HISTORY OF SOUTHEASTERN OHIO and the MUSKINGUM VALLEY 1788-1928 Covering Athens, Belmont, Coshocton, Guernsey, Licking, Meigs, Monroe, Morgan, Muskingum, Noble, Perry and Washington Counties By THOMAS WILLIAM LEWIS Author of "Zanesville and Muskingum County," Etc. VOLUME II ILLUSTRATED, CHICAGO THE S. J. CLARKE PUBLISHING CO. 1928 CONTENTS LICKING COUNTY CHAPTER LXXXIII PREHISTORIC TIMES IN THE LAND OF LICKING GEOLOGISTS' "OLD NEWARK RIVER" WAS CENTRAL OHIO'S MASTER STREAM-MELTING ICE CAP FILLED ITS VALLEY AND REVERSED THE FLOW OF MUSKINGUM AND LICKING RIVERS-COUNTY'S WIDE PLAINS BECAME SCENES OF MOUND BUILDERS' VAST ACTIVITIES-EARTHWORKS BUILT ON EXTRAORDINARY SCALE-FLINT RIDGE AN IMMENSE SOURCE OF SUPPLY AND A BUSY ABORIGINAL WORKSHOP-NOTABLE PREHISTORIC WORKS STILL EXIST-THE LICKING MOUND BUILDERS - 27 CHAPTER LXXXIV VIRTUALLY NO CONTEST BETWEEN RED MEN AND PIONEERS INDIANA FOUND THE VALLEYS GOOD HUNTING GROUNDS-LINGERING BANDS WENT TO NEWARK TO TRADE-LEGEND OF THE BLACK HAND LONG A SUBJECT FOR, WRITERS-GIST, CROGAN, AND MONTOUR PASSED THROUGH THE COUNTY IN 1751 AND REV. DAVID JONES AND DAVID DUNCAN 22 YEARS LATER-HUGHES AND RATLIFF FAMILIES, 21 IN NUMBER, SETTLED ON THE LICKING IN 1798-EIGHT FAMILIES THERE OR NEAR AT HAND AT THE CLOSE OF 1800-COUNTY ORGANIZED MARCH 1, 1808 - 43 CHAPTER LXXXV GENERAL SCHENCK GAVE NEWARK BROAD THOROUGHFARES THREW IN A BIG PUBLIC SQUARE FOR GOOD MEASURE-CUTTING DOWN THE MOUNDS AND FILLING UP THE PONDS CAME EARLY-A SCORE OR TWO OF LOG CABINS BUILT BY 1810-EARLY MERCHANTS NAMED-FIRST FOURTH OF JULY CELEBRATED IN 1807-FIRST SCHOOL OPENED ABOUT 1809-FIRST SERMON PREACHED IN 1803 ON A HORSE-RACING SUNDAY-PRESBYTERIANS LED IN ORGANIZATION AND THE BAPTISTS CAME NEXT-LICKING COUNTY CHURCHES OF TODAY - 51 - iii - iv - TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER LXXXVI THE OHIO CANAL A BOON TO FARMERS BEFORE IT CAME THEY HAD BUT ONE ROUTE TO THE MARKETS AND THEIR CROPS SOLD FOR A SONG-WORK ON THE WATERWAY BEGAN JULY 4, 1825, WITH A CELEBRATION-FARMERS HELPED TO DIG FOR $8 A MONTH BUT WERE GLAD TO GET THE CASH-"JIGGER" OF WHISKEY FIVE TIMES A DAY DEMORALIZED THE MEN-HENRY C. COCHRAN WRITES ABOUT THE CANAL-NATIONAL ROAD BEGUN AT ST. CLAIRSVILLE ON THE DAY WHICH SAW THE CANAL'S BEGINNING- NEWARK LOST IN FIERCE CONTEST OVER LOCATION-HEBRON ON BOTH CANAL AND HIGHWAY - 63 CHAPTER LXXXVII ONE OF NEWARK'S FIRST STEAM ROADS IN EARLY FIFTIES ITS GERM USED WOODEN WHEELS, WOODEN RAILS, AND DEPENDED ON HORSE POWER-LATER CONSTRUCTION RESULTED IN PLACING THE CITY ON TWO TRUNK LINES, THE B. & O. AND PANHANDLE-THE STRAITSVILLE BRANCH BROUGHT LOW-PRICED FUEL-ANOTHER LINE THROUGH THE COUNTY BECAME NEW YORK CENTRAL BRANCH-FIRST STREET CAR LINE IN 1888-MANY SUCCESSIVE OWNERS OF THE INTERURBAN WHICH FOLLOWED - 75 CHAPTER LXXXVIII LICKING'S SONS SERVED IN FIVE WARS FILLED FIVE COMPANIES IN THE WAR OF TWELVE AND DID NEARLY AS WELL AGAINST MEXICO-ALMOST 4,000 FOUGHT FOR THE UNION IN THE SIXTIES- SOLDIERS' MEMORIAL BUILDING BECAME LEMERT POST'S HOME-COUNTY FURNISHED ALL THE MEN CALLED FOR IN WAR WITH SPAIN AND THREE SCORE OF HER SONS LAID DOWN THEIR LIVES IN THE WORLD WAR - 81 TABLE OF CONTENTS - v CHAPTER LXXXIX OIL AND GAS DEVELOPMENT IN LICKING COUNTY FIRST WELL DRILLED IN THE MIDDLE 'EIGHTIES-A YEAR LATER A WELL WAS SUNK ON THE EVERETT GLASS COMPANY'S PROPERTY-EVERETT, WEHRLE AND HEISEY BECAME ACTIVE AND SUCCESSFUL PROJECTORS -HOMER FIELD A HEAVY PRODUCER OF GAS-DRILLERS TURNED FROM GAS TO OIL AND BY 1925 LICKING WAS A FAMOUS OIL TERRITORY-COUNTY HAS OVER 1,300 WELLS-TWO OIL REFINERIES NEAR NEWARK - 93 CHAPTER XC A CHAPTER OF LICKING COUNTY BIOGRAPHY ATTORNEY B. G. SMYTHE LISTS MANY OF THE COUNTY'S DISTINGUISHED SONS-INCLUDED THEREIN ARE THOSE WHO HAVE ADORNED THE BENCH AND BAR-OTHERS SERVED THEIR COUNTRY ON THE BATTLEFIELD-GENERAL WILLIAM C. SCHENCK, THE FOUNDER OF NEWARK, ALSO ITS BENEFACTOR-JOHNNY CLEM A NATIVE OF LICKING - 99 CHAPTER XCI A COLLECTION OF INTERESTING MISCELLANIES TEN SONS OF LICKING HAVE SERVED IN CONGRESS-ASHBROOK'S TERMS COVERED FOURTEEN YEARS AND MORGAN HAS BEEN ELECTED AND REELECTED FOUR TIMES-COUNTY AND PUBLIC OFFICIALS LISTED-CLAY MINING ON THE B. & O. RAILWAY-THE NEWARK ADVOCATE AND AMERICAN TRIBUNE OCCUPIES THE, DAILY NEWSPAPER FIELD-DENISON UNIVERSITY'S EARLY STRUGGLES DESCRIBED- HISTORIAN BRISTER'S STORY OF THE MARY ANN FURNACE QUOTED FROM-GRANVILLE HAD THE FIRST BAND OF MUSIC-LICKING COUNTY'S MANY STRONG BANKS-WAS THERE IN PREHISTORIC TIMES A GREAT LAKE WHERE NEWARK STANDS? - 109 CHAPTER XCII NEWARK'S NEW SCHOOL BUILDINGS WILL COST $800,000 PROGRAM BACKED BY VOTERS WILL PUT CITY IN MODERN EDUCATIONAL RANKS-BOARD OF EDUCATION MEMBERS LISTED-SUPERINTENDENT BARNES' SERVICE HAS LASTED .SEVENTEEN YEARS-LIST OF THE 1927 NEWARK PUBLIC SCHOOLS-THERE ARE TWO WELL ATTENDED PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS - 125 vi - TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER XCIII OVER HALF OF OLD ONE-ROOM SCHOOLS ABANDONED SIXTEEN FIRST GRADE HIGH SCHOOLS ESTABLISHED IN RURAL AND VILLAGE DISTRICTS-HOME ECONOMICS AND MANUAL TRAINING ARE BEING TAUGHT- OTHER MODERN EDUCATIONAL FEATURES ADOPTED -EXCELLENT CONDITIONS IN THE COUNTY SYSTEM-LICKING'S TOTAL PUBLIC SCHOOL ENROLLMENT 3,361 BOYS AND 3,162 GIRLS-MEN TEACHERS 65, WOMEN TEACHERS 193 - 129 CHAPTER XCIV THE COUNTY'S TOWNS, VILLAGES AND TOWNSHIPS GRANVILLE A BEAUTIFUL PLACE AND SEAT OF DENISON UNIVERSITY-HAS A NEWSPAPER, TWO BANKS AND MANY STORES-UTICA, RICH OIL CENTER, HAS HAD BIG GROWTH-JOHNSTOWN ALSO HAS A NEWSPAPER AND BANK AND IS BUILDING A $125,000 HIGH SCHOOL-HEBRON LOCATED ON RAILROAD, INTERURBAN AND NATIONAL HIGHWAY-TOWNSHIPS AND TOWNS LISTED, WITH DATES OF ESTABLISHMENT AND LAYING OUT - 137 CHAPTER XCV LICKING COUNTY AND NEWARK AS THEY ARE TODAY AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY A STRONG TEAM-FARM AND CROP VALUES GREATER THAN ANY OTHER SOUTHEASTERN OHIO COUNTY'S-ONLY BELMONT AND MUSKINGUM AHEAD IN MANUFACTURES-POPULATION GAIN NEARLY 10,000 BY LAST CENSUS-VERY LARGE PERCENTAGE OF NATIVE-BORN WHITES-B. & O. A GREAT FACTOR IN NEWARK'S WELFARE-COUNTY HAS NEARLY 600 MILES OF GOOD ROADS-PUBLIC UTILITIES WORTH $17,000,000-GRAND TAX DUPLICATE $115,000,000-SCHOOLS, CHURCHES, BANKS, ETC., WORTHY OF THE COMMUNITY - 143 TABLE OF CONTENTS - vii COSHOCTON COUNTY CHAPTER XCVI PREHISTORIC MAN WAS ACTIVE IN COSHOCTON COUNTY HER WIDE VALLEYS FURNISHED IDEAL TERRITORY-IMPORTANT FLINT QUARRIES ON THE WALHONDING-ABORIGINAL TRAILS BRANCHED OUT FROM FORKS OF THE MUSKINGUM-SIXTY-TWO MOUNDS, TWENTY-ONE ENCLOSURES, NINE VILLAGE SITES, TWENTY BURIALS, TWO STONE GRAVES AND FIVE FLINT QUARRIES REPORTED IN THE COUNTY - 155 CHAPTER XCVII CHRISTOPHER GIST AT MUSKINGUM'S FORKS FOUND CROGHAN THE TRADER AND THE INDIAN CHIEF FLYING THE BRITISH FLAG-HELD RELIGIOUS SERVICE ON CHRISTMAS DAYINDIANS ASKED HIM TO REMAIN AND BUILD A FORT TO KEEP OFF THE FRENCH-SAW THE SAVAGES SLAY A CAPTIVE WOMAN-ATTENDED KING'S COUNCIL BUT FAILED TO GET PROMISE OF SUPPORT FOR THE ENGLISH CAUSE-INVITED INDIANS TO VIRGINIA-WENT TO WHITE WOMAN'S CREEK AND WAS TOLD OF WHITE MAN'S WICKEDNESS-LEFT FOR SCIOTO COUNTRY BY WAY OF BUCKEYE LAKE - 159 CHAPTER XCVIII THE DELAWARES WERE NEWCOMERS AT THE FORKS HAD BEEN DRIVEN WESTWARD FROM THE EASTERN SEABOARD-FOUND COSHOCTON'S AMPLE VALLEYS MUCH TO THEIR LIKING-SITE OF COSHOCTON BECAME THEIR CAPITAL-INDIAN VILLAGES THERE AND NEAR AT HAND- IMPORTANT INDIAN TRAILS CROSSED THE COUNTYMARY HARRIS THE WALHONDING'S FIRST WHITE WOMAN-COLONEL JAMES SMITH A CAPTIVE AT TULLIHAS - 165 viii - TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER XCIX BOUQUET'S BLOODLESS VICTORY AT THE "FORKS" HIS EXPEDITION TO THAT POINT LEFT FORT PITT IN OCTOBER, 1764—TROOPS NUMBERED 1500 AND PACKHORSES AND DROVES OF CATTLE WENT ALONG— MARCHED DOWN TUSCARAWAS AND REACHED COSHOCTON COUNTY—CHIEFS SUED FOR PEACE AND SURRENDERED 206 WHITE CAPTIVES—EXTRAORDINARY SCENES ENACTED WHEN WHITES WERE BROUGHT IN—BOUQUET TOOK HOSTAGES TO PITT—JUDGE NICHOLAS TELLS WHY CAMP 16 SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AS OCCUPYING JOHNSON HILL—ANGUS McDONALD PUNISHED SHAWNEES AT WAKATOMIKA—BRODHEAD EXPEDITION - 169 CHAPTER C THE MASSACRE AT GNADENHUTTEN AFTER A DECADE OF PROGRESS IN RECLAIMING MANY INDIANS FROM SAVAGERY THEIR MORAVIAN FRIENDS WERE UNABLE TO SAVE THEM FROM BEING RUTHLESSLY SLAIN—BODY OF WHITES FROM BEYOND THE OHIO GUILTY OF THE CRUEL DEED—THEY DRAGGED THE DOOMED INDIANS FROM CHURCH TO "SLAUGHTER HOUSE"—"PASTURE OF LIGHT" (LICHTENAU) ESTABLISHED ON THE MUSKINGUM BY MORAVIANS WAS ABANDONED - 179 CHAPTER CI TEN YEARS OF PIONEERING BEFORE COUNTYHOOD CHARLES WILLIAMS CAME FROM VIRGINIA IN 1799 AND BUILT A TAVERN AT THE FORKS WHICH SERVED AS THE FIRST COURTHOUSE—OTHERS FOLLOWED UNTIL THE TERRITORY WAS THOUGHT WORTHY OF COUNTYHOOD BY THE LEGISLATURE—ACT OF ORGANIZATION PASSED APRIL 1, 1811—FIRST COURTHOUSE ERECTED IN 1824 AT A COST OF $2,000—THE 1873 COURTHOUSE COST FIFTY TIMES AS MUCH - 183 CHAPTER CII OHIO CANAL A BOON TO COSHOCTON FARMERS MUSKINGUM ROUTE CHOSEN AND COMMISSIONERS AUTHORIZED TO BUILD AT A COST OF $3,000,000—FREIGHT BEING TRANSPORTED NEW YORK TO COSHOCTON IN 1830—CANAL OPERATION ADVANCED PRICE OF WHEAT FROM 30c TO $1.00 A BUSHEL—JAMES A. GARFIELD DROVE THE TOWPATH MULES—CANAL CARRIED COSHOCTON COAL TO NEWARK AND OTHER PORTS - 191 TABLE OF CONTENTS - ix CHAPTER CIII COAL DEVELOPMENT IN COSHOCTON COUNTY MORRIS BURT BEGAN MINING IN 1834-OHIO CANAL CARRIED COAL CARGOES TO NEWARK ABOUT 1850-RAILROAD BUILDING QUICKENED PRODUCTION- DEVELOPMENT NEAR CONESVILLE WAS EXTENSIVE-COUNTY PRODUCED OVER FOUR HUNDRED THOUSAND TONS IN 1910 - 195 CHAPTER CIV PATRIOTISM SHOWN IN ALL THE WARS COUNTY BUT A YEARLING WHEN SECOND WAR WITH BRITAIN BROKE OUT BUT SOLDIERS WENT TO THE FRONT-MEXICAN WAR TROOPS LEFT ON CANAL BOATS-OVER TWENTY-FIVE HUNDRED OF COSHOCTON'S SONS IN CIVIL WAR-LIST OF SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR RECRUITS-THIRTY-EIGHT PARTICIPANTS IN THE WORLD WAR GAVE UP THEIR LIVES AND 2,000 SERVED - 199 CHAPTER CV A CHAPTER OF MISCELLANIES FIRST RAILROAD, BEGUN IN 1851, NOW A GREAT PENNSYLVANIA SYSTEM TRUNK LINE-IN FUGITIVE SLAVE DAYS THREE "UNDERGROUND RAILROADS" CONVERGED AT COSHOCTON-FIRST GAS WELL, SUNK IN NEW CASTLE TOWNSHIP IN 1865, HAD GOOD PRODUCTION THAT WENT TO WASTE-THE CITY'S STRONG BANKS-WEST LAFAYETTE - 207 CHAPTER CVI NEWSPAPERS AND NEWSPAPERMEN SURVIVOR OF A LONG LINE OF COSHOCTON NEWSPAPERS-TRIBUNE AND TIMES-AGE MERGED-FAMOUS JOSEPH MEDILL A COSHOCTON EDITOR IN EARLY DAYS-MANY NEWSPAPERS CAME AND WENT, WITH MANY CHANGES IN OWNERSHIP - 213 x - TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER CVII COSHOCTON COUNTY, PAST AND PRESENT STRONG ALIKE IN AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY-ILLITERATES RELATIVELY FEW AND HOME OWNERS ABOUND-FIFTH OHIO COUNTY IN NUMBER OF SHEEP AND VALUE OF WOOL-FULL OF INTEREST TO THE ARCHEOLOGIST-COUNTY'S PUBLIC UTILITIES VALUED AT NEARLY $9,000,000-GOOD PROGRESS IN EDUCATION-BRIEF STORY OF THE PIONEER SCHOOLS-FORWARD MOVEMENT IN ROAD BUILDING- POUR COSHOCTONIANS NAMED WHO SERVED IN CONGRESS-COUNTY OFFICIALS LISTED - 219 CHAPTER CVIII THE CITY OF COSHOCTON FROM 1802 TO 1927 EARLY GROWTH WAS SLOW WITH BUT A SCORE OF RUDE HOUSES IN 1811-SMALL SOAP FACTORY AND A BREWERY BUILT IN THE EARLY FIFTIES AND IRON WORKS IN 1871-ELECTRICITY SUCCEEDED GAS IN 1888 AND ELEVEN YEARS LATER STREET PAVING BEGAN-BEACH AND MEEK LAUNCH ADVERTISING NOVELTIES- THEIR INDUSTRIES BECAME THE GERM OF COSHOCTON'S PRESENT PROSPERITY- NOVELTY PRODUCTS SHIPPED TO MANY FOREIGN LANDS - MERCANTILE PROGRESS FOLLOWS IN FOOTSTEPS OF INDUSTRY-CITY'S FUTURE ASSURED- CHURCHES, CLUBS AND OFFICIALS LISTED - 229 TABLE OF CONTENTS - xi PERRY COUNTY CHAPTER CIX ABORIGINES FOND OF PERRY COUNTY THEIR ACTIVITIES DESCRIBED BY A LEADING OHIO HISTORIAN-GLENFORD FORT A MOST IMPRESSIVE PREHISTORIC EARTHWORK - ITS STONE WALL OVER A MILE LONG-OVER 100 MOUNDS AND OTHER ANCIENT OBJECTS IN PERRY LAND- WILSON AND ROBERTS MOUNDS WERE FAMOUS WORKS-MANY WHITE CAPTIVES TAKEN OVER PERRY'S MUCH USED INDIAN TRAIL-ZANE'S TRACE THE WHITE MAN'S WORK - 239 CHAPTER CX. PERRY COUNTY WAS ORGANIZED IN 1817 FIRST COURT HELD IN JOHN FINK'S SOMERSET HOME, WHEN FIRST COUNTY SEAT WAS ESTABLISHED - COURTHOUSE COST $3,450 - NEW LEXINGTON LAUNCHED CAMPAIGN FOR THE SEAT OF JUSTICE AND SOMERSET STRUGGLED TO RETAIN IT-LEGISLATURE, COURTS AND PEOPLE APPEALED TO-NEW LEXINGTON WON AT THE POLLS-TOWNSHIPS AND VILLAGES, WHEN ESTABLISHED - 243 CHAPTER CXI EARLIEST WORSHIP IN HOMES, BARNS AND GROVES THEN FOLLOWED LOG MEETING-HOUSES AND LATER THE BRICK CHURCHES- PERRY COUNTY'S FIRST SERMON PREACHED IN GEORGE WEISMAN'S ORCHARD- OHIO'S FIRST LUTHERAN CHURCH ORGANIZED AT NEW READING AND HER FIRST CATHOLIC CHURCH AT SOMERSET-THE MANY AND VARIED CHURCHES OF TODAY - 259 CHAPTER CXII EARLIEST SCHOOLS DECIDEDLY PRIMITIVE SCHOOLHOUSES OFTEN USED AS PLACES OF WORSHIP-TEACHING BEGAN VERY EARLY AT NEW LEXINGTON AND SOMERSET-MT. PERRY'S MADISON ACADEMY HAD DISTINGUISHED VISITORS-FREE SCHOOLS AND GRADED SCHOOLS A LONG TIME COMING - 267 xii - TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER CXIII MANY CHANGES IN PERRY COUNTY NEWSPAPERS "WESTERN WORLD AND POLITICAL TICKLER" THE FIRST TO START, IN SOMERSET-"THE FLAG OF '76" A SOMERSET NEWSPAPER OF 1836- A WAR DEMOCRAT'S NEWSPAPER OF THE EARLY SIXTIES-FIVE WEEKLIES NOW PRINTED IN PERRY COUNTY-TITLES AND PROPRIETORS' NAMES GIVEN - 273 CHAPTER CXIV RAILROADS ARE PARTS OF THREE GREAT SYSTEMS PENNSYLVANIA LINE, BEGUN IN PERRY 1853, OPENED THE NEXT YEAR-LIVELY CONTEST OVER ITS LOCATION, AND NEW LEXINGTON DEFEATED SOMERSET-BUT THE OLD COUNTY SEAT WON THE STRAITSVILLE ROAD AND PHIL SHERIDAN'S FATHER WAS ONE OF THE CONTRACTORS-PERRY REJOICED OVER ACQUISITION OF THE OHIO CENTRAL LINE-RAILROADS WERE STRONG FACTORS IN PERRY'S DEVELOPMENT - 279 CHAPTER CXV PERRY COUNTY IN THE COUNTRY'S WARS HER TERRITORY SENT MEN TO FIGHT UNDER HARRISON-TWO COMPANIES SERVED IN THE MEXICAN WAR-THREE THOUSAND BOYS IN BLUE HELPED TO SAVE THE UNION-MORGAN RAIDERS GALLOPED ACROSS THE COUNTY - 283 CHAPTER CXVI THE COUNTY'S VAST MINERAL WEALTH HER THICK VEINS OF HIGH GRADE COAL WERE LONG UNHEEDED-COL. TAYLOR DID MUCH TO START DEVELOPMENT, BUT REAL MINING CAME IN THE WAKE OF RAILROADS-PERRY FIRST IN PRODUCTION IN 1878, 1885, 1890-RICH IRON ORES USED IN SEVEN LOCAL BLAST FURNACES-OIL ACCIDENTALLY DISCOVERED AT CORNING IN 1891-PERRY'S PEAK PRODUCTION NEARLY HALF-MILLION BARRELS, IN 1896-GREAT GAS WELLS CAME IN WHEN CORNING TERRITORY WAS TAPPED - 293 TABLE OF CONTENTS - xiii CHAPTER CXVII SOME OF PERRY COUNTY'S SUCCESSFUL MEN COLONEL JAMES H. TAYLOR TOLD THE WORLD ABOUT PERRY'S FABULOUS MINERAL WEALTH-EDITOR COLBORN SET FORTH THE COUNTY'S RICH AND VARIED HISTORY AND MARTZOLFF FOLLOWED HIM UP-JAMES M. COMLY WAS SOLDIER, EDITOR AND HIGH OFFICIAL-PHIL SHERIDAN'S BOYHOOD WAS SPENT IN SOMERSET AND MACGAHAN WAS BORN IN NEW LEXINGTON-SENATOR ELKINS A NATIVE OF PERRY AND CABINET MINISTER RUSK WAS BORN JUST OVER THE LINE-RICHEY, FINCK AND UNDERWOOD IN CONGRESS - 299 CHAPTER CXVIII PERRY COUNTY FEATURES OF THE PRESENT DAY EXCEEDINGLY RICH IN COAL, CLAY, OIL AND GAS-FARMS AND SHOPS SHOW UP STRONG AND POPULATION IS WELL MIXED-ANNUAL INDUSTRIAL PAY-ROLL MILLION AND A HALF AND ANNUAL INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS VALUED AT ELEVEN MILLIONS-VALUE OF PUBLIC UTILITIES OVER SIX MILLIONS AND GRAND TAX DUPLICATE TOTALS OVER FORTY MILLIONS - EDUCATION WELL CARED FOR - MISCELLANEOUS FEATURES - 307 CHAPTER CXIX JAMES COMLY WAS THE FOUNDER OF NEW LEXINGTON TOWN WRESTED COUNTY SEAT FROM SOMERSET IN 1857-HAD BUT 100 INHABITANTS IN 1840 - INDUSTRIAL GROWTH HAS BEEN GOOD IN RECENT YEARS-ROOFING TILE SHIPPED TO FOREIGN LANDS-STREETS ALL PAVED AND ELECTRICALLY LIGHTED-MODERN WELL SYSTEM OF WATER WORKS-A MOTORIZED VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPARTMENT-SEVEN HOUSES OF WORSHIP SUPPORTED - 315 CHAPTER CXX BUSY, MODERN, PROGRESSIVE CROOKSVILLE STARTED WITH FOUR HOUSES IN 1867-POPULATION 835 IN 1900 AND NOW NEARLY 4,000 - JOSEPH E. CROOKS THE FIRST POSTMASTER - HOME BUILDERS GOT BUSY IN 1903, WHEN GUY E. CROOKS TURNED A FARM INTO LOTS-POPULATION IS 100 PER CENT AMERICAN AND WHITE-TOWN HAS PAVED STREETS, ELECTRIC LIGHTS, MOTORIZED FIRE DEPARTMENT AND $100,000 WATER WORKS-OHIO POWER CO.'S GREAT SUB-STATION IN OPERATION AT CROOKSVILLE - CHURCHES AND SCHOOLS WELL SUPPORTED - GREAT CLAY-WORKING CENTER - NATURAL GAS AND OIL IN THE MIDST OF EXTENSIVE DEVELOPMENT - 327 xiv - TABLE ON CONTENTS GUERNSEY COUNTY CHAPTER CXXI EVEN HILLY GUERNSEY HAD THE MOUND BUILDER A CEMETERY, VILLAGE SITE, ENCLOSURE AND ELEVEN MOUNDS MAKE UP THE COUNTY'S EARTHWORKS-FIVE INDIAN VILLAGES ALSO RE-CORDED BUT THE REDSKINS WERE NOT TROUBLESOME-ABOUT 100 PAID GUERNSEY A LATE CALL AND THE SQUAWS WORKED WHILE THE BUCKS LOAFED-DAVID ROBB BECAME AN INDIAN AGENT - 333 CHAPTER CXXII COUNTY, TOWNSHIPS AND TOWNS ORGANIZE GUERNSEY CREATED MARCH 10, 1810, AND NAMED AFTER ISLE IN THE OLD WORLD-LAND CAME FROM BELMONT AND MUSKINGUM COUNTIES- COURTHOUSE CONTRACT LET IN 1811-THIRTY-NINE LASHES LAID ON COUNTERFEITER'S BACK AT THE WHIPPING POST-GOMBER AND BEATTY GAVE GROUND AND BUILDING TO SECURE COUNTY SEAT FOR CAMBRIDGE-COUNTY SEAT HAD FOUR CHURCHES AND AN ACADEMY IN 1839 - 337 CHAPTER CXXIII ZANE'S TRACE AND THE NATIONAL ROAD THE FORMER BEGAN AS LITTLE MORE THAN A BRIDLE PATH AND BROAD-ENED INTO A WAGON ROAD-MOST OF GUERNSEY'S EARLIEST SETTLERS FOLLOWED ITS COURSE-NATIONAL HIGHWAY LATER CONTRIBUTED HEAVILY TO GUERNSEY'S GROWTH-THOROUGHFARE WENT INTO DECAY WHEN RAILROADS ARRIVED AND "CAME BACK" WHEN THE AUTO AND WORLD WAR DID TEAM WORK FOR A SMOOTH, HARD SURFACE - 345 TABLE OF CONTENTS - xv CHAPTER CXXIV JACOB GOMBER AND ZACCHEUS BEATTY FOUNDED CAMBRIDGE SETTLERS FROM THE ISLE OF GUERNSEY ARRIVE-NEWSPAPER DESCRIBES EARLY TAVERN-STORY OF FIRST BUILDINGS REPRODUCED -OLD WASHINGTON CRAVED THE COUNTY SEAT-FIRST POST OFFICE ESTABLISHED 1807-CITY COVERED FIVE SQUARE MILES IN 1910-NATURAL GAS AND COAL BRING NEW FACTORIES-INDUSTRIAL EXPANSION DESCRIBED - 349 CHAPTER CXXV WILLS CREEK HISTORY TEEMS WITH INTEREST A FLATBOAT WAS ON THE STREAM AS EARLY AS 1826-CALLED "THE ELIZA OF GUERNSEY," IT PASSED DOWN WILLS, THE MUSKINGUM AND THE OHIO TO LOUISVILLE-THE STEAMBOAT "TICKLE PITCHER," BUILT AT CAMBRIDGE, WAS HAULED BY HORSES TO ZANESVILLE, LAUNCHED ON THE MUSKINGUM AND NAVIGATED TO MORROW, OHIO -BYESVILLE'S FOUNDER WENT BY WATER TO ILLINOIS-WILLS CREEK HAD A TOY STEAMER AS LATE AS 1875-OLD FRAME THAT SPANNED THE STREAM AT CAMBRIDGE WAS BUILT IN 1828 359 CHAPTER CXXVI GUERNSEY COUNTY IN HER COUNTRY'S WARS WAS ONLY TWO YEARS OLD IN 1812 BUT FURNISHED THREE COMPANIES OF SOLDIERS-INDIVIDUAL RESIDENTS FOUGHT AGAINST MEXICOOVER 2,000 AT THE FRONT DURING THE CIVIL WAR-MORGAN RAIDERS MADE SPECTACULAR DASH ACROSS GUERNSEY-COUNTY'S SONS SERVED AS REGULARS AGAINST SPAIN- SOLDIERS' MONUMENT UNVEILED IN JUNE, 1903-GUERNSEY ACTIVE IN THE WORLD WAR, WITH 2,100 MEN ENROLLED-LIST OF THOSE WHO GAVE UP THEIR LIVES-RED CROSS A BUSY AND HELPFUL ORGANIZATION - 365 xvi - TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER CXXVII MISCELLANEOUS FEATURES OF GUERNSEY COUNTY HISTORY WORK BEGUN ON CENTRAL OHIO RAILROAD AT CAMBRIDGE AUGUST 12, 1852-FIRST TRAIN CAME FROM ZANESVILLE APRIL 27, 1854- "PENNSY" LINE BROUGHT COMPETITION AND CHEAPER RATES-CAMBRIDGE-BYESVILLE INTERURBAN BEGAN FALL OF 1903-"UNDERGROUND RAILROAD" ONCE BUSY IN GUERNSEY-PENNYROYAL REUNIONS LAUNCHED IN 1880-ELZA SCOTT MANUFACTURED SALT-BEGINNINGS OF THE PUBLIC LIBRARY - 377 CHAPTER CXXVIII GUERNSEY'S GREAT OIL AND GAS WEALTH YEARS 1926-27 MARKED BY WONDERFUL DEVELOPMENT JUST OUTSIDE OF CAMBRIDGE-OVER 100 HEAVY GAS WELLS DRILLED IN 1927-FACTORIES FAVORED WITH A 22 1/2 CENT RATE-CAMBRIDGE FIELD TWENTY-FIVE MILES BY FOUR-GREAT OIL PRODUCING WELLS IN SAME TERRITORY-GUERNSEY HAD GAS IN A SALT WELL BACK IN '70-HARMONY FIELD FAIRLY PRODUCTIVE IN 1900-HISTORY OF OTHER EARLY GUERNSEY DEVELOPMENT - 383 CHAPTER CXXIX PROGRESSIVE ARE THE COUNTY AND CAMBRIDGE SCHOOLS CAMBRIDGE A SEPARATE DISTRICT-TEN VILLAGE AND TWENTY-ONE RURAL DISTRICTS-CONSOLIDATION MAKES SOME PROGRESS-COUNTY HIGH SCHOOLS GROW FROM SIX TO SEVENTEEN AND HIGH SCHOOL ENROLLMENT FROM 300 TO NEARLY ONE THOUSAND-SUPERINTENDENT WOLFE HAS SERVED FOURTEEN YEARS-CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL PROPERTY'S VALUE MORE THAN A MILLION- MODERN INSTRUCTION IN ELEVEN SCHOOL BUILDINGS-SUPERINTENDENT HICK'S LONG LIST OF TEACHERS NAMED-BRIEF STORY OF EARLIEST SCHOOLS AND THOSE OF TWENTY YEARS AGO - 389 TABLE OF CONTENTS - xvii CHAPTER CXXX EARLY CHURCHES AND THOSE OF TODAY CAMBRIDGE HOME THE FIRST HOUSE OF WORSHIP-BISHOP MORRIS AN EARLY METHODIST MINISTER-COUNTY'S METHODIST EPISCOPAL MEMBERSHIP NOW ABOUT 6,000-PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES OF THE COUNTY NUMBER EIGHT, UNITED PRESBYTERIAN FOURTEEN, METHODIST PROTESTANT SIX, UNITED BRETHREN SIX, BAPTIST EIGHT, ROMAN CATHOLIC THREE, LUTHERAN FOUR, CHRISTIAN FOUR, CHURCH OF CHRIST THREE, RUSSIAN ORTHODOX TWO, AND EPISCOPAL, FREE METHODIST, GREEK CATHOLIC AND FRIENDS, ONE EACH - 399 CHAPTER CXXXI CAMBRIDGE A BUSY, GROWING, MODERN CITY FAVORABLY SITUATED GEOGRAPHICALLY AND SURROUNDED BY FERTILE FARMS AND A WEALTH OF MINERALS-ON TWO TRUNK LINES AND A PAIR OF GREAT PAVED HIGHWAYS-VARIED INDUSTRIES PAY GOOD WAGES-UP-TO-DATE WATER WORKS AND FIRE DEPARTMENT-WIDELY CIRCULATED "JEFFERSONIAN" A STRONG FACTOR IN CITY'S PROGRESS-CITY OFFICIALS OF 1928 LISTED - 405 CHAPTER CXXXII MARKED GROWTH IN POPULATION AND WEALTH WHILE SOME OHIO COUNTIES HAVE LOST GROUND SINCE 1900, GUERNSEY HAS GAINED NEARLY 50 PER CENT-FARM AND FACTORY A STRONG TEAM-MINERAL WEALTH BEYOND DESCRIPTION-IMPROVED HIGHWAYS HAVE A TOTAL OF 127 MILES-PUBLIC UTILITIES VALUED AT $8,000,000, ALL PROPERTY AT NEARLY $50,000,000-FOURTH AMONG OHIO'S COAL PRODUCING COUNTIES IN 1920-NUMEROUS AND STRONG ARE THE COUNTY'S BANKS-AMONG NINE GUERNSEY CONGRESSMEN C. ELLIS MOORE HAS SERVED LONGEST-LIST OF 1928 COUNTY OFFICERS - 413 2-VOL. 2 xviii - TABLE OF CONTENTS MONROE COUNTY CHAPTER CXXXIII MONROE COUNTY TOO HILLY FOR PREHISTORIC MAN BUT FIVE MOUND BUILDERS' EARTHWORKS RECORDED-COUNTY WAS FOUNDED JANUARY 29, 1813-FIRST SETTLER SAID TO HAVE ARRIVED 1791-TEN GERMAN- SWISS FAMILIES CAME IN 1819-FATHER TISHER A MAN OF HEROIC MOULD-INTERESTING INDIAN TALE-WOODSFIELD HAD EIGHTEEN CABINS IN 1820-LIQUOR SWAPPED FOR LABOR AT THE COUNTY SEAT - 421 CHAPTER CXXXIV MONROE COUNTY'S WONDERFUL WEALTH IN PETROLEUM FIRST DISCOVERY MADE IN 1891 OPPOSITE SISTERSVILLE-TRAIL RUN OR IRON BRIDGE FIELD OPENED IN 1895-OVER ONE THOUSAND BARRELS OF OIL WASTED IN ONE WELL-SALT WATER MADE CREEKS BRACKISH-ONE POOL PRODUCED 55,000 BARRELS OF OIL A MONTH-GAS NOT ALWAYS PRESENT IN OIL WELLS - 429 CHAPTER CXXXV MONROE HAS 267,944 ACRES UNDER CULTIVATION HER HILLY FARMS ARE FERTILE-HAVE MADE STRONG TOBACCO AND WOOL RECORDS-NATURAL GAS AND PIPE LINE COMPANIES VALUED AT NEARLY A MILLION AND A HALF-COUNTY SPENDS ALMOST FOUR HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLARS ON HER PUBLIC SCHOOLS-WOODSFIELD A BUSY, WELL-BUILT AND WEALTHY COUNTY SEAT-COURTHOUSE AND CHURCHES ARE HANDSOME STRUCTURES - 435 TABLE OF CONTENTS - xix NOBLE COUNTY CHAPTER CXXXVI ONLY A FEW MOUNDS LEFT IN NOBLE BY ABORIGINES INDIANS USED ITS TERRITORY AS HUNTING GROUNDS—NEAREST INDIAN TRAIL PASSED THROUGH THE CORNER OF GUERNSEY COUNTY AND CROSSED THE MUSKINGUM AT PHILO—ONLY MINOR OFFENSES COMMITTED AGAINST SETTLERS BY THE REDSKINS - 443 CHAPTER CXXXVII PETITION FOR COUNTY ORGANIZATION PRESENTED IN 1846 LEGISLATURE HELD OFF UNTIL MARCH, 1851—SARAHSVILLE WAS THE FIRST COUNTY SEAT, AND JAIL AND COURTHOUSE WERE BUILT THERE —BITTER CONTEST LAUNCHED BY THOSE WHO WANTED COUNTY SEAT IN OLIVE TOWNSHIP AND CALDWELL WON THE PRIZE—NEW COURTHOUSE THERE COST $13,000—PIONEERING DAYS DESCRIBED—COUNTY'S FIRST ORCHARD PLANTED—SETTLERS AT SUMMERFIELD IN 1812— SUBSCRIPTION SCHOOL OPENED - 445 CHAPTER CXXXVIII COUNTY'S ROAD BUILDING LAGGED AND THIS DELAYED SETTLEMENT OLD INDIAN TRAIL BROADENED INTO ROADWAY—WOODSFIELD- McCONNELSVILLE ROAD OPENED 1817—ROBERT McKEE, FIRST POSTMASTER —OLIVE A BUSY TOBACCO CENTER—PIONEER NAMED PLACE AFTER HIS WIFE SARAH—SHARON HAD A COLLEGE—FACTS ABOUT SUMMERFIELD, HIRAMSBURG, CARLISLE AND OTHER VILLAGES - 459 xx - TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER CXXXIX SPENT MORE THAN QUARTER MILLION ON "CALICO" RAILROAD THEN CAME PROPOSAL TO BUILD A ROAD BETWEEN MARIETTA AND CAMBRIDGE-TRAIN SERVICE OPENED CALDWELL TO MARIETTA, 1871- WORKING FOR A NARROW GAUGE LINE-MOTOR VEHICLES ARE PUTTING IT OUT OF BUSINESS - 465 CHAPTER CXL NOBLE COUNTY IN THE COUNTRY'S SEVERAL WARS THREE COMPANIES WERE RECRUITED FOR THREE MONTHS' SERVICE AND WERE CONSOLIDATED INTO ONE-PROMPT RESPONSES MADE TO LATER CALLS-PRIVATE DALZELL BROUGHT ABOUT GREAT SOLDIERS' REUNION AT CALDWELL-LAST SURVIVING SOLDIER OF THE REVOLUTION LAID AWAY IN NOBLE COUNTY-A NUMBER OF THE COUNTY'S SONS SAW SERVICE IN THE WAR WITH SPAIN-LIST OF THOSE WHO GAVE UP THEIR LIVES IN THE WORLD WAR - 469 CHAPTER CXLI OIL DISCOVERED IN NOBLE COUNTY IN THE YEAR 1814 IT WAS AN ACCIDENTAL STRIKE AS SILAS THORLA WAS DRILLING FOR SALT-THE OIL WAS CONSIDERED A NUISANCE BUT WAS USED AS A MEDICINE-DRILLED IN EARNEST ON DUCK CREEK IN 1860-OIL MEN WERE SOON POURING INTO THE COUNTY - 475 CHAPTER CXLII A CHAPTER OF NOBLE COUNTY MISCELLANIES SARAHSVILLE'S MIGHTY OAK DESCRIBED-TABLE OF POPULATION GIVEN -CONDENSED STORY OF NOBLE'S EARLY CHURCHES-BRIEF HISTORY OF EARLY BANKS-UNDERGROUND RAILROAD ROUTE THROUGH THE COUNTY WAS KEPT BUSY-NAMING THE WATERWAYS-EARLIEST NEWSPAPER WORK-CALDWELL, THE COUNTY SEAT-EXCELLENT SCHOOLS-PUBLIC UTILITIES WORTH OVER TWO MILLIONS-POPULATION CHANGES-COUNTY OFFICERS - 479 TABLE OF CONTENTS - xxi MORGAN COUNTY CHAPTER CXLIII GEOLOGISTS SAY ICE CAP'S MELTING REVERSED THE MUSKINGUM OUTWASH CUT THROUGH THE DIVIDE NEAR EAGLEPORT—MORGAN COUNTY HAS RECORDED FORTY-TWO PREHISTORIC EARTHWORKS—TWO MUCH USED INDIAN TRAILS EXISTED—BIG BOTTOM MASSACRE A BLOODY EVENT—OBADIAH BROKAW MARKED THE SPOT WITH MARBLE—STATE PRESERVES IT AS A PARK—DR. JAMES BALL NAYLOR'S POEM PRESERVED—IT EXTOLS THE VIRTUES OF "THE HARDY PIONEER" - 491 CHAPTER CXLIV LEGISLATURE PROPOSED MORGAN'S ORGANIZATION IN 1817 BUT DELAYS ENSUED BECAUSE OF BITTER CONTEST OVER LOCATION OF COUNTY SEAT—FIVE COMMUNITIES WRESTLED FOR THE PRIZE AND McCONNELSVILLE WAS VOTED THE WINNER—PIONEERS HAD BEEN BUILDING FOR COUNTYHOOD—EARLY SETTLERS MADE OF GOOD STOCK—POPULATION ABOUT THREE THOUSAND IN 1817—FIRST JAIL COST $530 AND COURTHOUSE NUMBER ONE WAS ERECTED IN 1820 - 501 CHAPTER CXLV TOWNSHIP RECORDS FULL OF MORGAN COUNTY HISTORY MORGAN TOWNSHIP SET OFF IN 1818 AND MALTA TOWNSHIP TWENTY-ONE YEARS LATER—QUAKERS HELPED TO LAUNCH PENN AND MARION—WINDSOR'S PIONEERS INCLUDED MANY YANKEES—DEERFIELD AN ANTI-SLAVERY HOTBED—BRISTOL PEOPLE ENJOYED LIFE —HORSE-THIEF VALLEY IN UNION— OIL STRUCK IN HOMER, 1861— SQUIRRELS INVADED BLOOM—YORK, MANCHESTER AND CENTER MENTIONED - 511 xxii - TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER CXLVI THE MUSKINGUM PLAYED A BIG PART IN MORGAN'S SETTLEMENT INDIAN'S CANOE FIRST TO FLOAT OVER ITS BOSOM—BUT THE WHITE MAN SOON BUILT LARGER CRAFT—FLATBOATS CARRIED BIG CARGOES DOWN STREAM— FIRST STEAMBOAT, RUFUS PUTNAM, ARRIVED 1824CAPT. ERVEN TRAVIS AN AUTHORITY ON RIVER LORE—TELLS ABOUT THE SALT INDUSTRY—ENGINEERS' OFFICES AT McCONNELSVILLE WHEN RIVER IMPROVEMENT BEGAN—FLATBOAT BUILDING GREW AND FLOUR MILLS MULTIPLIED—ICE BY WATER FROM CLEVELAND—GUNBOAT VS. MORGAN RAIDERS - 523 CHAPTER CXLVII MORGAN COUNTY'S PART IN THE COUNTRY'S WARS HER SONS WERE WILLING TO WAR AGAINST MEXICO BUT "POLITICS" PREVENTED—COUNTY'S PATRIOTS AROUSED BY THE FALL OF SUMTER-MORGAN'S GUARD THE FIRST COMPANY FORMED, WITH F. B. POND AS CAPTAIN—SECOND COMPANY CAPTAINED BY SUELEM McCASLIN-MORGAN COUNTY BOYS DID THEIR SHARE IN MANY BATTLES—JOHN MORGAN'S RAID STIRRED UP THE COUNTY—HIS FORCE CROSSED THE RIVER AT EAGLEPORT— COUNTY IN THE SPANISH WAR AND WORLD WAR - 531 CHAPTER CXLVIII MISCELLANEOUS ELEMENTS OF MORGAN COUNTY HISTORY MANY A FUGITIVE SLAVE WENT TO CANADA AND FREEDOM OVER HER UNDERGROUND RAILROAD—THOMAS GRAY SMUGGLED 500 THROUGH DEAVERTOWN—HISTORY OF THE COUNTY'S EARLY BANKS—COUNTY SEAT WAR BROKE UP PARTY LINES—COAL EVERYWHERE BUT LITTLE MINED—SALT ONCE A GREAT INDUSTRY—THREE ROADS IN 1819—POPULATION CHANGES IN COUNTY, TOWNSHIPS AND TOWNS—TWINCITY CHURCHES—COUNTY SCHOOLS—OIL AND GAS—McCONNELSVILLE —MALTA—COUNTY OFFICERS—PUBLIC UTILITIES - 537 TABLE OF CONTENTS - xxiii MEIGS COUNTY CHAPTER CXLIX MEIGS COUNTY'S PREHISTORIC PICTURE MAKERS ABORIGINES PECKED FACES, FEET AND OTHER IMAGES INTO OHIO RIVER ROCKS NEAR SAXON-OHIO ARCHEOLOGICAL SOCIETY CUT SOME OF THESE PETROGLYPHS OUT OF THE STONE AND THEY ARE IN THE STATE MUSEUM AT COLUMBUS-RACINE MOUNDS AND STONE GRAVES REPORTED-IN THE COUNTY HAVE BEEN. REPORTED TWENTY-SEVEN MOUNDS, ONE VILLAGE SITE, TWO STONE GRAVES AND THREE PETROGLYPHS - 553 CHAPTER CL PIONEERS WAITED FOR PEACE ON THE FRONTIER AFTER WAYNE'S VICTORY OF 1794 THE HUMAN TIDE BEGAN TO FLOW TOWARD MEIGS-MANY CAME FROM NEW ENGLAND BY WAY OF MARIETTA-COUNTY ERECTED 1819 FROM ATHENS AND GALLIA TERRITORY WITH A POPULATION OF ABOUT 4,000-MIDDLEPORT CHOSEN THE COUNTY SEAT BUT LATER CHESTER WON THE PRIZE AND YIELDED IT IN TURN TO POMEROY, WHERE A COURTHOUSE WAS ERECTED-EARLY COURTS HAD BEEN HELD IN A MEETING HOUSE-COAL LANDS RENTED FROM RUFUS PUTNAM-POMEROY BECAME THE COUNTY SEAT A YEAR AFTER INCORPORATION - 557 CHAPTER CLI SOME OF THE EARLIEST SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES SALISBURY TOWNSHIP'S FIRST SCHOOL OPENED 1801-SELAH BARRETT TAUGHT IN SCHOOLHOUSE THAT HE AND HIS NEW WIFE LIVED IN-SQUARES IN THE LOGS MADE INTO WINDOWS BY THE USE OF GREASED PAPER-CHURCHES CAME INTO EXISTENCE SLOWLY BUT ZEAL WAS NOT LACKING-FORTY YEARS AFTER IT BECAME THE COUNTY SEAT, POMEROY SUPPORTED TWELVE CHURCHES AND MIDDLEPORT SEVEN-SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES OF 1928 567 xxiv - TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER CLII GREAT MINERAL WEALTH IN MEIGS COUNTY THE POMEROYS MINED AND SHIPPED COAL DOWN THE OHIO ON A LARGE SCALE-BUILT BOATS, EMPLOYED 200 MEN-BUILDING OF RAILROADS INTO THE COUNTY GAVE THE MINING INDUSTRY A MARKED GROWTH-THIRD SOUTHEASTERN OHIO COUNTY IN POINT OF PRODUCTION IN 1878-MORE THAN 1,500,000 TONS MINED IN 1920- SALT-MAKING BEGAN IN THE MIDDLE FORTIES AND POMEROY BECAME ONE OF THE INDUSTRY'S CHIEF CENTERS-THE BRINE WAS STRONG AND COAL WAS NEAR-OIL AND GAS POOLS REVEALED BY SALT WELLS-INSTRUCTIVE STORY OF EARLY DEVELOPMENT - 575 CHAPTER CLIII MEIGS IN THE CIVIL, SPANISH AND WORLD WARS MANY OF HER SONS WENT TO THE FRONT IN THE SIXTIES AND STAY-AT-HOMES FAITHFULLY GUARDED THE COUNTY-MORGAN'S DEFEAT AT BUFFINGTON ISLAND WAS DISASTROUS TO HIS PLANS-GRAPHIC DESCRIPTION BY H. P. SKINNER OF THE FIGURE EIGHT HIS COLUMN CUT-RAIDERS WRIGGLED OUT OF TIGHT PLACES AND GALLOPED AWAY-EDITOR C. A. HARTLEY, WHO SERVED IN THE WAR WITH SPAIN, TELLS ABOUT THE COUNTY'S PART IN IT-TWENTY-ONE OF HER SONS LOST THEIR LIVES IN THE WORLD WAR - 581 CHAPTER CLIV MISCELLANEOUS PAST AND PRESENT ITEMS FIRST NEWSPAPER, THE TELEGRAPH, BEGAN EXISTENCE IN 1842 AND IS STILL PRINTING THE NEWS-COUNTY HAD NO DEMOCRATIC PAPER FOR YEARS, BUT JUDGE J. E. CARLETON NOW PUBLISHES THE DEMOCRAT-C. A. HARTLEY, HIS SON OLIVER AND GRANDSON MALCOLM ARE ALL ON THE DAILY TRIBUNE-WEAVERS' REEDS MADE ON A LARGE SCALE-TWO SONS OF MEIGS IN CONGRESS, HORTON AND PLANTS-A HUGE SYCAMORE TREE-INDIANS RESORTED TO "DEVIL'S HOLE"-POPULATION STATISTICS-COUNTY OFFICERS - 591 TABLE OF CONTENTS - xxv CHAPTER CLV PRESENT DAY FACTS ABOUT MEIGS COUNTY TWO TRUNK LINE RAILWAYS AND THE MAJESTIC OHIO FURNISH TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES-GOOD OPPORTUNITIES FOR NEW INDUSTRIES- NEARLY 200 MILES OF IMPROVED ROADWAYS-OVER 2,700 FARMS VALUED AT MORE THAN $8,000,000-PRODUCTIVE OIL AND GAS WELLS AND IMPORTANT ASSOCIATED INDUSTRIES-COUNTY'S PUBLIC UTILITIES VALUED AT NEARLY $5,000,000 AND THE GRAND DUPLICATE IS OVER $22,000,000 605 ILLUSTRATIONS FAMOUS FAIRMOUNT MOUND - 31 OLD LICKING COUNTY COURTHOUSE - 47 SOUTHWEST CORNER OF THE SQUARE AT NEWARK - 53 SOUTHEAST CORNER OF THE SQUARE AT NEWARK - 53 THE OLD OHIO CANAL AT NEWARK - 65 ARNOLD ANCESTRAL RESIDENCE, NEWARK - 101 RESIDENCE OF GEN. GEO. B. SMYTHE, NEWARK - 101 THE LICKING NARROWS DAM - 121 COSHOCTON COUNTY COURTHOUSE, COSHOCTON - 187 THE "STONE HOUSE," NEWCASTLE TWP., COSHOCTON COUNTY - 209 A COSHOCTON COUNTY BEAUTY SPOT - 221 LEE'S EMPIRE MILL, COSHOCTON COUNTY - 231 OLD COVERED BRIDGE, CONESVILLE - 231 PERRY COUNTY'S "OLD SQUARE" COURTHOUSE, SOMERSET - 245 OLD TIME TOLL GATE - 255 ST. ALOYSIUS ACADEMY, NEW LEXINGTON - 269 MACGAHAN MONUMENT, NEW LEXINGTON - 303 NEW LEXINGTON'S NEW HIGH SCHOOL - 323 SARCHET BUILDING, CAMBRIDGE - 351 DOUBLE BRIDGE AT DEWEY AVE., CAMBRIDGE - 361 ARCADE BLDG., CAMBRIDGE - 379 NATIONAL ROAD VIEW - 407 NEW VIADUCT AT CAMBRIDGE - 407 MONROE COUNTY COURTHOUSE, WOODSFIELD - 423 ST. SYLVESTER'S CATHOLIC CHURCH, WOODSFIELD - 437 A BELMONT-MONROE REUNION - 437 NOBLE COUNTY INFIRMARY - 451 NOBLE COUNTY COURTHOUSE, BUILT IN 1858 - 451 CUMBERLAND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, BROOKFIELD TWP., NOBLE CO. - 481 OLD SUMMERFIELD SCHOOLHOUSE - 481 MORGAN COUNTY'S NATURAL BRIDGE - 513 "THE DEVIL'S TEA TABLE" - 525 OLD BRIDGE BETWEEN MORGAN COUNTY'S "TWIN CITIES" - 539 MEIGS COUNTY COURTHOUSE, POMEROY - 559 HIGH SCHOOL, MIDDLEPORT - 569 MASONIC TEMPLE, MIDDLEPORT - 569 KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS HALL, POMEROY - 569 HIGH SCHOOL, POMEROY - 569 PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, POMEROY - 573 METHODIST CHURCH, MIDDLEPORT - 573 BAPTIST CHURCH, MIDDLEPORT - 573 SOLDIERS' MONUMENT AT POMEROY - 583 HISTORIC BRIDGE AND MILL, CHESTER, MEIGS COUNTY - 593 xxvii. LICKING COUNTY CHAPTER LXXXIII PREHISTORIC TIMES IN THE LAND OF LICKING GEOLOGISTS' "OLD NEWARK RIVER" WAS CENTRAL OHIO'S MASTER STREAM- MELTING ICE CAP FILLED ITS VALLEY AND REVERSED THE FLOW OF MUSKINGUM AND LICKING RIVERS-COUNTY'S WIDE PLAINS BECAME SCENES OF MOUND BUILDERS' VAST ACTIVITIES-EARTHWORKS BUILT ON EXTRAORDINARY SCALE-FLINT RIDGE AN IMMENSE SOURCE OF SUPPLY AND A BUSY ABORIGINAL WORKSHOP-NOTABLE PREHISTORIC WORKS STILL EXIST- THE LICKING MOUND BUILDERS. THE OLD NEWARK RIVER The reader who is deeply interested in the valley of the Licking and in that wider valley which stretches westward from the Coshocton County line by way of Trinway, Frazeysburg and Hanover to Newark and beyond will perhaps want the story of Licking County's past to begin with the melting of the Wisconsin ice cap, that sheet which covered the county thousands of years ago. If we satisfy that desire the Mound Builder, the Indian and the earliest pioneer must stand aside for the time being, while we draw upon the findings and opinions of learned geologists and convey them to the reader. THE MASTER STREAM OF THIS SECTION The southern edge of the ice cap halted near what is now the boundary line between Licking and Muskingum counties. Under that edge lay the valley of what geologists have named the Newark River, which suggests the inference that it flowed beneath where the capital of Licking County now stands. That river was then the master stream of this section of Ohio and its size is well indi- - 27 - 3-VOL. 2 28 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO cated by the width of the valley which remains in sight all the way down from the upper Muskingum to the western border of Licking County and beyond. The Newark River is described as having flowed westward by way of the sites of Trinway, Frazeysburg, Nashport, Newark, Buckeye Lake and Hadley Junction into a still mightier stream, now indicated by the Scioto. REVERSED MUSKINGUM AND LICKING According to the drillings made in that great valley as well as its surface signs the Newark River was filled up with vast masses of sand and gravel when the melting ice sheet let go of them. The deposit was so great that when all was over Newark River was blotted out. Wakatomika Creek, which now traverses a part of the old stream's wide valley, in a direction which is a reversal of the old river's course, is 150 feet above the rock which formed the floor of Newark River; and the filling of the latter's deep bed was followed by a reversal of the course of the Muskingum and Licking rivers. These streams were forced to flow to the south and southeast, respectively, away from the Newark River, instead of into it, and thus their waters found passage to the Ohio River. Geologists find in the fact that the rocky floor of the Muskingum under the Y-bridge at Zanesville is 100 feet farther above sea level than are the rocks which formed the bed of the vanished river, a full justification of the assumption that the latter was this section's master stream. MOUTH AT NASHPORT OR DRESDEN Frank Leverett, of the United States Geological Survey, has expressed doubt as to where the pre-glacial Muskingum entered the old Newark River, as the following shows : "It has not been decided whether the old drainage of the portion of the Muskingum south of the westward outlet led northward from Zanesville along the present stream (reversed) to the old outlet at Dresden or took a northwestward course from Zanesville along a line followed in part by the Licking (in reverse direction) , to enter the old outlet at Nashport. In case there was an old divide on the present line of the Muskingum between Dresden and Zanesville, it is most likely to have been near Ellis." SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 29 THE ICE CAP'S OUTWASH Readers who desire further information concerning the supposed local effects of the melting of the Ohio ice cap will find it set forth in Bulletin 21 of the Ohio Geological Survey. One phase of the results appears in its pages from the pen of Wilbur Stout, who wrote as assistant state geologist. He said in part: "The last great glacial stage recognized in Ohio is the Wisconsin. It * * * extended as far east as Newark, in Licking County. * * * The water from the melting ice sheet poured down the drainage lines, which were thus considerably modified. In places the valley walls were severely eroded, whereas in other parts the channels were filled with great loads of transported material. * The Muskingum River thus received material from streams heading within the glaciated area, the most important of which are Licking River, Walhonding River, Killbuck Creek and Tuscarawas River. The gravel and sand in the main terrace along the Muskingum and Licking rivers in Muskingum County thus appear to be largely outwash from the Wisconsin drift sheet." On a later page will be found an opinion on this subject, written by Geologist Frank Carney, of Denison University, in a discussion of the county's topography and drainage, which deals with these from a different angle. For the present, then, we dismiss the topic and turn from the stupendous changes wrought by elemental agencies to evidences of the activities of a mysterious and vanished people whose extensive occupation of Licking County is proven by remains of a striking character. LICKING COUNTY MOUND BUILDERS "Why do we leave our quest for daily bread To seek for relics of the savage dead? "Some sense of comradry and kin, For human life wherever it has been— There lies the answer; and therein we find Enlargement for the human heart and mind." Did man inhabit the Ohio country in glacial times? Most of the learned men answer this question in the negative. How long has it been since the glacial period obtained? Some of these 30 - SOUTHEASTERN CHID learned men say 50,000 years, others 10,000 years. We quote from an Ohio authority, H. C. Shetrone, of the Ohio Archeological and Historical Society, who thus passed upon both questions in Volume 27 of the society's publications : HOW OLD ARE THE EARTHWORKS? "As in many other of the states certain evidence has been adduced pointing to the existence of human beings in Ohio during or preceding the great glacial epoch estimated to have obtained some 10,000 years ago. This evidence, however, in the nature of rude stone implements, found in apparently undisturbed glacial drift, is considered as too meager and uncertain to be accepted as proof. Conditions prevailing in the mounds and village sites of the state indicate that many of them were constructed or used within a very short time preceding exploration and settlement. Their evidence is to the effect that prehistoric occupation extended from a period perhaps 2,000 or 3,000 years ago and that the custom of building mounds in some instances prevailed until possibly after the discovery of America." ABORIGINES FOND OF THE LAND O'LICKING In few Ohio counties has prehistoric man left behind so many outstanding signs of his existence as Licking abounds in. But one county, namely, Ross, has a record of more mounds, her total being 370, while Licking's is 225. In enclosures the order is the same, 45 for Ross, and 36 for Licking. As is well known among readers of prehistoric literature, Licking County is far ahead in the records of flint deposits. Out of 99 quarries in the state Licking has a record of 77. Muskingum comes next with 18. Then follow Coshocton with 5, Fairfield and Lawrence with 2 each, and Perry, Erie, Jackson, Mahoning and Scioto with 1 each. William C. Mills' "Archeological Atlas of Ohio" tells a remarkable story of Licking's prominence as a field of aboriginal occupation, and the bare facts, coming from this authoritative source, are impressive. So important are its records that we quote the statement in full in spite of its length : LONG ARRAY OF PREHISTORIC WORKS "Licking is one of the richest counties in the state from an archeological viewpoint. Its importance lies in several directions. SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 33 Not only does it contain the greatest source of material used in the making of aboriginal flint implements (Flint Ridge), but also one of the finest examples of the complex type of earthworks, that known as the Newark Works. Besides these features, two of the few so-called effigy works are located in the county. One is the Opossum Mound, sometimes called Alligator Mound, which lies near Granville, and the other the so called Bird Mound, located within the earthworks of the Newark group. "The county is rich in mounds and enclosures and affords examples of practically every type of these two classes. A group of petroglyphs formerly existed a few miles east of the City of Newark. Thus it is seen that the county contains examples of all important classes of earthworks found in Ohio and is in itself typical of the state as a whole. THE WONDERS OF FLINT RIDGE "Flint Ridge, as its name suggests, is a natural ridge wherein the flint required by the aborigines was found. This great ridge extends from a point a few miles southeast of Newark almost to Zanesville, in Muskingum County. Numerous pits are to be seen from which the flint was taken for the manufacture of flint knives, arrow and spear points and other weapons and implements. Material from these pits is found scattered for hundreds of miles in every direction, showing that it was highly valued and extensively sought. "The famous Newark Works are too well known to require a detailed description. They covered a great part of the present City of Newark and territory to the west and south of the city. They consisted of combinations of squares and circles, parallel walls and crescents and many mounds within or adjacent thereto. One of these circles is located in the Licking County Fair Grounds and is well preserved. THE NOTED GRANVILLE WORKS "The Opossum Mound, located about one mile east of Granville, occupies the top of a prominent elevation overlooking Raccoon Valley. The figure is about 250 feet long and 4 feet in height at the highest point. "In the more southerly of the two large circles comprising the Newark Works, is the so-called Bird Mound. The dimensions 34 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO of the mound, as given by Squier & Davis in their 'Ancient Monuments,' were as follows : Length of body, 155 feet; of each wing, 110 feet; between the tops of the wings, 200 feet ; width of bird, 63 feet ; of wings in center, 45 feet ; of same next to body, 40 feet; height of mound composing the body, 7 feet; of mounds composing the wings, 5 feet. The head of the bird points directly toward the entrance to the enclosure." TOWNSHIPS AND THEIR PREHISTORIC REMAINS Hartford, enclosure 1; Monroe, mound 1, village site 1; Jersey, mounds 8 ; Lima, mounds 2 ; Bennington, village site 1; Liberty, mound 1; St. Albans, mounds 12, enclosures 3 ; Harrison, mounds 7; Newark, mounds 30, enclosures 4, effigy 1; Burlington, mounds 10, enclosure 1; McKean, mounds 6, enclosure 1; Granville, mounds 20, enclosures 5, village sites 3, effigy 1; Union, mounds 17, enclosures 2 ; Washington, mounds 10, enclosures 4, village site 1; Norton, mounds 9, enclosure 1; Licking, mounds 15, enclosures 2 ; Eden, mounds 6, enclosure 1, village site 1; Madison, mounds 17, burials 2, petroglyph 1; Franklin, mounds 18, enclosures 3, flint quarry 1; Bowling Green, mounds 15, enclosures 2 ; Hanover, mounds 14, enclosures 3, village site 1; Hopewell, mounds 6, enclosures 3, flint quarries 76. Totals, mounds 225, enclosures 36, village sites 9, burials 2, effigies 2, petroglyph 1, flint quarries 77. FLINT A TREASURE RIDGE TO ABORIGINES Some particulars about a representative mound at Flint Ridge carry great interest for Licking County readers. The mound referred to was explored on the Hazlett farm, at the west end of the ridge. When this elevation was measured it was found to have a north and south diameter of 85 feet, an east and west diameter of 90 feet, and a height of 13 feet and 3 inches. This object, in the shape of a flattened cone, was, when explored some years ago, covered with a dense growth of underbrush. After describing the materials entering into the mound and the skeletons and other objects found within it, Doctor Mills added : "The examination of the Hazlett mound has established the fact that the Hopewell culture in Ohio constructed the mound and proves beyond doubt that this culture resorted to Flint Ridge for the raw materials for the manufacture of their artifacts, and SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 35 further they established themselves on the ridge and in close proximity to the good flint quarries. A VALUED CENTRAL STOREHOUSE "Flint Ridge in early times could only be reached by trails, and here the trails would end. The largest stream near enough for boats was the Licking River, six miles north of the principal quarries. In Muskingum County the Licking River was only a few miles away and the Muskingum River less than six miles distant, and doubtless these streams were used to transport cores and blades (of flint) to Eastern Ohio, north and south. Practically all the objects made of flint found upon the surface of Central Ohio came from the Flint Ridge, and practically all the raw materials were carried over the trails to the old villages and there specialized into arrow and spear points, knives, scrapers, saws and drills." SAMUEL DRUMM'S FLINT MILL STONES Flint Ridge values pass from the domain of conjecture to that of history in at least one particular. Samuel Drumm, a pioneer of the Flint Ridge neighborhood, developed quite an industry by quarrying flint in blocks of considerable size and fashioning them into small hand-buhr stones. These were a boon to the early settler when water mills were often at a considerable distance from his home. By obtaining Samuel Drumm's flint buhrs the pioneer was enabled to have a small hand-mill of his own. After the National Road was finished Samuel Drumm's flint buhrs were sent to a point on it three miles away and transported thence by ox teams "as far west as the Mississippi River and as far east as Pittsburgh," says Doctor Mills. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE OLD FORT Years ago Col. Charles Whittlesey, of Cleveland, and Isaac Smucker, of Newark, surveyed and carefully examined this wonderful old Newark spot and wrote an account of it which is regarded as accurate. We quote from it in part: "The old fort is situated a mile and a half in a southwesterly direction from the courthouse in Newark and belongs to the class of Mound Builders' works known as enclosures. It is not a true circle, the respective diameters being 1,150 and 1,250 feet. Its 36 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO banks, nearly a mile in length, were formed by throwing up the earth from the inside, which left a ditch of sloping sides 10 feet (in many places more) in depth, and ranges in perpendicular height, measuring from bottom of ditch to top of bank, from 20 to 30 feet. A MOAT ONCE ENCIRCLED IT "This enclosure, which embraces within it about twenty-seven acres of land, was constructed on level ground and the ditch above described was often seen, during the earlier decades of the present (nineteenth) century, partially and sometimes wholly, filled with water all around the circle. From some cause it has not held water of late years to any great extent. Viewed from the outside, the embankment does not rise more than 10 or 15 feet above the surface of the surrounding ground, but observed from its top, the eye taking in the depth of the ditch, it seems of course much higher, so as to correspond in height at least to the figures above given. "The old fort has an entrance or gateway which is flanked by a high bank or parapet on either side of it, running outward forty yards. The gateway and parallel walls or parapets are on the eastern side of the circle and the ditch which follows it also extends to the termination of the parallel banks that cover the entrance. Here the banks are highest; the parallel walls, as well as those which form the circle immediately adjoining them at the gateway, reaching for a short distance a perpendicular height of at least thirty feet, measuring from the bottom of the ditch, of twenty feet measuring on the outside. The gateway or entrance measures seventy-five feet between the ditches or moats, and between the parapets or banks of earth that flank the entrance, 130 feet. MANY CENTURIES OLD "Trees of a large size are still growing upon the banks all around the circle, as well as upon the parallel walls of the entrance. They are equal in size to those that are yet found both on the outside of the enclosure and within it, and of the same varieties. Some of them measure ten feet in circumference and are still thrifty, giving no indications of decay. One of the largest trees that stood on this embankment was cut down in 1815 and SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 37 its concentric circles showed that it had attained to the venerable age of 550 years. Many others of its contemporaries, too, are still flourishing and enjoying an equally vigorous 'green old age.' This fact may be borne in mind as indicating the antiquity of this wonderful work, especially when taken in connection with the strong probability that this tree, of now more than six centuries ago, was most likely of the second or third growth of the trees than of the first, after the Mound Builders had erected this enclosure, which is only one of the extensive series of labyrinthine works whose embankment measures many miles in length, and which, by low parallel banks, were connected with others of similar character as remote from them as those of the Hock-Hocking and other distant places. EFFIGY OF A MIGHTY EAGLE "In the middle of the old fort is an elevation, evidently artificial, which never fails to attract attention of the observing and generally designated as Eagle Mound. It is full six feet high and is in the form and shape of an eagle in flight, with wings outspread, measuring from tip to tip 240 feet, and from head to tail 210 feet, and is clearly of the effigy class of the works of the Mound Builders. It faces the entrance and therefore lies in an east and west direction, its wings extending north and south. Excavations made many years ago into the center of this earthen figure, where the elevation is greatest, developed an altar built of stone upon which were found ashes, charcoal and calcined bones, showing that it had been used for sacrificial purposes. WERE HUMANS SACRIFICED AT THE OLD FORT? "Many have held the opinion that the old fort was a military work, constructed for defense, but its location on a level plain, its symmetrical form and inside ditch and the indications of the presence of fire, seen on the altar, and its sacrificial uses so clearly suggested, all go to render this opinion erroneous, or, to say the least, one highly improbable. All the known facts pertaining to it go to raise the presumption that within this enclosure were conducted by Mound Builders the rites and ceremonies of their religion, they having manifestly been a religious and superstitious race, given to the practice of offering up human as well as animal sacrifices. 38 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO WHY DID THE ABORIGINES BUILD IT? "Others have believed that the old fort was the seat of government of the Mound Builders and that their monarch resided here ; and still others have held that within this enclosure they practiced their national games and amusements, similar, possibly, to the Olympic, Nemean, Pythean and Isthmian games that were so universally popular with the enlightened Gauls during the `Lyrical age of Greece.' Others still hold different opinions, but I think the weight of evidence is altogether in favor of the theory that the old fort, one of the most renowned of all the Mound Builders' works, was constructed for the uses of a sacred enclosure and was therefore primarily built and used for purposes connected with their religion ; albeit it may also have been their seat of government and residence of their monarch ; and may possibly have been used for the practice of their national games. Least likely of all is the notion that it was constructed for military purposes or was ever used as a defensive work." Recently the Licking County Farm Bureau and the Newark Chamber of Commerce have caused an extensive survey of these grounds to be made and have employed competent men to submit plans for their permanent improvement, with two main objectives : restoration and beautification of the park and the production of one of Ohio's finest fair grounds. BORE TREES 500 YEARS OLD These earthworks at Mound Builders' Park continue to arrest the attention of tourists, and especially of archeologists. They became known to pioneers as early as 1800, when all of them bore a dense growth of trees (many of which measured ten feet in circumference, while their concentric circles evidenced an age of 500 years) and when heavy undergrowth almost hid the works from view. Another group of works of noteworthy character is to be found on the Newark Country Club's golf grounds. They consist of a circular enclosure connected by parallel banks with a large octagon mound having eight openings, with a sentinel mound covering each opening. This contains about fifty acres and the gateways are about fifteen feet wide. The walls of this work, as well as those of the circular enclosure with which it is connected, are as nearly per- SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 39 pendicular as the earth could be made to lie and are eight or ten feet in width on the top. THE LICKING MOUND BUILDERS Henry C. Cochran The work of the Mound Builders, most of which is still extant, will continue through the ages if spared further desecration; will continue to attract tourists and offer a rich but puzzling field of study to the archeologist and anthropologist. The counties of particular interest are Licking, Perry, Muskingum, Coshocton, Morgan, Washington and Athens. All of the other counties of the southeastern district were occupied in prehistoric times by a shallow-brained element in the Mound Builder race. They have left few mounds or traces of their occupancy. The present site of Newark was the location of their great central town and all of the hilltops of Licking County are crowned by mounds which men used for signal fires to convey messages to the other parts of a now vanished realm. One of the more notable and easier of access to the tourist and investigator is the one at Fairmount along the National Road and about two and a half miles east of Jacksontown in Licking County. About thirty-five feet is added to the top of one of the higher natural hills of the Ohio River basin. From its top the tourist, with a glass in clear weather, may look into six counties of Central Ohio. Licking County contains two of the effigy mounds constructed by the race in what is now the State of Ohio. They are effigies of an eagle in the Old Fort in Newark and the "Alligator" mound on a hilltop near Granville, along the Newark-Granville road. Within easy access from the improved roads of the area are hundreds of smaller mounds, their circles, octagons, squares, and parallel walls. More notable are the Old Fort, in Newark's city limits, and the great circle and great octagon just west of the city and now greatly improved by the State of Ohio as a former encampment ground for state troops and further improved by the Newark Country Club, having it under lease. The latter are now the property of Newark Township and the Old Fort, for three-quarters of a century owned and used by the Licking County Agricultural Society, has recently been purchased by the Licking 40 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO County Commissioners for the county. Both are now safe from desecration. The mounds and other works of the race which have been destroyed by private individuals and by state authority have added little to human knowledge of the race, beyond that given by the earlier writers and investigators. The Mound Builder, though he had no method of reducing the metal ores to be found in the area, was a practical lithologist and used stone mainly in his tool making. Flint Ridge, in Licking County and near the National Road, offers an engaging study to the scientist and tourist. It is in eastern Licking County and is underlaid by a deposit of flint such as is known to industry and commerce as Buhr stone and to the lapidary and worker in gems as the chalcedony. With his feeble tools the Mound Builder strip-mined to a depth of from five to thirty-five feet an area of about three miles wide and eight miles in length. The millions of their flint knives, arrow heads, scrapers and axes, to be found in national, state, county and private collections, have been identified as the stone from these deposits and a few from a similar deposit in Coshocton County. They have been found from the City of Mexico to the Great Lakes, in the Gulf states and the entire basin drained by the Mississippi River. They also used copper from outcrop in Michigan and worked the mica deposits of the Carolinas. The better thought on the study of the Mound Builders is that they had no written language. They were monotheists and leave no idols. They were agriculturists; the staple crop was corn and they raised and smoked tobacco, also fibrous plants from which they wove some different kinds of cloth. They fished the glacial streams of the middle country for the pearl oyster which yet abounds in them. Many of their mounds yield quantities of the pearls, all of which are worthless except as relics, on account of the fact that they drilled a hole in each pearl. This latter fact has given color to the theory that they used them as a warp in the weaving of feather work for personal adornment. Some of their mounds still standing were built of stone. Two such mounds once stood near Jacksontown. They were taken by the State of Ohio in 1852 to construct a riff-raff wall along the artificial banks of Buckeye Lake. The stone thus taken made a wall twenty feet wide and two and one-half miles in length. SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 41 Students and writers agree that during the occupancy of the Mound Builders a war was on between those in the east and those who occupied the middle and western portions of the Ohio River basin. The line of demarcation runs from the Ohio River basin near Portsmouth to a point near Youngstown, Ohio. They built a remarkable fort of stone near Glenford in Perry County. In its construction a great degree of engineering skill is shown in their adaptation to the lay of the land. Much of the ancient stone walls are to be seen by tourists. CHAPTER LXXXIV VIRTUALLY NO CONTEST BETWEEN RED MEN AND PIONEERS INDIANA FOUND THE VALLEYS GOOD HUNTING GROUNDS-LINGERING BANDS WENT TO NEWARK TO TRADE-LEGEND OF THE BLACK HAND LONG A SUBJECT FOR WRITERS-GIST, CROGAN, AND MONTOUR PASSED THROUGH THE COUNTY IN 1751 AND REV. DAVID JONES AND DAVID DUNCAN 22 YEARS LATER-HUGHES AND RATLIFF FAMILIES, 21 IN NUMBER, SETTLED ON THE LICKING IN 1798-EIGHT FAMILIES THERE OR NEAR AT HAND AT THE CLOSE OF 1800-COUNTY ORGANIZED MARCH 1, 1808. FEW WHITES HERE DURING INDIAN WARS Whittlesey's maps of the Indian territories give that portion of them now a part of Licking County to the Delawares, excepting the west tier of townships, which he "located in the Shawnee country." There is little to indicate, however, that many of the Delawares lived in it and it appears to have been used by the Shawnees and Wyandots as hunting grounds. There was Indian occupation of this territory for years after the treaty of Fort McIntosh, which ceded it to the Government, but there was little or no contest for its possession between the whites and redskins for the reason that so few of the former had settled in it prior to the year 1800. SOME WYANDOTS IN WIGWAMS Among the few Indian villages was "Raccoon Town," located on the Raccoon Bottom, near Johnstown, and occupied by Wyandots. In 1807 Charles and George Green bought the land. The Wyandots also lived in wigwams and huts a mile or so below the junction of the north and south forks. The Shawnees were in, camp for a time on Shawnee Run on what became the P. N. O'Bannon farm. There is not much Indian lore to record. For the most part - 43 - 4-VOL. 2 44 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO the redskins of the Licking and its tributaries were not troublesome. They used a trail which branched off in the Muskingum Valley, followed the Licking to Bowling Green and ran thence through the Reservoir (Buckeye Lake) to the Scioto country. In Brister's history of Licking County it is stated that Indians "often came to Newark to trade after the advent of the whites, when they would gather under the forest trees on the public square and talk and smoke and trade peltry for hatchets, powder, ball and trinkets." Some of them were notable in physical proportions. Tall and straight and clad in leggins and breech clouts, they attracted much notice. Sometimes they drank too much firewater and became a little dangerous. BLACK HAND IN LICKING NARROWS But if materials for tales of hostilities between the savages and whites of the county are scarce, there is at least one bit of legend which furnishes data for romance. The scene of it was the Licking Narrows, on one of whose walls, up to 1825, men could see what was called the "Black Hand" standing out as a representation of that member of the human person. The rock was blasted away when builders of the Ohio Canal were compelled to remove it in order to make space for the towpath and the image disappeared with the rock. Much has been written about the event which is supposed to have become the legend's basis. We have selected the following story, written by Mrs. Gebbert : "THE LEGEND OF THE BLACK HAND" Many moons ago, here upon the banks of the Pataskala (the Licking) was a lodge of the great chief, Powcongah, whose daughter, Ahyoma, was as fair as the dawn and as graceful as the swan that floats on the lake. Her eyes were soft and shy as the eyes of the fawn, her voice sweet and low as the voice of the cooing dove. Two braves were there who looked upon her with eyes of love, and each was fain to lead her from the lodge of her father, that she might bring light and joy and contentment to his own. At last said the chief, her father, "No longer shall ye braves contend for the hand of Ahyoma, my daughter. Go forth upon the war path, and when three moons have passed see that ye come SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 45 hither once more and then I swear by the Great Spirit, that to him who shall carry at his belt the greatest number of scalps shall be given the hand of Ahyoma, my daughter." Three moons had waxed greater and grown less ere the warriors had returned. Then, upon the day appointed, behold, all the tribe gathered to view the counting of the scalps. First stepped forth Wacousta, a grim-visaged warrior, who had long parted company with fleet-footed youth, and walked soberly with middle manhood. From his belt he took his trophies, one by one, and laid them at the feet of the chief, while from behind the lodge door Ahyoma, unseen by all, looked fearfully forth upon the scene. With each fresh scalp the clouds settled more darkly upon the bright face of Ahyoma, and her lips trembled as she murmured, "So many ! so many!" Then came the second brave, Lahkopis. Young he was, with the light of boyhood still lingering in his eyes, but upon his head the eagle feather, telling, withal, of a strong arm and deeds of bravery. One swift glance he shot toward the lodge of the unseen maiden, then he loosed his belt and laid it at the feet of Powcongah. Scalp after scalp they counted, while the people bent forward silently, and a little hand drew aside the curtain from the lodge doorway, and a young face looked anxiously, yet hopefully, forth. Slowly, slowly they laid them down, and at last, behold, there was one more, just one more, than in the pile of Wacousta. The young Lahkopis had won ! Now strode forth Wacousta, and laid his hand—the strong right hand that yet had failed to win the prize—laid it upon the rock. Then lifted he his tomahawk high in the air, and then with one swift stroke severed the hand at the wrist, and flung it high up against the face of the cliff, saying, "Stay thou there forever as a mark of scorn in the eyes of all men; thou hast let thyself be beaten by the cunning right hand of a boy! Disgraced thou art, and no longer shalt thou be numbered among the members of my frame." And the hand clung to the rock and turned black, and spread and grew until it was as the hand of a giant; and while the chief, Ahyoma and the tribe stood silently watching the wonder, the defeated warrior draped his robe about him, spoke no word of farewell, and striding swiftly into the dark depths of the forest was seen no more." 46 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO GIST PASSED THROUGH LICKING IN 1751 When this hardy and able emissary of the Ohio Land Company of Virginia left the forks of the Muskingum after his memorable parley with the Indians there he and Croghan and Montour took the trail down the Muskingum to Wakatomika, now Dresden, entered what is now Licking County, crossing Licking River at or near Bowling Green Run, and proceeded toward the Scioto country by way of Buckeye Lake. It is said that John Larabee, who settled on the south side of the Licking River in 1831, reported having found still traceable the Indian trail which the Gist party had used. In Gist's journal it is stated that they reached the border of what he called the "Great Swamp" (Buckeye Lake) on January 17 and set out for it the next day. In 1773 Rev. David Jones and David Duncan, a trader, rode through Licking territory on their way from the Scioto country. Coming north from the site of Lancaster, they crossed "Salt Lick" Creek, doubtless the Licking River, and probably where the Gist party had crossed it, passed through three small Delaware and Shawnee towns "and rode on toward the Moravian towns on the Tuscarawas." Other white men came into or passed through Licking after 1773 but the first settlers were ELIAS HUGHES AND JOHN RATLIFF Coming hither first in 1796 with a party of surveyors, Hughes had taken a great liking to the Licking Valley. In 1797 he departed from the old home on the south branch of the Potomac, with his wife and twelve children, for his new home on the Licking, and in due time they reached the mouth of that stream, accompanied by John Ratliff, Hughes' nephew, who also brought to the West a large family. At the confluence of the Muskingum and the Licking these two groups, numbering twenty-one persons, remained until the spring of 1798, when they ascended the Licking Valley and settled on the stream at a point four miles east of the site of Newark and not far above the mouth of Bowling Green Run. Historian Brister wrote very interestingly on this subject: "This was the first permanent white settlement within the present limits of Licking County. They found the 'Bowling Green' a level, untimbered green lawn or prairie and they at once proceeded to raise a crop of corn. Whether the Bowling Green was a natural prairie or had been cleared by the Indians remains SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 49 an unsettled question. Their nearest neighbors for two years lived near Nashport, a distance of ten miles. One of these was Philip Barrick, who in 1801 moved into this county. "This colony of twenty-one persons subsisted mainly on the meat of wild animals procured by the rifles of the settlers, although vegetables and a considerable corn crop were raised the first season. For many years bear, deer, wild turkeys and a great variety of smaller game were in such abundance as to supply the full demands of the settlers. Fruits, berries, and other spontaneous productions of the earth also contributed many years in no inconsiderable degree to the subsistence of the settlers, as did also the fish in the streams." Pioneer activities such as are here described grew steadily within the valleys of the Licking and its tributaries. "Here then we saw the groves of green Where woodman's ax had never been— And pleasant valleys, too. Within these groves so dense and dark Was heard the squirrel's saucy bark; The bounding stag was but the mark To prove the rifle true." COUNTY FOUNDED MARCH 1, 1808. At the close of the year 1800 eight families were advancing civilization on the Licking and its tributaries. A new county was in the making and new settlers kept pouring in until soon a quota sufficient to set up county machinery and government was available. Organization took place March 1, 1808, Fairfield County giving up the territory to form the new subdivision, which was named Licking, after the stream which the Indians called Pataskala, and which contains 669 square miles of territory and has a length of 30 miles east and west and a width of 221/2 miles north and south. FOUR COURTHOUSES BUILT Licking County's first courthouse was built (1809 or 1810) of logs and stood a little north of the present temple of justice. The bare earth formed the floor, but it was sometimes covered with sawdust. The seats were slabs. It was all very primitive.