100 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE ernment service. Rev. Joseph Badger was postmaster, chaplain and nurse. He manufactured one of the old-time hand grinding mills, and, from the meal he made, prepared mush which filled the stomachs of the half-sick soldiers. He was very popular among his men for like actions. EFFECTS OF THE WAR. Although the war of 1812 maimed and killed many, destroyed families and wrought great hardships, it brought the people to the idea that there must be general military organizations and that each man must be willing to do his duty as a soldier. From that time on the militia was more popular, trainings were had often, and ammunition was always on hand. Not a county or a township in northern Ohio existed which did not feel in some way the effects of that war, and many refer with pride to "our grandfathers who were generals." GIDDINGS' ACCOUNT OF SANDUSKY BATTLE. At the Giddings home, in Jefferson, is a yellow letter, the ink very much faded, which was written by Joshua R. Giddings when, at sixteen, he served his country as a soldier. This letter was carefully copied for this work by his granddaughter, Miss Clara Giddings, and is as follows : THURSDAY, October 1, 1812. Honored Parents : Having got a little refreshed I take pen in hand to inform you of the first battle that has taken place in our troops, in which some of our countrymen have lost their lives in attempting to maintain the freedom of our country. One week ago today about 150 of our men volunteered to go to Sandusky to fetch away some property from there: They accordingly arrived there on Friday. On Saturday four boats set sail from there, loaded with salt fish and apples. On Sunday night they landed on Bull's island, near the mouth of Sandusky bay. On Monday morning they moved out one boat to go on to the peninsula. The others then moved on to East Point, at the mouth of the bay. The sky boat returned in a few hours and had made a discovery of a party of Indians o about fifty, and before sunset an express reached headquarters. We beat up for volun teers and about sixty men marched before nine o'clock: Men being few, I stood on guard six hours the night before, but being in good spirits I turned out with them and we 'reached East Point—which is sixteen miles from Here —at four o'clock the next morning. We were there joined by twenty men and sailed for the peninsula and landed at six o'clock. Captain Cotton ordered eight men of us to stay with the boats as guard. They then marched with sixty-two men -into the woods in pursuit of the Indians. We, with the boats, moved off out about fifty rods from shore. We then sent a boat and five men on shore to get apples. In fifteen or twenty minutes they returned in haste ; told us to flee for our lives, for there were four of Indians partly around Bull's island. We then put what. pack we had on board into two of our boats and, setting the others at liberty, we 'ran on the opposite side of the island from the enemy and then stood for East Point, when we saw four canoes standing for the east shore as, much as six miles above us. We landed on East Point in about twenty minutes. The Indians came and took the boats that we left, and cut them in pieces, and landed where we did in the morning and lay in ambush within 100 rods from there. Our men marched seven miles without seeing any Indians, and turned about and were marching for. West Point, but had not advanced more than 100 rods before the advanced guard under "Corporal Root was fired upon and two men killed and one wounded. The advanced guard was immediately reinforced by the left wing under the command of Sergeant Price, who behaved with great bravery. The whole action—a considerable of a skirmish—took place, in which three men were killed and two wounded, but the number of Indians: killed is not known although our men took the ground. Our men then came on within 100 rods of where they landed in the morning; when they were again fired upon. and another battle ensued in which four men were killed and two wounded. About forty men took shelter ina house, among which were Chester Allen and James Hill. Thirty-three of our men, bringing four wounded with them, came on to West Point. In the meantime we (the guard in the HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 101 two boats we had come off in) lay off against West Point waiting for them. We immediately went on shore and brought them off and landed at the mouth of Huron at one o'clock that night. The men in the house stayed until Wednesday, when Chester Allen and T____ Balley came across the bay in a canoe and came to Huron. We then manned out two boats and went and brought them all off safe. The wounded were left at the mouth of Huron and the rest have all arrived safe in camp. Mr. Aaron Price, not having any paper, sends his compliments to all his neighbors and friends, and wishes his wife, if she be at home, to write to him what the situation of her and her family is. If she is not at home, he wishes Mr. Tuttle to write to him. Mr. Coleman, having so much business that he could not write, wishes me to inform you at he is well and expects to be at home in two or three weeks. Gideon Goodrich wishes you to inform Mr. Tuttle that he is well. All the men who came from Williamsfield are alive and well, except Hutchins King, who has a little of the ague. I can't tell when I shall be at home, but I expect I shall in the course of two or three weeks. I have been as hearty as ever I was in my life since I came from home. Give my respects to all inquiring friends. I shall now conclude by subscribing myself. Your dutiful son, JOSHUA R. GIDDINGS. Dated at Camp Avery, October 1st, 1812. THE BATTLE OF LAKE ERIE. Strictly speaking, the great naval engagement which history records as the Battle of Lake Erie was fought in the waters of Put-in-Bay, just west of the line which bounded the Western Reserve. But the booming of its cannon, on that clear midday of September 10 1813, echoed along the shores of Lake Erie far beyond Cleveland, and inland for many miles beyond the bounds of the Reserve. Not only near-by Sandusky, but Cleveland and all the other cities and towns of northern Ohio listened, breathless and awed ; for they knew that the nation's safety largely depended on the outcome of that long-expected battle. They knew that for months the brave and determined American commander had been building a fleet at Gibraltar island, which fits so nicely into a nick in Put-in-Bay and so completely commands its waters. The people of the Reserve had heard how shipbuilders, sailors, stores, guns and ammunition had been transported for hundred of miles by land to Sandusky, from points as far away as Philadelphia and Albany. The story had got abroad how, when the American fleet, was ready to sail, Commodore Perry found that he could not float two of his largest ships over the sandbars off Gibraltar island, and how he had buoyed them up by lashing large scows to their sides, thus bringing them into the deep waters which were to become famous by the first victory of an American over a British fleet. From 11:15 A. M., for three long hours, America stood on the shores of Lake Erie and listened to the cannonading which boomed over her waters. The people of Sandusky and vicinity were aware that the engagement had been fought west of Bass islands, but they were soon to learn all the awful details, so creditable to the bravery of both Americans and British. It is now known that the scene of the most desperate fighting between the brave Perry and the, heroic Barclay was about three miles west of. North Bass Island, and four miles north of Rattlesnake, within the limits of the present county of Ottawa. Innumerable accounts have been written of the engagement, but none more graphic or authentic than that contributed by Dr. Usher Parsons, surgeon of Perrys' ill-fated flagship "Lawrence," in an address made by him (then a resident of Providence, Rhode Island, at the time when the corner-stone of the Perry Victory Monument was laid at Gibraltar Island, September 10, 1858. Dr. Parsons' vivid story was preserved through the care of Dr. and Mrs. R. R. McMeens, of Sandusky, and printed, in 1887, in the "Annals of the Early Settlers' Association of Cuyahoga County." "Forty-five years ago," said Dr. Parsons, 102 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE "we were here as spectators and participators in the battle, and now, in advanced years, we are invited to join a vast number of patriotic citizens gathered from the beautiful and flourishing cities bordering the lake to celebrate the victory then gained by our squadron. That victory derives a general interest from the fact that it was the first encounter of our infant navy in fleet or squadron. In combats with single ships we had humbled the pride of Great Britian. The Guerriere, Java and Macedonia had surrendered to our stars and stripes. But here, on yonder waves, that nation was taught the unexpected lesson 'that we could conquer them in squadron. But this battle derives a particular interest from its bearing on the war of 1812, and from the relief it brought to your shores—in wresting the tomahawk and scalping knife from savage hands ; shielding a frontier of three hundred miles from assaults and conflagrations of a combined British and savage foe ; opening the gates of Malden to General Harrison's army, that enabled it to pursue and capture the only army that was captured during the war, and in restoring to us Detroit and the free navigation of the upper lakes. I shall not detain you with a history of the construction and equipment of the squadron, and of the many difficulties encountered, but, commence with our arrival here twenty-five days before the action, and our cruising between Malden and Sandusky, and receiving, near the latter place, a visit from General Harrison and suite, preparatory to an attack on Malden. Early in the morning of the 0th of September, 1813, while we lay at anchor in the bay, a cry came from the masthead : 'Sail, ho !' All hands leaped from their berths, and in a few minutes the cry was repeated, until six sails were announced. Signal was made to the squadron: 'Enemy in sight! get under way! " and soon the hoarse sound of trumpets and shrill pipe of the boatswains resounded THE PERRY MONUMENT, CLEVELAND.   HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE- 103 through our squadron with 'All hands up anchor ahoy I' In passing out of this bay it was desirable to go to the left of yonder islet, but on being notified by Sailing Master Tyler that adverse winds would prevent, the Commodore replied : 'Go, then, sir, to the right ; for this day I am determined to meet and fight the enemy.' "There were nine American vessels, carry-rig 54 guns, and 400 men, and six British vessels, carrying 63 guns, and 511 men. At the bead of our line were the Scorpion, Captain Champlin, and Ariel, Lieutenant Packett ; next the flagship Lawrence, of 20 guns, to engage the flagship Detroit; the Caledonia, to fight the Hunter; the Niagara, of 20 guns, t0 engage the Queen Charlotte ; and lastly three all vessels to fight the Lady Provost, of 13 guns, and the Little Belt, of three guns. Our fleet moved on to attack the enemy, distant, at Jo o'clock, about five miles. The Commodore now produced the burgee, or fighting ag, hitherto concealed in the ship. It was inscribed with large white letters on a blue background, legible throughout the squadron : don't give up the ship !' the last words of the expiring Lawrence, and now to be hoisted at the masthead of the vessel bearing his name. A. spirited appeal was made to the crew, and up went the flag to the fore-royal, amid hearty cheers, repeated throughout the squadron—and the drums and fifes struck up the thrilling sound—all hands to quarters. The hatches passageway to the deck were now closed, cepting a small aperture ten inches square, rough which light was admitted into the rgeon's room for receiving the wounded, the floor of which. was on a level with the surface of the lake, and exposing them to cannon balls as much as if they were on deck. "Every preparation being made, and every man at his station, a profound silence reigned for more than an hour—the most trying part of the scene. It was like the stillness that precedes the hurricane. The fleet moved on steadily, till a quarter before 12, when the awful suspense was relieved by a shot aimed at us by the Detroit, about one mile distant.. Perry made more sail and, coming within canister distance, opened a rapid and destructive fire upon the Detroit. The Caledonia, Captain Turner, followed the Lawrence in gallant style, and the Ariel, Lieutenant Packett, and the Scorpion, Captain Champlin, fought nobly and effectively. "The Niagara failing to grapple with the Queen, the latter vessel shot ahead to fire upon the Lawrence, and with the Detroit, aimed their broadsides exclusively upon her, hoping and intending to sink her. At last they made her a complete wreck, but fortunately the Commodore escaped without injury, and, stepping into the boat with his fighting flag thrown over his shoulder, he pushed off for the Niagara amid a shower of cannon and musket balls, and reached that vessel unscathed. He found her a fresh vessel, with only two or at most three, persons injured, and immediately sent her commander to hasten up the small vessels. Perry boarded the Niagara when she was abreast of the Lawrence and farther from her than the Detroit was on her right. The Lawrence now dropped .astern and hauled down her flag. Perry turned the Niagara toward the enemy and, crossing the bows of the Lawrence, bore down headforemost to the enemy's line, determined to break through it and take a raking position. The Detroit attempted to turn so as to keep her broadside to the Niagara, and avoid being raked, but in doing this she fell against the Queen and got entangled in her rigging, which left the enemy no alternative but to strike both ships. Perry now shot further ahead, near the Lady Provost, which, from being crippled in her rudder, had drifted out of her place to the leeward, and was pressing forward toward the head of the British line, to support the two ships. One broadside from the Niagara silenced her battery. The Hunter next struck, and the two smaller vessels, in attempting to escape, were overhauled by 104 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE the Scorpion, Mr. Champlin, and Trip, Mr. Holdup, and thus ended the action, after 3 o'clock. "Let us now advert for a moment to the scene exhibited in the flagship Lawrence, of which I can speak as an eye-witness. The wounded began to come down before she opened her battery, and, for one, I felt impatient at the delay. In proper time, however, as it proved, the dogs of war were let loose from their leash, and it seemed as though heaven and earth were at loggerheads. For more than two hours little could be heard but the deafening thunder of our broadsides, the crash of balls dashing through our timbers, and the shrieks of the wounded. These were brought down faster than I could attend to them, further than to stay the bleeding, or support a shattered limb with splints, and pass them forward upon the berth deck. "When the battle had raged an hour and a half, I heard a call for me at the small skylight, and, stepping toward it, I saw the Commodore, whose countenance was as calm and as placid as if on ordinary duty. 'Doctor,' said he, send me one of your men, meaning one of the six stationed with me to assist in moving the wounded. In five minutes the call was repeated and obeyed, and at the seventh call, I told him he had all my men. He asked if there were any sick or wounded men who could pull a rope, when two or three crawled upon the deck to lend a feeble hand in pulling at the last guns. "The hard fighting terminated about 3 o'clock. As the smoke cleared away the two fleets were found mingled together, the small vessels having come up to the others. The shattered Lawrence, lying to the windward, was once more able to hoist her flag, which was cheered by a few feeble voices on board, making a melancholy sound compared to the boisterous cheers that preceded the battle. "The proud though painful duty of taking possession of the conquered ships was now performed. The Detroit was nearly dismantled, and the destruction and carnage had been dreadful. The Queen was in a condition little better—every commander and second in command, says Barclay in his official report, was either killed or wounded. The whole number killed in the British fleet was forty-one, and of wounded ninety-four. In the American fleet, twenty - seven killed and ninety - six wounded. Of the twenty-seven killed, two were .on board the Lawrence, and of the ninety-six wounded, sixty-one were on the same ship, making eighty-three killed and wounded out of the one hundred and one reported fit for duty in the Lawrence on the morning of the battle. On board the Niagara were two killed and twenty -three wounded, making twenty-five, and of these, twenty-two were killed or wounded after Perry took command of her. "And now the British officers arrived, one from each vessel, to tender their submission, and with it their swords. When they approached, picking their way among the wreck and carnage of the deck; with their hilts towards Perry, they tendered them to his acceptance. With a dignified and solemn air, and with low tone of voice, he requested them to retain their side arms, inquired with deep concern for Commodore Barday and the wounded officers, tendering to them every comfort his ship afforded, and expressing Iris regret that he had not a spare medical officer to send them that he only had one on duty for the fleet, and that one had his hands full. "Among the ninety-six wounded there occurred three deaths ; a result so favorable was attributable to the plentiful supply of provisions sent off to us from the Ohio shore: to fresh air—the wounded being ranged under an awning on the deck until we arrived at Erie, ten days after the action, and also to the devoted attention of Commodore Perry to every want. "Those who were killed in the battle were that evening committed to the deep, and over them was read the impressive Episcopal service. On the following morning the two flee sailed into this bay, where the slain officers of HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 105 both were buried in an appropriate and affecting manner. They consisted of three Americans —Lieutenant Brooks and Midshipmen Laub and Clarke—and three British officers—Captain Finnis and Lieutenant Stokoe of the Queen, and Lieutenant 'Garland of the Detroit. Equal respect was paid to the slain of both nations, and the crews of both fleets united in the ceremony. The procession of boats, with two bands of music, the slow and regular motion of the oars striking in exact time with the notes of the solemn dirge, the mournful waving of flags and sound of minute guns from the ships, presented a striking contrast to the scene presented two days before, when both the living and the dead, now forming in this Solemn and fraternal train, were engaged in fierce and bloody strife, hurling at each other the thunderbolts of war. "Commodore Perry served two years as commander of the Java, taking with him most of the survivers of the Lawrence. He after this commanded a squadron in the West Indies, where he died in 1819. "Possessed of high-toned morals, he was above the low dissipation and sensuality too prevalent with some officers of his day, and in his domestic character was a model of every domestic virtue and grace. His literary acquirements were respectable, and his tastes refined. He united the graces of a manly beauty to a lion heart, a sound mind, a safe judgment and a firmness of purpose which nothing could shake." The author notices that Dr. Parsons credits the recovery of so large a number of the wounded to the fresh air of the lake, good food from shore and the devotion of Commodore Perry. These may have assisted recovery, but that men maimed in that battle recovered was largely clue to a skillful surgeon. The people in Connecticut waited with great anxiety the result of the battle of Lake Erie. People then who knew the way the mother of Oliver Hazard had cared for her boy, how she had supervised his education and taught him "right and wrong," called this battle "Mrs. Perry's victory." A few days after the surrender of Bar-clay's fleet a vessel appeared on the scene loaded with supplies for the American squadron. The master of this ship landed and visited the spot where the bodies of the slain officers of both sides were buried. Theresa Thorndale, who wrote sketches of the islands of Lake Erie, said that this man carried a green willow stick in his hand and the earth being freshly turned he stuck in this shoot and it grew. Some years ago the government presented to the citizens of the islands several large cannon no longer fit for use. They lay upon the beach for years and in 1899 the old willow was cut down. A monument of cannon balls marks its place. The cannon resting on stone were placed in a line in front of the graves. CHAPTER XII. MEN AND WOMEN OF THE CIVIL WAR. In a review of the strong personal forces which were arrayed in support of the Union, during the war of the Rebellion, and the lives which in various ways, were knitted into the history of the Western Reserve, probably none would criticize the placing in the front ranks, of those sturdy state executives and martial spirits, David Tod and John Brough, and that ardent, giant champion of all that was free and manly, Benjamin F. Wade, Joshua R. Giddings, sixty-six at the outbreak of the war, was to die before its conclusion, as his country's representative in Canada. And there was a man, moulded in godlike proportions, too—the elder brother of Wade, in all but blood! In the dispensation of Providence, nothing could be more fitting than that their dear homesteads and their hallowed graves should have been fixed within the same neighborhood. Great souls bound together on this earth, with mutual attraction working toward common ends, with the faith of true men looking steadily into each other's eyes, and firmly clasping each other's hands, it. is beyond belief that they have ever been parted! In the eyes of men, Wade's greater good fortune was to have lived upon earth to fight in the halls of Congress for those principles which were being upheld by the armies of the battlefield. Both Wade and Giddings are claimed specifically, by Ashtabula county. HOW COOKE HELPED SAVE THE UNION. In a far different way Jay Cooke was another Titan who almost alone upheld the financial pillar of the Union. Born in Sandusky, son of an educated and able father of public-note, the financier was named Jay, after the great chief justice, but despite his parentage and his christening his inclinations and talents drew him surely toward business, commerce, finances and great practical affairs. While yet a youth, he left Sandusky and the Western Reserve, but he retained large interests in and about Sandusky, and long maintained that grand castle on the island of Gibraltar in the outer harbor. The story of how Jay Cooke financed the war is an oft-told tale ; of how at the commencement of the fiery ordeal, when it was a matter of serious conjecture as to which would be the stronger, the North or the South, this intrepid financier bravely assumed the responsibility of raising five hundred million dollars to carry on a warfare, in whose justice he and his able father so firmly believed. Without binding the government, refusing absolutely to place it in jeopardy in any particular,. Jay Cooke eventually collected these millions and poured them into the treasure house of the nation. In view of such a risk, in the face of rendering such inestimable services to the Union, he was justly entitled to whatever profits came to him, and when after the war—the house of Jay Cooke & Company went down in ruins, deep regret was mixed with the widespread suffering and bitter criticism caused by his financial speculations. GARFIELD AND MCKINLEY. The major generals whom the Western Reserve sent to the front were James A. Garfield, James B. McPherson, Quincy A. Gill- - 107 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 109 more, Jacob D. Cox, William B. Hazen and Mortimer D. Leggett. President Garfield was a native of Orange, Cuyahoga county ; as a boy worked on the Ohio canal ; studied law with David Tod, whom he had met at Youngstown while driving boats from his Brier Hill mines to Cleveland; entered Geauga Seminary, at Chester, and taught at Hiram College, Portage county; finally read law with Albert G. Riddle, of Cleveland, and after his admission to the bar in 1858 and his election to the state senate in the following year, entered the Civil war as lieutenant colonel of the Forty-second Ohio Volunteer Infantry. He fought at Shiloh, Corinth, Chickamauga and other battles, and in December, 1863, resigned his commission as major general to take his seat in congress. From that time, until his assassination in 1881, he belonged to the nation, rather than to any county of the Western Reserve. William McKinley, the other military character of the Reserve who became president of the United States, was Garfield's junior by thirteen years when the war opened, and advanced from a private in the ranks of the Twenty-third Regiment to the colonelcy. He was horn in Niles, Trumbull county, and after the war studied law and settled in Canton, Stark county, from which he was sent to congress. MAJOR GENERAL JAMES B. MCPHERSON. Major General James B. McPherson was one of the idols of the Civil war, and perhaps no officer was more popular in the Western Reserve. He was a native of Sandusky, Erie county, born November 14, 1828, and was killed in action July 22, 1864, while at the head of the Seventeenth army corps on the eve of the fall of Atlanta. His life had been a . brave and faithful fight from boyhood, when, by the death of his father, the support of mother and younger children devolved on him.. After attending Norwalk Academy, Huron county, for two years, he entered West . Point, in 1853, graduated at the head of his class, taught in the academy, and until the outbreak of the war served as a military engineer on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. He entered the war as lieutenant of engineers and was on Grant's staff at Forts Henry and Donelson. General, McPherson was in the front of the fiercest and grimmest fighting at Shiloh, Corinth and Iuka, and commanded a corps at Vicksburg and before Atlanta. It was during the reorganization of Grant's army in 1863 that he was appointed to the command of the Seventeenth corps, which held the center of the Union army at the siege of Vicksburg and at the surrender of that city, so conspicuous had been his part that he was appointed one of the commissioners to arrange terms with the enemy. He was now brigadier general—from captain to brigadier general within a year and a half ! When Grant turned over his command in the West to General Sherman, McPherson succeeded the latter as the head of the army of the Tennessee ; and when General Sherman set out on his Atlanta campaign, McPherson followed him in person with about 25,000 of the 60,000 comprising the command. A graphic picture of the circumstances attending the death of this great and dashing officer is given in Whitelaw Reid's "Ohio in the War." Sherman's army was before Atlanta and he was extending his left flank, commanded by McPherson, to envelop the city. In the meantime the Confederate general Hood had passed completely around this division of the Union forces, and on the morning of July 21 the unexpected storm broke while Sherman and McPherson were conferring as to the advisability of occupying Atlanta. What followed is told in these words : "With the first scattering shots in the direction of his rear, McPherson was off—riding with his soldierly instinct toward the sound of battle. He found the Sixteenth corps in position, struggling manfully against an assault of unprecedented fierceness ; the Seventeenth still holding its ground firmly, but danger threatened at the point where the distance between the position of the corps, lately in 110 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE reserve and that on the front, had left a gap not yet closed in the sudden formation of a new line facing to the left flank and rear. Hither and thither his staff were sent flying with various orders for the sudden emergency. Finally the position of the Sixteenth army corps seemed assured and, accompanied by a single orderly, he galloped off toward the Seventeenth, the troops as he passed saluting him with ringing cheers. "The road he followed was almost a prolongation of the line of the Sixteenth ; it led a little behind where the gap between the two corps was, of which we have seen that he was apprised. The road itself, however, had been in our hands—troops had passed over it but a few minutes before. As he entered the woods that stretched between the two corps he was met by a staff officer with the word that the left of the Seventeenth—the part of the line to which he was hastening—was being pressed back by an immensely superior force of the enemy. He stood for a moment or two closely examining the configuration of the ground, then ordered the staff officer to hurry to General Logan for a brigade to close the gap, and showed him how to dispose it on its arrival. And with this he drove the spurs into his horse and dashed on up the road toward the Seventeenth corps. "He had scarcely galloped a hundred and fifty yards into the woods when there rose before him a skirmish line in gray ! The enemy was crowding down into the gap. 'Halt !' rang out sternly from the line, as the officer in general's uniform, accompanied by an orderly, came in sight. He stopped for an instant, raised his hat, then, with a quick wrench on the reins, dashed into the woods on his right. But the horse was a thought too slow in doing his master's bidding. In that instant the skirmish line sent its crashing volley after the escaping officer. He seems to have clung convulsively to the saddle a moment, while the noble horse bore him further into the woods—then to have fallen, unconscious. The orderly was captured. "In a few minutes an advancing column met a riderless horse coming out of the wood wounded in two places and with the marks ofthree bullets on the saddle and equipment All recognized it as the horse of the much beloved general commanding; and the news spread electrically through the army that he was captured or killed. Then went up that wild cry, 'McPherson and revenge.' The tremendous assault was beaten back ; the army charged over the ground it had lost, drove the enemy at fearful cost from its conquests, and rested at nightfall in the works it ha held in the morning." The body of the dead general was found about an hour after he had disappeared in the woods, and the official announcement of his death by General Sherman was a paper of mingled tenderness and eulogy. "History tells us," he says, "of but few who so blended the grace and gentleness of the friend with the dignity, courage, faith and manliness of the soldier." MAJOR GENERAL QUINCY A. GILLMORE. Major General Quincy A. Gillmore was born in Black River (now Lorain), Lorain county, February 25, 1825 ; was a West Point graduate and earned an international reputation as an organizer of siege operations and a revolutionizer of naval gunnery. His greatest achievements were at the siege of Charleston and Fort Pulaski. At the final operations in Virginia he was in command of the Tenth army corps. General Gillmore died at Brooklyn, New York, April II, 1888. MAJOR GENERAL JACOB D. Cox. Major General Jacob D. Cox was a native of Montreal, Canada, born of American parents in 1828. The following year the family removed to New York. The young man graduated from Oberlin College in 1851; in 1852 removed to Warren, Trumbull county as superintendent of the high school, and 1854 began the practice of the law at that place. In 1859 he was elected to the lower HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 111 house of the state legislature, Mr. Garfield, at that time, representing Portage county in the senate. They were both young men and-intimate friends; both close students and fine speakers, and acknowledged leaders in politics, as they were soon to be in military matters. General Cox assisted in the organization of the Ohio state milita ; at the commencement of the war was commissioned brigadier general and commanded Camp Denison until July 6,1861, when he was assigned to the command of the Brigade of the Kanawha in West Virginia. After clearing the state of Confederates he was assigned to the Army of Virginia under Pope, serving in the Ninth corps, to whose command he succeeded when General Reno was killed at South Mountain. He led the corps at Antietam, and in April, 1863, was placed in command of the district of Ohio, as well as of a division of the* Twenty-third corps. He fought bravely under Thomas around Franklin and Nashville ; was dominant at the battle of Kingston, North Carolina, GENERAL WM. B. HAZEN'S HOUSE. (Mrs. Hazen, now wife of Admiral Dewey.) and in March, 1865, united his troops with Sherman's army for the final campaign of the war. General Cox I was elected governor of hio in 1865; was appointed secretary of the terior in 1869, but resigned a few months rward and returned to Cincinnati to resume his law practice. He was sent to cons in 1876 and died in 1900. MAJOR GENERAL WILLIAM B. HAZEN. Major General William B. Hazen was a native of the Green Mountain state, born in 1830, whose parents moved to Huron, Portage county, when he was three years old. He went from that county to West Point, from which he graduated in 1855. Soon afterward he was made a brevet second lieutenant in the Fourth Infantry and joined his regiment at Fort Reading, on the Pacific coast. He served throughout the Indian troubles in Oregon, and in 1856 built Fort Yamhill. As second lieutenant in the Eighth Infantry, he next served for four years in Texas and New Mexico, earning a fine name for bravery and ability • during the Indian campaigns of that period. In 1860 he was brevetted a first lieutenant for gallant conduct in that department ; was later promoted to a full lieutenancy, but was not allowed to enter active service in the Civil war until January, 1862, as he had not recovered from severe gunshot wounds received in a hand-to-hand encounter with a Comanche brave in Texas. At the time named, General Hazen took command of the Nineteenth brigade, Army of the Ohio, and in the succeeding April, while leading his command at Pittsburg Landing, captured two Confederate batteries and a large number of prisoners. Later, he participated in the siege of Corinth, and his brigade especially distinguished itself at Murfreesboro, which led to his rise to the rank of brigadier general. At Chickamauga his brigade was the last of the Union troops to leave the field. Transferred to the Army of the Cumberland in 1864, by his capture of Fort McAllister, while in command of the Second division, Fifteenth army corps, he became major general, and was acknowledged to be among the ablest of Sherman's commanders. After the war General Hazen continued for many years in the active military service of the government, holding the rank of brigadier general in the regular army. 112 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE MAJOR GENERAL MORTIMER D. LEGGETT. Mortimer D. Leggett, identified with both Geauga and Trumbull counties before he entered the army to start on his upward path toward the stars of a major general, has the honor of being one of the creators of the Akron School law, under which Ohio's present system of popular education was established. When sixteen years of age he came from his home at Ithaca, New York, and with others members of the family settled on a farm at Montville, Geauga county. He was a student in the Teacher's Seminary at Kirtland, Lake county, and was admitted to the bar in 1844, but did not commence to practice for six years thereafter. During this period he labored unceasingly in all parts of the state, with such men as Dr. A. D. Lord, Lorin Andrews and M. F. Cowdry for the establishment of a broad and practical system of public education. With the earnest cooperation of such legislators as Harvey Rice, of Cleveland, Mr. Leggett saw his brightest hopes realized in the Akron School law. When twenty-eight years of age he commenced practice at Warren, Trumbull county, but in the fall of 1857 moved to Zanesville, where he not only practiced but served as city superintendent of schools until the fall of 1861. In the following December he was appointed lieutenant colonel of the Seventy-Eighth Ohio Infantry, and arrived with his regiment during the hard fighting at Fort Donelson of February 1862. Upon the surrender of the fort he was appointed provost marshal, and earned Grant's warm admiration and friendship for his services in that capacity. He was wounded at Pittsburgh Landing; participated at the siege of Corinth, and after the evacuation of that place was placed in command of a brigade, which effected an important capture of the enemy's troops and stores at Jackson, Tennessee. At Bolivar, that state, he is said to have defeated seven thousand Confederates • with his eight hundred men, so skilfully had he chosen his position and so unflinchingly did he defend it. As brigadier general, to which he was promoted in November, 1862, he fought his command at the siege of Vicksburg and at the battle of Champion Hills, being wounded at both engagements. On July 4 he was honored with the advance in entering the city. General Leggett commanded the Third division of the Seventeenth army corps from the siege of Vicksburg to the close of the war, except when he was at the head of the corps itself, which was not infrequent. The battle of July 22, before Atlanta, was fought principally by his division. General Leggett was on Sherman's march to the sea ; was brevetted major general July 22, 1864 ; appointed full major general January 15, 1865, and resigned from the service July 22nd of that year. BRIGADIER. GENERAL JOEL A. DEWEY. The full brigadier generals furnished by the Western Reserve to the Union armies were Joel A. Dewey, Andrew Hickenlooper, Emerson Opdyke, J. W. Reilly, John S Sprague; and Erastus B. Tyler. Before the war Joel A. Dewey was a resident of Ashtabula county, and in October, 1861, the month after he was of age, entered the service the Union army as second lieutenant of the Fifty-eighth Ohio Regiment. His advancement was by the following rapid steps: In 1862 mustered into the Forty-third Ohio as captain ; in 1864 transferred to the One Hundred and Eleventh United States colored Infantry as lieutenant colonel, and April, 1865, became its colonel, and in November of the same year was promoted to be brigadier general of volunteers—one of the youngest (twenty-five years of age) to ever attain that rank in the military service of the United States He thus served until his honorable discharge January 31, 1866, when he settled at Dandrige, Tennessee. BRIGADIER GENERAL ANDREW HICKENLOOPER. Andrew Hickenlooper, who was born at Hudson, Summit county, moved when a boy HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 113 to Cincinnati, where he was holding the office of city surveyer at the outbreak of the Civil war. Hickenlooper's battery, which he raised, became famous. He gradually advanced to the rank of brigadier general, by his bravery and his remarkable ability as an engineer, his operations before Vicksburg being especially brilliant. His life, both before and after the war, was Mostly identified with the business and public interests of Cincinnati, where he died in 1904. Summit county and the Reserve, however, always feel a proprietary interest in the high character and achievements of General Hickenlooper. BRIGADIER GENERAL EMERSON OPDYKE. Trumbull county followed the career of Emerson Opdyke throughout the Civil war, as he was one of her native sons. He was in his thirty-second year when he enlisted as a private in the Forty-first Ohio Infantry, but rapidly acquired a knowledge of military tactics, and had reached a captaincy in January, 1862. He was acting major of his regiment at Pittsburgh Landing, and, seizing the colors, which had fallen from the dead bearer's hands, led one of the most gallant charges of that thrilling conflict. He was in command of twelve hundred "squirrel hunters," when Kirby Smith's cavalry threatened Cincinnati ; served bravely under Thomas at Chickamauga, and commanded five regiments at Mission Ridge, at which two of his horses were disabled. At Reseca, Kenesaw. Mountain and Atlanta he was always to the front, being then signed to the command of the first brigade, Second division, fourth corps. At Franklin, e conflict was at such close quarters, that Colonel Opdyke was obliged to dismount and fight in the ranks. His gallantry at that battle brought him the full brigadiership and brevet major. After his muster-out he became a resident of New York. RIGADIER GENERAL J. W. REILLY. Brigadier General J. W. Reilly was born at Akron, Summit county, in 1828 ; was admitted to the bar and elected a member of the legislature from Columbiana county before entering the Union army as colonel of One Hundred and Fourth Ohio Infantry. He was tendered this command by the military committee of the district comprising Summit, Portage, Stark and Columbiana counties, so that he represented at least two counties of the Western Reserve. The regiment under him first saw active service at Cumberland Gap and the siege of Knoxville in 1863. . In the pursuit of Longstreet he commanded a brigade, and participated with his regiment in all the engagements of the Atlanta campaign. Upon the recommendation of Generals Cox and Schofield, Colonel Reilly was promoted to the rank of a full brigadier, July 30, 1864, afterward joining Thomas' army in Tennessee and commanding a' division at Franklin. His next service was in the last fighting around Nashville, and he concluded his fine service by leading a division through the North Carolina campaigns. At the end of the war he returned to Columbiana county and resumed his interrupted practice. BRIGADIER GENERAL JOHN W. SPRAGUE. General John W. Sprague was born in New York and lived in the state until he was twenty-eight years of age. Then, in 1845, he came to Huron, Erie county, and until the commencement of the war was engaged in lake commerce and railroad enterprises. Under the first call for troops, he raised a company and reported at Camp Taylor, near Cleveland, and on May 19, 1861, the command was assigned to the Seventh Ohio Infantry and ordered to Camp Dennison. Here the regiment was reorganized for the three years' service and /sent to West Virginia. While proceeding to Clarksville, under orders, with a small detachment, Captain Sprague was captured by the enemy and kept prisoner at various points for about five months, finally being exchanged and reaching Washington January 10, 1862. While in Virginia, about to rejoin his regiment, Captain Sprague received his commis- Vol. I-8 114 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE sion as colonel of the Sixty-third Ohio Infantry. Under General Pope, Colonel Sprague participated in the operations at New Madrid and Island Number Ten, and then joined the army at Pittsburgh Landing. Over one-half of his men were killed or wounded at Corinth, October 3 and 4, 1862, and in the later part of 1863 the regiment re-enlisted. The sixty-third was noted as the Democratic, anti-Vallandigham regiment. In. January, 1864, Colonel Sprague was assigned to a brigade, which was attached to the Army of the Tennessee under the gallant McPherson and formed a part of Sherman's grand army. Throughout the Atlanta campaign and at Resaca and Decatur, Colonel Sprague earned his brightest laurels, his defense of the army's supply train at Decatur gaining him especial commendation both for his heroic spirit and skilful generalship. On July 29, 1864, he was appointed brigadier general, moved with Sherman's army through the Carolinas and was a marked figure in the grand review at the national capital. His brevet as major general dated from March 13, 1864. For some months after being relieved of his command in the army, General Sprague was in the civil service of the government at St. Louis, Missouri, and Little Rock, Arkansas, after which he moved to Minnesota to take charge of the Winona and St. Peter Railroad. BRIGADIER GENERAL ERASTUS B. TYLER. Erastus B. Tyler was another able brigadier general (brevet major) to be entered both in the credit and debtor columns of the Western Reserve ; for he was a most splendid credit to it, and the -Western Reserve is also indebted to him, who so added to her patriotic luster. Soon after his birth in Ontario county; New York, he was brought by his parents to Ravenna, Portage county, and was educated at Granville. At an early age he entered business as a traveling salesman, which took him largely into the southern states, and at the time that Sumter defiantly received its first Confederate shell he was in the mountains of Virginia, as a representative and a partner in the American Fur Company. At that crisis he was also a brigadier general of the Ohio militia, in command of the division including the counties of Portage, Trumbull and Mahoning. Promptly discarding all business and personal considerations, he returned to his home at Ravenna, opened a recruiting office and on April 22, 1861, brought two companies to Camp Taylor, near Cleveland. Here the thirty officers of the Seventh Ohio Infantry elected him their colonel by a majority of twenty-nine and the rank and file, with equal unanimity, confirmed the selection. Originally organized for the three months' service, Colonel Tyler's efforts in drilling and persuading resulted, within two months, in bringing most of the regiment over to the three-years standard. Its practical commander was one of those who knew the South and their tremendous resources in martial spirit and vitality, and was of the few who foresaw the long and terrific struggle. As he was especially familiar with West Virginia, he spent eight days with General McClellan before he led his regiment into the field, giving him precise information as to the mountain passes, fords and other topographical features of the country. In June, Colonel Tyler proceeded with his regiment from Grafton to Clarksburg and thence to Weston, where he saved $40,000 in gold from threatened capture, and turned it over to the officers of the new state of West Virginia. Upon leaving that section General McCellan placed General Tyler in command of the Seventh, Tenth, Thirteenth and Seventeenth Ohio regiments, First Virginia Infantry, with supports of artillery, cavalry and sharpshooters. The fortune's of war ordained that his own regiment should suffer defeat during his operations in the Groat Kanawha Valley, but, as a whole, the campaign was most successfully conducted. In the following December he assumed command of the Third brigade of Lander's division,. and at the death HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 115 of his superior joined General Shields in the Shenandoah Valley, being appointed brigadier eneral for bravery at the battle of Winchester. In that engagement, with 3,000 troops he held Stonewall Jackson and his 8,000 men, for five hours, and finally retired in good order when the Confederate der received a re-enforcement of 6,000. the battle of Antietam, General Tyler commanded a brigade of Pennsylvania troops, but led his old brigade at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, the latter being mustered out of the three-years service soon after the last engagement. His organization of Baltimore's defenses in anticipation of Lee's Maryland invasion, and his general administration of the perplexing affairs within the divided city, earned him widespread gratitude. His next momentous work was the defense of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and the shores of Chesapeake bay from Confederate raids, and his final participation in the battle Monocacy, which effectually repelled the enemy from the national capital. In fact, President Lincoln is reported to have used these words to a friend : "The country is more indebted to General Tyler than to any other man for the Salvation of Washington." The brevet brigadier generals, the colonels, captains and minor officers, who so highly honored themselves and the Western Reserve during the Civil war, have been given due credit in the government records and in war and county histories ; but it is obvious in a work of this scope that only a general eulogy and memorial can be offered—to them, as well as to the thousands of brave privates, whose very names are buried in the long arrays which tched through the reports of nation and state. Among those, however, whom it would be inexcusable for any historian of the Western Reserve not to mention by name in a general review of the Civil war leaders, are eral James Barnett, of Cleveland, Cuyahoga county, and the late General John S. Casement, of Painesville, Lake county. GENERAL JAMES BARNETT. General Barnett, now in his eightieth year, is still a leading business man of the city to which he came, from his New York birthplace, when a little boy of four. From his youth until the outbreak of the war he was identified with the artillery service of his home city, and at the commencement of hostilities. was dispatched to West Virginia as colonel of the Cleveland Light Artillery, or more officially speaking, the First Regiment of Light Artillery, Ohio Volunteer Militia. It was one of his men who served the first piece of artillery which spoke for the Union during the Civil war—in the affair at Philippi, West Virginia—and after doing as much as any one man to save, the new state to that Union he returned to Ohio, under orders of Governor Dennison, and raised a new regiment of artillery, which was virtually under his command for three years in the great battles and campaigns of the southwest. At different times, he was at the head of the artillery reserve of the Army of Ohio and chief of artillery under Generals McCook and Rosecrans. In the latter capacity he served as chief of artillery of the Army of the Cumberland. At Perryville, Stone River, Chickamauga, Mission Ridge and Chattanooga, both under Rosecrans and Thomas, he was looked up to by the ablest military leaders as a master of the artillery branch of the service, and his bravery and skill went hand in hand. General Barnett was honorably discharged in October, 1864, but not before he had grandly fought his batteries at the battle of Nashville. He is a brevet brigadier general, a creator of the Loyal Legion ; has always been eager to help his old comrades in arms, and none have succeeded in ,this/airn better than he. THE LATE GENERAL JOHN S. CASEMENT. General John S: Casement, one of the most honored pioneers of Lake county, died at his home in Painesville, December 13, 1909, nearly 116 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE eighty-one years of age. On May 7, 1861, he entered the three-months' service as major of the Seventh Ohio Infantry, and in August, 1862, was commissioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Third Ohio Infantry, in which he served until his resignation April 3o, 1865. He was brevetted a brigadier general January 25, 1865. LIEUTENANT COLONEL MOSES F. WOOSTER. Of the officers from the Western Reserve, who died on the field of battle, Lieutenant Colonel Moses F. Wooster, of Norwalk, Huron county, was among the most conspicuous. In 1832, then in his eighth year, he was brought to Ohio from his native state of Massachusetts, and in 1848 engaged in the drug trade at Norwalk. At the outbreak of the war he was one of the two second-lieutenants of the Norwalk Light Guards, and when the company was called into service it was determined, by lot, that Lieutenant Wooster should stay at home and his associate officer should go to the front. But this by no means decided the matter, for Lieutenant Wooster raised another Company, of which he was made first lieutenant and afterward adjutant. This was assigned to the Twenty-fourth Ohio Regiment, and was engaged at Pittsburgh Landing, Corinth and the lesser battles, prior to the promotion of Lieutenant Wooster to a captaincy. Upon the organization of the One Hundred and First Ohio Infantry he was successively made major and lieutenant colonel. At Perryville he was conspicuous for the bravery and ability with which he handled his men, and on December 31, 1862, while doing all in his power to stem the tide of defeat at Stone River, he fell mortally wounded in front of his regiment. He died on the following day. THE RELIEF WORK FOR THE UNION. The greatest bulk of the relief work accomplished for the soldiers in the field ; the inspiration and sustaining influences which radiated from the homes of the north to the ranks of its soldiery, came largely through that splendid, practical heart of the Union known as the United States Sanitary Commission. Many of the vast and complicated labors of that organization and their management, to a large extent, were accomplished through the self-sacrifice, the love and the ability of women, and of no section of the country is this statement more applicable than to the Western Reserve. PROFESSOR JOHN S. NEWBERRY. But before entering into that phase of the subject, Professor John . S. Newberry must first be introduced, as he was the western agent of the national commission during the entire war, having under his general supervision the branches at Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Buffalo, Pittsburg, Detroit, Chicago and Louisville. It is particularly fitting that this should be done, as he had been a resident of the Western Reserve during almost his entire life, and therein received his education which so well. prepared him for his heavy responsibilities in connection with the relief work of the North. In his third year he was brought by his father to Cuyahoga Falls, near Akron, Summit county. Henry Newberry, the father, was a director of the Connecticut Land Company, and the family had acquired large landed interests in that part of the Reserve. In 1846, when twenty-four years of age, the scholarly son graduated from the Western Reserve College, then located at Hudson, and two years afterward completed his course at the Cleveland Medical College. He then went abroad t0 take post-graduate courses, practiced in Cleveland for a' number of years, and from 1855 to July, 1861, was connected with the United State Geological surveys in Colorado, Idaho, Utah, Arizona and New Mexico, during that period exploring many sections of the country which were unknown to civilization. While thus engaged he was, to his own great surprise, appointed a member of the United States Sanitary Commission and called to Washington. His thorough medical education and wide practice, with his scientific HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 117 abilities, his executive force and his sympathetic nature, made him a great force in the work of the commission. After the war he was appointed to the chair of geology in the Columbia School of Mines, became geologist of Ohio and was again identified with the United States Geological Survey, receiving the highest honors both at home and abroad for his scientific attainments. But after all has been said, the work by which he will be best remembered was that accomplished as western agent of the United States Sanitary Commission. BENJAMIN ROUSE. WOMEN", THE PIONEERS IN RELIEF WORK. To the everlasting glory of the women of Western Reserve was the work of the Soldiers' Aid Society of Northern Ohio, afterward designated as the 'Cleveland Branch of the United States Sanitary Commission. This was the first general organization in the United States for the relief of soldiers in the war. The statement is made on the authority of Whitelaw Reid, the great journalist and diplomat, who, although a loyal New Yorker, generously adds, in his "Ohio in the War" (1868) : "The Woman's Central Association of New York, which has been generally regarded the first, was organized on April 25, 1861. The Cleveland association was organized on April 20, 1861, five days earlier than that in New York, and only five days after the first call for troops. For the quick charity of her generous women let Cleveland bear the palm she fairly merits, and, Ohio—proud in so many great achievements—be proud also of this." FIRST WORK OF CLEVELAND WOMEN. On April 20, 1861, then, five days after President Lincoln's first call for troops, the Soldiers' Aid Society of Northern Ohio was REBECCA E. ROUSE. organized in Cleveland, with the following officers : Mrs. B. Rouse, president ; Mrs. John Shelley and Mrs. William Melhinch, vice-presidents ; Miss Mary Clay Brayton, secretary ; and Miss Ellen F. Terry, treasurer. Two hundred and seventy-nine Cleveland ladies enrolled themselves to "work while the war should last," and grandly did they keep their pledge. No material changes in the organization occurred during the years of its work, griefs, suspenses and blessings, with the exception of Mrs. Shelley's resignation, in 1863, made necessary by her removal from the city. When Professor Newberry was appointed by the United States Sanitary Commission west- 118 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE ern agent of that body, in the summer of 1861, the Cleveland society became one of its branches, but never lost its identity, or its charm, as a woman's organization. The work went on, guided by her nimble hands and brain, her warm heart and faithful soul, from the echo of Sumter's guns to Lee's surrender. Two days after the Cleveland society was organized, its members were called to face the realities of the war, and this is the way in which they "came to the front," in the words of their secretary, Miss Brayton : "Two days later (April 23, 1861), while busy but unskilful hands were plying the sad task of bandage-rolling, a gentleman from the camp of instruction just opened near the city begged to interrupt. Mounting the platform, he announced that one thousand men from towns adjoining were at that moment marching into camp, and that, expecting (with the pardonable ignorance of our citizen-soldiery at that early day), to be fully equipped on reaching this rendezvous, many had brought no blankets, and had now the prospect of passing a sharp April night uncovered on the ground. This unexpected occasion for benevolence was eagerly seized. Two ladies hastened to engage carriages ; others rapidly districted the city. In a few minutes eight hacks were at the door, two young ladies in each, their course marked out, and they dispatched to represent to the matrons of the towns their desperate case. At three o'clock this novel expedition set off; all the afternoon the carriages rolled rapidly through the streets ; bright faces glowed with excitement ; grave eyes gave back an answering gleam of generous sympathy. A word of explanation sufficed to bring out delicate rose blankets, chintz -quilts and thick counterpanes, and by nightfall seven hundred and twenty. nine blankets were carried into camp. Next morning the work was resumed, and before another night every volunteer in Camp Taylor had been provided for.. .. "While yet this blanket raid was going on, the ladies at this meeting, startled by the sound of fife and drum, hurried to the door just in time to see a company of recruits, mostly farmer lads, march down the street toward the new camp. These had left the plow in the furrow and, imagining that the enlistment roll would transform them at once into Uncle FLORAL HALL, CLEVELAND SANITARY FAIR.   HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 119 Sam's blue-coated soldier boys, had marched away in the clothes they were wearing when the call first reached them. Before they turned the corner, motherly watchfulness had discovered that sonic had no coats ; that others wore their linen blouses, and that the clothing of all was insufficient for the exposure of the scarcely inclosed camp. On this discovery the bandage meeting broke up, and the ladies hurried home to gather up the clothing of their own boys for the comfort of these young patriots. Two carriages heaped with half-worn clothing drove into camp at sundown." Thus for four years the women of the Western Re-serve, Ohio, and the North used their utmost strength and ingenuity to relieve and comfort the boys in blue ; otherwise, God only knows, with their waiting and suffering for those in the thick of actual battle, whether the victims among the mothers, wives, sisters and sweet-hearts left at home would not have equaled those on the field of battle. The estimate of the distribution of the Cleveland society is one million dollars in stores, with a cash disbursement of some one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. RELIEF WORK THROUGHOUT THE RESERVE. No clearer, or more satisfactory, conclusion to this chapter can be given than in the following summary by one of the members of the Cleveland society : "The society was the out-growth of an earnest purpose to do with a might whatsoever woman's hand should find to do. In the eagerness for work, no form of constitution or by-laws was even thought of spoken of. Beyond a membership fee of twenty-five cents monthly, and a verbal pledge to work while the war should last, no form of association was ever adopted ; no written word held the society together even to its latest "The entire business of influencing, receiving and disbursing money and stores — the practical details of invoicing, shipping and purchasing—were done by the officers of the society. There was no finance, advisory, or auditing committee of gentlemen, as was usual elsewhere in such institutions. The services of officers and managers were entirely gratuitous. No salary was ever asked or received by any one of them. Several of the officers made repeated trips to the front ; to headquarters Sanitary Commission at Louisville and Washington ; to hospitals of Wheeling. Louisville, Nashville and minor points ; to the battlefields of Pittsburgh Landing, Perryville, Stone River and Chattanooga. These trips were undertaken with a view to stimulate the benevolence of the people of northern Ohio by informing them of the real needs of the sick and wounded. The officers were happily able to bear their own charges, and not one cent was ever drawn from the treasury of the society for traveling or other expenses. "The territory from which supplies were drawn was extremely limited, being embraced in eighteen counties in northeastern Ohio. A few towns in southern Michigan and northwestern Pennsylvania were, during the first years, tributary to the Cleveland society, but later they were naturally withdrawn and associated with the agencies established at Detroit and Pittsburg. Meadville, Pennsylvania, was the only considerable town outside of the state of Ohio which remained to the end a branch of the Cleveland commission. The northwestern part of Ohio, having more direct railroad communication with Cincinnati, sent its gifts generally to that supply center. Columbus had its own agency. The geographical position of Cleveland limited the territory influenced by its society, since it could not be expected that towns in the central part of the state would send their stores northward, knowing that they would be at once reshipped south toward the army. But the small field was carefully and thoroughly cultivated, and from it a constituency of branch societies was built up numbering, at the close of the war, five hundred and twenty-five." CHAPTER XIII. RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS. When the Connecticut fathers loaded their wagons for their new homes in Ohio they brought with them their crowns and scepters, for each was monarch of his family, but, be it to their credit, they left the whipping post and ducking stool behind. After a time they wore the crown less often and the scepter was seldom seen. Those of us who have lived the New England life in Ohio know that most of our greatgrandfathers never smiled, that few of our grandfathers caressed their wives or kissed their children, but we rejoice that the real change came before our time, for to be snuggled to sleep in our mother's arms, or kissed awake by our father's lips, is worth all else in the world. The children of our Connecticut ancestry had desire for religious liberty, as had the Pilgrim fathers and mothers, as had the Connecticut pioneer or the first inhabitant of the Western Reserve. They kept quiet on Sunday because it was more comfortable than being beaten : they committed chapters of the Bible to heart for the same reason. But when the. father and mother, with such of the grown people and children whose turn it was, had driven off to church and were safely out of sight, pandemonium continued to reign until the child stationed at the upper window as sentinel sighted the returning carriage on the further hill. Then was the house tidied, then did the children take up their Bibles, and received . the look of approval for their supposed good conduct. Some good came out of these Sunday disobeyances, for several men, who afterwards became orators and trial lawyers, first learned to speak before these home audiences, while one woman, a noted advocate in the temperance cause, dates her ability to talk with ease to the days when she played. church on Sunday morning, and insisted on preaching a sermon standing on the haircloth chair, which she was never allowed to sit in except when there was company. Both men and women have said that these meetings were always ended by riot, but the furniture of those days was made by hand, of seasoned wood, with the best of glue and varnish, and could stand any kind of use. THE OLD-TIME SABBATH. Old men and women living today in Trumbull county, who have endured all kinds of hardships and seen grievous sorrows, look back upon the Sundays of their childhood with horror. The Sabbath began Saturday at sundown and closed Sunday at sundown. With the twilight a gloom settled upon the children (the older folks enjoyed a few hours of rest) which seemed intolerable. Bible reading by one of the family was had, and long, meaningless, audible prayers were made. As the children knelt either 'on the bare floor or thin carpet, their knees ached, and it was impossible to be still. As a recreation they were allowed to read the Bible by the tallow dip or the flaming log, or go to bed. A man who at this writing is aged eighty-seven as a child had a number of brothers, and he says that, when lads, so forlorn and - 121 - 122 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE depressed were they all on Sunday that they used to say they wished they were dead. In order that they might surely know just when the day was really done, they climbed onto the huge woodpile, which was in their door-yard, to watch the setting sun, and when at last it disappeared the shout which went up from the stack of logs and sticks was never surpassed by the whoop of the Indians who formerly occupied the territory. They jumped or rolled from the pile, chasing each other, fought and played, outside in summer, by the huge logs in winter, till the parents, exhausted with the tempest, sent them early to bed. Yes, the desire for religious liberty in the heart of the Puritan is finally realized by us, not through the Puritan, but through our fathers and mothers, who rebelled even more strongly than they did. PUBLIC MONEYS FOR RELIGION. In October, 1793, the general assembly of Connecticut, as we have seen, authorized the sale of the land in what is northeastern Ohio, and at the same time enacted "that the moneys arising from the sale * * * be established a perpetual fund, the interest whereof is granted and shall be appropriated to the use and benefit of several ecclesiastical societies, churches or congregations in all denominations in the state, to be by them applied to the support of their respective ministers, or preachers of the gospel, and schools of education, under such rules and regulations as shall be adopted by this or some future session of the general assembly." As this provision really amounted to the establishment of a fund for the supporting of the church, it created a great deal of discussion and hard feeling. As is always the case, people saw great dangers ahead in attaching the church to the state. In some localities public meetings were held, and for two years a great deal of anxious thought was given to the matter, all for naught, since the lands were not sold. When, in 1795, the assembly passed a new act in regard to this western land, the provision for the ministers was left out, and when, a few months later, this land was bought by the Connecticut Land Company, the money which was to be applied to the ministers, as well as to the schools, was applied to the schools only. Who the first missionary to New Connecticut was, or where the first sermon was preached, will probably never be known, because traveling priests early visited the Indians and traders, while the Moravians devoted their energies to the Indians in particular. THE MORAVIAN MISSIONARIES. The influence of Christianity had been felt on the Reserve before the Connecticut settlers came here. A Moravian mission was established in Tuscarawas county as early as 1762. In 1786 a company of Moravians left Detroit —whither they had been driven by the Indians in a terrible massacre four years before—with the purpose of returning to their old field. They reached the Cuyahoga, and had gone as far south as the township of Independence, when they were warned against going further. They remained there a year, then moved to the mouth of the Black river, intending to settle there. Their labors at that time resulted in little that was of permanent value, and they were soon compelled to leave, crossing the lake into Canada ; so that the Reserve, as a mission field, was without laborers at the time of the survey. These missionaries tried to teach Indian men and women how to work, as well as Christ's religion. The Indians often stayed in the villages some time, but suddenly wandered off to their hunting grounds to their freedom. They usually came back, saying that the cooking of the Moravian women was better than anything they found in barbarism, No one knows what would have been the result of this civilizing influence, had not white men began war. Little or no mention is made by the surveyors of any religious services, except those of burial. The Connecticut Land Company as we have seen, offered land to the first "gospel minister" who should take up residence in the county. HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 123 We always think of Massachusetts in the olden time as religious because of the Puritians, and of Connecticut the same, because of the Blue Laws. THE REAL RELIGIOUS EMIGRANTS. Dr. B. A. Hinsdale, in the Magazine of Western History, says : "The settlement of the Reserve was opened at a time when New England was at a lowebb Old Connecticut did not at first send, as a rule what she considered her best elements to New Connecticut. At a later day, the character of the emigration improved in respect to religion and morals, but the first emigration was largely made up of men who desired to throw off the heavy trammels of an old and strongly conservative community, where church and state were closely connected and where society was dominated by political and religious castes. Still further, the east was at this time swept by an epidemic of land speculation, while the laxative moral influence of a removal from an old and well-ordered society to the woods produced its usual effect." The author at first thought this statement of Mr. Hinsdale somewhat of an exaggeration, but, as the history was further studied, we find that it was not the first emigrants who were devoted to the religion of their fathers, but those who came later—our grandfathers, not our geat-grandfathers. THE EARLY PREACHERS So far as we actually know, 'William C. Wick preached the first sermon on the Reserve; this was at Youngstown, in September, 1799. He came from Washington, Penn-sylvania. Records show he was ordained to preach in August. It may be he thought it wise to practice on the frontiersmen. Anyway,they gathered to hear him, and later, when he came to Youngstown and established a church, he had the support of the people. Youngstown has always been a church-going place. REV. JOSEPH BADGER. The best known of the early preachers was Rev. Joseph Badger. He was born in Massachusetts, was in the Revolutionary war when only eighteen years old, and was in the battle of Bunker Hill. He was a college graduate, having earned the necessary money by teaching school and by giving singing lessons, and was licensed to preach in 1786. He occupied a pulpit in Massachusetts, and accepted a call to the missionary field of the Western Reserve in 1800. He had married Lois Noble, who greatly aided him in his work. The cold weather set in before he crossed the Pennsylvania mountains. He came slowly from Pittsburg and reached Youngstown December 14th. The following day, Sunday, he preached to the inhabitants, who were glad to vary the monotony of their hard lives by any sort of service. He soon visited other townships on the Reserve, and Harvey Rice is the authority for saying that in the following year (1801) he visited every settlement and nearly every family then living on the Reserve. He was greatly discouraged at the ungodliness of the settlers. He became so zealous in his work, and the country was so poor, that sometimes he had hardly enough to subsist upon. He kept a journal, which throws a great light on the times. Apparently the Connecticut Missionary Society did not appreciate his work as they ought to have done, and reduced his salary to six dollars a week. Knowing his family could not subsist upon this, he resigned. He later became an employee of the Massachusetts Missionary Society, and went to work among the Indians of Sandusky. He took his family with him, but in 1808 decided it was best for them to live in Austinburg, and they returned. He still continued his work, and was exceedingly successful. At this time his Austinburg home was burned, and after he had returned and erected another cabin, he found he had hardly anything in the world to put in it. He moved to Ashtabula in 1810, preaching and doing mis- 124 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE sionary work. He established a book store which was not successful. Because of his association with the Indians, his service was sought for in the war of 1812. Mrs. Badger died in 1818, to the great sorrow of her husband, although he married again the following year. After that he had churches in Kirtland, Chester, Austinburg and Gustavus. He laid down his pastoral work in 1835, when seventy-five years old, and was probably the best known man on the Western Reserve at that time. It is rather sad to think that after all the work he did, he was very poor in his last days. The following letter, written to Joshua R. Giddings, heretofore unpublished, is touching : "OCTOBER 4, 1844. "I hope the Ashtabula County Historical Society will not forget the fifteen dollars remaining due to me. I am in want of it to assist in procuring means of daily support. I am an old, worn-out man, not able to do anything to help myself. I hope the society will not wrong me out of this sum.* * * I am sure if they could see my helpless condition, unable to get out of my chair without help, they would not withhold that little sum. It's honestly my due. REV. JOSEPH BADGER." Mr. Badger died at Perrysburg in 1846, aged eighty-nine years. What records the early missionaries left agree with Prof. Hinsdale's statement that the first people who came to this Reserve were not so religious, so service-loving, as we have always supposed them to have been. FIRST SERMON PREACHED AT WARREN. Leonard Case is authority for the statement that Rev. Henry Speers, from Washington county, Pennsylvania, in June, 1800, preached the first sermon at the county seat of the Reserve, Warren. This service was held below the Lane homestead, on what is now South Main street. About fifty persons were present, and Lewis Morris Iddings says : "Probably at no time since has so large a proportion of the inhabitants of Warren attended church on any one Sunday." Mr. Specrs belonged to the Baptist denomination. FIRST CHURCHES OF THE RESERVE. The first church built on the Reserve was at Austinburg. There is a tale oft told that this church was dedicated by breaking a bottle of whiskey over its spire, but if this was done, it was not done with the consent of the church people, but by a wag of a sailor, who climbed the steeple to do it for a joke. This church association was organized October 21, 1801 and the building was of logs. There were sixteen charter members. It was thought that the second church was organized in Hudson in 1802. It is known that in Mr. Badger's riding in 1801, when he noted the irreligious tendency of the people, he said Hudson was the only spot where he found any deep, hearty religion. Here he organized a church of ten men and six women. It is strange that these two first churches had the same number of charter members. It is stated. that the second missionary sent to the Reserve was Rev. Thomas Robbins. The exact date of the organization of the third church is not known. Most writers state it was the Warren church, but, after careful investigation, the author of this work thinks the third church was in Youngstown, organized in 1801, with Rev. William Wick as pastor. The fourth church (Baptist) was established in Warren in 1803. The Baptists were very strong in Western Pennsylvania and Ohio at this time. Dr. John F. King, of Burg Hill, writes the author as follows : "To Trumbull county, and to Vernon township especially belongs the distinction of having had organized within its borders the first Methodist Episcopal church class upon the Western Reserve. In fact, this was the first class in all that part of the state of Ohio, north of a line drawn west from Marietta. In 180o Rev. Obed Crosby came from Hartland, Connecticut, to town 6, range HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 125 I, first called Smithfield, then Vernon. The next year, having spent the winter in the east, he returned with his family and occupied a cabin standing about where Hotel Dilley, in the village of Burg Hill, now ( 1910) stands. The location of this cabin is of much interest, because here was organized the pioneer class of Methodism in.the northern part of Ohio. When Mr. Crosby moved into his second cabin, one of hewn logs, preaching was held OLD METHODIST CHURCH AT WARREN. From a painting by John W. Bell, now in the possession of his wife, Ella M. Bell. there, and later in a log barn in the extreme northern part of Harford township. The first Episcopal parish organized in Ohio was St. Peter's, at Ashtabula, the date 1816. St. Peter's was the first church of that denomination west of the Alleghany mountains to maintain a weekly celebration of the Holy Communion. The first diocesan convention of the state was held at Windsor, Ashtabula county. Episcopalians point with pride to these facts. THE RELIGIOUS "JERKS." The religious revival referred to in several places in this work was accompanied, or followed, by a peculiar phenomenon, which had been explained to the satisfaction of spirituals, mesmerists and some branches of medical students, but never fully to the ordinary layman. It started in Tennessee, spread to Kentucky, into Ohio, and reached the very northern part of that state. The phenomenon was commonly known as "the jerks." Some authors speak of it as the "falling exercise, the rolling exercise and the dancing exercise." Sometimes we see it mentioned as "visions and transits." It is all the same thing. It occurred most often at religious meetings and affected adults. 126 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE Sometimes members of the body jerked in a frightful manner ; other times people would fall on the church floor and lie there for hours, unconscious. Again, people would talk in unknown tongues, and sometimes the most diffident people, who could not raise their voices in public meetings, would preach sermons. When these manifestations occurred in churches, at revivals, we can readily agree that it came from excitement brought on by religious fervor ; but often people who had not been at Church and were not interested would fall lifeless in the road or woods, wherever they happened to be, when, to their knowledge, they were not thinking either of religion or the "jerks." It is recorded, on good authority, that children in the Shakers' school, near Cleveland, were suddenly all this affected—dancing, marching and singing—and that the elders were not physically able to restrain them, either by word of mouth or their strong right arms. Travelers going through the country, scoffing at the idea, would suddenly be seized. Sometimes their bodies involuntarily went over logs and hills, jerking and twisting as they went. Cases are recorded of young girls and 'boys having such violent contortions that their friends feared bones would be broken. So far as we know, no one lost a life or received serious injury. At a much later day, and even now, occasionally people have "the power" ; but this is such a mild form of "the jerks" as to hardly be classed with the latter. ANN LEE, THE SHAKER. Of the thousands of people who each day see the Shaker Heights car in Cleveland, few know what the name indicates. In 1736 Ann Lee was born at Manchester, England. Her father was a blacksmith and her mother a sympathetic, spiritual woman, to whom Ann confided all her experiences. Eldress Anna White and Eldress Lula S. Taylor, two lovely women, now living in the Mt. Lebanon (New York) community of Shakers, in their book, "Shakerism," published in 1904, dwell at length upon the experience of this mother and daughter. Ann had no education, as a child became a factory worker, and early married a blacksmith. The Quakers were a rather silent sect, waiting for the spirit to move them; but a branch of them showed physical trembling at times and danced and sang. These were termed Shaking Quakers, and then Shaker both terms being used in derision. Ann became a Shaker in 1758. She had, or thought she had, a revelation from God, or, rather, a communication with him, and, as a result, began preaching the doctrine of celibacy. She was arrested for this, and because she posed as a wonder-worker and the recipient of the Gift of Tongues, in 1770, she was imprisoned and horribly abused by the mob. Like other people of the old world who had been persecuted for their beliefs, Ann Lee came to America in 1774, with a company of eight followers, who were obliged to separate in order to earn a living. Ann herself did laundry work in New York City. When her husband fell sick, she nursed him tenderly and he, upon his recovery, brutally treated and deserted her and married another woman. In 1776 we find her, with her followers and recruits from England, established on land near Albany, where Watervliet now is, and there they simply existed for a time. Finally a religious excitement occurred at New Leban and, although the people were greatly stirred they were not satisfied; but on going to Mother Ann and relating their experiences, they became comforted and adopted her doctrine. They drew others to them and the sect continued to grow until her death, in 1884. It was she who laid out the family plan of living — the community idea — and her ideas were followed. Joseph Meacham, who had been a Baptist preacher, and lived in her settlement, gathered Ann's adherents and established a settlement at New Lebanon, a which has continued to grow and is now in a prosperous condition. HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 127 THE "NEW LIGHTS." A religious revival started in Kentucky in 1800, and by 1805 there were regular societies of "New Lights," as they were called by outsiders (while they called themselves Christians), in seven hamlets in Ohio. The excitement attending this revival was frightful "beyond description—the falling, frightful crying out, praying, exhorting, singing, shouting, etc., exhibiting such new and striking evidences of supernatural power that few, if any, could escape without being affected. Such as tried to run from it were frequently struck on the way or impelled by some alarming signal to return." It was this revival which attracted the Shakers of New York to Ohio. Three brothers set out on foot with a horse to carry the baggage, and walked largely through the wilderness and at the end of several weeks arrived at Union Village. This was a community where the New Lights had drawn largely from the old established churches and obtained converts from them. Now history tells us that the justice-loving, noncombatant, gentle Quakers did not exercise brotherly love towards the Shakers, and it tells us that the Presbyterians considered the New Lights abominable; and now the New Lights, the latest to be filled with the spirit of love of God, were ready to annihilate the Shakers for fishing among them with a new doctrine. Not so much for fishing as for catching. Through all these stages has man developed spiritually, and the question often occurs to the writer if the followers of Christ had loved everybody, instead of fighting for nonresistant doctrines, what would have happened ? The Shakers' doctrine, as written, was broad and fair, and maybe it was lived up to it was unlike most doctrines if it were. They emphasized the mother-side of God in a way to gratify the most radical woman suffragist of today. They provided for the aged, and none of them were to suffer. Those of their first degree were celebates. Those who married were of a distinct class, and were known as the children of the world. Even these were supposed to cohabit only for the production of offspring. SHAKER HEIGHTS, NEAR CLEVELAND. The community in which we are interested, as students of history of the Western Reserve, is the one which for many years existed in the present Shaker Heights, called North Union. For over sixty years these members of "The Millennium Church of United Believers" existed eight miles southeast of Cleveland. The Shakers are the oldest of communistic societies of the United States, and, although they are not supposed to be numerous or flourishing now, Eldress Anna White states that many of them exist, but under other names, and are not recognized. That this is true, we do not doubt. One such group, for a long time, existed at Washington, District of Columbia, under the direction of Martha McWhirter. The Cleveland community was organized by Ralph Russell, who owned a farm on section 22 (Warrensville), Cuyahoga county. It is presumed he had known something of the doctrine before he visited Union Village, but, at any rate, he journeyed thither in 1821, joined the society and returned home, expecting to return with his family. Instead of doing that, he established a community which long flourished and of which nothing but good is recorded. He had a large family of brothers and sisters, who were scattered about New York and Pennsylvania, and some of these joined him and helped to build up the community. There were two elders and two eldresses who were leaders, and as their number grew the first house overflowed and several family houses were the result. They had a mill at which many early settlers had their corn and wheat ground. They were honest in trade, sold farm products and handmade goods, and were the best of citizens. They were opposed 128 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE to war, took no part in government, had their own schools, and, because of abstemious, habits, lived to a good old age. Strange to say, Ralph Russell, the founder, retired from the community late in life and spent his declining years on a nearby farm. This is not so strange as it seems, for with age often the beliefs of childhood return and through non-desire and inability to continue a fight many reformers become conservative or indifferent. The religious services of the Shakers were most interesting to outsiders, and many who went to scoff learned truths. Their singing was particularly fine and impressive. While the Puritan discarded all the outward show of the English church, eschewing the festival of Christmas, the Shaker did not, and most beautiful and impressive were their celebrations of Christ's birth. J. P. Machan, Ph. D., of Cleveland, has made a study of the Shakers of North Union, and any reader particularly interested in the subject will find an excellent article from his pen in the ninth volume of the publication of the "Archaeological and Historical Publications." THE LATTER-DAY SAINTS IN THE RESERVE. The following was written February 23, 1910, by Inez Smith, of Lamoni, Iowa, and approved by her father, Heman C. Smith, Church Historian : The Latter-Day Saints, erroneously called Mormons, a people whose history and doctrine have caused much comment in the historical world, were more or less prominent in northern Ohio during the early thirties. These people organized their church on the 6th day of April, 1830, at Fayette, Seneca county, New York. The membership at first included just six members, but the new faith gained converts at a surprising rate, arid, although opposition was heavy, there was soon quite a number who believed the story of the Book of Mormon, and, braving the opposition and danger they must meet, became members. In September, at a conference, the matter of preaching to the Indians came up, and Oliver Cowdery was chosen to go west, for the purpose of carrying the gospel to the people whose forefathers, as the Latter-Day Saints believed, had written the record known to the world as the Book of Mormon. Cowdery was accompanied on this mission by Peter Whitmer, Jr., Parley P. Pratt, and Ziba Peterson. Pratt had previously belonged to the church founded by Alexander Campbell, which had a stronghold in and around the village of Kirtland, in northern Ohio, and when he had become a member of the Latter-Day Saints church had left many friends in that vicinity, whom he determined to visit on his way west The missionaries started out in October, on foot, and after a time arrived in Kirtland, in Lake (then Geauga) county, then a prosperous little town of about two thousand inhabitants. Among those prominent in Campbell's movement was one Sydney Rigdon, one of their preachers, and a peculiarly gifted speaker. Pratt had formerly known this man as a teacher, and was anxious to talk to him about the strange new religion. Rigdon was extremely skeptical as to the message at first, but, as was his custom, gave it consideration and study, and finally asked for baptism. Many of his congregation followed. The interest these strange new missionaries, and the still stranger message they carried, spread rapidly through the country. The elders were kept preaching night and day, till in two weeks after their arrival one hundred and twentyseven souls had been baptized. This number soon increased to one thousand. Before leaving to continue their mission, the elders ordained Sydney Rigdon, Isaac Morley, John Murdock, Lyman Wight and many others to minister in the ordinances of the church and care for the still increasing church in Ohio. One of the new converts, Frederick Granger Williams, accompanied. them on their journey. The mission to the west was peculiarly significant to the Saints, as it not only won to its ranks many men later prominently involved in HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 129 its history, but it was also partially the means of locating the church at Kirtland, in Ohio, where many of the most thrilling events of the history of the church were enacted. It was late in the year 1830—the same year in which the church was organized—that the Saints were instructed to gather to the Ohio. They were also promised a rich spiritual endowment in that. place, which promise, if we believe the testimony of aged members, was abundantly fulfilled. It was here that the organization into quorums took place, and many important doctrines of the church were received. Toward the later part of the month of January the migration began, and by June of the same year (1831) the body of the church was settled in and around Kirtland. In Kirtland at this time there was a Common Stock Company, the members of which mostly joined the church. They gave up the community life and, instead of this, a law was introduced which was called "The United Order," or the Law of Consecration. This law was instituted to regulate the world-old problem of equality in the temporal affairs of men, but its economic value was never appreciated by the Saints, and is now only beginning to be understood. The plan provides that every man shall hand in to the bishop of the church all over and above the necessities of his family for the general fund, by which those who need help can be aided by the church in their support. Out of this, too, has grown the "Order of Enoch," an order formed for benevolent purposes. The name of this order is significant of its work, when we remember that it grew out of the fact that it was modeled after the "City of Enoch," "Zion" ;. "and the Lord called his people Zion because they were of one heart and one mind and dwelt in righteousness, and there were no poor among them." The first movement toward the establishment of the financial law was the organization of the Bishopric, the presidency of the Aaronic priesthood, which has "authority to minister in temporal things." The Bishopric has charge of the financial concerns of the church. The first bishop chosen was Edward Partridge. Having established themselves at Kirtland for a time, the elders were sent out from there to preach the faith they had in so short a time learned to love. The efforts of these men were very successful, and converts continued to flock to the Ohio. On the 6th day of June, 1831, at the fourth conference of the church, which was held at Kirtland, the high priests were ordained and the Melchizedek priesthood was fully received. The Melchizedek Priesthood has to do more particularly with the spiritual affairs in the church. About July of this year the spot was chosen for the ultimate location of the Saints. This place was in Jackson county, Missouri, at the town of Independence, and from this time on there was a gradual migration to Missouri, until the general exodus to that place, which occurred in 1838. In the meantime Joseph Smith, assisted by Sydney Rigdon, turned his attention to a revision of the Scriptures, which work had been commenced the previous December. For this purpose he retired with his wife, and adopted twin babies, to the quiet little town of Hiram, in Portage county, Ohio. Persecution had not abated, and was not lacking even in this quiet little place. On the night of March 25, 1832, while watching with one of the twins, who was sick with the measles, a mob entered the home of Joseph Smith and dragged him away, where both he and Sydney Rigdon were terribly maltreated by a mob. They were stripped, tarred, and brutally beaten by these men. Sydney Rigdon was sick and delirious for some days after this outrage, but Joseph Smith showed the courage that always characterized him, and the next morning found him preaching to a crowd in which many of those who attacked him during the previous night were numbered. A few days later one of the children died, as a result of the exposure on the night of the mob. This tiny victim was a first martyr to Vol. I-9 HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 131 the new religion, but unfortunately not the last. We mention this mobbing merely because some historians have incorrectly stated that this incident occurred after the failure of the Kirtland Bank, and was attributable directly to that. But as the mobbing occurred in 1832, while the "bank" was not organized until 1837, the fallacy is very apparent. On the 25th of January, 1832, Joseph Smith was formally ordained president of the church, at Amherst, Ohio. On the 6th day of November, 1832, the son of Joseph Smith, who is now president of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, was born at Kirtland, Ohio. He also was given the name of Joseph Smith. The church continued to prosper, branches being formed in other parts of the United States and Canada. In 1832-33 the School of the Prophets was established. This institution was for the purpose of educating the elders to better efficiency. The long-dreamed of Temple was started in 1833 and its corner-stone laid on July 23, 1833. One of the important doctrines of the church was about this time promulgated in Kirtland, which is known as the "Word of Wisdom." This is a document relating largely to the physical well-being of the individuals in the church, and, considering the limited personal knowledge of Joseph Smith, at the time, on these subjects, is truly wonderful. This doctrine condemns the use of liquors, tobacco, tea and coffee, and meat except in times of cold, famine and excessive hunger. On the 18th day of March, 1833, the First Presidency of the church was organized. This is, as the name implies, the presiding quorum of the church, and consists of the president of the church and his two counselors. At this time: Sydney Rigdon and Frederick Granger Williams were chosen as counselors to President Joseph Smith. About this time the Church was suffering from the persecutions of one Doctor Hurlbut, an expelled member of the church. He had been excommunicated for immoral conduct, and, after trying in every way possible to reverse the decision against him, he turned his attention to opposing the church in every possible way. He originated the Spaulding theory, which was without question accepted for a time by some writers anxious to dispose of the question of the origin of the Book of Mormon, but has later been proven false by authorities outside of the church, who have taken the trouble to compare the Book of Mormon with the original of the Spaulding romance, now in the possession of Oberlin College. On the 17th of February, 1834, the High Council of the church was organized. It was composed of High Priests, and its office was and is mainly judiciary. It forms the highest court of appeal in the church. On the 14th of February the Quorum of the Twelve were chosen also two quorums of seventy organized. The office of these two quorums is the active ministry. The twelve acted under the direction and appointment of the presidency. The seventy acted under the direction of the twelve. A reference to New Testament history will reveal the origin of these names, as well as help explain their office work. There was an institution known as the Kirtland Bank, which has been by some writers mixed up with the history of this people. The Kirtland Bank was not a bank at all, but merely an association, known as the "Kirtland Safety Society," and was entered into by private individuals. It was in no sense a church institution. However, many of the members were "Mormons," and Joseph Smith was for a short time interested in the enterprise. When the bank failed, as many older and better established institutions did at the same time, the church was held responsible by some. Some of the members were unable to pay their creditors and did leave Kirtland without paying them, but they sent back agents from Missouri and Illinois to settle with their creditors, and this with no action in law to compel them to 132 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE do so ; which shows they were honest in their intentions, if not wise in their purpose. These settlements are attested by signed certificates from Kirtland and Painesville business men. Persecution became so violent in the latter part of the year 1837 that there was a general exodus to Missouri, where the church had been gathering gradually for some time. Probably the most permanent reminder of the "Mormon" occupancy in Ohio is the Temple, which still stands in Lake county, Ohio. From the hour of its beginning, in 1833, the people labored incessantly to complete it. The members were poor, but zealous and devoted, and in that laid the secret of their success. They gave all they had — money, time, and labor—to the cause, without recompense, except the fulfilment of the dreams they had cherished. Joseph Smith was foreman, and no man was too rich or too great to labor with his own hands upon the Temple walls. The women spun, wove, dressed the cloth, and made garments for the laborer. It was a vast undertaking for so humble and poor a people, and it was only by the uncomplaining sacrifice on the part of each man, woman and child that it was completed. It was a joyful day when the Temple was finally dedicated, on Sunday, March 27, 1836, with imposing ceremonies, and many are the wonderful things that are said to have happened at that Temple service, as our grandfathers remembered it. The Kirtland Temple stands on elevated ground, south of the east fork of the Chagrin river, about three miles southeast of Willoughby, Ohio, and six miles in direct line from Lake Erie. The building is three stories high, exclusive of basement. The first and second stories are auditoriums, each fifty-five by sixty-five feet on the inside, exclusive of the vestibule and stairways. In each room there were eight pulpits—four in each end. The lot belonged to William Marks, but was deeded by him and his wife, Rosannah, by warranty deed conveyed to Joseph Smith, as sole trustee, in trust for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, in 1841. Joseph Smith was murdered in Carthage, Illinois, June 27, 1844, and the church disorganized, about one-tenth of the membership following Brigham Young to Utah, where they drifted deeper and deeper into apostacy, and introduced the pernicious doctrine of polygamy, which was never promulgated by Joseph Smith. In 1860 Joseph Smith, the son of the prophet Joseph Smith, came to Amboy, Illinois, and presented himself to a small band of those who clung to the old faith. This body of people held to the original tenets of the church, and, believing that Joseph Smith had appointed his oldest son to succeed him, waited until he should come into his heritage. This band of people, known as the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, lay claim to being the original church. This claim supported by the findings of two courts, in suits brought for title to property. This church found, in 1876, when they stated to look after the,Kirtland Temple, that the property had been levied. upon by Henry Holcomb, as the administrator of the Joseph Smith estate, and sold as his individual property, finally passing into the hands of one Russell Huntley, who deeded it to Joseph Smith, president of the Reorganized Church, and Mark H. Forscutt, secretary of the same church. There was a cloud on the title, by reason of the transfer being made as the individual property of Joseph Smith, and legal steps were taken to have this cloud removed. Suit was brought in the Court of Common Pleas of Lake county, Ohio, against all parties having color of title to the property. The finding of the court were as follows : "In Court of Common Pleas, Lake County, Ohio, February 23d, 1880. Present: Hon L. S. Sherman, Judge ; F. Paine, Jr., Clerk; and C.. F. Morley, Sheriff. Journal Entry, February Term, 1880, The Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints : Plaintiff. Against Lucien Williams, Joseph Smith, Sarah F. HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 133 Videon, Mark H. Forscutt, the Church in Utah of which John Taylor is President and commonly known as the Mormon Church, and John Taylor, President of said Utah Church. Defendants. Now at this term of the Court came the Plaintiff by, its attorneys, E. L. Kelley, and Burrows and Bosworth, and the Defendants came not, but made default; and thereupon, with the assent of the Court, and on motion and by the consent of the Plaintiff a trial by jury is waived and this cause is submitted to the Court for trial and the cause came on for trial to the Court upon the pleadings and evidence, and was argued by counsel ; on consideration whereof, the Court do find as matters of fact : (1st). That notice was given to the Defendants in this action by publication of notice as required by the statutes of the state of Ohio ; except as to the Defendant, Sarah F. Videon, who was personally served with process. (2d). That there was organized on the 6th day of April, 1830, at Palmyra [Fayette], in the state of New York, by Joseph Smith, a Religious Society, under the name of "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints," which in the same year removed in a body and located in Kirtland, Lake County, Ohio ; which said Church held and believed, and was founded upon certain well defined doctrines, which were set forth in the Bible, Book of Mormon, and Book of Doctrine and Covenants. (3d). That on the 11th day of February, A. D. 1841, one William Marks and his wife, Rosannah, by Warranty Deed, of that date, conveyed to said Joseph Smith as sole Trustee-in-Trust for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, being the same Church organized as aforesaid, the lands and tenements described in the petition, and which are described as follows : [The description of the land is omitted.] And upon said lands said Church had erected a church edifice known as The Temple. and were then in the possession and occupancy thereof for religious purposes, and so continued until the disorganization of said Church, which occurred about 1844. That the main body of said Religious Society had removed from Kirtland aforesaid, and were located at Nauvoo, Illinois, in 1844, when said Joseph Smith died, and said Church was disorganized and the membership (then being estimated at about 100,000) scattered in smaller fragments, each claiming to be the original and true Church before named, and located in different states and places. That one of said fragments, estimated at ten thousand, removed to the Territory of Utah under the leadership of Brigham Young, and located there, and with accessions since, now constitute the Church in Utah, under the leadership and Presidency of John Taylor, and is named as one of the defendants in this action. That after the departure of said fragment of said church for Utah, a large number of the officials and membership of the original church which was disorganized at Nauvoo, reorganized under the name of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, and on the 5th day of February, 1873, became incorporated under the laws of the state of Illinois, and since that time all other fragments of said original Church (except the one in Utah) have dissolved, and the membership has largely become incorporated with said Reorganized Church which is the Plaintiff in this action. That the said Plaintiff, the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, is a Religious Society, founded and organized upon the same doctrines and tenets, and having the same church organization, as the original Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, organized in 1830, by Joseph Smith, and was organized pursuant to the constitution, laws and usages of said original Church, and has branches located in Illinois, Ohio, and other States. That the church in Utah, the Defendant of which John Taylor is President, has materially and largely departed from the faith, dotrines, laws, ordinances and usages of said original Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, and has incorpoated into its system of faith the doctrines of Celestial Marriage and a plurality of wives, and the doctrine of Adam-God worship, contrary to the laws and constitutio of said oiginal Church. And the Court dofurther find that the Plaintiff, the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ o Latter Day Saints, is the True and Lawful continuation of, and Successor to the said original Church of Jesus Christ of 134 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE Latter Day Saints, organized in 1830, and is entitled in law to all its rights and property. And the Court do further find that said Defendants, Joseph Smith, Sarah F. Videon and Mark H. Forscutt, are in possession of said property under a pretended title, derived from a pretended sale thereof, made by order of the Probate Court of Lake County, on the petition of Henry Holcomb, as the administrator of said Joseph Smith, as the individual property of said Smith ; and the Court finds that said Smith had no title to said property, except as the Trustee of said Church, and that no title thereto passed to the purchasers at said sale, and that said parties in possession have no legal title to said property. And the Court further finds that the legal title to said property is vested in the heirs of said Joseph Smith, in trust for the legal successor of said original Church, and that the Plaintiffs are not in possession thereof." Under the direction of the Reorganized Church, the Temple has been restored, and ever since the restoration of the Temple to its original owners they have maintained a branch of the church there, generally keeping a representative in charge of the Temple. The membership of the church in Ohio, as shown by the General Church Records, numbers at present (in 1910) one thousand seven hundred and six. CHAPTER XIV. OLD WESTERN RESERVE BANK The first bank chartered on the Western Reserve was the Western Reserve Bank, in Warren, Ohio, and it existed from 1811 to 1863. It was a private institution. There were then no laws for national banks, as we have now, nor for state banks, as we have had. It (Loaned by the Tribune.) OLD WESTERN RESERVE BANK BUILDING, WARREN. had a long and honorable history. Although it was the first bank organized and the fourth to be incorporated within the ' state of Ohio, it was also the only one to remain solvent to the end of the state bank organization. The incorporators were Simon Perkins, Robert B. Parkman, Turhand Kirtland, George Tod, John Ford, S. C. Mygatt, Calvin Austin, William Rayen, and John Kinsman. General Simon Perkins was the first president, Zalmon Fitch the second, George. Parsons the third and last. At the beginning of the organization this bank did business in a store situated on Main street, between South and Franklin streets, on the east side. In 1816 and 1817 the old Western Reserve Bank was erected on the lot where the Union National Bank now stands. This lot was purchased of Mrs. Charlotte Smith. The capitalization of the bank in the beginning was $100,000. Twice this organization was forced to suspend payment until the New York banks were able to resume 136 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE business. In 1816 its charter was extended to 1843. It then went into liquidation, but in 1845 it was reconstructed under the Independent Banking Law, its charter running to 1866. ORIGINAL STOCKHOLDERS. The names of the people connected with this early bank are of special interest to the readers of this history. We are therefore giving the list of the subscribers to the original stock, which sold at twenty-five dollars per share: