100 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO Northwestern Territory. Ohio had not become a state, and Licking County was not in existence. In 1803, Ohio was carved out of the territory and became a state. In 1808, Licking County was organized and Newark became the county seat. In 1809, William Stanbery came from New York City and became the first lawyer in the county. He continued in active practice of his profession until a few years before his death at the age of eighty-five years. He was a learned man, and an advocate of great ability. James R. Stanbery, his son, was in some respects greater than his father, and in some respects not his equal. He was a lawyer of Websterian type, and as an orator the peer of the ablest in the country. Henry Stanbery was a practitioner at the Licking County bar. Samuel Cox, in his "Three Decades," writes of him : "First among the great advocates was Henry Stanbery. Take him all in all, as advocate and statesman, as a chivalric gentleman, and as a man of surpassing beauty of person and emphasis of presence, he has had no peer in our American forum for three decades." Thomas Ewing was prosecuting attorney of Licking County about the year 1820. Afterwards he became a senator of the United States and was a Cabinet member under two national administrations. He was a great statesman, contemporaneous with Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, Benton and Calhoun, and he was regarded as one of the greatest lawyers of his time. Samuel D. King was a scholar, a lawyer, and as a practitioner was one of the most successful, financially and otherwise, who ever appeared at the Ohio bar. Thomas Jones was a sculptor of national reputation. He was born in or near Granville, Ohio. His body is buried in that beautiful little town. William Rosecrans was a soldier, commander of big armies in the Civil war, and held important civil positions under the National Government. He was born in or near Homer, in Licking County, Ohio. Samuel R. Curtis was a soldier, a general in the Civil war, and afterwards in war against the Indians. He was born in Newark. SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 103 Benjamin W. Brice was a soldier, and paymaster general of the United States Army during the Civil war. He was born in Newark, and was regarded as the handsomest soldier in the great army of the Union. Charles Griffin was a soldier and commander of the celebrated Griffin battery of artillery in fierce battles against the Confederacy. He was born in Newark. William B. Woods was born in Newark. He was a lawyer, general in the Civil war, an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. His body lies in Cedar Hill. James F. Wilson was born in Newark, and for many years he was a distinguished member of Congress from Iowa. Horatio J. Harris, a native of Newark, became a senator in Indiana and United States district attorney in Mississippi. James B. Howell was born in Licking County, and became a United States senator from Iowa. Johnny Clem, a native of Newark, went into the Civil war at the age of twelve years and became a favorite orderly of General Thomas. He acquired a national reputation as the youngest and smallest soldier in the army. He is now a general in the regular army of the United States. Edward Roye was born in Newark, of pure African blood, and became president of the Republic of Liberia, and immensely wealthy. He was drowned in the sea with a belt about his waist filled with gold. Samuel White was a distinguished man. He was born in the Welsh Hills, Licking County, in the year 1812, and died at the age of thirty-two years. Fortunately for his fame, his death came at the zenith of his popularity, and consequently his footsteps were more indelibly impressed upon the sands of time. He was a member of the Legislature and a candidate for Congress at the time of his death. The most extraordinary characters in the history of Licking County were the Claflin sisters, Victoria and Tennessee. They were reared to young womanhood in the little village of Homer. Apparently without opportunity for education, they went to New York City, and became associated with the elite of culture and wealth. They published a newspaper, the publication of which resulted in the Beecher affair, and the prosecution of the great divine. They invaded Wall Street, established offices, and suc- 104 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO cessfully contended with the bulls and bears of finance. They went to England, and each captured a nobleman with great wealth and political prominence. The eldest sister, Victoria, recently died at the age of ninety years. The village of Homer also produced Charles Scribner, a superior young lawyer and a distinguished judge of the Circuit Court at Toledo. Jefferson Brumback was born near Newark and was the junior member of the law firm of Case & Brumback. He was the first judge of the Common Pleas Court after the adoption of the code of civil procedure. He afterwards became a distinguished lawyer and jurist in Kansas City. Amos H. Caffee was distinguished as a student, a wise man, and a public-spirited citizen. He took up his home in Newark in the year 1811, and died in 1862. He held the offices of clerk of the courts, recorder, postmaster, and several terms as mayor of the town. Joshua Mathiot was an early time lawyer. He held the office of prosecuting attorney, and many other positions of trust. He was a man of great acquirements. He was a member of the Ohio Senate; also a member of Congress. He died in Newark, of cholera, in the year 1849. Lucius Case was among the best Ohio lawyers of his time; he was prosecuting attorney and a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1851. Jerome Buckingham was one of the best lawyers of his day. He was particularly distinguished as an equity lawyer and made no claim to oratory. He served as judge of the Common Pleas Court, two terms. Frederick Dent became a distinguished man by reason of the fact that he was the father of the girl who married Ulysses Grant, and because of the further fact that Ulysses became Lieutenant-General Grant, and a great military hero. Frederick Dent, about the year 1812, was a merchant resident in Newark, and doing business on the public square. Charles R. Wood was born in Newark, educated at West Point, an officer in the regular army, colonel of the Seventy-sixth O. V. I., and major-general in the Civil war. Thus he became distinguished. George B. Wright was a Newark lawyer when the Civil war commenced and became quartermaster general of Ohio troops. SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 105 The first session of the Common Pleas Court of Licking County was held on the 25th day of January, 1813. William Wilson was the presiding judge. He was a college bred man, a fine lawyer and a good judge. In 1821 Judge Wilson resigned and Alexander Harper was elected by the Legislature as his successor. In 1813 Thomas Ewing and Charles C. Goddard were appointed prosecuting attorneys. William Stanbery was the first person elected to that office. The first courthouse was a log building about on the site of the present structure. Israel Dille was among the earliest lawyers in Licking County. He was mayor of Newark, and as such rendered much good. He caused the courthouse park to be graded and the swamp holes to be filled. Also planted the original trees in the park, many of which are still standing. George B. Smythe was educated at Union College, New York, conducted an academy in Washington City, and came to Newark in 1836. Colonel Kibler, in his history of the bar, says : "George B. Smythe was a profound lawyer, an able lawyer. He was particularly learned and expert in all matters pertaining to land laws." He died at the age of ninety years. Charles H. Kibler was a real lawyer. He commenced the practice of his profession at the Newark bar about the year 1850, was mayor of Newark, and a judge upon the circuit bench. Gibson Atherton was born in Newark. He came to the bar about 1849, was prosecuting attorney, member of Congress and a judge of the Ohio Supreme Court. John David Jones was born in Licking County, was prosecuting attorney, judge of the Court of Common Pleas and a senator in the Ohio Legislature. John B. Jones was born in Licking County. He was an active practitioner at the bar, a senator in the Ohio Legislature, of which body he was the presiding officer. Isaac Smucker was one of the most distinguished citizens of Licking County. He was a student, a scholar and a historian. He was the author of the "Centennial History of Licking County." Milton I. Southard was born in Licking County. He practiced 106 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO law in partnership with his brother Frank in Newark and afterwards in Zanesville. He was a member of Congress from the Zanesville district for several years and afterwards a law partner of Gen. Thomas Ewing in New York City. Charles Follett was born in Licking County, was prosecuting attorney, judge of the Common Pleas Court for many years, and for several terms a judge upon the Circuit Court bench. Judge Follett was also a senator in the Legislature from 1854 to 1856. He died at the age of eighty-nine years. Samuel M. Hunter was a self-educated man, but he was well educated. He was city solicitor, prosecuting attorney and judge of the Common Pleas Court for a period of ten years. He did much to maintain the dignity and character of the bench and the profession of the law. Jesse A. Flory was born in Newark. He did not waste the formative period of his life in a college, giving thought and energy to baseball, football, basketball and college fraternities. He applied himself while yet a boy to his life work, and thereby, perhaps, became a better lawyer. For forty years he held place in the front rank of practicing lawyers. Thomas W. Phillips was born in Licking County ; was a scholar, principal of the high school, prosecuting attorney of Licking County, a lawyer, and an orator. Charles W. Seward was born in Licking County in 1850. He was probate judge for several years, and judge of the Court of Common Pleas for a period of ten years. He was a consistent member of the Methodist Church. As a judge, he was patient, unassuming and studious. He was a just judge. Phil B. Smythe was born in Newark in 1869. He died in 1923. Judge Houck, judge of the Court of Appeals, in a public address, said of him : "Philip B. Smythe kept in tune and in touch with his illustrious heritage. No lawyer in this state could strike at the real points at issue in a case with more directness, or with greater aggressiveness and force." William Bell, Jr., was born in Licking County. He was deputy sheriff, sheriff, auditor, postmaster, member of the Legislature, mayor of Newark, secretary of state. He was a member of the bar, but did not practice the profession, being engrossed in practicing politics. Edward Kibler, Sr., was born February 6, 1859, and was SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 107 admitted to the bar February 7, 1882. He was the son of Col. Charles H. Kibler, and father of Edward Kibler, Jr., who is now following in the footsteps of his illustrious father and grandfather. Edward, Sr., was a hard and rapid worker at his profession, and was a good all-round lawyer and advocate. He died an overworked lawyer. Carl Norpell was born in Licking County. He was engaged in the general practice of his profession, but gave his special attention to management of estates and in the conducting of financial affairs of other persons. He was the father of Max Norpell, one of the leading young lawyers now in active practice. John F. Follett was born in Licking County, and there practiced his profession for a number of years as the law partner of Charles Follett, his brother. He removed to Cincinnati and became one of the leading lawyers of the Hamilton County bar. He served as representative in Congress from one of the Cincinnati districts. Joel M. Dennis was born in Licking County. He belonged to the Abe Lincoln class of self-educated men. Mr. Dennis was a forceful jury advocate and a good lawyer, handicapped by a want of confidence in himself—an affliction with which many good lawyers are beset. Mr. Dennis was a member of the law firm of Smythe, Sprague & Dennis, and was afterwards associated with his son, Edson B. Dennis, until he, Edson, became special counsel for large corporations in Columbus. 8-VOL. 2 CHAPTER XCI A COLLECTION OF INTERESTING MISCELLANIES EN SONS OF LICKING HAVE SERVED IN CONGRESS-ASHBROOK'S TERMS COVERED FOURTEEN YEARS AND MORGAN HAS BEEN ELECTED AND REELECTED FOUR TIMES-COUNTY AND PUBLIC OFFICIALS LISTED-CLAY MINING ON THE B. & O. RAILWAY-THE NEWARK ADVOCATE AND AMERICAN TRIBUNE OCCUPIES THE DAILY NEWSPAPER FIELD-DENISON UNIVERSITY'S EARLY STRUGGLES DESCRIBED-HISTORIAN BRISTER'S STORY OF THE MARY ANN FURNACE QUOTED FROM-GRANVILLE HAD THE FIRST BAND OF MUSIC-LICKING COUNTY'S MANY STRONG BANKS-WAS THERE IN PREHISTORIC TIMES A GREAT LAKE WHERE NEWARK STANDS? MANY LICKING MEN IN CONGRESS The figures in this table are complimentary to the county. Note that ten of her sons have served their constituents in the National House of Representatives since the Eighteenth Congress convened. Observe the prolonged service six of them rendered. Congressman Ashbrook, for instance, honored by election and reelection to seven consecutive Congresses, served throughout fourteen years. The list, with the time of service, follows : William Wilson, Eighteenth, Nineteenth and Twentieth Congresses. William Stanbery, Twenty-first and Twenty-second Congresses. Elias Howell, Twenty-fourth Congress. Jonathan Taylor, Twenty-sixth Congress. Joshua Mathiot, Twenty-seventh Congress. Daniel Duncan, Thirtieth Congress. Gibson Atherton, Forty-sixth and Forty-seventh Congresses. James W. Owens, Fifty-first and Fifty-second Congresses. William A. Ashbrook, Sixtieth to Sixty-sixth, inclusive. William M. Morgan, Sixty-seventh, Sixty-eighth, Sixty-ninth Congresses, and reelected to the Seventieth Congress. He is therefore second to the Hon. William A. Ashbrook, among congressmen from Licking County, in length of service. - 109 - 110 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO LICKING COUNTY OFFICERS, 1928 Probate Judge—Harvey J. Alexander. Clerk of Courts—Guy Chilicote. Sheriff—Carl R. Foulk. Auditor—Jesse A. Grove. County Commissioners—Perry A. White, Charles S. Brown, A. B. Crawford. Treasurer—Earl F. Rees. Recorder—W. V. Boggs. Surveyor—John A. Thompson. Prosecutor—Frank E. Slabaugh. Coroner—Dr. Cary S. Legge. NEWARK CITY OFFICERS Officials in the list which follows are serving the public in 1928 : Mayor—Robbins Hunter. Auditor—Fred L. Simross. Treasurer—Stanley O. Coyle. Solicitor—Fletcher S. Scott. Municipal Judge—Wayne C. Collier. Health Officer—William H. Knauss. President of Council—P. W. Faust. Councilmen-at-Large—Charles R. Jones, James P. Wolfe, S. O. Riggs. Ward Councilmen--Morgan Davis, Joseph Stasel, L. A. Stare, George Lessler, Clinton Comer, Robert A. Gulick. COUNTY'S CLAY DEPOSITS Although potteries are not among Newark's diversified industries, it is not because the county is lacking in clay deposits, of which there are kinds of real value. On the Licking River and the Straitsville branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad an especial development of clay or shale mining is under way, the mineral being shipped to clay-working centers. NEWARK ADVOCATE AND AMERICAN TRIBUNE The Advocate, now the Advocate and American Tribune, was founded in 1820 by Benjamin Briggs, of Fayette County, Penn- SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 111 sylvania. It is said to have been started in a small two-story brick building which stood where the Rider Block was later built. During the Civil war the paper was printed on the third floor of the Patton Block, with part of the cellar for its pressroom. About 1870 it was removed to the third floor of the Birkey Block, and in 1880 to the Main Street home. Briggs sold the Advocate to William D. Morgan in 1856, who published it until 1866, when he sold it to W. W. Kingsbury. Kingsbury admitted Morgan as a partner in 1867, and this association lasted until the death of the former, which occurred in 1875. Morgan remained proprietor and publisher until March 10, 1880, when Caldwell and Newton acquired the property. In 1883 John A. Caldwell disposed of his interest and the Advocate Printing Company was organized, with J. H. Newton as editor. In 1824 the Advocate supported Clay; in 1828 and 1832, Jackson; in 1836 and 1840, Jackson ; in 1844, Polk; in 1848, Cass; in 1852, Pierce ; in 1856, Buchanan; in 1860, Breckinridge ; in 1864, McClellan; in 1868, Seymour; in 1872, Greeley; in 1876, Tilden; in 1880, Hancock; and has supported all the democratic candidates since. In 1882 the paper was changed from a weekly to a daily. THE NEWARK GAZETTE This newspaper was launched in 1827 by Rufus Henry and Dr. Daniel Marble and was a supporter of John Quincy Adams. In 1837 Clark Dunham acquired it; in 1841 George M. Young and Samuel White became its owners; Dunham was again proprietor until about 1847, when George P. Conrade and William Richards bought him out. Michael P. Brister became the owner and changed the name to the Newark Times, but in 1855 he disposed of the Times to A. W. Stevens, who named it the North American, and who sold it in 1858 to S. G. Arnold. The next owners were W. C. Gray and M. L. Wilson, who renamed the paper the Times American. The American passed into the hands of McAdam and Lee in 1865. About a year later Major Caffrey and T. B. Hood became the owners. Hood soon retired and in 1868 the paper was purchased by M. L. Wilson and A. B. Clark. In 1869 Henry J. King bought Wilson's interest, and in 1873 Clark bought King's. In March, 1874, J. N. Under- 112 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO wood acquired a half interest and the paper took the name of The Newark American. William C. Lyon and Joseph M. Ickes became proprietors in 1884, and about 1897 the American and the Tribune were consolidated. In 1898 a receiver took charge; in 1899, after a receivership, it was operated by a local company and it drifted into the hands of Addison C. Dickinson. In May, 1905, the Newark News and Printing Company became the owner of the American Tribune. The Advocate absorbed the American Tribune April 6, 1927, and the name Advocate and American Tribune was adopted, Charles H. Spencer assuming general management. A sketch of Mr. Spencer's newspaper career will be found in the biographical section of this work. THE LEADER, A WEEKLY NEWSPAPER The Newark Leader had its inception in 1895, as a German weekly newspaper, with Julius Juch and Fred Kochendorfer as owners and publishers. In 1912 Mr. Juch purchased the interest of his partner, continuing the same policy until 1917, when the paper became an organ of labor, and was instrumental in building up a strong union labor organization in the city. Following the consolidation on February 6, 1927, of the two Newark dailies into an independent party newspaper, Mr. Juch was repeatedly solicited to again change the policy of his newspaper to conform to the precepts of the democratic party. After due consideration, this was done, and the first issue of the Newark Leader as a democratic newspaper was printed Friday, May 20, 1927, with Julius Juch, publisher; J. Oscar Juch, business manager; and Edgar F. Albright, editor. Later the publication date was changed, and the paper delivered every Thursday morning by mail, as Newark's only democratic newspaper. The Johnstown Independent and the Granville Times are elsewhere referred to. DENISON UNIVERSITY At the home of Ichabod Corwin, Lebanon, Ohio, seventeen leaders among Ohio Baptists met May 25, 1830, and decided that "Baptists ought to be taking a part in education." There they formed the "Ohio Baptists' Education Society" with the two- SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 113 fold object of founding a college and aiding in the education of the ministry. A year later Granville offered a farm on the Columbus road about a mile from Granville which later was acquired at a cost of $3,400. This the society accepted May 26, 1831. The Granville Literary and Theological Institution, as Denison University was originally called, began its existence in Granville while the college buildings were being erected on the farm referred to. There was a single teacher. Prof. John Pratt and thirty-seven students gathered there on opening day, December 13, 1831, in the unfinished Baptist meeting-house. The winter's winds found their way to the interior and the pulpit and teacher's desk was a dry-goods box. But, as a local historian wrote, the institution "doubled its attendants and teacher's force in the second term, and trebled both in the third." By the end of the year a faculty of three men and more than a hundred students were at the school. A serious backset came in May of that year, when the new building on the farm was destroyed by fire, but the trustees stoutly decided to rebuild on a larger scale. Great difficulties arose however during the first half decade. There was an "epidemic of illness;" the panic of 1837 fell upon the community, causing the Granville bank's suspension; the National Road was not located through Granville. The founders "carried on" heroically nevertheless. In 1909 Augustine C. Carmon thus described the situation : "Those early days of strenuous and precarious existence are full of interest to us in these days of Denison's prosperity. There was, after the institution had removed to the farm, a big boarding establishment, a farm and a workshop in addition to the school proper. It was a day of tin tumblers, iron washbasins, soft soap, bed-cords instead of springs, tallow candles for ordinary illumination, and lard oil at $1.13 a gallon for occasions when extraordinary brilliancy was demanded." But there were compensations: the institution's principal drew only $600 a year, and the "other teachers less ;" board, room and washing was but $1.25 a week; chickens cost the steward sixteen for $1.25. Rates paid students for manual labor on the farm were but 4 to 5 cents an hour. The college struggled on, doing good educational work, but money crises were often present. There was no endowment. 114 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO In 1852 various towns made flattering offers, and the president, losing faith in the Granville location, resigned. The college closed its doors for several months. In 1853 the indefatigable friends of the college rallied around a new president, Dr. Jeremiah Hall, and $50,000 was pledged the institution and its name was changed to Denison University in honor of William S. Denison of Adamsville, Ohio, who had contributed one-fifth of the sum. Permanence of existence was further assured by the college's removal (in 1856) to the beautiful Granville site, and into the substantial four-story building which after fifty years and a thorough interior remodeling became the Marsh Hall (West Dormitory) of 1909; but the decade following removal had brought practically no endowment and the Civil war had greatly depleted attendance. However, partial endowment was near, for the campaign begun for a fund of $100,000 under the management of Ebenezer Thresher, of Dayton, Ohio, had succeeded in 1867, John D. Rockefeller having subscribed $500 and given a note for it which bore 7 per cent interest. THE DENISON UNIVERSITY OF TODAY The scope of this work does not admit of an extension of the early history of this splendid institution of learning. We cannot follow the steps of its progress, but we can indicate by the following statements the position which it has now reached. The figures are taken from the reports made by the state superintendent of public instruction for the biennium ending June 30, 1926. According to this Denison University possesses scientific apparatus, machinery, furniture and other equipment valued at $337,000; campus and farm, valued at $500,000; buildings and dormitories valued at $1,281,000. Its grand total of endowment funds has reached $3,200,000; its campus and farms cover 250 acres; its libraries contain 60,000 volumes. THE MARY ANN FURNACE David Moore, an energetic Licking County pioneer, was its builder, prompted by the discovery of iron ore in the southeast SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 115 quarter of his township. Having named the township after his wife, Mary Ann, he gave his furnace the same name. Moore built a sawmill first, in 1815, and completed the furnace two years later. Brister said of it in 1909 : "The enterprise was a successful one, not only for the proprietor but to an immense section of the country, furnishing the pioneers with much iron ware, of which they stood sadly in need. Persons today living will remember the old Mary Ann seven-plate stove that stood upon a square box of brick and mortar in the center of log-cabin schoolhouses. * * * The traveler up the picturesque and beautiful Rocky Fork Valley probably will find, soon after passing the southern line of Mary Ann Township, a huge pile of rocks reminding him of the pyramids of Europe on a small scale. This is all there is left of the Mary Ann furnace." FIRST MUSICAL ORGANIZATION Granville claims the honor of launching this. Its settlers were music lovers and cultivated the taste. Singing schools began in 1806. Two years later what is said to have been the first band organized west of the mountains came into existence. It included eleven performers and the instruments were three each of clarionets, hautboys and bassoons, a bass drum and a cymbal. This band was attached to Col. Lewis Cass' regiment in the War of 1812 and was with Hull's force when it surrendered. ABOLITIONIST EGGED AND STONED This attack took place at Granville in April, 1835, when a Mr. Weld sought to lecture against slavery. There were quite a number of abolitionists in Granville and some of them helped to operate the underground railway. When the abolitionists planned to hold an anti-slavery state convention at Granville, apologists for the slaveholders issued a notice against the gathering, March 31, 1836. The meeting was held, but outside the corporation. BANKS, THEIR BEGINNINGS AND PRESENT ORGANIZATION Licking County's financial institutions have long been and are now known as sound, strong, conservatively managed but helpful in their attitude toward local enterprises calculated to 116 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO advance the community's industrial, mercantile and agricultural growth. The scope of this work does not admit of a detailed history of the county's national and state banks, but a skeleton thereof is here submitted : FIRST NATIONAL BANK The First National Bank of Newark was organized in Civil war days, its first charter bearing the number 858, and the date February 3, 1865. Its first president was Judge Jerome Buckingham, and its first cashier was Virgil H. Wright. When Mr. Wright's death occurred, in 1877, his son, Fred S., succeeded to the post and served therein until 1897, when he was elected vice president; this position he filled until 1902, when, President Buckingham having gone to his reward, Vice President Wright became his successor. Its present officers are: President, F. S. Wright; cashier, E. C. Wright. It is capitalized at $100,000. FRANKLIN NATIONAL BANK, NEWARK This institution originated in 1845, when Edward Franklin launched a private bank which was owned and conducted successively by E. Franklin & Sons; Edward Franklin's Sons and Joseph Rider; and Robbins, Winegarner, Wing & Company. In 1905 it became the Franklin Bank Company, when it and the Peoples National Bank were merged under the name of the Franklin National Bank. The bank is capitalized at $250,000. Its president is W. T. Suter, and its cashier, J. H. Franklin. THE NEWARK TRUST COMPANY This bank was incorporated April 22, 1903, and began operations July 23 of that year. Its first officers were : President, Timothy O. Donovan; vice presidents, Samuel J. Davis and Edward Thomas; secretary and treasurer, J. H. Newvahner. Its president now is W. C. Metz; its vice president, W. H. Smith; its secretary, L. Tenney Reese. The capital stock is $200,000. LICKING BANK AND TRUST COMPANY This institution has a capital of $250,000. Its president is A. A. Haines, and its cashier, F. R. Reese. SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 117 PARK NATIONAL BANK E. B. Reese is president of this Newark financial institution, and C. J. Ankele is the cashier. The bank is capitalized at $100,000, and there is a surplus of $125,000. THREE BANKS IN UTICA The forerunner of the First National was established in May, 1871, by Sperry & Wilson Brothers. In 1881 Jesse Wilson withdrew and the bank was conducted by Sperry & Wilson. In due time Sperry retired and A. J. Wilson remained the owner, when the institution was named The Wilson Bank, which became the First National Bank in May, 1905. Miss Cora B. Clark is president now. The Farmers Bank of Utica was organized in June, 1890, and Fred S. S. Sperry became its president, a position he still holds. The Utica Savings Bank was organized October 16, 1905, with D. P. Campbell as president, and Charles F. Gay as cashier. Dwight Warner is now president. THE GRANVILLE BANKS John Geach is president of the Peoples State Bank and J. S. Graham is president of the Granville Banking Company. The latter institution was organized in April, 1903, with R. S. Colwell president, and C. B. Slack secretary. THE JOHNSTOWN BANKING COMPANY Hon. William A. Ashbrook is president of the Johnstown Banking' Company. Mr. Ashbrook has had long-continued banking experience, as he organized, as an associate of H. B. Rusler, the Citizens Bank of Johnstown in 1898. These gentlemen founded banks at Croton and Alexandria. ALEXANDRIA BANK A branch of the Johnstown Bank, as stated. Established October 1, 1900. In 1906 it became the property of the Alexandria Bank Company, with officers as follows : Mauris Watkins, president; O. D. Clark, vice president ; C. B. Buxton, cashier. 118 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO CROTON BANK Organized by Messrs. Rusler and Ashbrook (as stated) June, 1898. HEBRON BANK D. B. Neel is president of the Hebron Banking Company. KIRKERSVILLE BANK G. T. Youmans is president of the Kirkersville Banking Company. The institution was organized August 14, 1905, with D. L. Manger as president, and C. M. Emswiler cashier. TWO PATASKALA BANKS The Pataskala Banking Company was organized March 29, 1888, with W. H. Mead as president, and M. E. Mead cashier. The Peoples Banking Company was organized in 1904. Joseph Atkinson, president, and C. V. Armstrong, cashier. PREHISTORIC LICKING RIVER The reader who has taken account of statements quoted from the Ohio Geological Survey's Bulletin No. 21, dealing with the reversal of the Licking River's course, following the melting of the ice cap, will find another view of the subject in the extracts which follow. They are a part of opinions expressed some years ago by Geologist Frank Carney, of Denison University, and throw much light upon the county's topography and drainage : "The average altitude of Licking County is about nine hundred and fifty feet above sea level ; the highest point, 1,360 feet, is in Liberty Township, between Concord and Newway; the lowest point is located where the Licking River leaves the county, a short distance east of Toboso. The eastern part is much more hilly and irregular than is the western part. "Practically all the drainage of the county is collected by the Licking River. This is the major stream, and its tributaries reach nearly every portion of the county. The valley of the Licking is wide, and its bottom lands have always been prized for farming. At Newark the flat valley surface is extensive, because in its vicinity the South Fork, the Raccoon, and the North Fork SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 119 unite; where these streams come together there are many square miles of open ground, as is almost always the case when several valleys unite. The longest tributary of the Licking, in addition to these three streams, is the Rocky Ford, which rises in Knox County and flows southward through Eden and Mary Ann townships, meeting the Licking south of Hanover. On its south side, between Newark and Hanover, the Licking receives a few small branches, the chief of which is Claylick. A relatively small area of the county in the southern part is drained mostly by slight creeks that coalesce and flow either into the Licking Reservoir or into Jonathan Creek, a branch of the Muskingum ; a few square miles in the western part of the county are drained by tributaries of the Scioto." THE ICE SHEET'S VAST OUTWASH Professor Carney seems to have given much time and study to that action, as the following shows : "The particular deposits above alluded to, moraines, kames and eskers, are the more conspicuous forms in which glaciers arrange their debris. So far as Licking is concerned, however, the deep distributions of drift in the valleys is of most importance. We speak of some valleys now as being very wide; if we were to remove from these valleys the glacial outwash that has been spread to depths of several hundred feet in many instances, the valley would no longer appear so wide; its rock walls would be found sloping downward with sharp angles and the bottom of the rock valley is narrow. The silting up of these valleys by glacial outwash, then, accounts for their present utility in that they afford very many square miles of the best farming land. The depth of this filled in material varies in different parts of the county. A short distance east of Alexandria the outwash measures 170 feet; near Granville, well borings show 274 feet of gravel; at Newark, 300 feet; southwest of Hebron, 360 feet; while east of Newark the amount of outwash gradually grows less until in the Licking Narrows there is none at all. About two miles east of Hanover, a well penetrated the drift 216 feet and did not then reach the rock floor of the old valley. These measurements give us a more accurate idea of the stupendous amount of material that has been deposited by the ice." 120 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO LICKING VALLEY DRAWN IN AT THE NARROWS Professor Carney thus discusses unexpected features of the county's main valley : "The Licking is the longest river in our county. Starting at Alexandria and proceeding downstream along the Raccoon, a tributary of the Licking, we notice for the first few miles that the stream occupies a wide, mature valley; but as we come near Granville, the valley is not so broad, and at Granville two conspicuous rocky hills are situated where we would expect to find all valley bottom. Eastward from Granville the valley again broadens and continues wide through Newark, past Claylick, when once more the valley walls come nearer together; from this point for about two miles the river flows through a gorge, the Licking Narrows; but at Toboso, the valley again becomes wide. The Licking, then, does not flow through a valley that broadens with the direction of stream flow." WAS THERE A GREAT LAKE IN THE NEWARK REGION? Professor Carney inclines toward the earth-warping theory, as the following proves: "After this discussion of the two methods, we may ask why the Licking River in its course from Newark to Zanesville traverses for nearly two miles a veritable gorge, while in all other parts of its course it occupies a wide, mature valley? According to the earlier theory the ice held up a lake by blocking the westward flow of a river. When the ice stood west of Newark the lake was several miles long and, in accordance with the theory, must have been in places from two hundred to four hundred feet deep. The depth of the gorge at the Narrows is from fifty to eighty feet. Practically all of this erosion, then, must be due to the overflow from this hypothetical lake. It is a fact well known to all observers that streams flowing out of lakes cut their channels very slowly because such streams carry scarcely any cutting tools. Rivers lower their channels by driving rocks which they carry against their beds, thus wearing the beds down. It is probable that lake water wears its overflow more by chemical than by mechanical action; for this reason, if an overflowing lake produced the Licking Narrows, it must have existed thousands of years." SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 123 THE LAND TILTED, SAYS CARNEY This geologist is apparently of the opinion that a change in the slope of the Licking Valley's surface reversed the course of its leading stream. Thus he wrote : "The Licking Narrows were produced by an east-flowing stream, which headed in this same region; this capture was induced by a gradual tilting of the land, giving the east and southeast flowing streams greater vigor, while subduing the power of the west-flowing streams. The same land movement induced piracy in adjacent parts of the county. The inaccuracy of the glacial lake theory requires some other explanation for many at least of the drainage changes in Licking County. It is not improbable that a few stream diversions were due to the ice, but the changes in the larger streams are the result of land-warping." There is still another theory of the existence of the Licking Gorge, and in this an earthquake is credited with preparing the way for the Narrows, which open into wide valleys at both upper and lower ends. According to this theory, an earthquake left a crevice which downpouring water wore into a river channel. 9-VOL. 2 CHAPTER XCII NEWARK'S NEW SCHOOL BUILDINGS WILL COST $800,000 PROGRAM BACKED BY VOTERS WILL PUT CITY IN MODERN EDUCATIONAL RANKS-BOARD OF EDUCATION MEMBERS LISTED-SUPERINTENDENT BARNES' SERVICE HAS LASTED SEVENTEEN YEARS-LIST OF THE 1927 NEWARK PUBLIC SCHOOLS-THERE ARE TWO WELL ATTENDED PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS. On November 8, 1927, the electors of Newark voted on a proposition to issue the sum named and endorsed it. Because of this, within five years the board of education will carry out a building program thus described : 1. East Newark is to have what is known as a community school, which is a junior high school and grade building combined. When constructed, this building with the other buildings in East Newark will take care of all the children through nine grades. The estimated cost of site, building and equipment is $298,000. 2. The north section of the city is to have the same type of building, with an estimated cost of site, building and equipment of $265,000. 3. The west section of the city is to have a junior high school, that is, a building for the seventh, eighth and ninth grades, at an estimated cost of $170,000. This is to be built so that more rooms can be added when needed. 4. The present high school is to have a separate unit for manual training, at an estimated cost of $42,000 for building and equipment, to be built on the lot owned by the board north of the high school. 5. Cherry Valley is to be given four additional rooms at an estimated cost of $25,000. - 125 - 126 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO THE CITY'S SCHOOL OFFICIALS The board of education is thus constituted : J. M. Mitchell, president; John F. Swisher, vice president; L. Tenney Reese, clerk; S. M. Wolfe and Stacy Conrad. Oren J. Barnes, superintendent of the Newark schools, has devoted seventeen years' service to them, as principal of the high school during seven years and superintendent of all of them ten years. Frank H. Handel's service has lasted twenty-four years. He is now attendance officer and superintendent of buildings. Following is a list of NEWARK'S 1927 SCHOOL BUILDINGS High School-120 West Main Street. Mr. H. F. Moninger, principal. Thirty-six rooms, brick building. Enrollment, 1,096. Central School-116 West Church Street. Miss Cora B. Haughey, principal. Twelve rooms, brick building. Enrollment, 487. Woodside School—Corner Hoover and Woods Avenue. Miss Anna Frye, principal. Twelve rooms, brick building. Enrollment, 459. Hartzler School-118 South Fifth Street. Miss Alice MacMahon, principal. Twelve rooms, brick building. Enrollment, 456. Maholm School—Maholm, east of Williams. Miss Louise Eichhorn, principal. Ten rooms, brick building. Enrollment, 393. Mound School—Grant Street, east of Williams. Miss Carrie Kirby, principal. Ten rooms, brick building. Enrollment, 356. North Fourth-220 North Fourth Street. Miss Gertrude Avey, principal. Eight rooms, brick building. Enrollment, 284. East Main—East Main and Arch streets. Miss Mary Kilpatrick, principal. Eight rooms, brick building. Enrollment, 288. Conrad School—Vine and Indiana streets. Miss Jessie Browne, principal. Eight rooms, brick building. Enrollment, 300. Mill Street School-407 East Main Street. Mrs. Margaret Browne, principal. Six rooms, brick building. Enrollment, 237. Hazelwood—O'Bannon Avenue. Miss Thora MacDonagh, principal. Six rooms, brick building. Enrollment, 199. Hudson—Corner Hudson and Shields streets. Miss Maude SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 127 Stadden, principal. Four rooms, brick building. Enrollment, 143. Keller—Corner Stevens Street and Maple Avenue. Mrs. Roll, principal. Four rooms, brick building. Enrollment, 146. Riverside—Case Avenue and Leroy Street. Miss Laura Broome, principal. Four rooms, brick building. Enrollment, 142. Cherry Valley—Corner West Main and Thirtieth streets. Miss Ada Hollar, principal. Four rooms, brick building. Enrollment, 176. Texas—Webb and Ohio streets. Miss Elizabeth Cooper, principal. Two rooms, frame building. Enrollment, 37. Franklin—Prospect Street. Miss Ruth Patterson, principal. Two rooms, frame building. Enrollment, 32. NEWARK'S TWO PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS Since the founding of St. Francis de Sales Church in this city it has maintained its own school near the church site in Granville Street, Newark. It conforms to the existing school laws of Ohio, according to legal requirements. Their present building was completed in 1924. It is well lighted, heated and ventilated and with sanitary appointments. It is built of stone, concrete and brick and finished with seating suitable to the use of scholars of all ages. It maintains a corps of teachers in the grades and a good high school. In the building is a well-equipped gymnasium and ample provision for the teaching of domestic science and manual training. A large auditorium is also a part of the building ; and music, for which the school has a fine reputation, is taught by competent instructors. The school is under the management and in charge of Sister Mary Aquina, who came here two years ago from St. Mary's of the Springs, Columbus, Ohio. The school has a capacity of 500 pupils and is nearly full and is presided over by seven teachers. The standard of education maintained by the school has been recognized by the North Central and Ohio State University of Ohio. It is thus affiliated with twenty-one of the states of the United States. The Church of the Blessed Sacrament also maintains a parochial school which is recognized by the other educational organizations of the states. Its pupils number more than two hundred and there are four teachers. CHAPTER XCIII OVER HALF OF OLD ONE-ROOM SCHOOLS ABANDONED SIXTEEN FIRST GRADE HIGH SCHOOLS ESTABLISHED IN RURAL AND VILLAGE DISTRICTS-HOME ECONOMICS AND MANUAL TRAINING ARE BEING TAUGHT-OTHER MODERN EDUCATIONAL FEATURES ADOPTED -EXCELLENT CONDITIONS IN THE COUNTY SYSTEM-LICKING'S TOTAL PUBLIC SCHOOL ENROLLMENT 3,361 BOYS AND 3,162 GIRLS-MEN TEACHERS 65, WOMEN TEACHERS 193. Licking County public schools are supervised by the County Board of Education, consisting of the following five members: Rev. Ed. M. Larason, president, at Jacksontown ; Prof. C. D. Coons, vice president, at Granville; Mrs. Iva G. Brown, at Hebron; Dr. W. L. Evans, at Hanover; Mr. J. L. Moore, at Pataskala. Working from the county office are Lester Black, county superintendent, a graduate of Denison University, A. M. from Columbia University; L. C. Brown, assistant county superintendent, in charge of the rural schools, graduate of Ohio Northern University, with graduate work at Ohio State University; Philberta Hutzell, assistant county superintendent, as primary supervisor, has studied at Ohio University, Kent College and Columbia University; Dorothea Bollerer, secretary to the county superintendent. John A. Dwyer, probation officer of the Juvenile Court, has supervision of county attendance. There are twenty-four rural school districts and six village school districts, each under the control of a board of education consisting of five embers. TWENTY DIFFERENT HIGH SCHOOLS In the county system are sixteen first grade high schools, two second grade high schools, two third grade high schools, all of which have adequate elementary schools contributing to them. Separated from the high schools are one consolidated elementary school with five teachers, one with three teachers, and five with two teachers each. In addition to this there are seventy-five one- - 129 - 130 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO room schools and a one-room school in connection with the Children's Home. Since 1914 the number of one-room schools in the county has been reduced from 140 to 76. The third grade high schools are located at Appleton, in Bennington Township, and Perryton, in Perry Township. The Bennington High School has an enrollment of twelve pupils and is taught by A. G. Mikesell, who has studied at Wooster, Kent and Ohio State University. Perryton High School has an enrollment of sixteen pupils, taught by Kenneth B. Hoover, who is a graduate of Muskingum College. The second grade high schools are at Jersey, in Jersey Township, and St. Louisville, in Newton Township. Mr. F. F. Orr is principal of the Jersey High School, which has an enrollment of twenty-seven pupils. Mr. Orr has studied at Wooster, Ohio University and Ohio Wesleyan University. The Newton Township High School has an enrollment of fifty-seven pupils. Mr. George E. Locke, a graduate of Ohio State University, is the principal of this school. SOME HIGH SCHOOL DETAILS The Bowling Green High School is located at Brownsville, in Bowling Green Township. It has an enrollment of fifty-seven pupils and is directed by Principal G. L. Cowell, who is a graduate of Marietta College. This school draws students from Bowling Green Township and Hopewell Township of Licking County and the North and South Hopewell school .districts of Muskingum County. Burlington Rural High School, located at Homer, has an enrollment of fifty-eight pupils. It is under the direction of Principal Henry L. Atkinson, who holds A. B. and A. M. degrees from Hiram College. In 1924 the electors of Burlington Township voted a bond issue of $45,000. The proceeds from this issue were used to construct an addition to the school building at Homer. This addition now houses a modern first grade high school, including adequate laboratory facilities and a combination auditorium and gymnasium. The Etna Rural High School is located at Etna, in Etna Township. It has an enrollment of forty-six pupils, under the direction of Virgil E. Mauger, who is a graduate of Ohio State University. This is a modern first grade high school with excellent home SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 131 economics and manual training departments. The building has an adequate auditorium which is used extensively by the school and community. The Granville High School, located in Granville, Granville Township, is organized on a six-year basis with a six-year charter. It has an enrollment of 246 pupils under the direction of Superintendent A. D. St. Clair. Mr. St. Clair holds a B. S. degree from Ohio State University and an A. M. degree from Columbia University. GRANVILLE VOTES LARGE SUM FOR HIGH SCHOOL In 1922 the citizens of Granville Village and Township voted favorably on a bond issue of $180,000. The proceeds of this issue were used in erecting a modern high school building. The building, now completed, compares favorably with the better high schools in the state. Recently this school district has been giving careful attention to the construction of a modern athletic field. The work on this field has been recognized nationally, this school having been awarded first prize in a national contest. The Granville High School is one of the two Licking County high schools placed on the accredited list of the North Central Association. The Hanover High School is located in Hanover Village, in the Hanover Village School District. It has an enrollment of sixty-six pupils, under the direction of Superintendent J. S. Mason. Mr. Mason has studied at Ohio University and Ohio State University and is a member of the County Board of School Examiners. The school has a modern home economics and manual training department and the building houses an adequate school auditorium. The Hanover Rural High School is located at Toboso, in the Hanover Rural School District. It has an enrollment of thirty-six pupils, under the direction of Superintendent A. 0. Michael, who is a graduate of Muskingum College. This school has adequate home economics and manual training departments and a combination auditorium and gymnasium. The Harrison Rural High School is located at Kirkersville, in Harrison Township. This is a four-teacher high school, with an enrollment of fifty-six pupils, under the direction of Principal Melvin H. Black. Mr. Black holds an A. B. degree from Ohio 132 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO State University and is taking graduate work at Columbia University. The school has a home economics and manual training department and the building houses an adequate school auditorium. The Hartford Rural High School is located at Croton, in Hartford Township. It is under the direction of Superintendent T. H. Thrush and has an enrollment of seventy-six pupils. Mr. Thrush holds an A. B. degree from Adrian College and is doing graduate work at Ohio State University. This school has a Smith-Hughes agricultural department, under the direction of B. F. Morris, who is a graduate of Ohio State University. The building houses an excellent auditorium and a gymnasium. The Hebron Village High School is located at Hebron, in Union Township. It has an enrollment of ninety-three pupils, under the direction of Superintendent J. E. Bliss, who is a graduate of Miami University and holds an A. M. degree from Ohio State University. The Licking County Normal School has been conducted in connection with the Hebron High School. ( The Licking County Normal School was discontinued in 1927.) This school has a Smith-Hughes agricultural department, under the direction of L. E. Barb, who is a graduate of Ohio State University. JOHNSTOWN BUILDING NEW HIGH SCHOOL The Johnstown High School is located at Johnstown, in Monroe Township. It has an enrollment of 120 pupils, under the direction of Superintendent Ray E. Mikesell. Mr. Mikesell is a graduate of Ohio University and is doing graduate work at Ohio State University. The citizens of this school district in 1926 voted favorably on a $125,000 bond issue. The proceeds of this issue are being used in constructing a modern high school and elementary building. This building, which will be completed in time for the 1928-29 school year, includes an adequate auditorium and gymnasium, good laboratories and makes provision for Smith-Hughes home economics and agricultural departments. At present the school has a Smith-Hughes home economics department, under the direction of Miss Dorothy Williams, who is a graduate of Ohio State University; and a Smith-Hughes agricultural department, under the direction of Albert L. Waltz, graduate of Ohio State University. SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 133 The Licking Rural High School is located at Jacksontown, in Licking Township. It is a first grade three-teacher high school, with an enrollment of forty pupils, under the direction of Principal L. P. Weiser, who is a graduate of Ohio State University. The Lima Rural High School is located at Summit Station, in Lima Township. It is a four-teacher first grade high school, with an enrollment of sixty pupils, under the direction of Superintendent John M. Williams. Mr. Williams is a graduate of Ohio University, with an A. M. degree from Columbia University. He is now serving as president of the Licking County Teachers' Association. The Pataskala Village High School operates under a six-year charter from the State of Ohio. It has an enrollment of 124 pupils, under the direction of Superintendent Frederick Padgett. Mr. Padgett is a graduate of Heidelberg College. The school has adequate home economics and manual training departments and is one of the three high schools of Licking County operated under the six-year system. The building houses a modern school auditorium. MODERN SCHOOLS AT ALEXANDRIA St. Albans Rural High School is located at Alexandria, in St. Albans Township. It is one of the three Licking County high schools operating under a six-year charter granted by the State Department of Education. This high school has an enrollment of 140 pupils, under the direction of Superintendent W. Evin Huffman. Mr. Huffman is a graduate of Denison University and is now pursuing graduate work in Ohio State University. This high school is housed in a modern building constructed in 1923. It has a combination auditorium and gymnasium, adequate laboratory rooms, home economics department and a Smith-Hughes department, under the direction of James C. Sanford, who is a graduate of Ohio State University. This high school is one of the two Licking County high schools that have been placed on the accredited list by the North Central Association. The Union Rural High School is located near Kylesburg, in the north part of Union Township. It has an enrollment of thirty-one pupils, under the direction of Principal J. Edward Hutchins, who holds an A. B. degree from Denison University. The build- 134 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO ing is modern in every respect, having adequate laboratories, facilities for home economics and manual training and a combination auditorium and gymnasium. SPENDING $100,000 AT UTICA The Utica High School is located at Utica, in Washington Township. The citizens of Utica and Washington Township at the 1926 election approved a bond issue for $100,000. This money is being used in constructing a modern high school building containing adequate laboratories and a combination audi torium and gymnasium. The building will be completed so that the 1928-29 school year can be started in it. Grades 7 to 12 will be housed in the new building under a six-year high school plan, the Maplewood building will be abandoned, and the first six grades will be housed in the Union Street school building. The high school, now under a four-year plan, has an enrollment of 125 pupils, under the direction of Superintendent Herman Spencer. Mr. Spencer is a graduate of Denison University and is pursuing graduate work at the Ohio State University. At the 1927 election the citizens of the Newark Rural School District approved a $55,000 bond issue. The proceeds of this issue are to be used in constructing a modern elementary school building which will be located in the open country north of the City of Newark. This building will be ready for occupancy in September, 1928. Madison Rural Board of Education has just completed the construction of a modern elementary school building which is located in the open country just east of the City of Newark. All of the one-room buildings have been sold and all pupils of this. district are now educated in the consolidated school. ONE FOR ALL, ALL FOR ONE The county school system has a county orchestra, county chorus, holds inter-school debates and inter-school athletics. Each year a county basketball tournament for boys and girls is held in the City of Newark. In conjunction with this tournament a high school banquet is held which in 1927 was attended by 425 high school pupils. Each spring county oratorical, history, essay and spelling contests are held. Usually thirteen or fourteen of SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 135 the first grade high schools participate in the oratorical contest. All schools participate in the spelling and essay contests. The Licking County Teachers' Association has an enrollment of all teachers in the county schools. It holds four quarterly meetings each year. The officials for the 1927-28 school year are as follows: President, John M. Williams, Summit Station; secretary, Marguerite Smith of Homer; treasurer, Lester Black of Newark. Members of the board of control are as follows : Harrison Hoover, T. H. Thrush, W. Evin Huffman. The delegates to the Ohio State Teachers' Association are : Lester Black of Newark, George Cowell of Brownsville, and Edna Hutchison of Etna. The alternates are : Philberta Hutzell of Hebron, Willis Adams of Johnstown, and Pauline Kreager of Alexandria. The latest report from the State Department of Education, Columbus, states that Licking County's public schools, including those in Newark, have a total enrollment of 3,361 boys and 3,162 girls, and that their male teachers number 65, and female 193. CHAPTER XCIV THE COUNTY'S TOWNS, VILLAGES AND TOWNSHIPS GRANVILLE A BEAUTIFUL PLACE AND SEAT OF DENISON UNIVERSITY-HAS A NEWSPAPER, TWO BANKS AND MANY STORES-UTICA, RICH OIL CENTER, HAS HAD BIG GROWTH-JOHNSTOWN ALSO HAS A NEWSPAPER AND BANK AND IS BUILDING A $125,000 HIGH SCHOOL-HEBRON LOCATED ON RAILROAD, INTERURBAN AND NATIONAL HIGHWAY-TOWNSHIPS AND TOWNS LISTED, WITH DATES OF ESTABLISHMENT AND LAYING OUT. Connected with each other and the county seat by state and county roads in extent of mileage and quality of surface excelled in few Ohio counties the residents of Licking's villages are enjoying modern life to an extent undreamed of a quarter of a century ago. There are 16,000 motor cars in the county and a considerable proportion of these are owned by Licking's villagers and rural folk; non-owners find satisfactory transportation by means of the many motor buses which spin over a splendid network of good roads, of which there are nearly 600 miles in the county. We list the county's leading villages and credit each with the individuals, firms and corporations doing business therein, in one form or another. The schools are sketched on other pages of this history of the county. GRANVILLE THE COLLEGE TOWN Granville—Population, 1,440. It supports two financial institutions, The Granville Bank and the Peoples State Bank. Its newspaper, the Granville Times, is a live publication. Fifty-two businesses of various kinds are conducted in Granville. Denison University, Granville's splendid institution of learning, is referred to elsewhere on these pages. Through this institution Granville is favorably known the country over. On November 2, 1805, five families came from Granville, Mass., an advance corps of the Licking Land Co. When winter set in a total of forty-five families were in Granville Township, - 137 - 138 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO 234 persons in all. The company's committee had bought seven sections, 28,000 acres, of land. Other items concerning early Granville will be found on another page. Granville's public schools are mentioned in the chapter on county schools. UTICA HAS HAD A LARGE GROWTH Great oil and gas production at Utica has given it name and fame ever since the drills there first began to "strike it rich" and success in that field has caused the place to grow from a mere hamlet to a village of 1,658 inhabitants. Utica has two banks, the First National and the Farmers; and fifty-seven individuals, firms and corporations are represented in the town's varied activities. Utica is taking great strides in education, as the reader will find who turns to the article on Licking's village and rural schools. JOHNSTOWN A THRIVING VILLAGE This is the home of one of Ohio's best known former congressmen, the Hon. William A. Ashbrook, who served during fourteen consecutive years in the national House of Representatives. Johnstown, like Granville, supports a wideawake newspaper, the Independent, and the Johnstown bank has long enjoyed a large patronage. Fifty-three business concerns of divers character serve its population of about one thousand persons. Johnstown's schools are noted for their efficiency, the citizens having voted $125,000 for a new high school in 1926 which will be ready for the 1928-29 school year. It is described in the article on village and rural schools. PATASKALA BEARS AN INDIAN NAME This village bears the name which the Indians gave the Licking River and its business enterprises are indicated by the fact that two banks, The Pataskala Banking Co.'s and The Peoples Banking Co.'s, minister to its financial requirements. The inhabitants number 771 and thirty-seven establishments such as are usually to be found in the minor Ohio centers are located in Pataskala. The section on Pataskala's educational facilities, on another page, is complimentary to the public spirit of its citizens. SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 139 HEBRON A BUSY LITTLE CENTER Located on the National Road, the Columbus-Newark-Zanesville interurban line, and the Ohio Central branch of the New York Central Railway, Hebron is an important town of over 700 inhabitants in which one bank, The Hebron, and twenty-nine stores and shops supply the needs of the community. Here is located the interurban line's power plant and through Hebron in the summer time the pleasure seekers throng on the way to and from Buckeye Lake, which is situated a few miles distant and is reached by the trolley line which connects the lake with Hebron. Hebron was an important port on the Ohio Canal and here was built the first canal boat turned out in the county, the Licking Summit. ALEXANDRIA A HIGH SCHOOL CENTER Although this village has a population of but 415, among its establishments is the Alexandria Bank, while nineteen other concerns serve the residents and neighborhood farmers. The splendid St. Albans High School is located at Alexandria and 140 pupils attend it. KIRKERSVILLE IS SMALL BUT HAS A BANK With a population of but 266 this little spot boasts of a financial institution, The Kirkersville Savings Bank, while a dozen firms and companies supply the inhabitants and their neighbors with what they need. The Harrison High School, a modern institution, is located here. A BUNCH OF THEM Ten others among Licking's villages are on the county map, with an average of about 300 inhabitants and half a dozen stores, etc., in each. They are Homer, Hanover, Etna, Brownsville, Columbia Center, Gratiot, St. Louisville, Jacksontown, Toboso and Croton. Etna, Brownsville and Linnville were busy spots when the National Road was nearing completion about 1834. Settlers increased and many others were employed in building the highway. There was some speculation in lots. Note what is said of the educational features of these little centers on other pages. 10-VOL. 2 140 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO TOWNSHIPS AND WHEN SETTLED AND ORGANIZED