550 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO Denver, Col., where he organized the University of Denver, becoming its chancellor, a position he resigned in 1889 to occupy the chair of political economy in the University of Colorado at Boulder. Here he was at the same time pastor of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Again he became a resident of Cincinnati, but as editor of the Western Christian Advocate this time. A still higher honor came in 1900. when Doctor Moore was elected bishop. BISHOP L. L. HAMLINE Here we have another Zanesville minister who rose to the title prefixed to his name. Leonidas Lent Hamline was born in Burlington, Conn., May 10, 1797. He was the grandson of a descendant of French Huguenots who was a lieutenant in the Revolutionary war. L. L. Hamline came to Zanesville in 1824, after prosecuting studies at Andover, and began the study of law here. Admitted to the bar in 1827 he entered the Methodist ministry instead of practicing his profession, a change of purpose brought about by his deeply religious convictions. Having been admitted to the Ohio M. E. Conference in 1832, and ordained in 1834, he was assigned as associate pastor of Wesley Chapel, Cincinnati. In 1836 he became pastor of a Columbus, Ohio, M. E. Church, but three months later was appointed assistant editor of the Western Christian Advocate, of Cincinnati. He was elected bishop at the conference of 1844. He spent the last years of his life as a resident of Iowa, his death occurring March 23, 1865. CHAPTER LXXIII THE BANKS OF ZANESVILLE ZANESVILLE'S FIRST BANK-MOVED TO ZANESVILLE-THE ZANESVILLE BANK-MUSKINGUM BRANCH-FIRST NATIONAL BANK-SECOND NATIONAL BANK-CITIZENS' AND OLD CITIZENS' NATIONAL BANKS -THE BANKS OF TODAY. Zanesville's first bank followed her first newspaper within a period of two years. The Messenger began publication in February, 1810, and the Muskingum Bank was incorporated by the Ohio Legislature on February 12, 1812. But the bank was not opened until September and then not in Zanesville but in Putnam. Quarters in, the Burnham tavern were occupied. The president of the institution was Gen. Isaac Van Horne and the cashier was Ebenezer Granger. The stockholders were Ebenezer Buckingham, A. M. Laughlin, John Mathews, Wyllys Silliman, Robert Fulton, Jeffrey Price, Joseph F. Munro, A. H. Wood, John McIntire, J. Hazlett, M. Dillon and Arius Nye. The Muskingum Bank was the name of the institution. A considerable loss was suffered at the end of seven years. Sutor speaks thus of it : "January 4, 1819, David J. Marple, who had succeeded to the cashiership, disappeared with a large sum of money and on the 9th Horace Nye was deputized and given credentials to search for Marple, who was found and returned to Putnam, where he surrendered all his property to Ebenezer Buckingham, president, but the amount was insufficient to make good the deficit and his bondsmen were obliged to pay the remainder. In 1822 Marple constructed a trading boat and freighted it with goods for Texas points and never returned." MOVED TO ZANESVILLE At a later period the Muskingum Bank was located in Zanesville but records are very incomplete as to time. It is known that - 551 - 552 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO the corner of Main and Fifth streets was at one time the home of the bank. For a time there was a suspension, but reorganization came about in 1829 or perhaps 1830, when Ebenezer Buckingham and Solomon Sturges became president and cashier respectively. By 1837, the year of hard times, it was strongly established, as the following from Sutor's history shows : "The degree of solidity it attained is evinced in the fact that during the universal panic of 1837 it and the Bank of Pittsburgh, of Pittsburgh, were the only two banks in the United States which did not repudiate their paper. In 1845 the bank went out of business, its last officers being Alvah Buckingham, president, and B. H. Buckingham, cashier." THE ZANESVILLE BANK Followed the Muskingum in point of time, its incorporation occurring on January 13, 1832. Upon organization Dudley W. Rhodes became its president and Charles C. Gilbert its cashier. The Franklin succeeded the Zanesville Bank in 1849, with Daniel Brush as president and John Peters, cashier. Among the stock-holders were Ebenezer and Alvah Buckingham, Solomon and Hezekiah Sturges and J. V. Cushing. Its home was on North Fourth Street near Main. It quit business before the expiration of its charter, about 1861-1862. MUSKINGUM BRANCH Of the State Bank of Ohio was organized with a capital of $100,000 in 1848. H. M. Kearney was president and D. C. Convers, cashier. As a result of legislation connected with the Civil war, this institution was chartered as the Muskingum National Bank in 1864, with a capital of $100,000. Daniel Applegate was president and D. C. Conyers cashier. It was located at the northwest corner of Main and Fifth streets. It ceased operations on January 14, 1871, through consolidation with the First National Bank. THE FIRST NATIONAL Was chartered on October 13, 1863, and organized on Novem-ber 10 of that year. The officers and directors were : Peter Black, SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 553 president; C. C. Russell, cashier; John A. Adams, E. E. Fillmore, C. C. Hildreth, W. A. Graham. The First National's capital was originally $100,000, but when consolidation with the Muskingum National followed the capital became $200,000. W. A. Graham became president of the First National Bank on July 11, 1873, following the death of Peter Black, and continued as such for twenty-five years, whereupon he retired from active service and was succeeded by Conrad Stolzenbach. The cashiers who followed C. C. Russell during the early period which is here being referred to were Edward Martin, who served from February 18, 1869, to January 14, 1874, when he was succeeded by George H. Stewart. THE SECOND NATIONAL With the retirement of the Franklin Bank in prospect, 18611862, Daniel Brush, C. W. Potwin and C. E. Robins formed a partnership and conducted a banking business. Robins retired in about a year and Brush and Potwin continued the business until A. V. Smith purchased Brush's interest, when the firm became known as Potwin & Smith. When the Second National Bank entered the field on December 13, 1863, it succeeded to Potwin & Smith's business, with Mr. Potwin as president and Mr. Smith as cashier. There was a voluntary liquidation of the Second National's business in December, 1872, when the same was continued by Messrs. A. H. Brown and A. V. Smith, under the name of the Muskingum Valley Bank. This bank disappeared in 1873. C. W.' Potwin & Co. conducted a deposit business until July 1, 1881, when the partnership was dissolved. THE CITIZENS' AND OLD CITIZENS' NATIONAL BANKS The former was organized on May 11, 1881, with the following officers and directors: Joseph T. Gorsuch, president; W. M. Shinnick, vice-president; Francis Wedge, Perry Wiles, F. B. Abbott, Charles H. Jones, G. H. Fauley. A. V. Smith became cashier and the capital stock was $200,000. On January 20, 1885, H. C. Van Voorhis succeeded Mr. Gorsuch, but resigned in August, 1893, because of his election as congressman. Willis Bailey became president at a later date. On 554 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO June 24, 1895, H. A. Sharpe, then assistant cashier, was elected cashier. The Old Citizens' National Bank came into existence on May 11, 1901, with the expiration of the Citizens' National Bank's charter and succeeded to the latter's business with following officers and directors: Willis Bailey, president; Joseph Shaw, vice president; Charles Brendel, Rufus C. Burton, Samuel A. Weller, J. B. Owens, W. W. Harper, S. R. Wells. H. A. Sharpe was cashier. President Bailey's death in February, 1905, was nearly coincident with the close of Mr. Van Voorhis' long term in Congress, and on February 13, 1905, the latter was reelected president of the bank. THE BANKS OF TODAY To the foregoing story of the origin of Zanesville's earliest banks might be added accounts of the rise and growth of other local financial institutions now out of existence, but in this connection they are named and not treated historically. The banks thus referred to were the Union, Union National, the C. C. Russell Deposit Bank, the American and the Commercial National. The list does not include the building associations of the past. Zanesville's banks and savings and loan companies of the present day make up an array of financial institutions comparing favorably with that presented by any other American city of similar size. Much of their history is to be found in our biographical sketches of the men who founded and developed them. The existing banks with their respective lists of officers are : First National, J. B. Larzelere, president; F. T. Howard, cashier; D. K. Hook, assistant cashier. Old Citizens National Bank, H. A. Sharpe, president; Henry C. Knoedler, cashier. Mr. Voorhis' death occurred in December, 1927. The beginnings of the First and Old Citizens' National banks are sketched in foregoing paragraphs. State Security, W. M. Barnett, president; G. K. Browning, first vice president; G. T. Orr, second vice president; W. B. Deacon, cashier; J. W. Lane, assistant cashier. The State Security Bank is successor to the Security Trust & Savings Company, which was organized April 7, 1905, with the following named officers: R. H. Evans, president; N. P. Shurtz, SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 555 first vice president; H. E. Printz, second vice president; W. B. Hiteschew, secretary; J. C. Saner, treasurer. William B. Deacon, S. Linser and W. E. Lloyd and the officers named formed the executive committee. The State Security Bank acquired ownership of the security Trust & Savings Company in 1910, and chose the following named officers: F. H. Southard, president; Watt M. Barnett, first vice president; George K. Browning, sec ond vice president and Wm. B. Deacon, cashier. The bank owns and occupies the valuable building located at the southeast corner of Main and Fifth streets. Peoples Savings, T. F. Spangler, president; W. J. Atwell, vice president and cashier; C. T. Atwell, treasurer and assistant cashier. C. T. Atwell's death occurred in January, 1928. The Peoples Savings Bank was organized by T. F. Spangler and W. J. Atwell and was opened November 1, 1889, with T. F. Spangler as president; Willis Bailey, first vice president; C. Stolzenbach, second vice president, and W. J. Atwell, secretary and cashier. The bank's first home was in a single room in the Monumental Building; in 1894 it occupied the corner room of the Clarendon Building. Its present home is in the modern five-story Peoples Bank Building, on. Fourth Street, opposite the courthouse, to which important additions were made in 1926, while interior remodeling added greatly to the size and beauty of the bank's quarters. First Trust & Savings Bank, F. M. Ransbottom, president; George Brown, cashier; W. E. Decker, assistant cashier; Neil Starkey, trust officer. The First Trust & Savings Bank's forerunner was the American Bank, which was organized January 19, 1903, with a capital stock of $15,000 and a home at 508 Main Street. The officers were J. B. Hunter, president; F. C. Deitz, vice president, and George Brown, cashier. In 1904 Mr. Brown bought his partners' interests and conducted the institution until 1905, when it was incorporated as the American Trust & Savings Bank with $35,000 capital stock. In 1919 the First National Bank acquired the ownership and reincorporated under a new state bank charter as the First Trust & Savings Bank, with paid in capital stock of $150,- 000 and a surplus of $30,000, Mr. Brown retaining the post of cashier. Having' purchased the -Schultz Building at Main and 556 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO Fifth streets, the new owners made its ground floor into a hand-some and modern home and moved into it in the fall of 1926. Zanesville Bank & Trust Company, E. F. O'Neal, president; O. W. Wendell, vice president; J. H. Garrett, cashier. The Zanesville Bank & Trust Company was organized May 20, 1920, by E. F. O'Neal and O. W. Wendell, the former becoming president and the latter vice president of the institution, while J. H. Garrett was made cashier. The company purchased the building at 330 Main Street, made the ground floor over into a modern bank home -and now occupies these handsome and well appointed quarters. The business has undergone a steady and constant development. Guardian Trust & Safe Deposit Company, T. F. Spangler, president; W. J. Atwell, secretary and treasurer; C. T. Atwell, assistant secretary. C. T. Atwell died in Zanesville. The Guardian Trust & Safe Deposit Company was organized May 29, 1900, with a capital of $50,000 and was officered as fol-lows : John Hoge, president; T. F. Spangler, first vice president; Willis Bailey, second vice president; C. Stolzenbach, third vice president; W. J. Atwell, secretary and treasurer; C. T. Atwell, assistant secretary. The Guardian's first home was in the Clarendon Building but since the removal of the Peoples Bank to its present Fourth Street home the Guardian Company has occupied the same quarters. CHAPTER LXXIV ZANESVILLE A BUSY NEWSPAPER FIELD TWO WEEKLIES AS EARLY AS 1810-MANY CHANGES IN OWNERSHIP-TIMES RECORDER, SIGNAL AND SUNDAY NEWS (NOW THE TIMES-SIGNAL) CONSOLIDATED IN 1919-IT SOLVED A PROBLEM LEFT BY THE WORLD WAR. The World war ended November 11, 1918, but its economic, industrial and mercantile results lasted in a more or less acute form during many later months, even in this favored land, several thousand miles removed. There was a shortage of workers, until the boys returned from overseas, and consequent obstacles to production; there were strikes which made such matters worse ; commodity prices stubbornly refused to fall; rents rose and so did the general cost of living. In many lines of production and trade, operators sought to lessen their problems by processes of combination and consolidation and this was especially the case in the newspaper field, where wages and the cost of materials, notably the cost of print paper, mounted to levels threatening not merely profits but existence. In a number of Ohio towns all but one newspaper were taken out of the field by consolidation or other processes and in the country at large there was a corresponding reduction. THE SOLUTION FOUND In Zanesville the problems were solved not by the elimination of newspapers, but by a consolidation of operating forces and equipments. The change was announced by the Times Recorder in its issue of October 21, 1919, the statement being made that a new organization, the Zanesville Publishing Company, had been incorporated with 'a capital stock of $500,000 to take over the Times Recorder, the Signal and the Sunday News. It was stated that the three newspapers would be printed in - 557 - 558 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO the Times Recorder building and with the Times Recorder equipment as soon as the necessary arrangements could be made; that the news, editorial and circulation departments of each newspaper would be separate that the first would continue to be republican in politics, the second, democratic, and the third independent, but that in the last case the name would be changed from the Sunday News to the Times-Signal. The full program was carried out but the Zanesville Publishing Company has built a new home on South Fourth Street. THE MESSENGER Zanesville was but ten years old when her first newspaper, the Muskingum Messenger, entered the field and Zanesville has been "a good newspaper town" ever since—good as to the number of papers supported, good as to the quality thereof and good as to the influence exerted. The Messenger was launched in February, 1810, as an exponent of Jeffersonian Democracy. Its first publishers were White and Sawyer. A little later David Chambers purchased White's interest and in 1812 became sole owner. In 1815 Josiah Heard succeeded Chambers as owner and in February, 1819, Ezekial T. Cox succeeded Heard. In 1822 Horatio J. Cox, Ezekial T.'s brother, took over the Messenger, but in February, 1824, Horatio reconveyed it to Ezekial T. and Samuel J. Cox. The latter became sole owner and editor in 1825 but in May, 1828, he sold the paper to Thomas Anderson because "he could not support Andrew Jackson for the presidency." Anderson could and did stand by the administration until the date of the South Carolina nullification episode, when, switching to the side of Calhoun, he lost the good will of Jacksonian Democracy and sold the Messenger (1837) to Joseph Moorehead and Michael P. Brister. But they were Whigs and the Messenger, suffering a second stroke of misfortune, soon gave up the ghost. MUSKINGUM EXPRESS Although the federalists were much less numerous in this section than the democrats, federalists followed the owners of the Messenger with the Muskingum Express which was launched in SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 561 Zanesville in 1810. The owners were Putnam and Company, who in 1812 sold the paper to O'Hara and Bennett. They changed the name to the Express and Advertiser and in 1812 to the Express and Republican Standard. When David Chambers bought the paper in 1823 he changed the name to the Ohio Republican. Adam Peters was associated with Chambers as publisher and they made the Republican a vigorous. advocate of Henry Clay for the presidency. ENTER THE COURIER Chambers retired in 1824 ; William C. Pelham bought an interest in 1825 and sold it to Peters in 1833 ; Peters sold out to Lambert O'Hara and John A. ,Beatty in 1842 ; Beatty retired in 1843, when M. P. Bristor became part owner; David H. Lyman bought an interest in November, 1845. With that change came the end of the Republican for the then owners named the paper the Zanesville Courier. It was a weekly paper, but on March 31, 1846, it became a tri-weekly. This issue ceased the same year when the Daily Courier appeared. November 1, 1847, the daily was discontinued and the tri-weekly was resumed., Edward Ball and Imri Richards became the paper's owners on October 19, 1849. They resumed publication of the daily on December 16, 1850, but transferred the ownership to W. H. Ball, William Buell, H. J. Mercer and J. Carrel. In 1852 George Weaver and N. S. Kaufman bought the property. On March 4, 1858, U. P. Bennett, owner of the Zanesville Gazette, which Uriah Parke had established in 1830, bought Weaver's interest in the Courier and consolidated the Gazette with the Courier. The weekly edition then took the name of the Courier and Gazette and the daily edition, The Courier. In December, 1868, the word Gazette was dropped from the weekly's title. LEGGETT PART OWNER Another change of ownership occurred in August, 1859, when C. H. Upton and J. T. Shryock purchased the establishment. In 1861 the latter became sole owner. Sutor says that the paper then "for the first time was a financial success." On November 562 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO 16, 1865, Gen. M. D. Leggett and Col. J. C. Douglass, having completed their Civil war service, purchased the Courier. Thomas J. Newman secured a one-third interest on July 1, 1866; General Leggett sold his interest to John H. Dodd in May, 1868 ; on January 1, 1872, Newman and Dodd acquired the Douglass interest and conducted the Courier themselves until 1876, when R. B. Brown purchased a portion of Dodd's interest; in 1889 The Courier Company was incorporated and thus organized: T. J. Newman, president; L. E. Dodd, vice president ; J. H. Dodd, secretary and treasurer ; R. B. Brown, business manager. In 1905 John Hoge was president of the company; R. B. Brown, secretary and treasurer; Joseph Shaw, G. A. Stanbery and O. F. McKinney completed the board of directors. General Brown later retired from the company and was succeeded by W. G. Newman, who became manager of the newspaper and job printing departments. The Courier was discontinued in the summer of 1915. THE SIGNAL'S PREDECESSORS The Charles B. Flood and Frederick W. DeKrufft Demccrat Union succeeded the Messenger as the democratic organ in 1833. When William Crosby purchased the paper he named it the Aurora. David Robb succeeded Crosby and Jacob Glessner succeeded Robb (January 1, 1838). Six years later Glessner sold to John Brandt. Many changes followed, the successive owners being McCann and Camp ; Chauncey Bassett, Henry Beard, Roberts and Adams and Beard again, in 1852. Later owners and part owners were R. W. P. Muse, A. O. Wagstaff, Lewis Baker, James W. Gally, Thomas W. Peacock, Joseph McGonagle. The Daily Commercial Aurora lasted three years. In 1862 the Ohio Farmers' League was merged with the Aurora. The Citizens' Press was launched in 1860 to support inridge for the presidency. Sutor says it developed "in ditious sheet when its candidate became a foe to his county and the paper was mobbed by the indignant loyal men of Zanesville; July 9, 1863, it was merged with the Aurora." William Ewing joined Peacock in conducting the latter paper and then he purchased Peacock's interest. When J. Mulholland succeeded on February 4, 1864, he discontinued the Aurora and on February 11, 1864, launched the Ohio Signal. Soon after this, Daniel B. Linn became proprietor. SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 563 D. B. LINN, EDITOR During 1865 a group of prominent democrats of the city and county, associated themselves together, under the title of the Signal Printing Company, to publish the Signal. Mr. Linn was the manager and Messrs. Elias Ellis, Wm. Pringle and Gemmill Arthur were trustees. New type, steam power, a Hoe press and a job-printing outfit were installed. Mr. Linn then became editor and Mr. Arthur business manager. At this time the daily edition was launched. Mr. Linn's election to the state senate brought about another change; James T. Irvine acquired the establishment, June 10, 1867. The daily was suspended January 1, 1870. Thomas M. and Daniel H. Gaumer purchased the Signal in November, 1883. Several years later the latter acquired the former's interest and bent all his energies toward the development of the property. The daily edition was restored; the plant was removed from the City Hall to the Schultz Opera Block; the proprietor was elected successively to the lower and upper houses of the State Legislature and was appointed postmaster of Zanesville. He died in February, 1898. JAMES R. ALEXANDER, OWNER In October, 1898, Henry E. and James R. Alexander purchased the Signal, which, with the former's retirement not long after, came under the control of the latter, who proceeded to develop it to a point not previously reached, his successful newspaper experience having prepared the way for his success. in Zanesville. James R. Alexander had entered the editorial and publishing field very early in life. At the age of 12, at St. Clairsville, Ohio, he issued for some time the Occasional. Later in life he and his brother Henry were in the newspaper field at Washington, Following this came his connection with the Spirit of Decy at Woodsfield, Ohio. While owner of the Zanesville Signal James R. Alexander beZanesville's postmaster under appointment by President Wilson. His term lasted from May 1, 1914, until August 1, 1922. He resigned one year before the full term had expired. He was a "working" postmaster who actively applied marked executive ability and ripe managerial experience to the affairs of the office and who left an excellent official record. 564 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO The compliment paid him by a democratic president was repeated in 1922 and 1924 by the democrats of the Zanesville district, who in both years nominated him for the office of congressman. The Zanesville district is republican, and he was defeated. Mr. Alexander retained ownership of the Signal until it was taken over by the Zanesville Publishing Company as stated at the beginning of this chapter. THE TIMES RECORDER The first predecessor of this newspaper was the City Times, established September 1, 1852, by Jacob Glessner and John B. Roberts. The paper was a non-partisan weekly folio. It was printed on the first steam-power press brought to Zanesville. In 1853 Mr. Glessner became sole proprietor and in 1864 he sold the paper to George H. Logan, who took in J. H. Dodd as a partner. Cooper, Evans and Ehrman were the next owners and "Governor" John Greiner succeeded them. A Mr. Lee acquired the paper from Greiner ; R. C. Brown from. Lee; W. W. Pyle from Brown and E. C. Hayes from Pyle. In 1876 the Weekly City Times was discontinued and the Sunday Times took its place for a few months when the Daily Times appeared. Fire destroyed the home of the plant in 1877 and publication was suspended until June 12 of that year, when the paper was again issued as The Daily Morning Times. By this time a cooperative association of printers—W. W. Pyle, E. R. Sullivan, D. P. and Edward Mercer, Alonzo Shoemaker and H. M. Parsons —were the publishers. On August 16 the weekly edition reappeared. ENTER D. J. RICHARDS Several changes of ownership ensued and in 1883 W. E. Krebs, W. H. Cunningham, Jr., Thomas Campbell and Thomas E. Taylor wire issuing the paper. But in 1885, Jesse Atwell, who held a chattel mortgage on the property, consolidated the Daily and Weekly Times with the Weekly Recorder, published by Edward Spencer, and the Weekly Visitor, published by Rev. W. M. Acton, and issued the Daily Times Recorder and The Weekly Times Recorder and Visitor. A little later Atwell and Acton retired and on January 1, 1886, a stock company, The Times Recorder Company, purchased the establishment. Edward SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 565 Spencer became editor and David J. Richards, business manager. Three years later Spencer severed his connection with the company. Although Mr. Richards' experience had been acquired in the mercantile and not in the newspaper field, his sagacity and judgment soon placed the Times Recorder upon a paying basis. The establishment was removed from the Maginnis Block to a home of its own on South Fifth Street, and new equipment was added as the growth of circulation and business warranted expansion. Thomas W. Lewis entered the business department in 1889 and succeeded Business Manager Richards when the latter retired from active service, while remaining a stockholder and director. Mr. Lewis was succeeded in 1892 by J. J. Halloran of California and the latter, soon after, by Willard S. Richards, son of D. J. Richards. Mr. Lewis was managing editor 1905 to 1910. ENTER WILLIAM. MILLER In the late nineties, William M. Miller of Dresden, owner and publisher of the Dresden Transcript, bought stock in the Times Recorder and assumed its general management. To his valuable newspaper experience was added decided natural ability and the Times Recorder made marked progress in circulation and advertising. Its political power and prestige had grown in keeping with the expansion which Manager Miller had brought about along other lines. It had developed into a republican organ which was vigorously helping, to convert democratic Muskingum into a measurably regular republican county. Mr. Miller had acquired a controlling interest in the company's stock and was laying plans for further development when a group of local republicans strong in ready money and credit, offered to buy the property at a price flattering to Mr. Miller's success as manager, and indicative of their own high conception of the par's future. ENTER W. O. LITTICK The change was made in January, 1903. The new owners placed in the hands of W. O. Littick the managerial powers which had been exercised by William M. Miller. Mr. Littick had entered the Times Recorder news department in July, 1886, and had 566 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO climbed all the steps therein, during unbroken service lasting until the close of the Miller regime, when he was managing editor of the paper. Having grown up with the Times Recorder, invested money in it, and materially helped to build it up, Mr. Littick was thoroughly equipped for general management. He recognized in the rural free delivery a particularly promising medium for development and prepared for the use of that medium with a forethought and thoroughness which made failure impossible. USED THE RURAL ROUTES The Government had favored Southeastern Ohio with an extensive network of rural routes. Zanesville, with her position near the center of that section, and her early morning trains running thereinto in every direction, was the logical home for a morning newspaper of far greater size and patronage than the average city of Zanesville's size was supporting. With clear vision of the opportunities, Mr. Littick has taken advantage of them all along the line ever since he took managerial charge of the Times Recorder. The newspaper was enlarged and bettered; the old two-story building was succeeded by a new five-story structure; the most modern equipment was installed. The public's response has vindicated the faith reposed in it by the management by giving the Times Recorder a circulation and an advertising patronage not exceeded in any city of Zanesville's size. And the policy which gave the eight or ten counties tributary to Zanesville a morning newspaper of well nigh metropolitan proportions has helped to give the city mercantile activities of corresponding importance. The Zanesville advertisements carried daily by the Times Rrder long ago made this city a trade and amusement center for its out-of-town readers. While the Times Recorder's total circulation under its present management has increased more than five fold, its city circulation has increased nearly four fold, showing the thoroughness of its hold upon all the people of this section. THREE IN ONE With the consolidation of the Times Recorder, Signal and Sunday Times-Signal, under the ownership of the Zanesville Publish- SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 567 ing Company, W. O. Littick became general manager and Charles W. Gibson business manager of the three papers, positions which they now hold. Mr. Gibson has also had extensive newspaper experience. For years he was the successful publisher of the Roseville Independent. During later periods he was advertising manager, first of the Signal and later of the Times Recorder. In March, 1919, he purchased the former newspaper from James R. Alexander and published it until November 1, 1919, when it was taken over by the Zanesville Publishing Company. THE SUNDAY NEWS Made its first appearance in July, 1883, when William E. Krebs and John Miller were its publishers, the office being in the Maginnis Block. Six months later Edward F. Fuller purchased Miller's interest and other changes in ownership followed, with W. A. Hopkins, John F. Tracy, Charles E. Addison, and C. R. Long figuring successively in the changes. Mr. Long held a chattel mortgage on the plant and in due time took possession. On February 8, 1888, he sold to Charles Shryock, who moved the establishment to his printing office on Fifth Street at Fountain Alley. In 1895 there was another change of ownership when the Times Recorder Company acquired the property and named the paper the Sunday Times Recorder. When Charles E. Barker became owner in 1898 he restored the former name, the Sunday News, but soon parted with the property. to Ad. Elsperman of Wooster, and Calvin D. Myers of Lodi, Ohio. Myers retired in 1901 and Elsperman continued publication until his death. The paper became the property of the Zanesville Publishing Company and was renamed the Times. Signal in 1919, as was stated. THE PENNY PRESS Came into existence on April 1, 1891. Its editor and manager, William O. Munson, enlarged the Press to a seven column, eight-page paper in April, 1892, and added a weekly edition. On January 8, 1897, the Press Publishing Company was incorporated, Dr. H. J. Sheppard becoming president; D. C. Helmick, secretary, and W. 0. Munson, manager. Among other stockholders were It. L. Dollings, A. W. Evans, W. E. Harris, Harry Leis, and 568 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO C. E. Swingle. On the death of Manager Munson in September, 1898, Dollings and Helmick took charge. They renamed the Press the Morning Journal; Dollings retired and in April, 1899, L. H. Gibson, whose term as mayor had just closed, became city editor. In June publication ceased and in December the property was sold under a court decree. Rev. M. W. Acton's newspaper, the Weekly Visitor, has already been briefly referred to. A GROUP OF SHORT-LIVED ONES The Dial appeared during one of the '80s and soon expired; the Sunday Herald, a Putnam venture, lasted but a few weeks; the Sunday Star, launched in or about 1887 by Harvey J. Abbott and Pius Padgett, held on during four years; the Daily Democrat, fathered in August, 1897, by W. V. Cox, W. L. Maginnis and W. C. Crawley, lasted two and a half months; the Democratic Daily Era, published by Maginnis, Crawley, and George C. Thompson, and issued in March, 1880, was subjected to several ownership changes until its suspension occurred near the close of the year. Zanesville at one time published as many as ten newspapers. Threes of these disappeared when the publishers of three dailies, one after the other, ceased to print their weekly editions. Other publications went out of the field until June, 1922, when these remained : the Daily Times Recorder, the Daily Signal, the Sunday Times-Signal, the Evening Dispatch, and the Tribune, the labor paper. John T. Shryock's paper was one of the publications which had thus dropped out. It was launched on May 20, 1870, under the *le, The Farmers' and Mechanics' Advocate, but in 1873 Mr. Shryock changed the name tote Weekly Advocate and issued a daily edition for six months. he panic of 1873 caused suspension of the daily, but the weekly remained in the field until 1892, when its owner died. THE ZANESVILLE POST The first issue of this newspaper in the German language occurred on March 28, 1872, with Adolph Schneider as editor. In 1895 it was taken over by a stock company and in 1899 Charles U. Shryock became its owner. It was discontinued several years ago. SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 569 REPRESENTING LABOR The Labor Journal succeeded the Sunday Star in January, 1892, when Campbell and Sebaugh took charge. Faller Bros. succeeded to the ownership in 1894 but publication ceased about a year later. In 1897 Charles H. Sebaugh purchased the Journal, after, it had been in existence as a monthly for about a year and resumed its weekly publication. Neil M. Beckley and Sons acquired Sebaugh's interest on February 1, 1903, and conducted it successfully until November 19, 1919. The Tribune, owned by Howser and Bridwell, appeared in the field to represent labor in 1921, and has been in existence since. THE ZANESVILLE DISPATCH This evening newspaper was launched on May 16, 1921, in the North Sixth Street building occupied for years by the Sunday News, its chief promoters being E. F. O'Neal, Howard T. Piper, and Robert D. Elsperman. Its publication ceased on July 1, when the Zanesville Publishing Company purchased all of its assets save a lease on the building it occupied. Announcement of its purchase was made by the Times Recorder on Monday, July 3, when it was stated that the Tribune's circulation, would be merged with that of the Signal. The Times Recorder added that the purchase price covered the physical property and other assets of the Dispatch and left a margin sufficient to refund all the stockholders' investments plus 8 per cent for the use of their money. It was furthermore stated that the Dispatch had been a creditable publication but that its owners had realized that there was no room in Zanesville for three daily newspapers. With this statement appeared one from the former publishers of the Dis tch declaring that they had entered the Zanesville newspaper field in the belief that the public had desired an independent paper but that support of the Dispatch as such had not been what its owners had a right to expect. THE WESTERN RECORDER Had a rather unique record as a newspaper which was published not even in a village, but on a farm instead. Rev. Cornelius Springer was the promoter of it and publication began on that gentleman's farm, Meadow Farm, located six miles west of Zanes- 570 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO ville. It entered the field on July 18, 1833, and in 1845 A. H. Bassett purchased the paper and began its publication in Putnam. There it waxed strong as an organ of the Methodist Protestant Church. In 1855 it was transferred to Springfield, Ohio. THE DRESDEN TRANSCRIPT Newspaper publication began in Dresden as early as 1838. On July 30 of that year A. Deffenbaugh issued the first number of the Dresden Ch,ronicle. In 1842 the name was changed to the Journal, and two years later publication ceased. In 1850 Wallace and Agnew issued the Advocate. In 1852 the name was changed to the Intelligen,cer. In 1855 Bently Gill be-came owner. He sold to M. B. Lovett in 1877, who suspended publication. The interval of non-publication was broken in 1868 when T. W. Peacock and Son started the Dresden Monitor. The Monitor passed successively to J. A. Jackson, L. M. Murphy, W. H. Conklin and J. T. Shryock. The latter put new life into the Monitor but sold it in two years to J. W. Martin. Martin published the paper as the Herald for six months. For a short time Dresden had two papers, James W. Wheeling having started the Dresden Doings in 1874. In September, 1878, W. E. Smith bought the Doings and issued it until 1879. The Dresden, Transcript succeeded the Doings, suc-cessfully occupying the field, especially under the ownership of William M. Miller. THE ROSEVILLE INDEPENDENT Was established at Roseville in 1888 by George Stull. Later it passed successively into the hands of Charles W. Gibson, Laura B. Poe, W. H. Goodlive, and George Stine. H. C. Williams established the Review at Roseville in 1895. The New Concord Enterprise, which has taken an important part in the growth of New Concord and Eastern Muskingum, was established on July 22, 1880. ATHENS COUNTY CHAPTER LXXV "ARCHEOLOGICALLY UNIQUE" IS ATHENS COUNTY ITS PLAINS "APPEALED STRONGLY TO THE ABORIGINAL LIKING"-SIXTY-THREE ANCIENT MOUNDS AND TWELVE ENCLOSURES RECORDED-TWO INDIAN VILLAGES ON THE HOCKING AND A MUCH USED TRAIL CROSSED:, THE COUNTY-CROGHAN CALLED THE HOCKING "BOTTLE RIVER"-DUNMORE BUILT FORT GOWER AT ITS MOUTH AND MARCHED UP ITS VALLEY AND BACK-HIS OFFICERS EXPRESSED THEIR AMERICANISM AS THE REVOLUTION'S SHADOW GATHERED-EVENT PRESERVED IN GRANITE. We ntroduce the subject of the aboriginal occupation of Athens ounty by quoting what Dr. William C. Mills, late curator of the Ohio Archeological and Historical Society, says of it in his comprehensive and highly valuable "Archeological Atlas of Ohio." His words put the reader at once in touch with prehistoric mysteries which archeologists continue to study and puzzle over with unabated interest : "Archeologically unique is the district known as the plains' of Athens County. It consists of an area of upwards of five miles square, lying south and west of the Hocking River and north of the City of Athens. Its surface, quite level, is dotted with mounds and enclosures so abundant that from almost any one of them it is possible to see another. MUCH TO THE MOUND BUILDERS' LIKING "The Elevation of the plains' is only slightly above that of the river, while on all sides of it the country rises rapidly to considerable heights. This level and protected area evidently appealed strongly to the aboriginal liking, as evidenced by the remains of their industry. Ames Township, on the headwaters of Federal Creek, and Alexander Township, in the southern part of the - 571 - 572 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO county, abound in mounds. The various kinds of these ancient works is here listed by townships : "Trimble, Mounds one ; York, Mounds one; Dover, Mounds three, Enclosures five; Ames, Mounds sixteen; Bern, Mounds one; Waterloo, Mounds three, Enclosures one; Athens, Mounds eighteen, Enclosures six, Village sites one : Canaan, Mounds two; Rome, Mounds one; Lee, Mounds one; Alexander, Mounds sixteen, Village sites one ; Totals, Mounds sixty-three; Enclosures twelve; and Village sites two." THE INDIANS IN ATHENS COUNTY There were two Indian villages in the territory now constituting the county and one Indian trail. One of the former was Shawnee Town which was located on the Hocking River a short distance above Athens; the other, Wanduchales Town, was also on the Hocking, near the Washington County line and not far from the Ohio River. The trail known as number sixteen in the Ohio Archeological and Historical Society's records, extended from trail number thir-teen, in Washington County, to the site of Gallipolis, paralleling the Ohio River, usually some distance inland, and passing Wanduchales Town. A branch led southward through what is now West Virginia. Number sixteen's connection with trail number thirteen gave it much importance, as the latter extended from Maguck, center of those well known Shawnee settlements on the Scioto, through Perry and Washington counties to the settlements in southwestern Pennsylvania, crossing the Ohio from Washing-ton County. Number sixteen was also a connecting link between trails five and six. TRAILS GO BACK TO PREHISTORIC PERIOD Number five, known as the Cuyahoga Trail, extended from the mouth of the Cuyahoga River to the mouth of the Muskingum and number six was a very important fur route between the lakes and the Virginia country and within its southern extension it was one of the greatest Indian highways between Southern and Central Ohio sections. "While extending down into historic times," says Curator Mills, "the trails and many of the towns doubtless reached far SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 573 back into the prehistoric period of the territory now within the State of Ohio and served as a connecting link between the two eras." ATHENS COUNTY'S TWO OUTSTANDING DISTINCTIONS The return of Lord Dunmore's army from the Pickaway Plains to the mouth of the Hocking River in the fall of 1774 was followed by the first of two outstanding distinctions resting upon territory now, a part of Athens County. One was the so-called "declaration of independence" which Dunmore's officers launched against Great Britain at Fort Gower. The other came about a quarter of a century later when the Ohio Company chose ground in what is now the City of Athens as the site of the first university established north and west of the Ohio. The events which led up to the first action and a recently staged public recognition of their importance will be described here; the second story will be told on later pales. HISTORIC HOCKING-"BOTTLE RIVER" In the spring of 1765 George Croghan and "some friendly Indians" descended the Ohio River on their way to Wabash Indian lands and passed the mouth of the Hocking River. Croghan, "a sub-commissioner of the British government" and the Croghan whom Christopher Gist had found at the Forks of the Muskingum fourteen years before, wrote in his journal that he had passed the mouth of "Hochocen or Bottle River" on the fifth day from Pittsburgh. Croghan's journey past the river which flows through Athens County ,and enters the Ohio where the county's short shore line meets the greater stream was an early one for a white man to essay but by no means the first of the kind. Sixteen years before the Celoron expedition had passed the same spot, on that journey which has been fully described on our earlier pages. WASHINGTON'S OHIO JOURNEY George Croghan was followed down the Beautiful River in 1770 by George Washington, who had borne arms against the French, who was destined to be a lasting source of inspiration to Revolutionary compatriots when they sought to plant and culti- 574 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO vate the white man's civilization in the wilderness north and west of the Ohio and whose journey of 1770, as disclosed by his journal, was devoted largely to an inspection and appraisal of the physical features of the coveted territory. DUNMORE'S ARMY ARRIVES Four years after this Washington journey the Ohio's current bore to the mouth of the Hocking a still larger number of white men than Celoron had taken down stream. In the fall of 1774 Earl Dunmore's army of 1,200 Virginians reached the spot but these landed instead of passing by—landed, built Fort Gower, marched up the valley and thence advanced to the Pickaway Plains. This event in Dunmore's war calls for the submission of details in a history of Athens County. It had much to do in making known the Hocking Valley to white men living east of the Ohio and the return of the army to the mouth of the river and its retirement from service there was soon followed by the opening of the Revolutionary war. The shadow of the conflict was upon these men as they laid down their arms and left the fort. VICTORY OF THE WHITES AT POINT PLEASANT Governor Dunmore had caused two armies of Virginians to be organized. One of 1,200 men he assumed command of. The other, numbering 1,100 men, he placed under the command of General Andrew Lewis and it was planned to unite the two at the mouth of the Great Kanawha and march against the Indians on the Pickaway Plains. General Lewis' command reached Point Pleasant early in September and was attacked October 10 by about 1,100 warriors under Cornstalk, who shrewdly sought to defeat the Point Pleasant army before Dunmore's could join it. The battle lasted all day and Lewis won it by a skilfully-managed flank movement in the evening. The foe retreated and the whites took up the pursuit but were unable to bring about an engagement. Dunmore's force having marched to Fort Pitt from Potomac Gap, descended the Ohio and landed at the mouth of the Hocking. His troops built Fort Gower, as stated, and began a march up the Hocking Valley. At the site of Logan they turned westward and SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 575 reached a point seven miles distant from the site of Circleville. Here, near the end of October the treaty of Camp Charlotte was entered into with the Indians and Dunmore's force returned to Fort Gower. On arriving at the mouth of the Hocking on his way from Fort Pitt Dunmore had ordered General Lewis to march from Point Pleasant to the Pickaway Plains where the two armies would unite. Lewis won his victory at Point Pleasant and joined Dunmore at Camp Charlotte. DUNMORE'S OFFICERS "RESOLVE" It has been said that Dunmore's treaty held the tribes in leash during the first two years of the Revolution. At any rate, no Indian troubles threatened sufficiently to hold the army together when it returned to Fort Gower, and a bit of news greeted the men there which couriers had brought from the east that relegated the Indians to a minor place, in the light of the conflict which the action of the continental congress at Philadelphia had shown was looming up between America and Great Britain. The officers under Dunmore were men of vision' and of action, for they met November 5 to consider their own part in the coming struggle. They resolved to be loyal to King George III as long as he 'should delight to reign over a brave and free people, but declared that "as the love of liberty and attachment to the real interests of America outweigh every other consideration we resolve that we will exert every power within us for the defense of American liberty and for the support of her just rights and privileges, not in any riotous manner but when regularly called forth by the unanimous voice of our countrymen." HISTORIC VALUE PRESERVED IN GRANITE Memorial recognition of the significance of this ringing declaration of Americanism held off during nearly 150 years, but on November 9 and 10, 1923, Ohio's Daughters of the American Revolution concluded the program which they had previously launched in behalf of such recognition. One of the purposes of the D. A. R. being "to perpetuate the memory and spirit of the men and women who achieved independence by the acquisition and protection of historic spots" they had caused to be erected at Hockingport, on 37--Vol. 1 576 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO the site of Fort Gower, a huge granite stone bearing two memorial tablets. This was unveiled on the afternoon of November 10, 1923, after preliminary exercises had been held the evening before in Ewing Hall at Athens. The 'Athens Messenger of November 11, 1923, spoke of the celebration as follows : "Most impressive were the services at Hockingport Saturday afternoon when the Ohio Daughters of the American Revolution unveiled and dedicated the tablet marking the historic site of Fort Gower, where the first American Declaration of Independence was made in 1774. "The trip to Hockingport, which was gaily decorated with flags in honor of the occasion, was made by automobile. The memorial is a granite block from the quarries near Stony Creek battlefield in Connecticut. It is six feet high, four feet wide and two feet thick and on two of its sides are bronze tablets telling the story of the site it marks and its dedication by the State D. A. R." "Hail to the men that made us free. Hail to the stainless swords they drew : A thousand years will never see Forgetfulness of men so true ; Their deeds will live while grandly waves The flag of a united land Above their scattered sacred graves, From mountain height to ocean strand." —Curry. CHAPTER LXXVI OHIO COMPANY'S LANDS CONSTITUTED THE COUNTY COMPANY'S SURVEYORS MEASURED THE HOCKING COUNTRY IN 1795-- RUFUS PUTNAM SURVEYED ATHENS AND ALEXANDER TOWNSHIPS AND RECOMMENDED THEM TO MARIETTA PIONEERS-IDEAL SETTLERS LOCATED IN THE HOCKING VALLEY-COUNTY ORGANIZED MARCH 1, 1805-STORY OF EARLY ELECTIONS AND FIRST PUBLIC BUILDINGS. According to the "History of the Hocking Valley," published in 1883, white squatters, men probably who had been soldiers in the Dunmore army which was disbanded at Fort Gower in 1774, located that year at Hocking Falls. As early as 1795 other white men trod the Hocking Valley and performed work there which helped to lay foundations for its settlement. There were three of these men and they had been appointed by the Ohio Company to examine the company's lands in the valley. Their report, made December 8, 1795, reads as follows : "We, the subscribers, being appointed a committee by a resolve of the agents of the Ohio Company of the ninth of November, 1790, and for .the purpose expressed in said resolve, but being prevented from- attending to that business by the Indian war until a treaty took place, since which (in company of Jeffery Matthewson, a surveyor appointed by the superintendent of surveys) having measured and very minutely examined the lands up the Hockhocking, report that in range XIV., township ten, the following lots or square miles, viz. : No.'s 13, 19, 20, 25, 31 and 32 ; - range 15, township 12, lots 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 17, 23, 24, 30, 35 and 36; - range 16, township 13, No.'s 13, 14, 20, 21, 26, 27, 28, 33 and 34, we find are suitable to be laid out into fifth division lots. Having also examined and surveyed the land at the mouth of the Great Hock-hocking, we find it very suitable for house lots according to map, etc. "(Signed) John Devol Robert Oliver Haffield White Committee." - 577 - 578 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO The sections listed in the foregoing report constituted the greater part of Hocking Bottoms and York and Dover Township uplands adjacent thereto in Athens County and adjacent uplands in Green Township, Hocking County. PUTNAM SUPERVISED THE SURVEY Devol, Oliver and White did not survey the land constituting Athens and Alexander townships in Athens County, the two reserved by the Ohio Company for university uses. That survey was accomplished "under the personal supervision of Rufus Putnam," in 1796. Ephraim Cutler said of these townships that they were favorite spots among "the hunting grounds of the Indians." General Putnam was much in favor of them and reported their merits to new arrivals at Marietta in the early part of 1797. A number of these made their way to the new college lands in large canoes, descending the Ohio to the Hocking and ascending the latter river, which was then quite navigable in the old sense of the word, with a considerably greater depth than it had after the valley lost most of its trees. ABLE PIONEERS FROM MARIETTA Among these men from Marietta were Alvan and Silas Bingham, Isaac Barker, William Harper, John Wilkins, Robert Lin-zee, Edmund, William and Barak Dorr, John Chandler and Jonathan Watkins. They found on the college lands and all around them the primeval forest. Along the margin of the river were towering sycamores ; covering the bottoms were dense growths of ash, hickory, walnut, poplar, etc. Ascending to the spot where Athens the town was later located some of the newcomers decided to settle there while others chose the bottoms which lay below. Early in 1798 other pioneers came, among them Solomon Tuttle, Christopher Stevens, John and Moses Hewett, Cornelius Moore, Joseph Snowden, John Simonton, Robert Ross. Snowden's wife Margaret came with him and as the first white woman to reach this central point in the Athens County territory she was honored by having her name given to the creek that was there, which became Margaret's Creek. The Ordinance of 1787 gave law to the Ohio country but law does not enforce itself and the Athens pioneers found the defi- SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 581 ciency supplied by the commissioning of Alvan Bingham as magistrate and Silas, his brother, as deputy sheriff. A little later Ephraim Cutler settled in Ames Township and he also was a magistrate. His arrival was timely, for certain types of land cases called for two magistrates and a jury. Bingham and Cutler held court together. The squatters required attention and were quite troublesome. ATHENS, TOWNSHIP AND CITY It has been said that the six miles square tract of land chosen for the site of Ohio University could not have been excelled in the point of quality by any in the Ohio Company's purchase. Charged with the duty of locating the college site near the center of its possessions the company had the good fortune to find that nature had given the site of Athens great richness of soil as well as a commanding position amid the surrounding hills and valleys. The history of Athens Township and Athens City are very closely merged. The former was originally much larger than it is now, Brown and Swan townships of Vinton County and Waterloo and Canaan of Athens having been created out of Athens Township. The survey of the township was completed in 1795. THE GREAT WEST'S FIRST UNIVERSITY Athens City enjoys the distinction of being the second formal white settlement in what is now the State, of Ohio and in being the seat of the mighty West's first university. The first white man's cabin on the site Of Athens City was planted in the wilderness there in 1798 and near this soon sprang up a patch of Indian corn. Other clearings, other cabins and other patches of maize soon followed, not only upon the central ground but outside of it, until by the close of the year a score or more families were pioneering within a radius of a few miles. PLANS FOR A SEAT OF LEARNING The college grounds were surveyed in 1795, and laid out the following year. Athens and Amesville were first settled and to points around them incoming pioneers went later. By December, 1800, five cabin homes occupied sites shown on the Athens town plat. 582 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO The territorial legislature provided for the laying off of the Town of Athens and the act was approved by Governor St. Clair December 18, 1799. The act requested Rufus Putnam, Benjamin Ives Gilman and Jonathan Stone to lay off in the most suitable place within townships eight and nine in the fourteenth range, a town plat which should contain "a square for the college, also suitable for house lots and gardens, for a president, professors, tutors, etc., bordering on or encircled by spacious commons and such a number of town lots adjoining the said commons and out-kits as they shall think will be for the advantage of the university." RELATIONS BETWEEN TOWN AND COLLEGE Putnam, Gilman and Stone performed their duty as requested, locating "the said town within the 9th, 10th, 15th, 16th and 22nd sections of the aforesaid 9th township" and on December 8, 1800, ten days less than a year after the legislature had requested them to act, that body accepted and approved the work so done and declared "the said town shall be confirmed and established by the name of Athens." The second section of the act carried a provision calculated to secure for this university town the necessary public buildings without having to buy the sites. The section reads as follows: ENLIGHTENED PROVISION "And be it further enacted : that the house lots No.'s 55 and 56 in the said town Of Athens or some other two lots therein equally as well situated, to be designated and set apart by the trustees of said university when appointed, shall be reserved for the accommodation of public buildings that may be necessary to be erected for the use of said town and the county in which it may be situated ; which two lots when agreed upon by said trustees shall be particularly noted on the plat of said town and vested in the county to and for the uses designated thereby." THE COUNTY'S ORGANIZATION Athens was the fourth Southeastern Ohio county to be organized, Washington having been formed July 26, 1788, Belmont September 7, 1801, and Muskingum March 1, 1804. It was Gov. Edward Tiffin who in a message to the general assembly gave an SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 583 impetus to the creation of Athens County and this occurred December 4, 1804, when in referring to the gift of valuable lands to the Ohio University he made the following recommendation : "It is further thought that it would greatly increase the sale of these lands and town lots, as well as prepare the way for the accommodation and comfort of the youths who may be sent to the university, if a new county were created and its seat established at Athens. This may conveniently be done without injury to the counties adjacent and in my opinion the convenience of that part of the county imperatively demands it." ATHENS A COUNTY MARCH 1, 1805 The legislature did not delay. On February 20, 1805, it established Athens County with boundaries as follows : "Beginning at the southwest corner of township No. 10, range 17 ; thence easterly with the line between Gallia and Washington counties to the Ohio River; thence up that river to the mouth of Big Hockhocking River; thence up the said Hockhocking River to the east line of township No. 6, of the twelfth range; thence north on said line to the northeast corner of the 8th township in the said twelfth range; thence west to the east line of Fairfield County; thence south on said county line and the line of Ross County to the place of beginning." The act took effect March 1, 1805, and the Town of Athens was named as the county seat. SUBJECTED TO MANY CHANGES The area of the territory which the legislature included within the boundaries of Athens County contained 1,053 square miles, or about thirty congressional townships, each six miles square. This territory included not only the present County of Athens but three townships, Ward, Green and Starr, which became a part of Hocking County; seven townships, Brown, Swan, Elk, Madison, Knox, Vinton and Clinton, which became a part of Vinton County; five townships, made a part of Meigs County, viz. : Columbia, Scipio, Bedford, Orange and Olive; two townships, Homer and Marion which became a part of Morgan County and a strip of land ten miles long and one mile wide which was afterwards made again a part of Washington County. 584 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO MUCH GIVING AND TAKING Two years later an act was passed by the legislature altering the boundary line between Athens and Gallia counties by which Athens took a strip off Gallia ten miles long and one wide. At the same session on February 18, 1807, the line was altered between Athens and Washington counties which gave to. Athens that part of Troy Township lying east of the Hocking River and gave to Washington a strip fifteen miles long and one mile wide, taken from Athens. Numerous other changes were made by legislative action, some adding to and others taking territory from Athens. One was made February 10, 1814 ; then came one January 12, 1816, organizing Jackson County; January 3, 1818, the creation of Hocking County, March 12, 1845. All these reduced the area of Athens County and added it to the new counties. Meigs County, organized January 21, 1819, took a slice of Athens and when Vinton was created March 23, 1851, it took the remainder of Athens territory lying in that direction. The same act detached Ward Township from Athens and gave it to Hocking. The present boundaries of the county include about four hundred and thirty square miles. FIRST ELECTION AND FIRST COURTHOUSE The first election held in Athens County was for three commissioners. The votes were cast on the first Monday in April, 1804, when Silas Dean, William Howlett and John Corey were chosen. These officials divided the county into four townships, Ames, Alexander, Athens and Troy. We shall not here describe the steps taken later to create the present list of townships out of the county's territory but will name them, not as admitted, but in their alphabetical order : Alexander, Ames, Athens, Bern, Canaan, Carthage, Dover, Lee, Lodi, Rome, Trimble, Troy, Waterloo, York. For two years the county's courthouse was a room rented in a building owned by Silas Bingham and Leonard Jewett but in 1807 a log courthouse "with a brick chimney" was erected. This served the- purpose of its builders throughout ten years and in it such men as Thomas Ewing and Messrs. Beecher, Irwin, Hunter, Brasee, Stanberry, Medill, Vinton, Nash, Goddard, Conyers, Woodbridge and Nye proceeded to develop their high talents. The second courthouse, a brick building, was erected in 1818 and the third, in 1880. CHAPTER LXXVII ATHENS AND COLLEGE WERE "MUTUALLY PARENT AND CHILD" NATURE HAD FAVORED THE TOWN SITE AND MAN'S OFFER TO IMPART KNOWLEDGE WAS AN ADDED ATTRACTION-PUTNAM AND CUTLER ITS FAITHFUL FRIENDS-FIRST BUILDING A SMALL TWO-STORY BRICKEWING, BROUGH AND COX EARLY GRADUATES-"COONSKIN LIBRARY" ESTABLISHED IN AMES TOWNSHIP. Years ago, A. B. Walker, a prominent citizen of Athens, thus linked together the careers of the city and Ohio University : "Early access by the river and that general fertility and picturesqueness which invited first the occupation of water courses may have fixed this bluff and the adjacent bottoms as an eligible site for a settlement. The haste to found the college would prompt the selection of the most accessible place which at the same time should be sufficiently interior. Thus it appears that the college and town were mutually parent and child to each other ; for while the growing village was intended to become a source of revenue and nourishment to its infant charge the university on the other hand became a leading and efficient cause in hastening the inception of a corporate town, in giving it a local habitation so desirable and a name linking it with the choicest associations of literature and learning in the distant past." Speaking in a more general way of Athens, the city, Mr. Walker said then what is just as true today: "Athens in its general type is a pioneer town and is well built for one of its class. Its central position in the thickly settled southern part of Ohio; the growth of a thrifty agriculture and stock-raising county of which it is the natural focus and constituted seat of justice; the seminal principles of a rugged virtue and industry unconsciously grafted upon it by its founders; the intellectual and moral atmosphere diffused by its schools, courts, churches and university, its handsome situation and picturesque - 585 - 586 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO surroundings; all these have ever made Athens an attractive place of residence." FIRST UNIVERSITY IN THE WEST In authorizing the Board of Treasury to contract with the Ohio Company to place in their possession the western lands desired, Congress agreed that "two townships therein should be given perpetually to the uses of a University, the said townships to be laid off by the purchaser as near as possible to the center of the purchase, that it should be good land and be applied to the intended object by the Legislature of the state." As a result of this provision Ohio University became the first university so aided by Congress, while the spot on which Athens City stands, being excellent land and near the center of the Ohio Company's purchase, became the seat of the university. The part taken by Manasseh Cutler and Rufus Putnam in founding this institution was in accord with their high aims and practical minds. Cutler had from the first advocated the employment of an instructor for the Ohio Company's proposed settlement and later he conceived the idea of a university. Putnam was with him on this score and when he took up the work of locating the university's site he did it whole-heartedly and wisely. LEGISLATURE NAMED IT OHIO UNIVERSITY In 1800 Cutler wrote to Putnam that "as the American congress made the grant which is the foundation of the university no name appears more natural, than 'American University.' The sound is natural, easy and agreeable and no name can be more respectable. There is a Columbian college and a Washington college, etc., already in the country but no American college. I hope the name will not be altered." But the Legislature wanted the university to bear the state's name and in its act of February 18, 1804, establishing the institution, it gave it the name of the Ohio University. Section three of this act provided that "Elijah Backus, Rufus Putnam, Dudley Woodbridge, Benjamin Tappan, Bazaleel Wells, Nathaniel Massie, Daniel Symmes, Daniel Story, Samuel Carpenter, the Rev. Junes Kilbourne, Griffin Green, Sr., and Joseph Darlington, Esquires, together with the governor (of the state) as aforesaid and the president of the university (for the time being) , to be SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 589 chosen as hereinafter directed, be and the same are hereby created a body politic and corporate by the name of the President and Trustees of the Ohio University." SALE OF COLLEGE LOTS BEGINS At the first meeting of the trustees held in Athens on the first Monday of June, 1804, Governor Edward Tiffin and his fellow trustees, Backus, Putnam, Woodbridge, Story, Carpenter and Kilbourne, were present. The "History of the Hocking Valley" published in 1883 says of this meeting : "It is worthy of remark that the meeting of these men under the circumstances, afforded a high proof of their character—of their appreciation of the value of education and their honest devotion to the welfare of the new country. They had traveled fifty, seventy-five or 100 miles by blind paths or Indian trails through the dense and wild forest to this embryo village for the purpose of establishing an institution of learning. By the following November the sale of house and outlots of the town of Athens amounted to $2,223.50; average of house-lots $43.33 1/2 ; of out-lots; $39. In the south township, Alexander, seventy-five tracts, or 11,000 acres, were applied for. In the north township, Athens, seventy-five applications for leases, covering 8,760 acres, had been made." THE FIRST COLLEGE BUILDING At the third meeting of the trustees, held April 2, 1806, Rev. Jacob Lindley, Rufus Putnam and William Skinner were appointed a committee to contract for building a house in the town of Athens "for the purpose of an academy, on the credit of the rents that will hereafter become due." This building was erected east of where the present buildings stand. It was a two-story brick, 24x30 feet, with one room on each floor. For a decade this \pa the university's sole college house. Rev. Jacob Lindley was appointed preceptor and he entered upon his duties in the spring of 1808. TOM EWING THE FIRST GRADUATE During four years Dr. Lindley carried the burden of teaching students alone but in 1812 Artemus Sawyer, a Harvard graduate, became his distant. In 1815 Thomas Ewing won the honor of 590 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO being the university's first graduate and with his degree of Bachelor of Arts he was the first student to receive a college degree in the state. He had spent three years in energetic study and had devoted some of his vacation months to surveying in order to obtain funds wherewith to cover his college expenses. Space will not admit of detailed mention of the steps by which Ohio University grew to larger and larger proportions and usefulness. Having here told the story of its beginning the institution's present importance will be dealt with on a later page. We will add here, however, that the college's second building was erected in 1817; that its organization was completed in 1822 and that among its early graduates were the famous Thomas Ewing, John Brough and Samuel S. Cox, while W. H. McGuffey was a member of the faculty. EWING AND CUTLER COME TO ATHENS Mention of Ames Township and Thomas Ewing is a reminder that the two names are linked together in history along with that of Ephraim Cutler. Lieut. George Ewing, Thomas Ewing's father, and Ephraim Cutler first visited Ames Township in the spring of 1797. They came again the following fall and with them Capt. Benjamin Brown. In the spring of 1798 Lieutenant Ewing located in the township, the first one to do so; and Judge Cutler and Captain Brown followed in 1799. The township's first school, taught by Charles Cutler, came into existence in 1802 and within its walls Thomas Ewing absorbed the rudiments of an education. His father left Athens .County in 1806, returning to Washington County, as did Judge Cutler. THE WEST'S FIRST LIBRARY It was in Ames Township that the historic "Coonskin Library" came into existence and its founders were members of the "Western Library Association." The establishment of a library was *first broached at a meeting of Ames Township pioneers held in 1803. These men placed high value on books and knowledge but money was very scarce in that day and they did not see how to get the desired volumes by barter. However, the Ames pioneers were not easily discouraged and refused to give up their cherished desire. One avenue to hard cash had been opened by buyers of furs SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 591 and skins and some of these Ames Township hunters kept on firing their trusty rifles at the game until they could pay their library subscriptions in money. Before the year closed the association had laid by a modest sum and when Samuel Brown was about to make a business trip to New England he went equipped to make a purchase of books. VOLUMES OF INTEREST AND SUBSTANCE In Boston he bought fifty-one volumes and we list them here to show how well qualified they were to instruct and please those Ames Township farmers and their children : Robertson's "North America" ; "Harris' Encyclopedia," four volumes; "Morse's Geography," two volumes; Adams' "Truth of Religion" ; "Goldsmith's Works," four volumes; "Evelina," two volumes; "Children of the Abbey," two volumes; "Blair's Lectures" ; "Clark's Discourses"; Ramsey's "American Revolution," two volumes; Goldsmith's "Animated Nature," four volumes; Playfair's "History of Jacobism," two volumes; "George Barnwell" ; "Camilla," three volumes; "Beggar Girl," three volumes; —and some others. Later purchases included Shakespeare, "Don Quixote," "Locke's Essays," "Scottish Chiefs," "Josephus," Smith's "Wealth of Nations," "Spectator," "Plutarch's Lives," "Arabian Nights," "Life of Washington." THE LIBRARY'S HONOR LIST Having launched their enterprise its projectors proceeded to give it proper form, entering into articles of association (February 2, 1804) , fixing $2.50 as the value of each share, members obligating themselves to pay for the use of the library 25 cents additional every year on each share. To preserve in these pages the names and obligations of these founders of Ohio's old library we submit the list of those who subscribed to the articles of association: Ephraim Cutler, Jacob Rice, Sylvanus Ames, Benjamin L. Brown, Martin Boyles, Ezra Green, George Ewing, John Brown, Josiah True, George Ewing, Jr., Daniel Weethee, Timothy Wilkins, Benjamin Brown, Samuel Brown, 2nd, Samuel Brown, Sr., Simon Converse, Christopher Herrold, Edmund Dorr, George Wolf, Nathan Woodbury, Joshua Wyatt, George Walker, Elijah Hatch, Zebulon Griffin, Jehiel Gregory, George Castle, Samuel 38—Vol. 1 592 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO Brown. Among the subscribers of later years were Ezra Walker, Othniel Nye, Sally Rice, Lucy Ames, John M. Hibbard, Seth Child, Ebenezer Champlin, Amos Linscott, Elisha Lattimer, Nehemiah Gregory, Thomas Ewing, Jason Rice, Cyrus Tuttle, Perley Brown, Robert Fulton, R. S. Lovell, Michael Tippie and James Pugsley. LAST OF THE LIBRARY In 1882 The Pioneer Association of Athens County published a "Memorial and History of the Western Library Association," when the "Coonskin" library had long since ceased to exist. The fifty-one volumes had grown to several hundred. At length the collection was divided, Dover Township (the then home of some of the original stockholders) getting part of the books and there it became the nucleus of another library which the Legislature incorporated December 21, 1830. The Ames Township shareholders sold, in 1860 or 1861, their portion of the library. The purchasers, J. H. Glazier, A. W. Glazier and E. H. Brawley, sold the volumes afterward to Hon. W. P. Cutler of Washington County. As the memorial quoted from stated : "The simple history of this unpretending library association is sufficient to chal lenge the admiration and homage of every true American. It was one of the springs which have made up the great ocean of our state and national prosperity." Channing's famous tribute to the world's great books is here in order: "In the best books great men talk to us, give us their precious thoughts and pour their souls into ours. God be thanked for books ! They are the voices of the distant and the dead and make us heirs of the spiritual life of past ages. Books are the true levelers. They give to all who faithfully use them the society, the spiritual presence of the best and greatest of our race. No matter how poor I am—no matter though the prosperous of my own time will not enter my obscure dwelling—if the sacred writers will enter and take up their abode under my roof—if Milton will cross my threshold to sing to me of Paradise and Shakespeare to open to me the worlds of the imagination and the workings of the human heart and Franklin to enrich me with his practical wisdom—I shall not pine for want of intellectual companionship and I may become a cultivated man though excluded from what is called the best society in the place where I live." CHAPTER LXXVIII COUNTY SENT 2,610 SOLDIERS TO THE FRONT THIS WAS DURING THE CIVIL WAR, AFTER RESPONDING PROMPTLY TO LINCOLN'S FIRST CALL-STIRRING RECRUITING SCENES IN ATHENS CITY-VOLUNTEERS POURED INTO CAMP JEWETT FROM SOUTHEASTERN OHIO-MORGAN RAIDERS SWOOPED DOWN ON NELSONVILLE-- FULL COMPANY SERVED IN WAR WITH SPAIN AND 2,000 IN WORLD WAR. Athens County's war-time patriotism was first exhibited when the second conflict between the United States and Great Britain arose. With a county organization but seven years old and a population of about twenty-five hundred the county proceeded to furnish a company of volunteers. It became a part of Col. Robert Safford's regiment in Gen. Edward Tupper's brigade and marched northward toward the field of action without being called upon to take part in any engagement there. The first captain of the company was Jehiel Gregory, of Athens, and Nehemiah Gregory, also of Athens, was lieutenant. Captain Gregory was promoted to be major and Lieutenant Gregory became captain. One hundred men, composing a full company, supported the Government in the Mexican war, under Captain McLean. This Was Company E of the Second Ohio Regiment. WAR OF THE REBELLION In 1860 Athens County's population included 5,089 males of the military age and during the four years of the Civil war the county sent to the front 2,610 of her loyal sons, a most excellent showing and one whose value is heightened by the fact that 1,863 Athens County men volunteered for service against the Morgan Raiders, while 160 "squirrel hunters" did their duty. The writer of the "History of Hocking Valley" spoke eloquently of the effect left upon the citizens of Athens County by the secessionists' attack on Fort Sumter, declaring "that words could not describe the enthusiasm with which men of all parties came - 593 - 594 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO out in behalf of the Union, the constitution and the enforcement of the law." The Athens Messenger of April 18, 1861, voiced this feeling in these ringing words : THE MESSENGER'S BUGLE BLAST "The American flag has been violated, American soldiers have been shot down and a brave commander of a Government fort has been forced to strike his flag and capitulate. Men of Athens County, this news comes home to you. A call will soon be made on Ohio to contribute her portion of men and money to aid the Federal Government in asserting its authority and preserving the honor and dignity of the nation. Will you falter in the hour of your country's peril? Will you stand by and call into question the causes which have produced this state of things? "If so the name and memory of Benedict Arnold will be enviable compared with that which future generations will justly apply to you. This is no time for party jealousy or partizan bickering. America expects every man to do his duty and all must do it or reap the vengeance of an outraged people. Democrats ! Republicans ! and no-party men ! We call on you to merge the partizan in the patriot, the demagogue into the hero and rally as the exigencies of the times may indicate to the support of your country's flag. Let every man be a true American citizen and those base destroyers of the peace and prosperity of the Union will soon be made to hide their accursed heads in shame before all nations." RALLYING 'ROUND THE FLAG Patriotism burned brightly throughout the county. Meetings were held, thrilling speeches were made and lusty cheers greeted every declaration in behalf of the Union. On the 17th Athens citizens gathered, flew the stars and stripes from the courthouse and democrats and republicans alike pledged their support to the Government. On the 20th the people of Dover Township met at Chauncey, raised a pole and flew from it, to the sound of deafening cheers, a flag the like of which had just been hauled down at Sumter. Many volunteered without delay and in enthusiastic response to President Lincoln's call for 75,000 troops. On that same day Athens flocked to the college green, at whose SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 595 center stood its company of the Ohio State Guards, fully uniformed and armed and in the grasp of the color bearer a beautiful silk banner which they had received from the ladies of Athens, February 22, 1860. Presently a great flag (26x15 feet) was run up the college staff while three rounds of musketry from the state guards and three cheers from the throng made the welkin ring. Inspiring speeches and rousing songs followed. The University students adopted patriotic resolutions. The populace responded in terms of money, raising within twenty-four hours $2,000 to cover the expenses of the recruits and to care for their families. CAMP JEWETT AT ATHENS Volunteers poured into this spot in ever-increasing numbers. Within a few days 200 recruits were there, while the staff officers of the Third Brigade, Seventh Division, Ohio Volunteer ,Militia, representing the counties of Athens, Washington, Meigs and Gallia, reported for duty and were commanded by Brig.-Gen. R. A. Constable, of Athens, who had issued the following call : "The United States Government, through the Governor of Ohio, calls upon the people of the counties of Washington, Athens, Meigs and Gallia for ten companies of infantry of no less than 75 rank and file each. Able-bodied men between the ages of 18 and 45 years are required. The time of enlistment is three months. Volunteers will be received and enrolled in the cities of Marietta, Athens, Pomeroy and in Gallipolis." GUARDS GO TO THE FRONT The first company to leave Fort Jewett was The Ohio State Guards. Its ninety-six men proceeded to Camp Dennison May 1, and were mustered into the Union service as Company C, Third Regiment, under Capt. J. M. Dana. A local historian has left us a moving word-picture of the boys' leave-taking : "The occasion of its departure was one of peculiar interest and solemnity. Many of the volunteers were leaving behind them wives and families, brothers and sisters and all the fond associations of many years' formation. There was many a moist eye and many a heart swelled with emotion but none lacked the courage demanded for the trying scene—the parting of bosom friends from their mates, perhaps forever. "Just before their departure each of the volunteers was pre- 596 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO sented with a New Testament by Reverends Pratt and Porter. A short patriotic speech was afterward made by V. B. Horton. Then the shrill whistle of the locomotive screamed. 'Good-bye,' `God bless you' and 'Farewell' were quickly exchanged and with cheer after cheer they departed. The boys reached Camp Dennison safely but found poor quarters there, even for a soldier. Many of them, without even a blanket, were compelled to lie out all of the first night." FOUR MESSENGER MEN ENLIST Capt. E. A. Guthrie took the next company from Camp Jewett and its ninety-nine men were mustered into service as B, of the Twenty-second Ohio. The third company was soon made up of the volunteers which kept up the stream into Camp Jewett and this became Company H, of the Twenty-second Regiment. With eighty-nine men and Nathan Pickett as its captain it left Athens for Columbus May 20. Ably and speedily these 300 Athens patriots were thrown into the scale against rebellion. Captain Pickett and Lieutenant Stedman had served in the Mexican war. Seven printers helped to make up Captain Dana's quota, four of whom had laid down their "sticks" in the Messenger office to shoulder muskets. W. S. Smith was appointed to be assistant adjutant general, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel on General Schleich's staff. Colonel Smith was a graduate of Ohio University and a brother of Lot L. Smith, of Athens. On June 5, 1861, Hon. S. B. Pruden presented Colonel Smith with a beautiful sword which citizens of Athens had provided. At this time also C. H. Grosvenor presented a Colt's revolver to Captain E. A. Guthrie. Colonel Smith was a little later appointed to command the Thirteenth Infantry and in the early part of 1862 he was promoted to the post of brigadier-general. RISING TIDE OF VOLUNTEERS Before long the name of "Camp Jewett" was changed to that of Camp Wool and into it poured greater and greater streams of recruits. The county responded gloriously to the call for troops. For the three years' service every township raised its company or SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 597 its half-company, while those who remained at home took hold of crop-raising with patriotic energy, knowing that food for the Union army would be heavily required. Companies of recruits also came into and through Athens from other Ohio counties, on their way to Camp Dennison or eastward-bound toward the field of action. The county seat became a busy military spot and was keyed up to a high state of pride, with the knowledge that between April and August, 1861, the county had raised a thousand men for the army. Eight companies had left under orders and three of these had seen real service in West Virginia. MORGAN RAIDERS AT NELSONVILLE When this band of Confederates suffered defeat at Buffington Island in July, 1863, they swung away from the spot with the remnant of their hard-pressed force, crossed the railroad at Vinton and marched northward. Riding into Nelsonville the raiders took possession. Many a cupboard was left bare and merchants saw their stocks of clothing and other articles disappear, although a part of these was paid for. Owners of horses suffered heavy losses. Some of these had galloped away on learning of Morgan's approach only to be overtaken and deprived of their mounts. Farmers saw their horses unhitched from vehicles on Nelsonville's streets and returned to their country homes as best they could. The Confederates fired the bridge at Nelsonville and .the twelve canal boats which were in port. At the end of two hours they rode away. Four hours later Major Wolford and his pursuing cavalry entered Nelsonville. Morgan's northward movement and the fate which overtook his command in Columbiana are described elsewhere. ONLY EIGHT MEN DRAFTED Athens County's quota under the Government's call for troops, in 1863, was 250 men and many felt that a draft might be necessary, but the liberal bounties offered and the sustained patriotism A eligible men brought volunteers forward in a steady flow, with the result that when the draft finally came but eight men were drawn from the county. This response is all the more noteworthy 598 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO because of the fact that it came just after Athens County had furnished half a regiment of 100-day men. FROM JOY TO GRIEF PROFOUND Then came .the end of the war and Athens celebrated it on the evening of Friday, April 14, 1865, with universal joy. Next morning came the news of President Lincoln's assassination and with it manifestations of profound sorrow. Appropriate action was taken at a public meeting held in Athens, April 17. The Twenty-second Infantry, under command of Colonel Gilmore, was the first regiment to return to the neighborhood of Athens after its term of service had closed. Reaching the county seat August 4, 1861, it went into quarters at Camp Wool, with a good record of hard campaigning over West Virginia's rough territory. The boys were mustered out after a stay of two weeks at Camp Wool. An Athens County writer of Civil war history has left the following tribute to the patriotic Athens folk who were not at the front: HOME KEEPING PATRIOTS "One of the brightest pages in the record of Athens County's war history is the remembrance of the sanitary and relief work done by the patriotic citizens—particularly the ladies—all over the county. In October, 1861, an appeal was made for contributions of clothing, etc., for the soldiers. No sooner was it known that these articles were needed than the citizens immediately took effective measures toward organized relief. A county committee was appointed, known as the 'Military Committee,' consisting of Joseph Jewett, Rudolph De Steigner, Albert Parsons, H. T. Brown and William P. Kessinger. This committee appointed relief committees in every township." SOLDIERS IN SERVICE BY TOWNSHIPS Athens County was represented for the most part in the Third, Eighteenth, Thirty-sixth, Thirty-ninth, Sixty-ninth, Seventy-fifth, Ninety-second and One Hundred and Sixteenth Infantry regiments and in the Seventh Cavalry. The following table shows the number of soldiers furnished by each township : SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 599