350 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO settling in the county, gave origin to its present name. Among the heads of these families were William Ogier, Thomas Naftel, Thomas Lanfisty, James Bichard, Charles and John Marquand, John Robbins, Daniel Ferbrache, Peter, Thomas and John Sarchet and Daniel Hubert." SOME EARLY HISTORY AND EARLY SETTLERS In 1872 the Cambridge News reviewed the early arrivals and acquisitions of the county as follows: "The first hotel opened to the public in the town proper (Cambridge) was by George R. Tingle, in a part of the old house still occupied by the Tingles. Travelers were notified that it was a house of security and safety, by the sign of the cross keys. A little later George Metcalf opened the Mansion House, now (in 1872) the Sidle House, then a one story building., and Captain Knowles opened the 'Travelers' Rest,' in the old log house that stood on the Webster lot. At the close of the War of 1812 and for years after, Cambridge could boast of six hotels in good running order, with open bars where whiskey was sold at three cents a drink. "The first store was opened by John and Thomas Sarchet, in the room now occupied by T. C. Marsh for a cigar and tobacco store, in which was retailed dry goods, groceries and the regular 'old hardware' by the gallon. The first brick house was built by John Sarchet, on the Shonfield corner ; the second, front of the Fordyce house, by Jacob Gomber." OLDEST HOUSE IN CAMBRIDGE In a March number of the Cambridge Herald, in 1888, there was a history of "The Oldest House in Town," in the following language : "The old three story log building on the west end of Wheeling Avenue now being taken down, is a relic of the past. The old logs are a reminder of the days when the present site of Cambridge was a forest of timber ; tall oaks and poplar, which had stood the blasts of many a western wind, covered the landscape, telling the pioneer the richness of the soil. In those early days the more and larger the timber, the more desirable the land. As we looked today at this old structure, logs of oak and poplar, hewed to a line SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 353 with corners notched square and plumb, we were led to think of the boldness and hardihood of those pioneers who entered the wilderness to hew out these ponderous structures. This age would not be equal to the task. BUILT FOR A TAVERN "This house was built by Judge George Metcalf and was the second house built on the town plat. The old John Beatty house, which stood on a lot now part of the Taylor Block, and was destroyed by fire some years ago, was the first. What year this house was built is not known, but it was just a new structure in 1806, when Thomas Sarchet settled in Cambridge. Built as it was on the top of the hill, it was at first two stories. It was built for a tavern and was located on what was intended to be the main street of Cambridge. But at the time of its building the principal thoroughfare, the Zane Trace, passed north of it. When the National Road was graded through the hill, the cut, still shown on the south, was much higher on the north side, and left the house high up on the bank. CAMBRIDGE'S FIRST THREE-STORY HOUSE "This was in the year 1826. We may say that for twenty-two years it was a two-story tavern. Judge Metcalf made the excavation under the house and built in the under-story, having it completed with the completion of the National Road through Cambridge in 1828, and from that time continued the tavern in the three-story house, being the first three-story house in Cambridge and he continued to occupy it as a tavern up to 1843. The name of the house has always been the Mansion House. Judge Metcalf was followed by a Mrs. Greer, and she by George Hawn. These occupied it but a few years, and it has since been a general tenement house for more than thirty years. "Judge Metcalf's tavern had a reputation far and wide. Many were the horsemen who would, on their journeys, strive to make Metcalf's to stay over night or for dinner. And the jolly stage passengers were more jolly after having dined at the Judge's. We might fill pages telling of the balls, quiltings and wool pickings, where `joy was unconfined' within the log walls of this old house, when there was no 'high crust' or 'low crust,' but `men 354 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO were men for a that, and women too, 'though clad in hidden for a' that'." WASHINGTON WANTED THE COUNTY SEAT At an early day, Beymerstown, now Washington, sought to secure the county seat. There was a struggle between its citizens and those of Cambridge—log-rolling, lobbying, charges and counter charges—but the commission appointed by the Legislature Isaac Cook, James Armstrong and William Robinson, reported April 20, 1810, as follows : "Having paid due regard to the interests and convenience of the inhabitants of said (Guernsey) County, we do hereby de-clare that the Town of Cambridge is the most suitable place for the permanent seat of justice." The proposition of Beatty and Gomber to donate the public grounds and finish the buildings, ready for the roof, was accepted. Jacob Gomber, Thomas B. Kirkpatrick and Robert Speer were appointed associate judges by the Legislature, and on the 23rd of April met at Tingle's Tavern, and appointed the following county officers : Clerk of the court, Cyrus P. Beatty; sheriff, Elijah Dyson ; prosecuting attorney, S. Herrick ; surveyor, George Metcalf ; recorder, Robert Johnson ; commissioners, Absalom Martin, William Dement, James Dillon. SOME EARLY MAIL SCHEDULES Cambridge's first post office was established in 1807 and Cyrus P. Beatty was the first postmaster. In one of the old newspaper files the following schedule of the early day stage lines and mail service has been discovered. The mail left Bradshaw (now Fairview), en route to Zanesville via Beymerstown (now Washington), a distance of forty-five miles, making it in fifteen and a half hours. It was a tri-weekly mail service, the mail being carried on horseback. Fairview was laid out as a town in 1814. The card shows: mail going westward leaves Bradshaw every Monday morning, Wednesdays and Fridays, at just half past three in the morning, and arrives at Cambridge at eleven-fifteen in the morning ; at Oliver by four in the afternoon, at Zanesville at seven in the evening. The item above mentioned in the newspaper file was the reproduction of an old SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 355 crumpled-up paper wrapped up with some pills in a box, the same having been carefully laid away decades ago by some careful housewife of Guernsey County. The first post-boy on the Cambridge-Zanesville route, John Magiffin, served in the War of 1812. His remains were laid away in the old Cambridge Cemetery. CAMBRIDGE IN ABOUT 1910 When Guernsey County was about 100 years old one of her painstaking writers and historians compiled data setting forth the progress made by the county seat as reflected in then existing population, industries, commerce, etc. His showing is here summarized so that the reader may learn where Cambridge stood in certain particulars at the close of the first decade of the present century. At that time the city covered about five square miles of territory; had modern buildings of varied character ; her nearby coal mines employed nearly four thousand five hundred men and her industries nearly two thousand five hundred more. The city en-joyed the patronage of about fifty thousand buyers; had over twelve miles of paved streets and over twenty-five miles of sani-tary sewers; owned the city water works. These were great gains since the '80s had come and gone, when the city's industries were confined mainly to the foundry interests of the Simons Brothers (established 1885), and when there were a steam flouring mill, two planing mills, two boot and shoe factories and a bent wood works. NATURAL GAS AND COAL Development in these fields began to bring in the industries. Among these was the American Sheet and Tin Plate Company's extensive mill, established in 1889 and employing about eight hundred and fifty men. The local superintendent was C. R. McIlyar. The plant produced immense quantities of sheet and tin plate, which was shipped to various parts of the world. Cheap fuel, lower rents and other advantages caused the location of the industry in Cambridge. The company operated a branch mill in the city, established about 1894 by out-of-town investors. Its superintendent was J. E. Thompson. The W. A. Hunt Planing Mill was founded in January, 1910, by local capitalists. In the year 1900 the Guernsey Earthenware 356 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO Co. had been established, their product being brown, white-lined and enameled cooking vessels. About one hundred and fifty persons found constant employment in these works. The company was incorporated under the laws of Ohio, Charles L. Casey being the president and manager and also the owner of the property. The principal body of the earthenware came from the earth near the factory and was among Guernsey's minerals of great value. From this material were fashioned the most beautiful cooking and serving dishes, heating table supplies, vegetable crocks, coffee cylinders, and many specially-designed dishes made to order. The "Near-cut" glass works was another industry of the period. It was established in 1902 by local capital. The name of this superior glassware, "Near-cut," describes the clearness and sharpness of the finish, which resembles the higher priced real "cut" glass-ware. The sand from which "Near-cut" was produced came from the Hancock district of Pennsylvania. The works employed about four hundred and fifty workmen in the various departments. The officers were : A. J. Bennett, president ; W. C. McCartney, secretary, and G. Royal Boyd, treasurer. Its products went out to all parts of the United States. The Interstate Iron and Steel Company was established and first operated January 8, 1907, and was conducted on outside capital. At the period referred to it employed almost three hun-dred workmen. The officers were : S. J. Llewellyn, president; G. F. David, vice president ; George R. Stewart, secretary. The Pennsylvania Railroad shops also furnished employment to about one hundred workmen. The superintendent was J. C. McCullough. W. H. Hartley & Sons' Sheet Metal and Slate Roofing Plant was established at Quaker City in 1870 and removed to Cambridge in 1892. It was an independent plant and employed an average of fourteen men. It manufactured all kinds of sheet metal goods, slate roofing and furnace work. Connected with it were W. H. Hartley, M. C. Hartley and the M. C. Hartley estate. The American Bread and Pastry Company was established in 1898, as a local industry. Wylie & Ault's flouring. mills consumed much grain from the fields of Guernsey County and several thousand bushels annually from the West. Five men were here employed in the business. The proprietors were W. L. Stewart, C. W. Wiley and A. Ault. The Forney Lumber and Planing Mill was a live industry. It was established in 1889. SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 357 Charles W. Forney was the proprietor. The Hoyle & Scott Plan-ing Mill was established in 1886, but an older firm began there many years prior to that date. Their lumber came largely from West Virginia and the southern states. Fifteen men found constant employment at these mills. The proprietors were William Hoyle and J. W. Scott. Another and leading industry was the chair factory of Suitt Brothers, established in 1906. Chairs, and especially high grade rockers, were here manufactured from wood coming from Massachusetts, North Carolina and Tennessee. From fifty to sixty men were constantly employed and the finest of modern machinery was used in the production of first class goods. The president of this company was W. C. Suitt; the secretary and treasurer was Jay W. Campbell. The Cambridge Roofing Company was established in 1882, as an independent local company. W. H. Taylor was president ; H. C. Hanbrook vice president, and L. R. McBurney secretary. CHAPTER CXXV WILLS CREEK HISTORY. TEEMS WITH INTEREST A FLATBOAT WAS ON THE STREAM AS EARLY AS 1826-CALLED "THE ELIZA OF -GUERNSEY," IT PASSED DOWN WILLS, THE MUSKINGUM AND THE OHIO TO LOUISVILLE-THE STEAMBOAT "TICKLE PITCHER," BUILT AT CAMBRIDGE, WAS HAULED BY HORSES TO ZANESVILLE, LAUNCHED ON THE MUSKINGUM AND NAVIGATED TO MORROW, OHIO -BYESVILLE'S FOUNDER WENT BY WATER TO ILLINOIS-WILLS CREEK HAD A TOY STEAMER AS LATE AS 1875-OLD FRAME THAT. SPANNED THE STREAM AT CAMBRIDGE WAS BUILT IN 1828. FLATBOAT ON WILLS CREEK IN MIDDLE TWENTIES The following taken from the Cambridge Times of Febru-ary 9, 1826, will interest readers who have heard that little Wills Creek was once navigated : "Thomas Sarchet, Sr., is building a large flat or keel boat at the Guernsey Salines, on Wills Creek, four miles north of Cambridge. This boat is seventy feet long and eighteen feet wide and a water depth of three feet. It is boarded up the sides, and has a roof covering forty feet in length. In this covered portion, which is eight feet high, are wheat bins.. It will be loaded with wheat, flour, and salt, the flour and salt in barrels." This Sarchet boat, called The Eliza of Guernsey, left the Guernsey Salines, under the command of Capt. R. M. G. Patterson, Thomas Sarchet, Sr., and sons, owners and super-cargoes. A journal of the voyage down Wills Creek was kept and reads thus in part : "Started forty-five minutes past twelve, M., April 8, Monday ; stopped at Judge Leeper's to take on more cargo, Tuesday at eleven o'clock; got under way at six a. m. ; stopped at Mr. Gibson's and took on more cargo, and at half past ten o'clock passed the Big Drift safely, and at half past two o'clock passed the Big Bend safely, and landed in good order. - 359 - 360 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO REACHED ZANESVILLE WITHOUT ACCIDENT "Wednesday at twelve o'clock passed Wayne's Mill and lock, Marquand's Mill and lock and Paber's Mill and lock and at five o'clock p. m. arrived at the mouth of Wills Creek, all well and without accident ; Thursday morning passed Lucas' Bend, passed the brick house, the upper salt works, the second salt works, and arrived at Zanesville at ten o'clock p. m. all well and in high spirits." The Eliza of Guernsey not only reached Zanesville but passed on down the Muskingum and the Ohio to the falls of Louisville, where cargo and boat were sold. The latter was built to prove that larger craft could in safety navigate Wills Creek, and for more than thirty years, every year, boats passed out of Wills Creek into the Muskingum River. Sam Haines' steamboat, the Tickle Pitcher, was launched above the cut under the National Road bridge. Men, women and children assembled to see the event, which occurred at 2 o'clock P. M., the boat sliding down the ways into the creek amid the puff of steam, blowing of the whistle and cheers. FLATBOAT "NAVIGATED" THE PIKE From "Sarchet's Reflections," published in 1898, we learn that a flatboat was transported over the National Road from Cambridge to Zanesville and there launched upon the Muskingum River, to further the plans of a resident of Cambridge, Dr. Samuel Hunt, who, in 1843, desired to remove to Morrow, Ohio. According to Mr. Sarchet "The manner of removal was to be by flatboat, floating down Wills creek, the Muskingum and Ohio rivers to the mouth of the Little Miami, and up it to Morrow. The flatboat was built on the creek bank above the National road bridge, and was in readi-ness, awaiting a spring freshet to float out of Wills creek, but the spring was exceedingly dry and no looked for spring flood came. Doctor Hunt decided to move the flatboat overland to Zanesville and begin his water voyage from there. A low-wheeled log wagon, used at the old General Moore Mill, was made ready, and the flatboat was loaded on it and made secure. SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 363 LAUNCHED ON THE RIVER AT ZANESVILLE "We think the moving force was George D. Gallup, with a six-horse team. At Zanesville it was launched on the blue Mus-kingum. The family and the household goods were placed on board and the voyage began. It took thirty and more days to reach Morrow. They enjoyed a pleasant journey, enjoying the beautiful scenery that lined on either side the hills of the rivers and the passing of the hundreds of steamboats that plied on the Ohio river. It is not over one hundred and twenty miles from Cambridge to Morrow, and today six hours will cover the time of the journey by railroad. These water voyages were common in early days. Old Jonathan Bye, a relative of the Hunt family, removed from Byesville, of which he was the founder, by boat to Sterling, Illinois." WILLS CREEK STEAMER IN 1875 The Newcomerstown Argus, in one of its 1875 issues, carried an article headed, "The Navigation of Wills Creek," and proceeded as follows: "We refer by the above to the saucy little craft which has been steaming its way up and down the waters of Wills Creek between Jacobsport and Linton Mills during the past summer. Hearing much about this little craft, we concluded to go and interview it. "We found it lying quietly by the side of the stream, a little craft 34 feet long, nine wide and seven high. Perched upon the roof was a pilot house four and one-half feet square. Near the center of the boat is a boiler and an engine and at the stern a wheel six feet in diameter and the same in length. The capacity of the boat is 20 tons and its speed eight miles per hour." HAD EARNED MONEY, TOO Readers will no doubt be surprised to learn that Wills Creek ever had even a toy steamer in commission and they may be more surprised to learn that it furnished the little boat with pay-ing traffic. The Argus man reported that the little steamer's receipts had already amounted to $300, and that its owners, Parker Bros., were building a larger boat, one 55 feet long, 10 24-VOL. 2 364 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO wide and 8 high, with a cabin 10 by 18, and a "smoking saloon." The Argus story continues: TO RUN TO DRESDEN "There is a large section of the country beginning at Liberty in Guernsey County through which Wills Creek runs that has no outlet and it is the intention of the Parker Brothers to open up a trade along. the streams from Liberty to Dresden on the Mus-kingum River, also to run up to Coshocton and Newcomerstown on excursion trips, should the public demand it. As the new boat will draw but 10 inches of water when loaded down it will not find any difficulty in reaching our town." THE OLD BRIDGE AT CAMBRIDGE This historic landmark was built in 1828 and endured the attacks of time and floods until succeeded in 1926 by the stately concrete structure of today. Overhead on the north end of the old frame bridge were the words which were lettered there in 1828, on a stone tablet: "$10 fine for driving on this bridge faster than a walk." On the south end was this inscription: "Built A. D. 1828—J. B. Shannon, undertaker ; D. V. Wernway, architect; J. Kinkead, mason. Keep to the right." CHAPTER CXXVI GUERNSEY COUNTY IN HER COUNTRY'S WARS WAS ONLY TWO YEARS OLD IN 1812 BUT FURNISHED THREE COMPANIES OF SOLDIERS-INDIVIDUAL RESIDENTS FOUGHT AGAINST MEXICO-OVER 2,000 AT THE FRONT DURING THE CIVIL WAR-MORGAN RAIDERS MADE SPECTACULAR DASH ACROSS GUERNSEY-COUNTY'S SONS SERVED AS REGULARS AGAINST SPAIN- SOLDIERS' MONUMENT UN-VEILED IN JUNE, 1903-GUERNSEY ACTIVE IN THE WORLD WAR, WITH 2,100 MEN ENROLLED-LIST OF THOSE WHO GAVE UP THEIR LIVES-RED CROSS A BUSY AND HELPFUL ORGANIZATION. The county was but two years old when the United States and Great Britain locked horns for the second time (in 1812), yet three companies of soldiers enlisted. They were captained respectively by Simon Beymer, Absalom Martin and C. P. Beatty. THE WAR WITH MEXICO Guernsey was not populous in the middle '40s and Ohio's quota of troops was filled before it became necessary for this county to furnish her share. Patriotic individuals enlisted, how-ever, and did their "bit." A considerable number of men who saw service from other quarters became settlers in the county. OFF TO THE WAR IN 1861 The sons of Guernsey promptly came forward in support of President Lincoln and stood fast until peace came with victory. We get a glimpse of the earliest response in the following editorial copied from the Cambridge Jeffersonian: "The first company of Cambridge volunteers left this place on Tuesday morning for Columbus, there to await the orders of the President. They are a fine looking body of men, and they will no doubt 'stand by their colors' through 'thick and thin.' "We shall watch the destiny of the Cambridge volunteers with all the solicitude which high regard and affection can inspire, and while we shall ever hope to hear that victory and honor have - 365 - 366 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO perched upon their ensign, yet our highest happiness, under providence, will be to take them by the hand once more, " 'When wild war's deadly blast has blown.' "God bless the brave boys is the heartfelt prayer of every citizen of our town. "Officers---Captain, James Watt Moore; first lieutenant, Charles H. Moore; second lieutenant, John T. Rainey; first sergeant, Walter Barnett; second sergeant, Alfred H. Evans; third sergeant, James Johnson; fourth sergeant, J. C. Wiser; first corporal, Moses Stockdale; second corporal, George W. Hutchinson; third corporal, Dr. James Anderson." Later responses were altogether complimentary to the loyalty of the county's able-bodied sons. Enlistments were in proportion to the population, totaling about two thousand for the entire war, and the recruits served in the main in the following named Ohio volunteer regiments : Fifteenth, Twenty-sixth, Sixty-second, Seventy-eighth, Eighty-eighth, Ninety-seventh, One Hundred and Twenty-second, One Hundred and Ninety-seventh, and the First Ohio Cavalry. Gallant records were made by these com-mands on many of the war's bloodiest battlefields. Guernsey's patriotic women nobly did their part from the beginning to the end of the conflict. In every township their aid societies labored night and day in behalf of the soldiers' comfort, making wearing apparel, bandages, etc., and forwarding to the front fruits, jellies, wines and other delicacies. Long after the war closed, in 1905, the Woman's Relief Corps established a "soldiers' square" in the old Cambridge cemetery and erected a handsome monument dedicated to the unknown dead. Cambridge Post, Grand Army of the Republic, was organized in the late '70s. It was reorganized in February, 1884, as Post No. 343. MORGAN'S RAID IN GUERNSEY The Cambridge Times of July 30, 1863, reported that when Morgan reached Cumberland, Guernsey County, the stores of Colonel Squier and Mr. Holmes, respected citizens, were plundered of clothing and such articles as the raiders seemed to need. Colonel Squier lost about four hundred dollars worth of goods, SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 367 and Mr. Holmes about three hundred dollars worth. From Thomas Lindsey was forcibly taken $25. The Times added that in and near Cumberland the raiders succeeded in stealing about one hundred good horses. While in town they quartered upon the inhabitants, from whom they demanded food or whatever else they wished. They left Cumberland about 8 o'clock in the evening, July 23. The next place they reached was Hartford, which place they retired from without doing any material damage. At Senecaville they made a short stay, stole numerous horses, and took the road to Campbell's Station. THE FIGHT AT WASHINGTON The Times story continued as follows: "At Campbell's Station they burned the warehouse and its contents, belonging to Mr. John Fordyce, after robbing his safe, containing, we learn, about four thousand dollars in money, two thousand dollars of which belonged to Mr. Thomas Frame; also the railroad bridge convenient, and three freight cars loaded with tobacco, cut the telegraph wires and started for Washington. Here they made a grand stand ; threw out their pickets, and prepared for war. . . . A smart skirmish ensued at the edge of the town when General Shackleford and his cavalry arrived, the rebels firing one volley and running as usual. In this skirmish, three rebels were wounded, two of whom are since dead and the other expected to die. On the road from Washington to Winchester the rebels made two more stands, each for a few minutes, when they fled. During one of these skirmishes, three rebels were captured. Near Winchester, Colonel Wallace, with a few troops and one piece of artillery, joined General Shackleford. The rebels, after the last skirmish, succeeded in getting some distance ahead of our forces, we failing to get in sight of them again in this county." "CAMBRIDGE SCOUTS" AFTER MORGAN'S RAIDERS Col. C. P. B. Sarchet, who took part in the campaign, wrote a story about it which appeared in the Cambridge Jeffersonian in January, 1891. We submit his interesting introduction: "Before the raider, General John Morgan, with his rough 368 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO raiders, reached Ohio, at Harrison, near Cincinnati, on July 14, 1863, Governor Tod had proclaimed martial law in Ohio, and called out the militia. To this call more than fifty thousand responded. These militia were minute men, who were ready to leave their offices, shops and farms at a moment's notice. The militia of the state had been enrolled and officered by companies. The writer had been commissioned a captain by Governor Tod, to enroll three regiments in Guernsey County. This had been done and the writer was elected colonel of the First Regiment of Guernsey County, and as we remember now, the then editor of the Jeffersonian, McClelland, late of the Barnesville Enterprise, and the present editor of the Guernsey Times, D. D. Taylor, mustered in this regiment." CHASED MORGAN BY CANAL BOAT Condensing Colonel Sarchet's story, it may be said that the Cambridge Scouts, under orders of Governor Tod, left Cambridge for Chillicothe, taking at Zanesville the train for Circleville. Transportation by wagon was to have been ready here to take the Scouts to Chillicothe, but this had not been provided for fear Morgan would capture the horses. The place of rendezvous was Chillicothe, where arms, etc., were to be furnished. A heavily loaded canal boat, bound south, came along. The company took the upper deck and arrived at Chillicothe a little after nightfall. The Scouts slept in a tent and in the morning were marched to the market house, where rations had been provided. All day long the Scouts moved about the city, awaiting arms and further orders. Late in the afternoon a dispatch came that Morgan was above Pomeroy, making for Buffington's Island, where he would make an effort to cross the Ohio. The Scouts were ordered home and late at night boarded a canal boat and arrived at Circleville the next day. Again taking the cars for Cambridge, they arrived late at night, after four days' service in "grim visaged war." BASIL DUKE'S OBSERVATIONS In connection with his story about the Cambridge Scouts, Colonel Sarchet printed certain interesting extracts from Basil W. Duke's article in the January Century, entitled "A Romance of Morgan's Rough Raiders." SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 369 Duke wrote : "The Ohio militia were more numerous and aggressive than those of Indiana. We had frequent skirmishes with them daily and although hundreds were captured, they resumed operations as soon as turned loose. What excited in us more astonishment than all else we saw were crowds of able-bodied men. The contrast with the South, drained of adult males to recruit her armies, was striking and suggestive of anything but confidence on our part in the result of the struggle. "Morgan had thoroughly planned the raid before he marched from Tennessee. He proposed at no time to be far from the Ohio river, so that he might avail himself of an opportunity to recross. On reaching the borders of Pennsylvania, he intended, if General Lee should be in the state, to make every effort to join him ; failing in that, to make his escape through West Virginia. "At Piketon, we learned that Vicksburg had fallen, and that General Lee, having been repulsed at Gettysburg, had returned across the Potomac. Under the circumstances this information was peculiarly disheartening." A MORGAN CHASER'S NARRATIVE The Cambridge Jeffersonian of January 29, 1891, carried a story written by a member of a company which sought to impede Morgan's gallop through Guernsey County. We condense this narrative also : The company was increased on the march to perhaps one hun-dred men. It arrived at Cumberland about 10 P. M. and pushed into Noble County. Turning toward Cumberland again, the company moved on with caution in the darkness. After advancing a few miles, they met some men carrying bridles and saddles, who said Morgan's Raiders had taken their horses and detained them as prisoners for a time. They said that Morgan's pickets were, down at the bridge, but a short distance back. The raiders could be heard reveling over the good things of the people. The pickets were soon called in, and, the command coming up, the company galloped into the town by one road, Hobson and Shackleford on another. Two prisoners were taken and sent under guard to Cambridge. Morgan pushed on toward Hartford, trying to burn the bridge over the creek behind him, but the pursuers were too close and the fire was soon extinguished. One hundred well- 370 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO armed men in Morgan's front, anywhere between Eagleport and the Central `Ohio Railroad, could have held him in check long enough for him to have been taken by the pursuing forces. At Campbell's Station the pursuers were checked for a time by the burning of the bridge over Leatherwood Creek and the station house. LEFT WASHINGTON HELTER-SKELTER Morgan halted at Washington and put out pickets on the east and west. Those on the south were driven in by Hobson's advance and the raiders got out of Washington helter-skelter, toward the north, making a stand over the hill, which is known in the history of this raid as the "battle of Washington." In this battle four of Morgan's men were killed or mortally wounded, and several prisoners taken. Winchester was reached in the night, where a long halt was made, as Morgan made a feint of going toward Birmingham, with a part of his command, but again took the Antrim road, the whole column joining again at Antrim. The story continues: "There had been a heavy rain in the afternoon, and it was still raining. All was darkness and confusion. The farmers were coming in to hear the news, and a general exchange of horses was going on. A detachment of troops sent down from Cam-bridge by wagon were being mounted as fast as horses could be conscripted. This night's ride from Winchester to Moorefield told upon pursued and pursuers. The men were drenched to the skin, saddles and blankets wet and heavy, the road was muddy and slippery, horses were jaded and hungry (many fell by the wayside), the troopers being left to plod along, carrying saddle and bridle, until a horse could be captured. The pursuing forces moved on slowly through Antrim, Londonderry, and on to Smyrna. Here a halt was made to examine the road, as it was reported that Morgan's forces had taken the Freeport road. So far the pursuit was a chase. The pursued had the advantage of the fresh horses on the line, but now Morgan was to meet oppos-ing forces in front, flank and rear, and, to use a fox-chase term, the pursuers had come to the 'last straw line,' and the fox is in the square. As the reader knows, the chase ended near New Lisbon, Ohio, July 26, 1863, where the raiders were captured." SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 371 PLUNDERING WAS OFTEN COMICAL The disposition of Morgan's raiders and plunderers was described as follows, in the Century, by Basil W. Duke, of the raiders: "There were very good reasons, independent of the provost guard, why the men should not straggle far from the line of march; but the well-fitted stores and gaudy shop-windows of the Indiana and Ohio towns seemed to stimulate, in men accustomed to impoverished and unpretentious Dixie, the propensity to appropriate without limit or restraint. I have never before seen anything like this disposition to plunder. Our perilous situation only seemed to make the men more reckless. At the same time, anything more ludicrous than the manner in which they indulged their predatory tastes can scarcely be imagined. The weather was intensely warm, yet one man rode for three days with seven pairs of skates slung around his neck ; another loaded himself with sleigh-bells. A large chafing dish, a Dutch clock, a chande-lier and a bird cage, containing three canaries, were some of the articles I saw borne off and jealously fondled. Baby shoes and calico were, however, staple articles. A fellow would procure a bolt of calico, carry it carefully for a day or two, then cast it aside and get another." THE CAMBRIDGE SOLDIERS' MONUMENT The unveiling of this memorial took place Tuesday, June 9, 1903, and was a memorable day in the history of Guernsey County. Early in the morning all Cambridge was astir, and soon the people came from every quarter of the county, as for a sacred holiday. There was no parade, but the Electric Park or Consolidated Band and the Winchester Drum Corps, with Superintendent Cronebaugh and Professor LaChat's High School Glee Club, rendered choice music, timed to alternate with the addresses. A little after 9 :30 o'clock Editor David D. Taylor, chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Guernsey County Monumental Association, called the crowd at the public square to order. Reverend McFarland made the invocation, whereupon Mr. Taylor presented Hon. Milton Turner to preside, as chairman of the building trustees appointed by the county commissioners. Mr. Turner spoke as follows : "The history of this soldiers' monument is briefly this: About 372 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO ten years ago a movement was started to build a soldiers' monument by subscription. A charter was taken out and an association formed under the name of the Guernsey County Monumental Association. Fifteen thousand fine lithographed life membership certificates were procured and a regular campaign opened up by holding meetings in each township of the county. The constitution provided that any man, woman or child, white or colored, could become a life time, voting member upon the payment of one dollar. A vice president was appointed in each township, and a book of blank certificates left in his hands to be sold to all who wished to become members. "After the expiration of two years the books were called in and did not show sufficient receipts to pay the expenses of the campaigns, so the project was abandoned and we went into the show business. A hall was fitted up in one of Col. Taylor's buildings, and a series of entertainments were given during the winter by the ladies and gentlemen of the association. Star actors appeared on the stage in the persons of Hon. D. D. Taylor, Alfred Weedon, A. K. Broom, Capt. A. A. Taylor, J. C. Carver and H. F. McDonald, supported by a strong coterie of the best ladies of the town. The public was entertained once or twice a week with a good performance for the sum of ten cents. FIRE CHECKED PROGRESS "Money accumulated slowly but surely and the property man reported an accumulation of over four hundred dollars in paraphernalia, pictures, etc. But, alas, the dread fire fiend in the dead hours of the night stole upon us, and reduced the amphitheater to ashes. For six long years the movement lay dormant, until the monumental association again arose, Phoenix like, and applied to the legislature for a special act authorizing the county commissioners to levy a tax in the sum of fifteen thousand dollars. The bill was pushed through the house by the Hon. W. L. Simpson, and Hon. J. E. Hurst did not let it stick in the Senate. "The county commissioners acted promptly under its provisions and appointed three members of a building committee, and the monumental trustees appointed three, as was also provided for in the act." The monument was unveiled by President Turner and his SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 373 little granddaughter, Ruth McMahon, amid the plaudits of the people, and the glee club sang the "Soldiers' Chorus." H. W. Luccock accepted the monument on behalf of the county commissioners. An inspiring medley of national airs was rendered by the band, after which Gen. R. B. Brown, of Zanesville, delivered an impressive address. The afternoon oration was delivered by the Hon. Ralph D. Cole, of Findlay, Ohio. Freeman T. Eagleson was introduced by Mr. Turner and the former's speech was well received. Then followed addresses by Hon. W. L. Simpson, John L. Locke and D. D. Taylor. THE WAR WITH SPAIN When Cambridge first demonstrated in favor of this war, Adam Broom's drum corps led an enthusiastic crowd to a store, and there a number of young men were recruited under H. F. McDonald. Mayor Luccock and others spoke forcefully to a throng of citizens. Owing. to the fact that no regular National Guard company existed in the county at this time, but few men went into the service, except those who served in the regular army. GUERNSEY COUNTY IN THE WORLD WAR Number of men who enlisted, 200. Total number enrolled in army, navy, or marine corps, 2,100. Main divisions in which Guernsey County men were represented : Three Hundred and Eighth Engineers, Eighty-third Division, Sixth Infantry, Thirty-seventh Division, and Forty-second Division. AMERICAN LEGION POSTS The American Legion posts of the county were organized under Capt. Edmund Hawthorne in 1918, immediately after the close of the war. Some of the county posts are now members of the Cambridge American Legion Post No. 84. Post No. 84 is enthusiastically active, one of the leading civic organizations of the community and a valuable civic asset. THE AMERICAN RED CROSS The Guernsey County chapter of the American Red Cross was in the Lake Division, and did commendable work during the 374 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO World war. Immense quantities of hospital supplies gathered from various parts of the county were shipped to Cleveland. Each township of the county accepted its share of the quota in finances and material aid. Since the war this organization has continued to operate most efficiently. Priority is given in its program to the claims and material needs of the ex-service men, and to preparedness for disaster. In the absence of any organized charity society in the county, the Red Cross has extended its relief work to the indigent civilian families. The report of 1927 shows a total of 2,770 cases directly contacted and assisted legally, financially, medically, or mate-rially in some way. The present organization is as follows: Dr. Lester S. Evans, president; Mrs. R. D. Hood, vice president ; Miss Virgil Young, secretary. GUERNSEY'S WORLD WAR DEAD The long list which follows shows the sacrifices made by the county in the great conflict. It is taken from Charles B. Galbreath's new and comprehensive History of Ohio and published here with his permission : Allen, Harvey H., Buffalo, November 8, 1918. Allender, George M., Brady, September 26, 1918. Baird, Forrest R., Lore City, October 18, 1918. Bennett, Harold F., Salesville, October 10, 1918. Blair, Harry, Cambridge, October 1, 1918. Campbell, John O., Cambridge, December 1, 1918. Campbell, William Y., Byesville, October 7, 1918. Carpenter, Crum, Spencer Station, October 7, 1918. Chalfant, Othar Revere, Cambridge, October 17, 1918. Cline, John H., Birds Run, October 18, 1918. Collart, Celistene, Cambridge, November 6, 1918. Colvin, Edward J., September 30, 1918. Conner, Earl, Quaker City, July 19, 1918. Dyer, James C., Cambridge, October 21, 1918. Eddy, Frank, Kimbolton, October 16, 1918. Finley, Roy, Byesville, October 10, 1918. Frame, Howard S., Lore City, October 5, 1918. Frost, Clyde M., Fairview, October 4, 1918. SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 375 Fulton, William T., Cambridge, October 20, 1918. Galliger, Floyd, Cambridge, August 4, 1918. Gibson, Thomas H., Quaker City, November 12, 1918. Gillespie, Byron K., Cambridge, October 9, 1918. Gorrell, John S., Cumberland, October 30, 1918. Gray, Perry H., Byesville, November 17, 1918. Green, Herbert D., Buffalo, October 17, 1918. Hamilton, Clyde O., Cambridge, October 4, 1918. Hammond, George C., Cambridge, October 15, 1918. Hughes, Eugene, Kimbolton, December 6, 1918. Kroni, George, Cambridge, October 10, 1918. Lahue, Darl, Cambridge, September 30, 1918. Lent, William H., Senecaville, October 6, 1918. Long, Lucian E., Cambridge, January 23, 1918. Lowry, Haven S., Cambridge, October 1, 1918. Markle, Oliver, Quaker City, November 2, 1918. Matheny, Willard E., Pleasant City, December 15, 1918. McNeel, Ralph C., Cambridge, February 19, 1919. Minale, Sam, Byesville, October 19, 1918. Monk, Henry R., Pleasant City, October 15, 1918. Nicholas, Oran, Cambridge, July 18, 1918. O'Conner, Harry B., Cambridge, June 6, 1918. Oliver, Homer E., Byesville, January 26, 1918. Piatt, Robert L., Cambridge, November 21, 1917. Schwyhart, William M., Kimbolton, January 6, 1918. Shepard, Isaac W., Cambridge, February 27, 1919. Smith, Hiram L., Cambridge, October 21, 1918. Stackhouse, Homer E., Cambridge, February 25, 1919. Steele, Lawrence S., Senecaville, October 9, 1918. Stewart, George E., Cambridge, October 12, 1918. Tedrick, Loraine L., Byesville, October 13, 1918. Tedrick, Ward B., Winterset, October 22, 1918. Tullis, Wallace, Cambridge, November 16, 1918. Wagstaff, Israel B., Cambridge, August 4, 1918. Walker, Frank, Derwent, September 30, 1918. Warden, Delno T., Salesville, October 6, 1918. Warne, James R., Cambridge, October 20, 1918. Wilson, Charles E., Birds Run, October 25, 1918. Wright, Samuel H., Winterset, March 15, 1918. Wynn, James B., Cambridge, January 25, 1919. CHAPTER CXXVII MISCELLANEOUS FEATURES OF GUERNSEY COUNTY HISTORY WORK BEGUN ON CENTRAL OHIO RAILROAD AT CAMBRIDGE AUGUST 12, 1852-FIRST TRAIN CAME FROM ZANESVILLE APRIL 27, 1854- "PENNSY" LINE BROUGHT COMPETITION AND CHEAPER RATES-CAMBRIDGE-BYESVILLE INTERURBAN BEGAN FALL OF 1903-"UNDER-GROUND RAILROAD" ONCE BUSY IN GUERNSEY-PENNYROYAL RE-UNIONS LAUNCHED IN 1880-ELZA SCOTT MANUFACTURED SALT-BEGINNINGS OF THE PUBLIC LIBRARY. GUERNSEY'S FIRST RAILROAD Guernsey County's first railroad was the old Central Ohio, now the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Work on it began on the south hillside, at Cambridge, August 12, 1852, and the first shovelful of earth was thrown by C. L. Madison. The tunnel was begun October 22, the same year. The completion of the road gave new avenues by which the farmer and stockman could market at more profitable prices the products of the farm. The county, then for the first time, came in real commercial touch with the great markets, the road crossing the townships of Millwood, Richland, Center, Cambridge, Adams and Westland, with its main line, while it runs through portions of Richland, Valley, and Spencer, with a branch from Lore City to Cumberland. Beginning on the east side of the county, the points of most importance are Quaker City, Salesville, Lore City, Cambridge and Cassel Station, on the main line. On the Cumberland branch the stations worthy of note are Lore City, Senecaville, Hartford and Cumberland. FIRST TRAIN TO CAMBRIDGE, 1854 The road's first passenger train from Zanesville was on April 27, 1854. The passengers in six coaches were hospitably wel- - 377 - 378 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO comed. The procession was under the marshalship of Col. Gordon Lofland and an address was made by Hon. Nathan Evans. Military companies from Columbus and Zanesville were present. The Pennsylvania Railroad enters the county from the north, in Wheeling Township, follows the windings of Wills Creek on down through Liberty, Cambridge, Jackson and Valley townships, leaving the county near Pleasant City. North of Pleasant City come Derwent, Byesville, Cambridge, Tyner, Kimbolton, Birds Run and Guernsey, and so on out of this into Tuscarawas County. The objective points of this division of the great Pennsylvania system are Marietta, at the south, and Cleveland, at the north. CLEVELAND & MARIETTA LINE INTO COAL FIELDS Constructed in about 1880, this enterprise was headed by Gen. A. J. Warner, of Marietta, through whose energy and untiring zeal the road was built at a time when it taxed every thought and capacity of good business men. It tapped great coal fields and gave the county competing freight rates. All classes of citizens rejoiced when it came, as a north and south route was recognized as having no less importance than the main line of the Baltimore & Ohio from east to west. "It was built through the best valley section of the county," wrote Colonel Sarchet, "but necessarily over a very rough, uneven country, where much expense was necessary, the grades somewhat heavy and curves sharp. A tunnel of many hundred feet through solid rock and coal strata between Kimbolton and Guernsey had to be constructed, at an expense of almost, if not fully, a million dollars. The waters of Wills Creek at times flooded the tracks and this caused other expense and delay. General Warner fought on, but to no purpose, for there came a time when he had to succumb to the inevitable. The road was sold and passed into the hands of the present corporation, the Pennsylvania company, who rebuilt and re-equipped the same." The Ohio River & Western Railroad, which cuts off only a corner of the county, where it runs from the southwest into Cumberland, having three miles of track within Guernsey County, is still of the narrow gauge type of railroad. It was built about 1880. The first cars were run on the electric line between Cambridge and Byesville in the autumn of 1903 (October 21) over the Cam- SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 381 bridge Consolidated Company's line, later styled the Cambridge Power, Light and Traction Company, but at this time known as the Midland Power and Traction Company. The road was opened up to the Byesville limit five weeks earlier than that date, but not clear to Byesville. The first electric street cars were operated at Cambridge April 24, 1902, by the consolidated company. GUERNSEY'S UNDERGROUND RAILROAD This was a much used medium in the days when fugitive slaves were in flight toward Canada and freedom after crossing the Ohio from plantations located east and south of it. A very considerable number of the 40,000 who thus crossed the Buckeye State by way of its 1,500 "underground stations" went north-ward through Senecaville, Byesville, Cambridge and Old Washington. Cambridge was located on Route 7 of the nineteen routes which were secretly at the service of the fugitives: Doctor Baldridge's Senecaville home was one of the Guernsey "stations," and among his fellow abolitionists there were Rev. William C. Kiel, Dr. David Frame, Dr. Noah Hill, and Judge William Thompson. Jonathan Bye, a Quaker, was the station "agent" at Byesville. THE PENNYROYAL REUNIONS When Benjamin Borton settled in Oxford Township after Zane's Trace was opened for use, he found pennyroyal growing wild there. Having learned to distill this plant in his former New Jersey home, he proceeded to clothe same with it in Guernsey County. The industry grew year by year until 1880, when the red-dents of Oxford Township launched a reunion, which was participated in by them and by former residents ; others among the latter sent letters. Since 1880 the reunion has been held once a year, the participants enjoying a program of songs, addresses and the reading of letters from Oxfordites located in many states. ELZA SCOTT'S SALT WELL In about 1864, Elza Scott, whose extensive coal mines were located on the old Central Ohio Railroad east of Cambridge, while boring for salt water, struck a very strong supply of it at the depth of about 1,000 feet, and his salt works were successfully operated. His one furnace produced daily about twenty-five bar- 382 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO rels of superior salt. The well afforded sufficient water to make from fifty to seventy-five barrels of salt a day. THE CAMBRIDGE PUBLIC LIBRARY In a 1903 issue of the Guernsey Times an interesting history of this institution appeared. We use it in part: "In the fall of 1898 at a dinner party given at the home of the laie Hon. Joseph D. Taylor, the library movement was talked of and Mrs. J. D. Taylor began the canvass. She secured one thousand eight hundred dollars, taking life memberships in the association at twenty-five dollars." The Cambridge Library Association came into existence February 23, 1899. John M. Amos was made president for one year, and John L. Locke secretary. The $1,800 secured by life memberships was expended for books and furnishings and the library occupied rooms given rent free by the Hon. J. D. Taylor. At the meeting of the association held in April, 1905, the Carnegie libraries were talked of, and a committee, A. R. McCulloch and Rev. W. H. Weir, went to New York and learned the terms upon which the building would be donated. Continued the Times: "Then there was a hitch in regard to the desired location on Steubenville Avenue, just back of the courthouse. This property belonged to the county and a special act of the legislature was required to empower the commissioners to give this site. All this done, Mr. McCulloch notified Mr. Carnegie, and he received an answer from him on May 12, 1902, that eighteen thousand dollars had been deposited to the credit of the Cambridge Library association. "Plans were decided upon, and bids taken, none being within the limit. Then some changes were made, and on last Saturday evening the bids were opened and the contract awarded to C. W. Dowling, of Williamsburg, West Virginia, for seventeen thou-sand, six hundred and thirty-eight dollars. The building is to be completed by August 15, 1903." Before the building was completed it was found that the amount donated was not sufficient to complete it, and Mr. Carnegie was asked to give the balance, which amounted to $5,000 more, which he kindly consented to do, making his total gift $23,000. The formal opening of the library took place November 17, 1904, with appropriate ceremony. CHAPTER CXXVIII GUERNSEY'S GREAT OIL AND GAS WEALTH YEARS 1926-27 MARKED BY WONDERFUL DEVELOPMENT JUST OUTSIDE OF CAMBRIDGE-OVER 100 HEAVY GAS WELLS DRILLED IN 1927-FACTORIES FAVORED WITH A 221/2 CENT RATE-CAMBRIDGE FIELD TWENTY-FIVE MILES BY FOUR-GREAT OIL PRODUCING WELLS IN SAME TERRITORY-GUERNSEY HAD GAS IN A SALT WELL BACK IN '70-HARMONY FIELD FAIRLY PRODUCTIVE IN 1900-HISTORY OF OTHER EARLY GUERNSEY DEVELOPMENT. One of the most productive and promising fields east of the Mississippi lies at the very doors of the City of Cambridge. The Guernsey field was a good one in the early days of Ohio development, but results of 1926-27 activities within townships located south and west of the county seat have been far richer than any previously obtained. The first of the new wells sunk in the Indian Camp field of Knox Township, adjacent to Cambridge, when drilled by the Ohio Fuel Gas Company, yielded from 50,000,000 to 75,000,000 cubic feet a day. THE STRIKE WAS A SENSATION This great producer started development on a large scale in the spring. of 1926, the Ohio Fuel Gas, Ohio Oil, Eastern Carbon Black, Pure Oil, Cambridge Glass, Big Line Oil and Gas, and other smaller companies, making tremendous strikes, production of their wells ranging from 2,000,000 to 30,000,000 cubic feet a day. The Brill properties and those of Dr. C. A. Craig, Reverend Spear and Frederick Turner were among those where greatest production ensued, and constant extensions followed until as the year 1927 closed the territory had a length of twenty-five miles and a width of four miles in the townships of Westland, Adams, Knox, Wheeling, Monroe, Washington, Jackson and Londonderry, the total area involving many thousand acres and having a north-east-southwest trend. GAS SENT TO FOUR GREAT STATES Three of the townships named, Knox, Adams and Westland, regarded as constituting the heart of this rich field, lie imme- - 383 - 384 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO diately west of the Cambridge corporation line, and here more than 100 heavy gas producers were drilled during the year 1927. So great and promising was the yield that the Ohio Fuel Gas Company laid a twelve-inch distributing main which carries much of the product to points in Ohio, West Virginia, Pennsylvania and Michigan. When to the figures representing the vast outflow of gas is added the statement that 160 of the wells were still con-tributing to the total output at the close of 1927, the reader is enabled to realize the Cambridge territory's wonderful wealth. RICH DEPOSITS OF OIL ALSO But the story is only partly told. The first of the newer oil wells was sunk on the James Fulton farm, in Jackson Township, and this and Westland Township have developed into very productive territory in which wells yielding 50 to 300 barrels of oil a day have come in. About forty oil producers existed in the Cambridge field at the close of 1927, and the Buckeye Pipe Line Company has laid a main from it to the Parkersburg, W. Va., refineries. NEWER LEASES PROFIT FARMERS These great oil and gas strikes have brought riches to the landowners concerned, especially to those who executed leases during 1926-27, for they receive one-eighth of the oil and gas produced. Leases executed about six years earlier were less remunerative to the lessor, who derives comparatively light incomes from the gas, but receives an eighth of the oil. The main oil and gas strikes have been made in the Niagara sand at a depth of about 3,500 feet. North of Cambridge the Berea is yielding to the extent of twenty gas wells which flow to the tune of 500,000 to 3,000,000 cubic feet each, daily. They are controlled by the Ohio Fuel Gas Company and its subsidiaries. FACTORIES FAVORED WITH 221/2-CENT GAS Several of the independent operators in the Cambridge field have merged their holdings and formed the Industrial Gas Company, under the direction of the Board of Trade, and Cambridge industries are thereby favored with a gas rate of 221/2 cents a thousand cubic feet, pipe lines having been laid from: the field to the Cambridge mills, glass plant and potteries. SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 385 The low rate and adequate supply combine to offer a rich inducement to prospective new industries while conferring direct benefits upon those now existing. The Cambridge Gas Company owns its gas-producing wells and uses their output as fuel. The domestic gas rate is but 40 cents a thousand. Tests have shown that the fringe of production is at the Cam-bridge corporation line, both oil and gas having been found within a few hundred feet of the same, while only three wells have been drilled within the city. Now for a backward glance. GAS IN A SALT WELL LONG YEARS AGO More than a quarter of a century ago there was gas production which gave promise of a glowing future when gas revealed its presence in a salt well as early as 1870. The Geological Survey of Ohio, Fourth Series, Bulletin One, recognizing the importance of the Guernsey field, gave it close attention and extended notice, with the statement that the county's first wells were drilled about when the excitement over the Findlay, Ohio, field was greatest. It appears, however, from an article printed in the Guernsey Times of November 3, 1870, that the presence of gas in the county had made itself known fifteen or twenty years before the time indicated by the Ohio survey as the real beginning of development. We quote the Times article in full : STRUCK A MATCH, TOUCHED WATER, AND LO! A FLAME "Within about three miles of Cambridge, in a direct line, on the premises of David Sarchet, sr., is an inexhaustible salt well, from which constantly flows salt water several inches in diameter, and with it a constant supply of natural gas, which can be ignited at any time by merely holding a lighted match near the flowing stream. We have the authority of a scientific gentleman from the east who visited this well during the oil excitement here, for saying that there is an abundance of gas flowing from this well to light up a place much larger than Cambridge, and that it could easily be conducted here for that purpose at no very great cost ; and he expressed great surprise that steps had never been taken to utilize so valuable a production of nature. 386 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO TIMIDLY CALLS CITY FATHERS' ATTENTION "The subject is one which should sufficiently claim the atten-tion of the city fathers as to cause them to make such investigation of the matter as to ascertain the feasibility of the plan, and what the cost would be, and, if not too great, measures should be taken to light our fast growing little city with it. This subject is brought to our minds by noticing one item stating that Erie, Pennsylvania, has been lighted up with natural gas that flows from a salt well near that place." SOUGHT FUEL AND OIL IN THE NINETIES The story of discovery is intensely interesting. Men of drilling experience were confident of good yields in the Cambridge field when it became known that here was an anticline and drill-ing began in the middle '80s. On the Waller farm, near Cambridge, seven shallow wells were drilled with a showing of oil which was so slight that the drills were stopped. The Cambridge Light and Fuel Company sank three wells in Cambridge Township, prior to 1892, which with a rock pressure of 400 pounds yielded in 1900 but about 100,000 cubic feet of gas a day, there being much trouble from salt water. In 1899 a well drilled to the Berea, which was struck at a depth of 1,098 feet, on the Black farm, West Cambridge, came in with a small flow of oil. THE HARMONY FIELD DID BETTER All this was discouraging, but better hopes arose in 1892 in what came to be known as the Harmony field, four miles south of Cambridge, in Jackson Township, where the Pebble Rock Oil & Gas Company drilled their first well on the land of Margaret Murray. The well was closed until 1893, when the Cambridge Light and Fuel Company bought it and all the leases held by the Pebble Rock Company. By 1900 the Cambridge Company had six producing wells in the field. The United Gas Company extended this field and by September, 1900, had eight producing wells. The Campbell & Buckett Oil and Gas Company also extended the field, and by September, 1900, also had producing wells, four of them, their product being piped to Byesville to be used as fuel by the Art Glass Works. Writing about the Cam- SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 387 bridge field in 1900, J. W. Bownocker, now Ohio state geologist, spoke of results as follows: GAS DOME OFFICIALLY DESCRIBED "The Harmony reservoir lies on a low dome-shaped uplift. This is made plain by the Cambridge or No. 7 coal which rises above drainage in the central part of the territory but dips away in all directions from this. It was the existence of this dome which led to the drilling of the first well and thus to the discovery of the reservoir. The gas sand is the Berea and lies from 1080-85 feet below the Cambridge coal. It is not a continuous bed of sandstone but is separated by a few feet of slate as follows : Sandstone (gas) - 40 feet Slate - 4 Sandstone - 20 "The gas is found above the slate. At the junction of the gas sand and the slate water is encountered and so the former is rarely drilled through. Occasionally a little oil and gas are found in the sand below the slate, but none of the wells in the Harmony field derive their supplies from this horizon. "The sand varies considerably in structure. Sometimes it is coarse and porous and at other times fine and hard. The wells are shot ordinarily with from twenty-five to thirty quarts of nitro-glycerine. The rock pressure of the field was originally about five hundred pounds but has now decreased to approxi-mately four hundred. The largest wells produce from 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 cubic feet per day." SEVEN GUERNSEY TOWNS USED GAS In 1900 the Cambridge Light & Fuel Company charged 15 cents a thousand for gas. Many families were using it, and the American Sheet Steel Company, of Cambridge, consumed 2,000,000 cubic feet a day. The Cambridge Art Pottery Company, then in course of erection, planned to use the gas. The United Gas Company charged the same rates and supplied Cambridge, Byesville, Pleasant City, Hartford, Quaker City, Barnesville and Caldwell. "However," added State Geologist Bownocker, "several of these places derive their supply from the Dudley field. This company supplies the waterworks and electric plants at Cambridge and the glass houses at Quaker City and Barnesville. 388 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO Since the above was written in 1900 much drilling has been done in the Harmony field, with the result that the territory has been considerably extended. Later wells, however, were small and the heavy demands have greatly decreased the rock pressure of the field. The supply is no longer adequate for the factories and the same is true for domestic purposes. Had the fuel been restricted to the latter use the supply would have been aniple for years." RESULTS OBTAINED BY OTHER DRILLING YEARS AGO Professor Bownocker added t,o his story of the Harmony field a brief history of what had been done elsewhere in Guernsey County. We quote again : "Londonderry Township—One Berea well in section two, making four barrels of oil per day. "Jackson Township--Two Berea wells on the Siens farm in section seven. Both are small producers. "Town of Senecaville--About 1897 a well drilled at the edge of this village found oil at a depth of 162 feet. It produced ten barrels the first day and none thereafter. The oil was sold as a lubricant. Other wells were drilled in the vicinity but all were failures. Many years ago a shallow well was drilled along Seneca Creek and the oil secured sold as 'Seneca oil.' "Quaker City—A well was drilled to the Berea in 1886. The sand was found at a depth of 1,341 feet and was six feet thick. It produced a small flow of gas. Other wells have since been drilled in the same vicinity without securing returns that compensate the operator, "Kimbolton—Two wells have been drilled near this place, one in 1887 and the other soon afterwards. The first was a failure but the second produced a moderate flow of gas, the rock pressure having risen to 300 pounds or more." We have been unable to find a history of Guernsey's oil and gas development during the years between 1900 and 1926. CHAPTER CXXIX PROGRESSIVE ARE THE COUNTY AND CAMBRIDGE SCHOOLS CAMBRIDGE A SEPARATE DISTRICT-TEN VILLAGE AND TWENTY-ONE RURAL DISTRICTS-CONSOLIDATION MAKES SOME PROGRESS-COUNTY HIGH SCHOOLS GROW FROM SIX TO SEVENTEEN AND HIGH SCHOOL ENROLLMENT FROM 300 TO NEARLY ONE THOUSAND-SUPERINTENDENT WOLFE HAS SERVED FOURTEEN YEARS-CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL PROPERTY'S VALUE MORE THAN A MILLION-MODERN IN-STRUCTION IN ELEVEN SCHOOL BUILDINGS- SUPERINTENDENT HICK'S LONG LIST OF TEACHERS NAMED-BRIEF STORY OF EARLIEST SCHOOLS AND THOSE OF TWENTY YEARS AGO. THE COUNTY SCHOOLS The schools of Guernsey County outside the City of Cambridge, which is a district in itself, are under the general jurisdiction of the County Board of Education. There are ten village districts and twenty-one rural districts, each having its own local board of education. When the law providing county supervision became effective in 1914 there was no system or uniformity in the schools of any of the districts excepting a few of the larger villages. The schools were not graded and pupils were not promoted according to any definite plan. There was no course of study nor uniformity of text-books. Due to a lack of law enforcement, the attendance was very irregular. Many of the schoolrooms were unsightly, unsanitary and unfit for school use. The most of them contained no equipment for teaching other than the books and supplies possessed by the pupils. Only six of the thirty-one districts maintained high schools, and very few of the pupils in the other districts ever attended high school anywhere. THEN A BETTER SYSTEM CAME Much advancement has been made in the schools of Guernsey County under county supervision. A uniform system has been - 389 - 390 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO established which applies to both the village and rural districts. The term begins and ends at the same time in all the schools, and the same holidays are observed. All the pupils are classified by grades and promoted in accordance with the same standards. The text-books used in both the elementary and the high schools are uniform and uniform examinations based upon the uniform courses of study are given twice a year. Centralization has not been found practical in the county on account of the lack of improved roads. There has been some consolidation in the sections where good roads have been built and plans are now under way for other consolidated schools. Awaiting conditions necessary for consolidation, the school authorities have made material improvements in the old buildings as to appearance and equipment. LARGE SCHOOLS IN SOUTHERN GUERNSEY Nearly one-third of the pupils enrolled in the county schools are children of foreign-born parents. While several different nationalities are represented, they are largely Slavic. The foreign element is found mainly about the mining centers in the southern part of the county. The schools in these centers are invariably large. Although the population of the county districts has increased but little, if any, since 1914, the number of high schools has increased from six to seventeen, and the number of boys and girls enrolled in high schools from less than three hundred to almost a thousand. This increase is attributed largely to the educational interest arising from county supervisioh. ENROLLMENT BY VILLAGES During the school year 1926-27, the enrollment was 7,449. The following are the names of the thirty-one districts of the county and the number of pupils enrolled in each : Byesville Village, 1,115; Cumberland Village, 186; Fairview Village, 52; Kimbolton Village, 92 ; Lore City Village, 314 ; Old Washington Village, 104 ; Pleasant City Village, 433 ; Quaker City Village, 185 ; Salesville Village, 57; Senecaville Village, 372 ; Adams Rural; 98 ; Cambridge Rural, 190; Center Rural, 538; Jackson Rural, 773; Jefferson Rural, 77; Knox Rural, 87; Liberty Rural, 146; Londonderry Rural, 184 ; Madison Rural, 167; Millwood SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 391 Rural, 102; Monroe Rural, 135; Oxford Rural, 148; Richland Rural, 186; Spencer Rural, 106; Valley Rural, 934; Washington Rural, 91; Westland" Rural, 87; Wheeling Rural, 131; Wills Rural, 134; Adams Special, 21; Jackson Special, 62. NEARLY THREE HUNDRED TEACHERS The number of teachers employed in the county during the school year 1926-27 was 268, of which 89 were men, and 179 were women. The number of elementary teachers was 216, and Of high school and special teachers, 52. The value of the school property in the county is estimated to be $731,000, equipment $92,450, or a total of $823,450. The amount paid as teachers' salaries for the school year 1926-27 was $261,633. The County Board of Education is composed of the following members: W. C. Morrison, president, Cambridge; H. K. Crow, vice president, Cumberland; Dr. W. A. White, Salesville ; G. M. Aikin, Kimbolton; A. A. Moore, Cambridge. The office of the County Board of Education is located in the courthouse at Cambridge. SUPERINTENDENT WOLFE'S LONG SERVICE W. G. Wolfe is county superintendent of schools. He was elected to that position when the law providing for county supervision became effective in 1914 and has served continuously since that time. Miss Margaret Kirkwood is clerk in the county school office, and W. T. Carr is the county attendance officer. The superintendents of the six largest village schools are assistants to the county superintendent. These are : W. H. Nicholson, Byesville; H. O. Young, Cumberland; G. W. Shegog, Lore City; J. H. Morris, Pleasant City; Sherman O. Liming, Quaker City; and W. W. Wilson, Senecaville. CAMBRIDGE PUBLIC SCHOOLS The Cambridge public schools have had a steady growth in enrollment for a great many years, which reflects the stability of the city's growth. The greatest number of pupils enrolled in any one month was 3,698, as shown by the November report, 1927. Of this number, 2,115 were in grades one to six, 662 in the seventh 392 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO and eighth grades, or Junior High School, and 921 in grades nine to twelve, or Senior High School. The value of the school property is conservatively estimated at $1,149,480.23. There are eleven buildings, as follows: Brown High School, on Steubenville Avenue, between Eighth and Ninth streets. Central Elementary and Junior High School, corner of Steu-benville Avenue and Seventh Street. Garfield Junior High School, at intersection of South Eighth and Garfield Avenue. Garfield Elementary School, same location as Garfield Junior High School. Park Elementary School, intersection of Wheeling Avenue and Highland Avenue. Ninth Street Elementary, corner of Ninth Street and Foster Avenue. Lofland Elementary School, North Fourth Street, between Ogier Avenue and Foster Avenue. Glass Plant School, East Cambridge, Rural Route No. 7. Oakland Elementary, on Clairmont Avenue, between Clark Street and Thirteenth Street. Marquand Elementary, on Marquand Avenue. McMahon Recreation Building., on North Seventh Street, at rear of Central Building. The general control of the schools is vested in a board of education of five members elected at large and assisted by a clerk and a superintendent. The personnel of this group is as follows: E. W. Lawyer, president; C. W. Snyder, vice president; R. L. Campbell, H. R. Gander, B. A. Souders; Besse Taylor, clerk; Hugh R. Hick, superintendent. At present there are 126 full-time employees: 110 teachers and supervisors (17 men and 93 women) ; 11 janitors; 1 attendance officer ; 1 school nurse; 1 director of physical training; 1 clerk to the superintendent, and 1 clerk to the high school principal. A DIFFERENTIATED CURRICULUM The aim of the city school system is to promote the growth and development of the pupils in every possible way and to fit the SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 393 instruction as nearly as possible to their individual needs and capacities. To this end the curriculum is highly differentiated. In the high school many courses are offered and with wide possibilities for the selection of studies. Pupils are gradually relegated to groups with standards that are commensurate with their individual abilities and in keeping with their interests and aptitudes. H. L. Pine is the principal over all high school teachers and pupils housed both in Brown High and Central buildings. In the Junior High Schools the work is not so highly differentiated but is largely exploratory. The pupils however are segregated according to their capacities into relatively homogeneous groups and each group has its own standards. In the elementary schools the curriculum provides that a few minimum essentials shall be mastered by all. These are uniform throughout the system but wide possibility is afforded for the enrichment of each individual child's experience through special assignments and the working out of various projects. DIFFERENT DEPARTMENTS NAMED Several special departments have been created. Among these are the Sunshine Class, which is a school for crippled children ; an opportunity school for over age or retarded pupils with manual activities emphasized; vocational agriculture department with farm projects supervised throughout the year; a manual training department with three instructors; a home making course with two instructors, one giving special attention to foods, and the other to textiles; a commercial department with two teachers that fits pupils to enter business life; several health leagues under the direction of the school nurse; a physical training and athletics department; a music department, and Tuesday Bible schools in various churches. Splendid cooperation is enjoyed between the schools and the various trades and industries, also with the various service clubs and women's clubs. About 150 tuition pupils are enrolled from outside the district. It is the aim of the people of Cambridge to make the name of their city synonymous with scholarship and culture just as Cambridge in Massachusetts and Cambridge in Old England are. 394 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO SUPERINTENDENT'S OFFICE-BROWN HIGH SCHOOL Hugh R. Hick - Superintendent Besse Taylor - Clerk to Superintendent Mrs. Lydia Palmer - Attendance Officer Miss Edith Waln - School Nurse I. W. LaChat - Music Supervisor BROWN HIGH SCHOOL PRINCIPAL AND TEACHERS H. L. Pine - Principal Mildred Ford - Clerk to Principal Mary Arnold - Latin Grace Bell - Spanish Dorothy Criswell - History Martha Deselm - English Winifred Dew - Home Economics Ina Doyle - English Gladys Duff - Stenography Beryl Fishel - History Gladys Gilliland - Mathematics Mary Johns - History Harry Kirke - Mathematics W. R. Lebold - Mathematics C. H. Merrilees - Physics Pauline McCreary - Latin J. McFarland - English J. G. McGuffey - Agriculture Lewis Prine - Science Marjorie Scharrer - History Helen Shepherd - English Nell Shepherd - Bookkeeping. Ruth Thompson - French Wanda Wilson - English CENTRAL SCHOOL PRINCIPAL AND TEACHERS Grace Tribbie - Principal Lela R. Heskett - Grade I Wilma Devore - Grade II Elizabeth Stone - Grade III SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 395 Emma Austin - Grade IV Elizabeth Wall - Grade V Stella Burris - Grade VI Lucille Johnson - Grade VI Virgil Vale - Grade VII Wilma Keiser - Grade VII Virgil P. Ross - Grade VII Margaret Callihan - Grade VII Lucille Lee - Grade VII Ida Nicholson - Grade VIII W. C. Ingram - Grade VIII Mary Rose - Grade VIII Lura Dudley - Grade VIII Clara Mehaffey - Grade VIII Floyd Mathers - Grade VIII Mary Clark - Home Economics Samuel C. Warner - High School Mathematics Edgar Glenn - High School Mathematics Clelia Laverty - High School English Charles Salmon - High School Science Libbia S. Giffen - Opportunity School Marie Malloy  - School for Cripples GARFIELD SCHOOL PRINCIPAL AND TEACHERS Lucy Wells - Principal Lillian Davidson - Grade I Gertrude Pritchard - Grade I Marguerite Alloway - Grade II Clara Nicholson - Grade II Bernice Morgan - Grade III Cloea Landman - Grade III Lillian Neyman - Grade IV Mary Smallwood - Grade IV Lillian Murphy - Grade V Grace Acheson - Grade V Lois Campbell - Grade VI Vivian Heskett - Grade VI Dora Allen - Grade VIII Chloris Dudley - Grade VII Emily Mc. Peek - Grade VII 26-VOL. 2 396 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO Clyde Miller - Grade VIII Louis Baxter - Manual Training NINTH STREET SCHOOL PRINCIPAL AND TEACHERS Clare Stockdale - Principal, Grade I Elizabeth Moore - Grade II Eva Benadum - Grade III Helen Keiser - Grade IV Olive Baker - Grade V Ethel Caskey - Grade VI Stelle Vance - Grade VI-VII Harriett Offenbacher - Grade VII PARK SCHOOL PRINCIPAL AND TEACHERS Jennie Whitehead - Principal, Grade I Edna McDill - Grade I Fannie Moorehead - Grade II Ethel Wiley - Grade II-III Dorothy Milligan - Grade III-IV Eula Bell - Grade IV Esther Arn - Grade IV-V Mary Pyles - Grade V LOFLAND SCHOOL PRINCIPAL AND TEACHERS Mildred Scharmm - Grade I Bertha Malloy - Grade I-II Katharine Fordyce - Grade II Alice Lloyd - Grade III Grace Wiley - Grade III Alice Clark - Grade IV Elsie Borton - Principal, Grade V Mae Rose - Grade VI GLASS PLANT SCHOOL PRINCIPAL AND TEACHERS Maude Wilson - Grade I Sara Cougill - Grade II Grace Clark - Grade III Margaret Potts - Grade IV Isabelle Ferguson - Grade V SOUTHEASTERN OHIO - 397 Lois Cameron - Grade VI Mildred Selby - Grade VII Elza C. Lawyer - Principal, Grade VIII OAKLAND SCHOOL PRINCIPAL AND TEACHERS Nellie Probasco - Principal, Grade I Verna Gibson - Grade II Helen Hessin - Grade III-IV Elizabeth Roby - Grade IV-V MARQUAND SCHOOL PRINCIPAL AND TEACHERS Gertrude McMurray - Principal, Grade I-II Lucille McCormick - Grade III-IV Olivia Wildman - Grade V-VI Kathryn Patterson - Grade II M'MAHON BUILDING John Sherman Taylor - Physical Director H. D. Thomas - Manual Arts EARLY EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT For many years after Cambridge was settled the county had neither educational system nor regular public school buildings. There were of course pay schools, that is, subscription schools. Among the early teachers in Cambridge was John Beatty, a Virginian, whose school existed in 1809-10. Colonel Sarchet, the Guernsey historian, says it was 1833 when the directors of school district No. 7, Cambridge Township, employed Andrew Magee to teach a "common school" (free for all "children" of the district between the ages of four and twenty-four years) for $75 a quarter, which was to come from the district school fund. District Seven was all of Cambridge west of the public square, extending north to Wills Creek and west and north of the National Road to Adams Township. The school was held in the. old Masonic Building on North Seventh Street. This was the first entirely free school. It had a brick floor and slab benches. In the winter of 1837-38 Cambridge had two free schools, an "up-town" and a "down-town" school. 398 - SOUTHEASTERN OHIO SCION OF NOBILITY A TEACHER The first attempt made toward graded schools in Cambridge occurred in 1838, with William Ellis as teacher and principal. It was called the Cambridge Academy. It endured with varying success until 1844. The Union School was organized in 1850. William L. Lyons, its principal, was a brother of Lord Lyons, the British diplomat. On completing his educational work in Cam-bridge he removed to Zanesville and made his home there. In August, 1861, Samuel Kirkwood became superintendent of the schools and the high school was established in 1869. Its first graduation class was composed of four girls, who received their diplomas in 1872. THE SCHOOLS TWENTY YEARS AGO The scope of this work does not admit of a detailed history of the county's schools but it may be said that by 1910 they had made good progress, the school buildings and grounds which had been purchased for school purposes having a valuation of $347,250. The 1908 reports had shown the existence of nineteen town-ship school districts, 133 sub-districts, twelve separate districts, 256 separate school rooms and 276 teachers, of whom 121 were men. In 1908 there were high schools in Byesville, Cumberland, Pleasant City, Quaker City, Senecaville, Washington and West-land Township. The average salaries then paid for teachers in the elementary schools amounted to $41 a month for men and $40 for women. According to the report submitted by the state superintendent of public instruction for the biennium ending June 30, 1926, the St. Benedict parochial school of Cambridge had 136 pupils and three teachers. CHAPTER CXXX EARLY CHURCHES AND THOSE OF TODAY CAMBRIDGE HOME THE FIRST HOUSE OF WORSHIP-BISHOP MORRIS AN EARLY METHODIST MINISTER-COUNTY'S METHODIST EPISCOPAL MEMBERSHIP NOW ABOUT 6,000-PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES OF THE COUNTY NUMBER EIGHT, UNITED PRESBYTERIAN FOURTEEN, METHODIST PROTESTANT SIX, UNITED BRETHREN SIX, BAPTIST EIGHT, ROMAN CATHOLIC THREE, LUTHERAN FOUR, CHRISTIAN FOUR, CHURCH OF CHRIST THREE, RUSSIAN ORTHODOX TWO, AND EPIS-COPAL, FREE METHODIST, GREEK CATHOLIC AND FRIENDS, ONE EACH. Thomas Sarchet's home was the first in Cambridge used for church meetings. Here were held what was called "French Meetings." William Ogier was an ordained minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and Thomas Sarchet, a licensed exhorter, who in turn conducted the exercises. From the nucleus of the Guernsey men sprang the Methodist Episcopal congregation. Soon it was attached to the Zanesville circuit, then bounded as follows : Beginning at Zanesville, up the Muskingum to the mouth of the Tuscarawas, up the Tuscarawas to the mouth of the Big Stillwater, up Big Stillwater to the old Wheeling Road, and west on said road to Zanesville. James Watts of the Methodist Episcopal Church was the first traveling minister to preach in Cambridge. It is worthy to be noted that this charge has been filled by such eminent ministers as Bishop Morris, who lived here about the year 1817; James B. Findley, John P. Durbin, Leroy Swarmstead, S. R. Brockunier, Jacob and David Young and Doctor Whiteman, pioneers of western Methodism. After the erection of the courthouse the Methodists had religious services every Sabbath in the grand jury room. In this room the great Lorenzo Dow once preached, as he was traveling to the west. GUERNSEY COUNTY CHURCHES OF TODAY The list which follows is so large that the county shows up strong as a church-going community. - 399 -