, John. Joyce, Albert H. Justice, Donald R.

Kindelberger, Herman. Knight, John J. Leofsky, Leo. Linden, Bernard. Miller, Fred C. Minnehan, William. Null, George E. Oliver, Clyde. Oliver, John T. Pelkey, John Leo. Rockershousen, Grover C. Schramm, Frederick L. Smith, Eliza Paul. Smith, James M. Snider, Charles W. Stotsberry, Lewis. Weekley, William. Whitcomb, Elmer M. Yeager, James E.

CHAPTER XXXVII HOME OF MANY NOTED MEN BENJAMIN LUNDY LABORED FOR THE FREEDOM OF THE SLAVE IN ST. CLAIRSVILLE-BENJAMIN RUGGLES A SENATOR OF THE UNITED STATES-OTHER WORTHY CITIZENS-COUNTY SENT MANY REPRESENTATIVES TO LOWER HOUSE OF CONGRESS-WILLIAM WINDOM AND WILLIAM D. HOWELLS NATIVE SONS. BENJAMIN LUNDY, SLAVERY'S FOE Born in Hardwick, New Jersey, January 9, 1789, this remarkable man was illy equipped physically for the warfare he entered upon as an abolitionist. Of delicate physique and short stature he might under ordinary circumstances have appeared negligible but the unconquerable inner man threw his physical defects into the shade while the strength of his cause impressed open minded men to an extraordinary degree. In 1818 he settled in Wheeling and learned the saddler's trade. There he became the friend of fugitive slaves, helping many of them on their way to freedom. The plight of these blacks entered his soul and he resolved to do battle with the institution responsible for it. From Wheeling Lundy removed to St. Clairsville and there became assistant editor of the Philanthropist. He decided to sell his harness business and buy the paper but it was sold to another ere he was ready to purchase. At length he began publication in St. Clairsville of his own newspaper, The Genius of Emancipation. The next scene of his editorial activities was in Jonesboro, Tennessee. He went to Philadelphia in 1824 to attend an anti-slavery convention and located his newspaper in Baltimore. In 1828 he made a lecturing tour of New England and this resulted in the formation of many anti-slavery societies there. His experience with a slave-driver who on the street beat him almost fatally did not keep him from pursuing the task he had undertaken. In 1831 Lundy transferred his newspaper to Washington, - 355 - 356 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO D. C., and continued to "carry on" as the unrelenting foe of human bondage. In 1836 he again transferred the publication to Philadelphia, changing its name from the National Enquirer to the Pennsylvania Freeman. A year later a mob burned his plant to the ground and he went west, settling in Lowell, Illinois, where, after starting his old paper over again, he died, August 22, 1839. In a recent tribute to the memory of Benjamin Lundy, W. S. Norris, editor of the Belmont Chronicle, stated that when the fiery abolitionist launched his "Union Humane Society" in his St. Clairsville home but six citizens of the village were present. "Six months later," added the Chronicle, "the house was too small to hold the meeting, for the members had grown to over 400." To this also was added that when in 1820 Lundy was getting cut his antislavery newspaper he took his copy to Steubenville where the printing was done. The printed sheet which he would then return to St. Clairsville with, had but six subscribers in the county. The Chronicle joined in the widespread opinion that Lundy's appeal for abolition, made when he was but twenty-six years of age, completely covered the whole anti-slavery contention. Of incalculable value was Benjamin Lundy's heroic campaign against the institution which Abraham Lincoln's emancipation proclamation at length abolished. Gallagher, the Ohio poet, must have been thinking of such a man as Benjamin Lundy when he wrote : Be thou like the first Apostles— Be thou like heroic Paul : If a free thought seek expression Speak it boldly—speak it all. Face thine enemies—accusers; Scorn the prison, rack or rod ; And if thou hast truth to utter Speak and leave the rest to God. BELMONT COUNTY WORTHIES OF EARLY DAYS Among the earliest of these was Benjamin Ruggles, who located at St. Clairsville about 1812 and became Ohio's United States senator in 1815, serving until 1833. He was an able man and stood high at home and in Washington. He and Martin Van Buren were close personal friends. He died at St. Clairsville September 2, 1857. Reviewing Benjamin Ruggles' career and commenting upon the activities of some of his successors in its strong centennial edition of 1925, the Bellaire Leader observed : SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 357 "Names of nation-wide prominence are listed among the early members of the bar in Belmont County and the story of these pioneers in the legal profession is truly one of achievement—too long to relate in detail but of such importance that it cannot be passed by without mention. "Behind the legislation which appropriated funds for the construction of the National pike through Ohio was virtually every one of the lawyers then living in the county. They were the true `trail blazers' and it was due to their untiring efforts that the dreams of the magnificent thoroughfare became a reality. "The list of attorneys then practicing law within the confines of Bonnie Belmont included a trio of men destined to become famous in the later history of the state and country. They were : "Charles Hammond, Wilson Shannon, first native-born governor of the state, and Benjamin Ruggles. The part that these three played in the building of the pike has never been recorded but it is almost a certainty that they were among its most enthusiastic supporters." There is no doubt however that the following have been a credit to their profession : William Kenyon, Sr., Benjamin S. Cowen, D. D. T. Cowen, Lorenzo Danford, Jacob Nagle, David Jennings, Thos. H. Genin, William Hubbard, William Kenyon, Jr., Hugh J. Jewett, Carlo C. Carroll, Daniel Peck and George W. Thompson. PIONEERS IN THE PROFESSION A list of lawyers admitted to the bar for practice in Belmont County during its early history includes many names of renown. The list starts with Charles Hammond, in 1801, and includes Daniel Barney, Jacob Nagle, Daniel Church, Robert Purviance, George Paull, David Jennings, James Shannon, William J. Thomas, Artemus Baker, Seneca Salsberry, Daniel Gray, Washington Johnston, G. W. Thompson, Peter W. Gates, Charles Morgan, G. M. Alexander, Robert McLane, Francis Leonard, John R. Mulvonsy, Fernanda A. Evans, Nathan Evans, Abraham Dilworth, Charles Converse, Robert Miller, Isaac Hoge, James Petterson. BELMONT IN THE LOWER HOUSE OF CONGRESS The sons of Belmont who have served in the House of Representatives from the Ohio districts of which Belmont has been a 358 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO part in the various shifting subdivisions are shown in the following table : Name  Congress James Caldwell 13th John Patterson 18th David Jennings 19th Thomas Shannon 19th John Davenport 20th William Kennon 21st, 22nd, 24th James Alexander 25th Benjamin S. Cowen 27th William Kenyon 30th William Shannon 33rd Thomas C. Theaker 36th Lorenzo Danford 43rd to 45th and 54th to 56th, inc. Capell W. Weems 58th, 59th and 60th William B. Francis 62nd and 63rd GREAT NOVELIST NATIVE OF BELMONT COUNTY William Dean Howells, often called America's best writer of fiction, was born in Martins Ferry March 1, 1837. In 1840 the family removed to Hamilton, Ohio. Before he had reached the age of twelve years, young William developed a keen liking for poetry and wrote verses which he set up in type himself in his father's newspaper office. When the family removed to Dayton, where its head again was active as a publisher, William often worked a part of the night and arose at four o'clock next morning to help distribute the paper. In 1851 he went to Columbus, Ohio, and became a compositor on the State Journal, and of this newspaper he was made news editor in 1859. In 1861 he entered the consular service and represented the United States at Venice until 1865, when he became editorial writer on the New York Times. In 1872 he accepted the editorship of the Atlantic Monthly. His great career as a novelist began in 1871, from which time on works of fiction came from his pen which gave him fame as one of the foremost writers of his time. In 1888 he took up his residence in New York city. SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 359 WILLIAM WINDOM, ANOTHER NATIVE SON This celebrated legislator and financier was born in Belmont County May 10, 1827, of full Quaker stock, for both parents were followers of the Society of Friends. The father was a farmer and young William was a chore boy on the place. He saved money enough to enter the Academy at Mount Vernon, Ohio, and sought to study law there but his father was averse to that profession and withdrew the youth from his studies, and apprenticed him to a Fredericktown, Ohio, tailor. But the tenacious youth returned to Mount Vernon, resumed his studies, was admitted to the bar in 1850 and practiced his profession in Mount Vernon. With a taste and aptitude for the upper levels of politics he entered the field as an ardent whig and when the republican party was organized he took active part in its affairs. Having settled at length in Winona, Minn., he became an exceedingly popular republican, was elected congressman four times and finally to the United States Senate. He was a member of that body in 1881 when President Garfield appointed him secretary of the treasury. He resigned upon the president's death and was reelected senator from Minnesota. He was again secretary of the treasury under Harrison and died January 29, 1891. CHAPTER XXXVIII A CHAPTER OF MISCELLANIES "GOOD CITIZENS" PETITIONED FOR PUBLIC LOTTERY TO RAISE FUNDS FOR AN ACADEMY-TERRIFIC HAIL STORM IN 1815-TORNADO SWEPT OVER ST. CLAIRSVILLE IN 1887-MANY QUAKERS SETTLED IN BELMONT COUNTY-MORE RURAL THAN URBAN INHABITANTS-TOBACCO RAISING IN 1840-OIL AND GAS, EARLY DEVELOPMENT-"JOHNNY APPLESEED"-INDIANS AND BEASTS LET HIM ALONE. WANTED LOTTERY TO BUILD ACADEMY The caption no doubt puzzles the reader who has forgotten the friendliness of public opinion a century ago toward schemes of chance. The petition which follows proves that Belmont folk were more than willing to promote education by means of a lottery. J. A. Caldwell, writer of the History of Belmont and Jefferson Counties published in 1880, states that the petition, dated in 1815, was signed by a number of the influential citizens of the town (St. Clairsville) and county, "lawyers, doctors, magistrates and ministers of the Gospel." The petition reads in part : "To the Honorable, the Legislature of the State of Ohio. "The petition of a number of the citizens of St. Clairsville and Belmont County, Humbly showeth, that they labor under many disadvantages for the want of a seminary of learning in that part of the state in which they reside. They further state to your Honorable body that they are unable by private enterprise to raise funds for the erection of an academy." The petitioners went on to ask the Legislature to authorize a public lottery in St. Clairsville, "to raise the sum of seven thousand dollars" with which to build a public academy at the county seat or in its vicinity. A VICTIM OF STORM AND FLOODS Belmont has had her share of these. In 1816 hail descended in a Saturday with such size of stones, if we credit old reports, - 361 - 362 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO that some of them lay along the roadside three days later. Crops were destroyed. Two years later McMahon's Creek rose to such a stage that John Hardesty, his wife and five children were swept to destruction, as was the home they were in. In May, 1881, a great rain broke over St. Clairsville and vicinity and washed away the St. Clairsville and Northern Railroad with a loss of $30,000. But worse than any of these was the tornado which struck the earth near the county infirmary April 17, 1887, and tore its way eastward, demolishing the infirmary barn, snapping off telephone and telegraph poles, sweeping residences out of its path and creating terrible havoc at St. Clairsville, destroying the Presbyterian and United Presbyterian churches, clearing the fair ground of all its costly new buildings and injuring a number of citizens. East of St. Clairsville the wind hurled itself upon Judge Thompson's magnificent woods in which stood the county's finest timber and left behind merely a twisted mass of uprooted trees. The total loss was upwards of a million dollars. Floods on the Ohio River front and in the Belmont creeks have been numerous and destructive. THE QUAKERS OF BELMONT COUNTY Joseph Garretson, Sr., is authority for the statement that members of the Society of Friends erected Belmont County's first church of any kind and that this was the first Friends' meeting house erected in what is now the State of Ohio. The Friends of a settlement in the east end of what is now Colerain Township built that church in 1800. It was a log structure and in it was held the first Friends' meeting in Ohio by authority—"and Hannah Trimble, a traveling minister on a visit there, proposed to name it Concord, which was accordingly done." COUNTY POPULATION TABLE

1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850

600 11,185 20,556 29,224 31,623 35,378

1860 1870 1900 1910 1920

37,395 41,021 60,875 76,858 93,193

SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 365 Notwithstanding the heavy industrial activities of the county, which means as a rule greater urban than rural population, the 1920 census figures are as follows : Rural inhabitants, 54,572 ; urban, 38,621. BELMONT AS A TOBACCO RAISER Tobacco was cultivated in the county in early days and became an outstanding staple. We submit a list of the tobacco townships and the quantity of the weed each raised in 1840, a tobacco year :

Warren Flushing Kirkwood Union Goshen Smith Wayne Somerset

518,068 pounds 68,534 pounds 242,561 pounds 44,073 pounds 38,610 pounds 53,367 pounds 209,455 pounds 454,554 pounds 1,629,222 pounds

During a portion of the ''70s the following number of pounds of tobacco were produced in the county : 1872, 2,398,667; 1873, 2,480,125; 1876, 1,962,728. In 1924 Belmont County had 178 acres in tobacco and this record was exceeded by but two other counties—Monroe with 413 acres and Noble with 275 acres. BELMONT OIL AND GAS HISTORY Bulletin One, Series Four of the Geological Survey of Ohio, states that Belmont's first deep well is reported to have been drilled early in 1887 near Barnesville, the authorities of that city having obtained legislative sanction to bond it in the sum of $5,000 for the payment of drilling costs, the purpose being to secure gas for domestic use and for the glass house and other industries. The Berea sand was struck at about 1,600 feet and the drill went to a depth of 2,700 feet. Results : a little oil and much salt water. It was a failure but Barnesville, nothing daunted, organized in March, 1887, the Warren Oil & Gas Company with a capital 366 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO stock of $5,000. (Two years later this was increased to $25,000 and in January, 1894, to $100,000.) The first well was located February, 1888, on William Barlow's land, southwest of Barnesville. This and a second well reached oil in the Berea sand only and F. W. Minshall was brought from Marietta to look the field over. He reported a low arch northwest of the town and located a well on the Parker farm over the arch. GOOD GAS WELLS IN BARNESVILLE FIELD In 1889 this well, with a closed pressure of 640 pounds, came in with a daily production of 750,000 cubic feet of gas. Another well on the same land produced to a similar extent. In 1890 the two wells' joint daily yield was 800,000 cubic feet and in that year the gas was piped to Barnesville. In 1891 two more wells went down on the Laughlin farm, next to Parker's and both were fair gas producers. TANK CARS FOLLOWED BY PIPE LINES In the early winter of 1893 a well was drilled east of the Parker farm wells which ,proved the field to be more than a mere gas producer by yielding over 25 barrels of oil a day. Drilling went on in this field and in August, 1901, the wells were found to be yielding 175 barrels a day while in December, 1902, the 25 wells showed a daily production of but 30 to 35 barrels. The Buckeye Pipe Line Company shipped the product in their tank cars until 1895 when a pipe line was laid to Sistersville, West Virginia. The Warren Oil & Gas Company sold its wells in 1898 and 1899 and by 1901 their successors were supplying gas to 500 customers and two glass houses. Ten cents a thousand cubic feet was the first rate charged; this was doubled in 1897. The four earliest gas wells produced as follows (in cubic feet) at different periods, during the first five years of their history :

	1889 (When first drilled	April 26, 1892	April 20, 1894	April 27, 1895
Parker No. 1 Parker No. 2 Laughlin No. 1 Laughlin No. 2	750,000 750,000	66,703 174,364 266,804 159,966	.... 99,960 142,800 95,166	.... 71,665 100,378 50,000

THE COLERAIN OIL FIELD SHORT LIVED The development of this field began in 1894 on John Starbuck's land, near the village of Colerain, and the field proved to be less than a mile long and about a fourth of a mile wide. The Starbuck well reached the Berea sand at 1,872 feet and began to produce 30 barrels of oil a day. It yielded considerable gas and was not abandoned until 1899. Well No. 2, on the Sharkey farm, came in with 125 barrels of oil a day and lasted until 1900. The field's best well was located on the Brackin farm, yielding 1,000 barrels of oil during the first 48 hours and averaging 300 barrels the first 90 days. By July, 1901, it had dropped to 10 barrels a day. Operators were discouraged when in 1895-6 several dry holes were drilled. Among the 30 wells drilled 18 were early producers but three of these only were producing in July,. 1901. THE TEMPERANCEVILLE FIELD This was developed in Somerset Township in the southwestern corner of Belmont County. Its width was one mile, its length, two miles. Discovery of the pool came in December, 1899. Well No. 1, drilled on the Pfeffer farm, began with a flow of 17 barrels of oil a day. In July, 1901, it was yielding 10 barrels a day, with the promise of extended production. By July 15, 1901, 27 wells had been drilled, only two of which were dry and only one of which was a gas well. In July, 1901, the total production was 175 barrels a day; by November, 1902, the field's 28 wells were yielding 110 barrels daily. The Berea grit was the field's producer. Drillings in Wayne, Goshen, Kirkwood, Smith, Pultney, Pease, Washington and Wheeling townships between the years 1887 and 1902 .were either total failures or yielded meager results. Among many Richland Township wells there were but four producers up to 1902. Detailed information concerning oil and gas production in the county at the present time was sought and expected, but the publisher has called for all Belmont County manuscript and "time's up." We regret whatever disappointment this omission may cause the reader, but it is now too late to mend the matter. The only information we can give on the subject comes from official sources, copying the state tax commission's figures, for 1926 24—Vol. 1 368 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO and stating that the taxation value of nine natural gas companies' Belmont property was in that year $3,329,070, and that the Belmont County property of two pipe line companies was valued at $81,020. JOHNNY APPLESEED IN BELMONT It is believed that this singular but altogether beneficent pioneer first entered upon Belmont County soil when he crossed the Ohio into it in 1801, on his way to the Muskingum valley and that he planted one of Ohio's first nurseries in the neighborhood of Morristown, repeating the favor on Belmont soil later and on a very considerable scale. Appleseed's name was John Chapman. He was born in Massachusetts in 1775 and became a minister of the Church of the New Jerusalem. Eccentricity, great kindness of heart and a desire to serve his fellowmen were early developments in his life. When first observed by settlers on the banks of the Potomac, .he was living mainly on bread and milk, refusing to carry a gun or to kill an animal and traveling about to put into action the belief that he had a mission among and a message for the inhabitants of the wilderness. The good he wrought within a wide territory has been recognized as proof that this faith was founded on a rock. On reaching Western Pennsylvania (about 1793) in his Westward travels, the sight of great quantities of appleseeds going to waste around its cider presses inspired him to begin a service which was to become the paramount labor of his life. Gathering up these seeds and putting them carefully away in bags of leather, Chapman carried them to the Ohio, sometimes tramping the distance and at other times mounted on horse or mule. TO THE MUSKINGUM VALLEY Thence he would float down to Marietta with his precious freight and once there the valley of the Muskingum offered him opportunities that he took advantage of freely. It was a relatively favorable highway of travel between the Pennsylvania orchards and the spots in Ohio which he desired to visit. His work in Ohio began in 1806. At first he planted the seeds in secluded spots in many sections SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 369 of this valley and later he did the same in the regions drained by the upper Muskingum and its headwaters, and at length he worked westward to the Ohio-Indiana border. But however intent upon planting he did not neglect the matter of growth. On his journeys up and down the valley he made it a point to visit his little nurseries and see that they were doing well. Careful as to increase, he concerned himself lightly as to profit. When the trees were ready for sale he would give the work over to a nearby pioneer, with instructions to charge a fippenny for each or to give them outright to those who were too poor to buy. PLANTED VEGETABLE SEEDS, TOO Chapman planted extensively in Coshocton, Knox, Ashland, Richland and other counties of that section, where he lived prior to and during the War of 1812. One of his orchards there still was standing as late as 1881. The planting of appleseeds did not wholly satisfy him. Extensively he scattered vegetable seeds in the course of his journeys. Nor did he forget the health of his pioneer friends. Knowing the value of catnip, hoarhound, pennyroyal, wintergreen and their like in a wilderness where doctors were widely scattered, he saw that the settlers should have supplies of those medicinal gifts of nature. It is known that he owned and gave away some lots in Mt. Vernon, O„ as late as 1828. In 1836 he extended his mission to Indiana, where a sister lived. In the spring of 1847, while at work within fifteen miles of a nursery which he had established in that state, he heard that cattle had broken and destroyed his trees. The haste he made to reach the spot exhausted his strength and the fever which supervened carried him off within a few days. His body was laid away in David Archer's graveyard, two miles north of Fort Wayne, Ind. Religious tracts also he gave away to those he met. These seemed to make his own rich faith sprout into new works and doubtless they were good for the souls of those who read them at his request. But they could not have had a more Christianizing influence than did the life of the man who passed them on. 370 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO INDIANS AND BEASTS LET HIM ALONE Johnny, it is said, used an old coffee sack as his chief article of clothing, cutting holes in it for his head and arms. A tin pan sometimes was used for a hat. Even in winter he preferred life in the woods to life in a cabin. He loved children and animals. It has been said that even the wildest among the latter let him go unharmed. A rattlesnake, however, bit him once and he killed it, an act which he afterwards deeply regretted. To the Indians he was a great "medicine man," chiefly perhaps because they knew of his habit of scattering through the woods the seeds of medicinal plants. The redskins never harmed him and it is clear that he had little if any personal fear of them. During the War of 1812, he made it a point to warn the pioneers of impending Indian dangers. Once he traversed a new road between Mansfield and Mt. Vernon, a distance of thirty miles, to get assistance from troops when the settlers at Mansfield were thought to be threatened by the savages, making the round trip through the wilderness between sunset and sunrise. Incidentally he preached the doctrines of Emanuel Swedenborg during his travels and where he sojourned. ST. CLAIRSVILLE SCHOOLS The second schoolhouse in Belmont County is reported to have been erected at St. Clairsville, in 1802. It was a log building and stood on the Judge Ruggles place. J. J. Burns was the first school superintendent after reorganization came in 1869. St. Clairsville residents are deservedly proud of their present school system. There is a group of good buildings and the high school library is large and excellent. CHAPTER XXXIX BELMONT COUNTY OF TODAY INDUSTRY AND AGRICULTURE GO HAND IN HAND-LEADS SOUTHEASTERN OHIO IN MANUFACTORIES, POPULATION AND TAX DUPLICATE-IMPROVED ROADS REACH REMARKABLE TOTAL-PUBLIC UTILITIES WORTH OVER $15,000,000- HEAVIEST COAL PRODUCER SINCE 1905-IMPORTANT POSITION ON NATIONAL ROAD-VALUE OF THE OHIO RIVER-CHURCHES MANY AND ACTIVE-PROGRESSIVE PUBLIC SCHOOLS-USEFUL INTERURBAN CONNECTIONS-COUNTY OFFICERS, 1927. An outstanding distinction is that this county is peculiarly like the state itself in the fields of industrial and agricultural activities. As Ohio is heavily both a manufacturing and a farming state so is Belmont thoroughly balanced in this respect. According to late returns Belmont's, industries are 189 in number, paying out annually $7,256,992 in wages and producing manufactures totaling $37,103,343 in value. In 1925 her 3,798 farms were valued at $16,687,062. In 1924 these farms produced crops valued at $2,555,621. The Belmont County, reader will find it interesting to compare these figures with others printed in the tables set forth in the general history which occupies first place in this volume. In 1920 Belmont led all other Southeastern Ohio counties in number of inhabitants, with a population of 93,193. The county's showing in improved roads is most remarkable-84.9 miles of hard surfaced state roads; 54.0 miles of traffic-bound county roads and 90.5 miles of traffic-bound or graveled roads. Thus the county comes forward with first class proof of its modern 'spirit and accomplishment. The county's improved roads have double value : they permit the farmer to market his produce at all times of the year and they encourage the resident and stranger to motor freely over the county and draw pleasure from the enchanting landscapes which are to be seen on every hand—to realize the fitness of the county's name, Belmont, "fine mountain." - 371 - 372 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO Belmont's banks are 21 in number and their resources total $29,640,620. Savings and loan companies are not included in this record. The county's grand duplicate reached the very large sum of $137,367,550, as shown by the state tax commission's report for 1926, exceeding by $17,000,000, Muskingum's duplicate, the next highest in Southeastern Ohio. Belmont's public schools are 200 in number and are conducted by 106 male and 287 female teachers; 6,552 girls and 6,853 boys are enrolled. The parochial schools are eight in number, are presided over by 37 teachers and 2,195 pupils are enrolled. BELMONT'S PUBLIC UTILITIES The value of these as reported by the Ohio Tax Commission as of the year 1926 was very considerable, the property owned by steam railroads making a particularly strong showing :

Nine Natural Gas companies Two Pipe Line companies Steam Railroads Steubenville & Wheeling Traction Telephone companies	$ 3,329,070 81,020 10,759,530 132,990 729,610
Total	$15,032,220

BELMONT'S COAL LEADERSHIP This has been pronounced since 1905 when the county's production reached 3,957,980 short tons. Since then, according to records given out by the U. S. Bureau of Mines and Mining covering one year in five since 1905, Belmont's production has exceeded that of any other Ohio county, the figures reading : 1910, short tons, 8,265,019; 1915, 4,304,566; 1920, 11,192,785; 1925, 9,228,048. Bulletin 9 of the Ohio Geological Survey accords Belmont a high place in coal wealth, stating that the county contains the largest quantity of Pittsburgh coal to be found in any Ohio county and that its coal deposits are everywhere of workable thickness and good quality. The Bellaire section of this history refers to early mining and marketing, to which may be added that ship- SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 373 ments of coal down the Ohio from Bellaire went to New Orleans, as a rule, where the sugar refineries bought it at $1.50 a barrel of 234 bushels each. The building of the Central Ohio Railroad, in 1854, gave a marked impetus to coal development and that was repeated on a larger scale when the county's other railroads entered the field. Although by 1875 production had reached a total of 213,955 tons, this was a mere beginning, as the foregoing figures and earlier ones to be found in our general history chapter on coal proves. In Belmont County, several well-defined seams of coal are known. These seams are of sufficient size to be valuable for fuel. The coal is nearly all available and above the level of the river. What is termed the Pittsburgh seam is because of its superior quality, small residium after combustion and great heating power most largely worked and used. What is termed the Four-Foot seam, about seventy-five feet above the Pittsburgh coal, is a valuable coal of great heating power but interspersed with "nigger heads" or sulphur stone, and with a larger per cent of incombustible matter. This should prove valuable in competition with many other coals when the Pittsburgh vein is not a competitor. The two seams mentioned above are co-extensive with the county but the second is not as valuable in the west side of the county as upon the east side. The Badgersburg coal, quite thin in seam at the river, increases in thickness until at Barnesville, it reaches a thickness of five feet and has been extensively worked. PROUD OF THE NATIONAL HIGHWAY Belmont countians have not permitted themselves to forget that the National Road is in a certain sense their very own. Here the great highway's Ohio extension was begun (July 4, 1825) , and when, after years of neglect and disrepair, that extension was restored and hard-surfaced Belmont celebrated the happy event in happy fashion. This was done in October, 1915, with a grand parade taken part in by people of the county and especially by those inhabiting the sections on and near the highway as far west as the Guernsey County line. Belmont County newspapers described the parade as extending to that line from the Ohio River, 374 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO but the greater part of the day's celebration took place at St. Clairsville. Ten years later the same pride in the National Road was manifested in similar but much more elaborate fashion when the entire county celebrated at St. Clairsville the one hundredth anniversary of its beginning. The time, July 4, 1925, and the place, St. Clairsville, where the first shovelful of earth was thrown in the process of construction, were well chosen and the occasion was very grandly observed. Over 20,000 persons were said by the Bellaire Leader to have joined in the celebration, which consisted of sports, a magnificent parade, addresses by prominent orators, floats recalling old objects, old times, old costumes and a grand pyrotechnical wind-up in the evening. The Belmont Chronicle was represented in the procession by a banner telling of the birth of the paper 112 years before. The procession was an hour in passing a given point. OHIO RIVER'S VALUE TO BELMONTIANS The Belmont County reader will doubtless scan with interest the Ohio River chapter which is included in the general history sec' tion of this volume. In this additional mention of the great stream we include some matter of local importance, pausing however to use here a very significant tonnage table which was not found in time for the general history section and which proves not only the immensity of recent Ohio River traffic, but its growth between the years 1924 and 1925.

Commodity	Tonnage 1924	Tonnage 1925
Coal   Coke Cement  Sand and Gravel Stone   Iron and Steel Oil and Gasoline Logs and Lumber Packet Freight Unclassified	5,811,552 .... 57,355 3,746,882 260,672 550,363 82,200 103,613 220,090 34,017	6,527,862 397,217 20,582 6,854,475 551,432 534,817 271,298 185,533 349,216 44,583
Total	10,866,683	15,737,015

SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 375 DAMAGING FROSTS AND DROUTHS The Ohio gave an early momentum to Belmont County prosperity, as earlier chapters prove. In winter the farmer became a trapper, a miller, a distiller—and shipped his manufactures or crops down stream. Sometimes a dozen or more boats were assembled on the river front at Bridgeport and Bellaire, ready to receive the local cargoes. But the shipping season often was brief. If the winter was a hard one or the summer dry, traffic was greatly curtailed and if one of these was next in succession to the other, the opportunities for navigation were seriously lessened. It has been estimated that before slackwater navigation was established the river was in use for sizeable craft during not more than a third of the year. Now the locks and dams defy the summer drouths and give the navigator a nine-foot channel the season round. Elders among Belmont County readers will recall the days when the steamer Bellaire furnished the only public means of transportation between Bellaire and Wheeling, and that she made about seven trips daily. ENTER BIG DOCKS AND STEEL BARGES In early days, after local mine owners had established stations for loading coal upon the barges at the river side, they often had to wait for a rise that would float the boats to market. The barges were all of wood, but the superior steel barge, which is lighter and stronger, is destined to be wholly used in the future. The establishment of docks on this section of the Ohio, by the iron and steel-working industries, is also a marked feature of the improvement in river traffic. The foregoing table reveals a comparatively new kind of cargo in the item dealing with sand and gravel, an item which the vast and rapidly-growing use of concrete accounts for. The showing made by oil and gasoline is a corresponding reminder of the ubiquitous and thirsty motor car and truck. Note that Ohio River barges transported over three times as much oil and gasoline in 1925 as in 1924. CHURCHES MANY AND ACTIVE It has been impracticable to secure a survey of all Belmont County churches within the time intended to be devoted to it, but 376 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO a local historian has reviewed the religious establishments of Bellaire and vicinity and his work we here condense, since it shows the spirit and high purpose of the Belmont community. The historian referred to lists denominations of "Presbyterians, Christians, Catholics, Methodists, Hebrews, Episcopalians, Greeks and Germans," praising their activities and adding : "The places of worship in Bellaire include the Christian, Presbyterian, First Methodist Episcopal, First Reformed, First United Presbyterian, St. John's Catholic, Trinity Episcopal, Sons of Israel Congregation, St. Michael Catholic, South Bellaire M. E., Agudus Achim Congregation, St. Paul's A. M. E., Florence Methodist Episcopal, Greek Orthodox, Church of God, the Salvation Army and the Pentecostal Mission. "Then close to the city of Bellaire are the splendid churches in Shadyside including the Lincoln Avenue M. E., Christian, and Presbyterian. To the west of here are the Brooks Run M. E. church, the West Bellaire M. E. church and the Rock Hill and High Ridge Presbyterian churches." The recently built St. John's Catholic, d First Presbyterian church edifices are named appreciatively as are two others in near prospect, one for the First Reformed congregation and the other for the Trinity Episcopal. Bellaire's church and Sunday school expenses are estimated to amount to $100,000 a year. The church buildings are highly praised. PROGRESSIVE PUBLIC SCHOOLS The high character, modern equipment and admirable housing of Belmont's urban schools is worthy of note, the St. Clairsville High School deserving especial mention, with its large enrollment and excellent library facilities. Bellaire's schools, school buildings and general educational advantages are marked. New progress along this line began in 1904 with the erection of a high school, which later became the Central grade school. Then came other new structures—Rose Hill in 1909; Gravel. Hill, 1912; First Ward, 1913; Indian Run, 1918; West Bellaire, 1924, and the new high school, 1925. Nearly all of the city's schools are now housed in modern buildings. The Bellaire Leader has thus praised the city's newest school home : "While the city is proud of its grade school buildings, perhaps her greatest pride is in the fine modern high school building fac- SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 377 ing the city park. This building with its three stories and a basement furnishes an adequate plant for carrying on a modern high school program of academic, vocational and recreational work. Its spacious auditorium with more than twelve hundred comfortable seats, fills not only a school need but a community need. It is used repeatedly by outside organizations. The stage is also the gymnasium and the same seats are used for basketball audiences as when a play is given." THE PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS Those who are in charge report rapid recent progress. St. John's school was operated under early difficulties but in 1881, when Father Cull became pastor of the district, the school was established on firm foundations. At the end of the 1927 term 71 pupils were enrolled in St. John's High School. In the grade schools 568 pupils are being tutored in nine rooms. Pupils begin school attendance at the age of six years. STREET AND INTERURBAN CAR SERVICE Bellaire's first line had horses for its power source, beginning in 1865 and operating between the B. & 0. bridge and Gravel Hill, down across the railroad tracks to what was known as Benson's Ferry. The city's electric line came into use in August, 1893. In 1899 the Wheeling Traction Company acquired the system. The extension to Shadyside was made in 1907 and at present the company operates in and out of Bellaire 305 cars daily. As the line connects with interurban roads at Wheeling the Bellaire branch affords opportunity for travel to all the important points on the upper Ohio. GOOD ROADS AND MOTOR BUSSES In this day of modern highways and vehicles Belmont's great network of thoroughfares presents busy travel scenes every day. Her hard-surfaced and traffic-bound roads are so numerous that the motor-bus operators have wide opportunities to establish their lines thereon and make them pay. There are thirteen of these lines making trips back and forth and running north and south, east and west and diagonally across the county. The connections which these obtain afford the traveler valued chances for transportation to all parts of the state, with a great saving of time. 378 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO. COUNTY OFFICERS, 1947 Probate Judge—Lawrence E. Imhoff. Clerk of Courts—Mary Gray McBride. Sheriff—Clyde C. Hardesty. Auditor—Homer J. Finley. County Commissioners—John F. Shry, Charles W. Wise, James W. Dillon. Treasurer—Paul Jones. Recorder—A. A. Davis: Surveyor—Earl M. Shirk. Prosecuting Attorney—Paul V. Waddell. Coroner—Ross L. Joy. PRAISE FOR BELMONT FROM A HIGH SOURCE The following summary of Belmont County's claims to distinction was recently printed in the Ohio Archeological and Historical Society's interesting publication "Scenic and Historic Ohio." It adds value to the county's history : "First settlement at Ft. Dillie about 1790; organized 1801, and named for Capt. Joseph Belmont (the French word means `Beautiful mountain') . Area 611 square miles. County seat, St. Clairsville. Leads in coal; seventh in number of farms operated by women, eighth in those operated by owners ; tenth in number of foreign white farmers ; sixteenth in number of native white farmers; .fifth in peach production; eleventh in orchard .fruits; fourteenth in grapes; seventeenth in milk production. Barnesville is famous for strawberries, shipping one thousand bushels per day. This county is noted for Jersey cattle, having the oldest cow test in the state. Leading industries—coal-mining, tin and sheet iron mills, glass, box and keg factories and bridge-building. Last year, Belmont mined 13,295,035 tons of coal, more than one-third of the state's output. Bellaire operates ten different coal mines. Elizabeth Zane, heroine of the siege of Wheeling, 1782, lived at Bridgeport many years. Benjamin Lundy, 'Father of Abolition,' formed the first anti-slavery society, in St. Clairsville, 1815. T. T. Eckert, telegraphic expert, Secretary of War under Lincoln, was born in the county seat in 1825; Gov. Wilson Shannon, first Ohio-born governor, in a log cabin at Mt. Olivet, 1802; the Thoburn family, famous in the annals of Methodist missions in India, came from St. Clairsville." MUSKINGUM COUNTY CHAPTER XL MUSKINGUM COUNTY MOUND BUILDERS FLINT RIDGE A WORKSHOP AND CENTRAL. SOURCE OF SUPPLY-IT FURNISHED SPEAR AND ARROW HEADS FOR OHIO ABORIGINES-WAS THE END OF OLD TRAILS-ITS FLINT WAS QUARRIED BY USE OF STONE HAMMERS-STORY OF EXTENSIVE EXPLORATIONS. Whether man inhabited the Ohio country in glacial times is a question. This is not the place to enter the controversy, but we do give space to the conclusion of one whose knowledge of the subject is extensive. Mr. H. C. Shetrone, assistant curator of the Ohio Archeological and Historical Society, discussed the evidence in an article on "The Indian in Ohio," in volume 27 of the society's publications. He records this conclusion : "As in many other of the states, certain evidence has been adduced pointing to the existence of human beings in Ohio during or preceding the great glacial epoch estimated to have obtained some 10,000 years ago. This evidence, however, in the nature of rude stone implements, found in apparently undisturbed glacial drift, is considered as too meager and uncertain to be accepted as proof. Conditions prevailing in the mounds and village sites of the state indicate that many of them were constructed or used within a very short time preceding exploration and settlement. Their evidence is to the effect that prehistoric occupation extended from a period perhaps 2,000 or 3,000 years ago and that the custom of building mounds in some instances prevailed until possibly after the discovery of America." - 379 - 380 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO MANY REMAINS IN MUSKINGUM The subject of aboriginal occupation should deeply interest residents of this county because of the fact that at Flint Ridge (whose eastern extension lies within the county's borders) and at many other points in the county the Mound Builder left striking and numerous proofs of his existence. Flint Ridge was the scene of his prolonged activities and a store-house of supplies which he greatly prized. Writing on "Flint Ridge," for the Ohio Archeological and Historical Society's Publications, Dr. William C. Mills, the society's curator and an authority on that great flint depository which lies between the National Highway and the Licking River on one of the roads connecting Newark with Zanesville, thus describes a mound found on the Hazlett farm, which is located at the western end of the ridge, in Licking County. A FLINT RIDGE MOUND "The dimensions of this mound were, north and south diameter, 85 feet, east and west diameter, 90 feet; height, 13 feet; 3 inches and the shape that of a flattened cone. The mound was covered with a dense growth of underbrush which was removed and burned." After describing the materials entering into the mound and the skeletons and other objects found in its interior the explorer added : "The examination of the Hazlett mound has established the fact that the Hopewell culture in Ohio constructed the mound and proves beyond doubt that this culture resorted to Flint Ridge for the raw material for the manufacture of their artifacts and further they established themselves upon the ridge and in close proximity to the good flint quarries. "No evidence is forthcoming as to the length of time the site was used. I do not feel that this fortified site (the mound) was intended to guard any part of the quarries. I do feel certain, however, that such a fortified site so near to the source of supply served to guard the raw material after it had been manufactured into blades and cores, but no evidence that it was used for this purpose was found." SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 381 THE NEARBY RIVERS An interesting question arises as to the distribution of the flint quarried at the Ridge in prehistoric times. Doctor Mills believes that this distribution was "on a large scale through barter or exchange" or by bands of aborigines coming to the quarries to secure the raw materials for their own use. "In a number of old village sites" he adds, "caches of flint blades have been found." Doctor Mills adds : "Flint Ridge at an early date could only be reached by trails and here the trails would end. The largest stream near enough for use of boats was the Licking River, six miles north from the principal quarries. In Muskingum County the Licking River was only a few miles away and the Muskingum River less than six miles distant and doubtless these streams were used to transport cores and blades (of flint) to eastern Ohio, north and south. Practically all the objects made of flint found upon the surface in Central Ohio came from Flint Ridge and practically all the raw materials were carried over the trails to the old villages and there specialized into arrow and spear points, knives, scrapers, saws and drills." ON THE BOYER FARM Speaking of the old quarries located at the Zanesville end of the Ridge, the explorer writes as follows : "The examination was extended to the eastern end of the Ridge in Muskingum County where evidence of quarrying was found upon the farm of Mr. James Boyer. Mr. Boyer, like many of his neighbors, is a progressive farmer and all were anxious to assist our survey. On Mr. Boyer's farm the quarrying is more extensive than anywhere in the vicinity. The flint is a light gray, in general color, very often mottled with subdued gray and brown, shading to dark brown. "A quarry site was selected in Mr. Boyer's orchard and a space 14 feet long and 6 feet wide was removed, where we found the original bed of flint. Apparently the flint had all been quarried out and worked over and the refuse left at the quarry site, as indicated by the 500 or more cubic feet of broken pieces removed in the examination of the quarry." 382 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO MUSKINGUM COUNTY EARTHWORKS Township No. Licking 8 Muskingum 2 Falls 4 Hopewell 5 Springfield 6 Newton 9 Clay 1 Brush Creek 2 Cass 2 Washington 1 Salt Creek 1 Union 1 Wayne 4 Harrison 1 Total 47 SOME MOUNDS THAT WERE Township No. Licking 2 Falls 1 Brush Creek 1 Cass 2 Washington 1 Wayne 1 Harrison 1 In Rich Hill Township were found remains of a circle, or enclosure; in each of Newton, Hopewell, Licking, and Cass, a village site; in each of Falls and Licking a burial site; in Washington a parallel embankment. CHAPTER XLI INDIANS OF THE MUSKINGUM VALLEY DELAWARES, WYANDOTS AND SHAWNEES THE PRINCIPAL TRIBES HERE —SHAWNEES WERE ROUTED NEAR SITE OF DRESDEN BY McDONALD'S SOLDIERS—TREATY ATTEMPTED AT DUNCAN FALLS—INDIANS MASSACRE WHITES AT BIG BOTTOM. While the Indians of our valley did not pass on to the incoming whites anything better than legendary tales of the aborigines who had gone before, they soon became themselves the subjects of history. To go back to 1751 there was a very observant historian in the person of Christopher Gist, who stopped at an Indian village on the Muskingum at or near the site of Coshocton, while en route westward to the Scioto country and who later wrote shrewdly about his Indian experience. Later Muskingum Valley observers had ample opportunities of this kind, since the Indian lingered here, in diminishing numbers, of course, during a decade or more after the settlement at the mouth of the Licking was established. VALLEY SPARSELY INHABITED So much has been written about the Indians of the Ohio country that we are apt to think of the territory as the home, at the close of the Revolutionary war, of a very large number of red-skinned warriors; but it has been estimated that in 1788, when Marietta was settled, not more than 60,000 of these fighting men inhabited the Northwest territory, that vast domain which in clue time was to form five great states of the Union—Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin—and it is probable that at the period referred to and during the next decade a smaller number of these warriors lived in the Muskingum Valley than was proportionate to its area and the tribes then here had not been in the valley long. - 383 - 25—Vol. 1 384 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO What tribal representatives inhabited our valley when the white man began to look upon it? Christopher Gist has thrown some light upon the question. The redskins with whom he tarried awhile, at the site of Coshocton, were Wyandots ; in 1774 a less friendly and shorter visit was paid by Col. Angus McDonald and 400 soldiers to a group of Indians located at Wakatomika, farther down the Muskingum. These were Shawnees. The Delawares were in the valley before this event, but not in considerable numbers twenty years or so later. THE MARCH TO WAKATOMIKA The McDonald force had assembled at Wheeling in July, 1774, and had gone via the Ohio to the mouth of Captina Creek in Belmont County. There the march to the Muskingum began. The main purpose of the expedition was to "discourage" the Shawnees of the Scioto region from further depredations upon the whites, but the Muskingum villages, at what is now Dresden, were on the route and came first. The Indian name for the seat of these towns was Wakatomika, but derisive white traders had applied "Vomit Town" as a nickname, because the Indians there for years had been gulled by medicine men into the overuse of emetics. The little army's march through the wilderness was a hard one, with an Indian ambush or attack ever in the minds of officers and men. It is here that we meet one who was destined to become a large factor in the earliest history of Zanesville, Jonathan Zane, who had been chosen to act as one of the guides because of his knowledge of the country and of Indian character and warfare. The foe did not strike until the whites were within six miles of their objective, when some thirty braves launched an ambush. At the end of half an hour the Shawnees broke away and the skirmish was over. Four Indians were dead and several had wounds. Two whites were killed and five disabled. TAUGHT SHAWNEES A LESSON Leaving a detachment to care for the wounded, McDonald pushed on and reached the Muskingum at dusk, August 2. Halting for the night he sent Captain Cressap and his company to another point on the river with orders to cross at night and strike in the early morning. Cressap and his men struck so hard and with SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 385 such cost to the foe that a parley was sought. The main object of this request was to delay further attack until squaws, children and possessions could be carried westward into the keeping of Shawnees on the Scioto. Savage cunning won to that extent. But McDonald lost patience and ordered an advance. When his command reached the villages no Indians were there. He burned all five of the towns, destroyed 500 bushels of old corn and cut down 75 acres of standing maize. Then he abandoned the march and returned eastward, carrying the hostages whom he had insisted upon having when the Shawnees asked for a truce. The return was one of hardship and suffering, but the punishment inflicted upon the foe had done good. The Shawnees abandoned their Muskingum settlements and fell back to the Scioto. With the larger bodies of Delawares and Shawnees out of the valley there was a reduction of its Indian population sufficient to make it a safer section for the pioneer than were parts of the valleys of the Miami, Scioto, Maumee and Sandusky, where the redskins were in greater force. But roving bands continued to appear and disappear along the Muskingum. There was a rather important village at what we now call Duncan Falls, named "Old Town" by the Indians. The authorities at the mouth of the Muskingum sought to treat with Ohio tribes there. A writer on the red men of the Muskingum valley has this to say of the attempt: FALLS OF THE MUSKINGUM "General Harmar, during the latter part of June, 1788, sent Lieutenant McDowell and thirty men from Fort Harmar with supplies for themselves and presents for the Indians, with instructions to erect a council house and build huts for the men and security for the goods; the present town of Taylorsville (Philo) was selected because of its proximity to Duncan Falls. "Large numbers of Indians had arrived by July 12, among them about twenty pariahs of various nations and during the night these ruffians stealthily approached the tent containing the goods and attacked the guard of ten men, killing two and wounding one or two others. The thieves were thwarted, one of their number being killed and one wounded." The Delawares denied all knowledge; called the dead Indian a Chippewa; came into camp with wives and children to prove their innocence; bound six of the offenders and delivered them to 386 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO the whites. But the incident broke up preparations for the treaty-making. The soldiers returned to Harmar with the supplies. St. Clair, governor of the Northwest territory, postponed negotiations. Alluding to the leading Indian tribes of Ohio as they existed about the time of the Revolutionary war, Shetrone places the Shawnees first and the Delawares second, the principal chiefs of the latter being Capt. White Eyes, a faithful friend of the American colonists; Killbuck, Captain Wingenund, Captain Pipe and Buckongahelas. The Delawares had inhabited southeastern New York and eastern Pennsylvania, in regions on and near Delaware River and Bay. The name they gave themselves was Lenape, meaning "real men." Yielding to the pressure exerted by the whites in the East they migrated westward, crossing the Ohio River in the middle of the eighteenth century. CHAPTER XLII JOHN McINTIRE AND SARAH ZANE DEFIED PARENTAL VETO AND BECAME MAN AND WIFE—GROOM THIRTY-FIVE, BRIDE IN HER TEENS—COLONEL ZANE TOOK TO THE WOODS WHEN KNOT WAS TIED—WIFE USED SLIPPER ON DAUGHTER'S BACK —BUT IN DUE TIME McINTIRE GOT ZANE LAND—HE AND WIFE CAME TO ZANESVILLE TO BUILD IT UP. John McIntire was born .of Scotch parentage at Alexandria, Va., in 1759. A shoemaker by trade he wandered westward to Wheeling. In that small settlement he soon came in contact with its principal family, Colonel Zane's, whereupon a romance developed which has been told and retold ever since in various connections and with details calculated to reveal the traits of all the characters involved. The gist of the story is that John McIntire, aged about thirty-five, and Sarah Zane, then in her teens, fell in love with each other and, scorning to consider differences in age and station or vigorous opposition on the part of Ebenezer and Mrs. Zane, proceeded to become man and wife. Consider Ebenezer's state of mind when the wedding day came. Here was a man but twelve years younger than himself proposing to take away his daughter Sarah while she was yet in her teens. Admitting that McIntire was handsome, well set up and full of winning ways there were too many differences on the other side of the scale. Thus debating, Ebenezer went a-hunting on his daughter's wedding day. To the call of the woods was added the urge of a longing to forget. Mrs. Zane played her part at home. Instead of taking out her anger on the wild game of the woods she took it out on Sarah's back with a slipper. There is an account of a meeting between the Colonel and the young wife which is so one-sided as to tell us only what the former is supposed to have said. As he passed the McIntire cabin he found its mistress chopping wood. This activity may have been a reflection upon her husband and it may not. Colonel Zane appears to have taken the reflection for granted. His precise rebuke - 387 - 388 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO has not been handed down, but we may safely assume that it was some form of "I told you so." We shall find in studying her life that Sarah was amply able to do the most sensible thing. If silence was adjudged golden when the slipper descended and the father taunted, silence she doubtless chose. BEST OF THREE CROSSINGS How long Colonel Zane looked with disfavor upon John McIntire we do not know, but the. Zane Trace records of 1796 prove that the course of true love had merely been dammed up. It was running smooth when Zane put John into his party of trace makers and deeded to him and Brother Jonathan the Muskingum Crossing lands. It is said that he did the latter because these lands were more hilly than those at the Hockhocking and the Scioto. The Colonel doesn't seem to have been a mercenary man and the reader has liberty to doubt the story. If the roughness of the tract did not discourage McIntire we may see in the fact very early evidence of his sagacity. Zanesville has turned out to be as large as Lancaster and Chillicothe together. With the property came the obligation to establish a ferry. McIntire and Jonathan Zane did not wait for the filing of deeds. These papers were not at once deposited for record. Full execution was taken for granted ; the land was leased to William McCulloch and Henry Crooks, with the proviso that they move to the crossing with their families and establish a ferry. This they did toward the end of 1797, lashing canoes together and calling the outfit a ferry boat. McCulloch was a nephew of Colonel Zane's wife; Mrs. McCulloch was the Colonel's niece, daughter of the famous Isaac Zane, who had been captured by the Wyandots and had lived with them for seventeen years. Mrs. McCulloch's mother was the daughter of a Wyandot chief. On May 7, 1798, a son was born to Mr. and Mrs. William McCu och, Noah Zane McCulloch, who was called the "first white child' of the new settlement. M'INTIRES A STRONG TEAM John McIntire did not settle down in Zanesville until two years after he had helped to open Zane's Trace. In the fall of 1799 he 'brought here his household goods, on a flat boat, via the Ohio and Muskingum rivers. His wife followed soon after and brought SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 389 along that sideboard and chest of drawers which with other McIntire relics were deposited years ago in the McIntire Children's Home at Zanesville. The flat boat succeeded the canoes at the ferry. Before McIntire's cabin was opened to the public travelers who reached the town after nightfall were compelled to sleep on the floor of the Crooks or the McCulloch cabin, as the case might be. There was no other shelter for them. It was the settlement's good fortune to have at the very beginning of its history vital human forces working constantly in its behalf. John and Sarah McIntire came to Zanesville to make it not merely their own home, but the home of as many westward moving pioneers as could be induced to share their own faith. And they came with power as well as will to do. McIntire was half owner of the 640 acres of land at the mouth of the Licking. He was prepared to begin a constructive policy and he began that at once by building, largely with his own hands, that historic log cabin standing in a beautiful grove of maples on the river bank at the foot of Market Street, where the Muskingum plunged over the "upper falls." He made it large and comfortable, with an open way between two wings, and it became not merely the McIntire home, but the McIntire Tavern, "known from tidewater to the lakes," says Martzolff in telling what this first Zanesville tavern did for the place. CHAPTER XLIII MAILS FROM THREE ROUTES MET HERE DANIEL CONVERS THE CARRIER BETWEEN ZANESVILLE AND MARIETTA —LETTERS ASSORTED AT FERRYMAN McCULLOCH'S CABIN—SECOND FERRY OPERATED AT UPPER FALLS—GREENE'S TAVERN SCENE OF FIRST FOURTH OF JULY CELEBRATION—PIONEER FAMILIES CAME FROM TWENTY MILES AWAY. The settlement's next step forward had to do with the mails. On November 1, 1798, Daniel Conyers had entered into contract with the postmaster general to "carry the mail of the United States, or cause it to be carried from Marietta, in the Northwest Territory, to Zanetown, on the Muskingum River, and from Zane-town to Marietta, once a week, at the rate of $90 for every quarter of the year during the continuance of the contract." It is believed that the name Zanesville was substituted for "Zanetown" about January 1, 1801. Conyers bound himself in the sum of $1,000 to carry the mail under cover, if by stage, and to lock it up securely when stops must be made at night. When Conyers reached Zanesville on each trip he took the mail to McCulloch's cabin, there being neither post office nor postmaster, and there he and the ferryman, who could scarcely read, assorted and distributed the letters. The mails from Wheeling, Maysville and Marietta met here. McCulloch was made postmaster January 1, 1801. SECOND FERRY ESTABLISHED By the year 1800 another ferry had been established. It left the east side of the river at what is now Market Street and reached the other shore at what is Lee Street. Daniel Whitaker operated the boat at first but conveyed it to "Black Mess."' It is said that "Mess" conducted this "upper ferry" until the Y-bridge was built (1814). The river was fordable at the head of the upper falls, at low water, for wagons, horses and persons on foot. "Black - 391 - 392 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO Mess" was a former slave who was employed at Zanesville by John McIntire. It has been said that West Zanesville grew more rapidly at first than did Zanesville and that its earliest settlers were from the Kanawha region of Virginia. Elias, or Ellis, Hughes came first, with the reputation of having killed 100 Indians. This noted frontier scout, who had participated in the famous battle of Point Pleasant, put up a but at the Licking's mouth and soon thereafter John Ratliff, another Indian fighter, became his neighbor. We have seen no list of those who helped to make West Zanesville grow faster than Zanesville, but it is said that David Harris, whose house was on the river bank at the end of Lee Street, opened school there in the summer of 1800. About twenty-five pupils were enrolled, nearly all of whom resided on the west side of the river, those from Zanesville and Natchez wading the stream during low water and crossing in canoes when it was too high to ford. MUNRO, FIRST TRADER Natchez appears to have carried off the settlement's trading and manufacturing honors in the beginning of its career. In 1798 Joseph F. Munro built a cabin on or near the river bank south of the mouth of Chap's Run, and exchanged whiskey, powder and lead for furs and pelts, which he shipped in large lots to Marietta and Pittsburgh by water and by pack horse to Sandusky. Henry and Andrew Crooks were his neighbors. By the year 1800 one Molesbury was making hats in Natchez. PLATTING OF THE TOWN The greater portion of that section of the Zane grant which lay in the bend of the river opposite the mouth of the Licking was laid out in the fall of 1800 and although the removal of trees and underbrush preparatory to the delineation of streets did not occur until the next spring the platting may be described here. The town as thus platted was bounded on the east by the west line of Seventh Street; on the south, by the north line of South Street; the west line lay a few feet east of the river; the north line was the south side of North Street. The east boundary was within 491/2 feet of the east line of the Zane grant; the south boundary was within 33 feet of the south line of the grant. SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 393 The platting was shrewdly done. With nearly 50 feet of a margin on the east and 33 feet on the south, antagonistic land owners would be "held off," as it were. West of the river and north of North Street no immediate precautions were needed, for McIntire and Zane owned several hundreds of acres on those sides of the original plat. Sutor discussed the character and results of this first platting in the following interesting fashion : "The proprietors platted all lots fronting upon streets running north and south and only two triangular lots at the extreme west end of Main Street fronted upon that thoroughfare. As Main Street was so named on the plat and was the public highway, persons desiring a frontage on it were obliged to purchase several lots; and subdivisions thus begun have continued to the present day (1905). "The reason for this system of fronting the lots is now unknown, but it has been suggested that the proprietors doubtless considered that the water power would cause a large manufacturing city to arise and the river would be the course of the traffic and the highway would be a subsidiary and unimportant avenue of communication." Soon after this platting of the original town the owners made a division of the remainder of the grant. To McIntire went twenty-two acres south of Center Street and 246 acres west of the river. CELEBRATES FIRST FOURTH Elijah Church, a local historian whose tales of early Zanesville appeared from time to time in local newspapers, has left an enlightening account of Zanesville's first Fourth of July celebration, which occurred in the year 1800. It appears from this that Gen. John Greene, a hero of the Revolution, had joined the McIntires and the McCullochs in the little settlement on the east side of the river, building in April, 1800, a one and a half story double-cabin at the intersection of Main and Silliman streets, back of the site of the St. Nicholas Catholic Church. Here the celebration was held. The settlers of Zanesville, West Zanesville and Natchez vied with one another in efforts to express their patriotism. From a distance of twenty miles entire families came. A bower was provided in front of the cabin, in which the dinner was served. 394 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO THE RIVAL SETTLEMENTS It is said that in the early summer of 1800 Zanesville had but about six cabins, whereas West Zanesville and Natchez each numbered several more rude homes. The east side of the river seems to have gained four cabins after the first of the year. When it came to preparations for the coming Fourth the rivalry between the villages on the west side of the river was such that neither was willing that the other should be host; and so it came about that the honor fell to Zanesville—and to patriotic, hospitable John Greene. But as it was, the throng was large and the spirit high. Preparations were on a liberal scale: "John McIntire and his excellent lady," says Elijah Church, "entered into the celebration with great zest and worked night and day preparing for the event. Mr. McIntire furnished lumber for the table, which was brought up the river in pirogues, from Beverly and Waterford. The citizens of the three Zanesvilles furnished their pewter cups, tin plates, etc.—no china stores then—for the table and the men with their trusty rifles secured an abundance of bear meat, wild turkey, etc." JOHN GREENE, HOST Not content to furnish house and bower, Greene provided coffee and flour for bread and pastry. "Whiskey was forthcoming from several quarters as needed." George M. Crooks furnished a roast pig. This pioneer retold the whole story to Elijah Church in 1876. Crooks was the only resident of Zanesville in that year who had helped to celebrate the Fourth here in 1800. With a limited supply of Dutch ovens in the little settlement the cooking was something of a problem, but Greene helped to solve it by constructing an "out" oven, using yellow clay and straw. Not a brick was to be found within sixty miles of Zanesville at that time. "On the morning of the Fourth and very early, too," writes Mr. Church, "the people within fifteen or twenty miles of Zanesville began to make their appearance at General Greene's home and the little town was thronged with the patriotic citizens of the twenty-four-year-old republic long before the appointed hour. At length men, women and children surrounded the table, as merry a band of patriots, I venture, as ever was seen in any locality. Joseph F. Munro read the Declaration of Independence and then SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 395 came dinner. Dinner over, came the regular toasts which were responded to in short speeches brimful of devotion to the infant republic." Of course a dance on Greene's puncheon floor ended the festivities. It began in the evening of the Fourth and lasted until 4 o'clock next morning. Thomas Dowden and "Black Mess" furnished the music. "No quarrels, hard words or drunkenness marred the pleasures of the day," is the closing sentence of this old story. If the mouth of the Licking settlers had postponed their first Fourth of July celebration for two years there would have been a fourth and a formidable contender for the honor referred to—Springfield, later, Putnam. Indeed John and George Mathews and David Stokely were already squatters at Springfield in the year 1799 and regular settlers were to follow shortly. CHAPTER XLIV SITE OF PUTNAM PUT ON MARKET DR. INCREASE MATHEWS OUTBID JOHN McINTIRE—THEY HAD RIDDEN TOGETHER FROM ZANESVILLE TO MARIETTA WITHOUT KNOWING EACH OTHER'S ERRAND— GENERAL PUTNAM AND LEVI WHIPPLE WERE MATHEWS' PARTNERS—TOWN LAID OUT AND FIRST CALLED SPRINGFIELD. The story of the purchase of the site of Putnam lends interest to the affairs of the settlement at the very beginning. Two Zanesville men thought well of the spot and desired to own it. One was John McIntire, whose Zane-grant lands lay just across the river; the other was Dr. Increase Mathews, whose reason for desiring ownership was different but doubtless quite as potent. Presently they found that the Putnam tract was one of a number of parcels which the Government had announced would be sold at Marietta in June; 1801, and each started alone on horseback for the settlement at the mouth of the Muskingum. JOHN M'INTIRE AND DOCTOR MATHEWS As fate would have it, they met on the way and remained in company until Marietta was reached, camping together during the night out. But even in the intimacy which such contact must have established, neither told the other the object of his journey. At the sale that object was revealed when they began to bid against each other for the Putnam tract. McIntire offered $4 an acre for it a d Mathews $4.25. ZANESVILLE'S FIRST DOCTOR It is said that McIntire, always regretting his lack of schooling, was a close observer and good listener when guests gathered around his hospitable fireplace in the cabin at the foot of Market Street. Many of these were men of education and accomplish- - 397 - 398 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO ments. He could learn a great deal from their conversation. Doubtless he played a like role on that ride to Marietta. He had of course met Doctor Mathews many times.. The Doctor had left Marietta for Zanesville in the spring of 1801 and had begun the practice of medicine and opened a store there. But here was a continuity of contact that gave McIntire new opportunities. Dr. Edmund C. Brush, of Zanesville, in an address on "The Pioneer Physicians of the Muskingum Valley," which he delivered in Columbus in 1890, spoke of Doctor Mathews as "a man of many accomplishments, with more than the usual pioneer's push and energy;" as "a gentleman of the old school ;" as an "entertaining and instructive conversationalist" and as an "accomplished performer on the violincello." He had a powerful friend at Marietta, Gen. Rufus Putnam, his uncle. And although Doctor Mathews did the bidding for Putnam at Marietta, his partners were General Putnam and Levi Whipple, also of that growing settlement. The next year Doctor Mathews removed from Zanesville to Putnam to be on the spot and to foster the growth thereof. SPRINGFIELD LAID OUT But Putnam's real history did not begin until Putnam, Whipple and Mathews had laid out the town, soon after their purchase of its site in the summer of 1801. One hundred and forty-seven building lots of a quarter-acre each were platted, together with some fractional lots and forty-five out-lots of two to four acres each. The spot was named Springfield, root of the name being the spring that gushed from the side of the elevation known as Putnam Hill which divided Springfield from the Chap's Run valley on the west. Putnam, Whipple and Mathews were forward-looking men. In their plat they assigned to the Town of Springfield the 11 1/2 acre now known as Putnam Hill Park and provided that this tract, or so much of it as should not be occupied by public buildings, should remain a perpetual commonage. The privilege was thus granted of erecting on the summit public buildings for the use of the town, for any religious society established in it, or for the county or state. J. Hope Sutor has described this spot as follows : "The site was heavily timbered and the proprietors opened a road around the hill next the river, passing the spring, previous SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 399 to which time there had been only a bridle path, so narrow that two horsemen could not pass. "The new road was made wide enough for wagons to pass, except in a few places. With the opening of the road the spring became a popular resort and was called the 'lovers' fountain.' " The new settlement was called Springfield until 1814 when the Legislature substituted "Putnam." While Dr. Increase Mathews was still living in Zanesville, May, 1802, but preparing to remove to Putnam, his wife died. Her remains were placed in the first coffin used in Zanesville. Previously the bark of trees had been used to enclose the bodies of the dead. Burial of Mrs. Mathews' remains was made on the hill near Coopermill Road, adjoining Woodlawn Cemetery. 26—Vol. 1