HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 501 One of the first centers for aiding the soldiers was at No. 95 Bank street. This was headquarters for one of the most successful women aid societies in the United States, and the women of Cleveland devoted the best of their energy and their time to this relief work. It had at one time 525 auxiliary societies in adjacent territory, and there was no quarreling and no disagreement in the ranks. In five years the society collected $130,405.09 in tash and $1,000,000 in stores, making a grand total of $1,133,405.09. This amount was received mainly from contributions, though the excess over the million dollars was from the proceeds of exhibitions, concerts and the great sanitary fair. The net proceeds of this fair were $79,000. No one not living at that time can imagine the amount of work done. These women not only gave up their home life and all pleasures, but many of them went to the front themselves with supplies. They opened a soldiers' home where sick and disabled soldiers, going to and from the field, were given lodging and meals. The money for this purpose was all arranged by the women themselves. The government gave them no aid. Altogether 56,420 soldiers received aid here, at a cost of $27,000. These women also kept a record of the soldiers, so that they could furnish information for those wanting it, and they had an employment agency, and secured positions for 205 discharged soldiers. They cared for the families of soldiers over and over again, many of them being regularly supplied with provisions, and when they were all through they had $9,000 left, which they used to 'settle war claims, bounties, back pay, etc., free of charge to the claimant. It is a pity to have to dismiss such a wonderful work as this in so few words ; but other details of the splendid relief work of Cleveland women are given in the general history. When we hear women ought not to have a voice in governmental affairs because they cannot fight, we feel like stating that if they cannot main. and kill their fellowmen, they at least can bind up their wounds and help to make them whole. COMMENCEMENT OF THE PARK SYSTEM. The grand system of public grounds for which Cleveland is so widely noted, comprised some 1,700 acres of beautified land and water and consists of nine large parks and numerous smaller ones. Three of the former are on the beautiful shores of Lake Erie. The system, which, generally speaking, is semicircular in form, is connected by thirty-five miles of beautiful roadways and boulevards. The commencement of this public park system was the gift of Jeptha H. Wade, so prominent in the establishment of early telegraph lines in this part of the country, of more than eighty acres to the city. This tract of land, which is now known as Wade park, is located four and one-half miles from Cleveland on Euclid avenue and contains, as its chief attraction, the Perry monument, which was first unveiled in the public square during September, 1860, and removed to its present location soon after Wade park was founded. Here is also the beautiful statue of Harvey Rice, father of Cleveland's public schools, which was built by one-cent contributions from pupils. The large pond in Wade park is called Centaur lake and is a favorite re-sort, enjoyed by skating parties in the win-ter, and in the summer by lovers of boating. Its other principal attraction is its "ZOO." JEPTHA H. WADE. Jeptha H. Wade, founder of Cleveland's first real park, was a native of Seneca county, New York, born in 1811, the son of a surveyor and civil engineer. Although in early life he gave evidence of decided mechanical business ability. he studied portrait painting and earned considerable reputation as an artist. He also became interested in the new invention of the daguerreotype, but his attention was diverted from the latter to that of telegraphy. He opened a telegraph office in Jackson, equipping the line along the Michi- 502 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE gan Central railroad, the first to be built west of Buffalo, and later entered into the construction of telegraph lines in Ohio and other western states. He is said to have been the first to build a submarine cable, which he laid under the Mississippi river at St. Louis, and eventually he became the general manager of the first important consolidation of companies under the well known name of the Western Union Telegraph Company. Largely through his efforts a transcontinental telegraph line was completed to California, and upon the consolidation of the existing lines west of the Mississippi, he was made the first president of the Pacific Telegraph Company; which, in turn, was consolidated with the Western Union. Mr. Wade eventually became president of the entire system. This office he filled with remarkable energy and ability until 1867, when he retired from active business. His contributions to the progress of Cleveland did not stop with his donation of Wade park, but he erected at his personal expense a large building for the Protestant Children's Home, and otherwise contributed with generosity and good judgment to numerous other charities of both a public and private nature. GORDON AND ROCKEFELLER PARKS. Gordon park, which lies along the shores of Lake Erie, west of the former village of Glenville, is the easternmost of the semicircular system of parks, which has already been mentioned. Here is also the beginning of the beautiful Lake Shore boulevard, which is finely macadamized and extends many miles east into Lake county. The one hundred and twenty-two acres covered by Gordon park are tastefully laid out and complete facilities afforded to lovers of bathing, boating and music. The drives in this portion of the park system are especially attractive. The site of the park was donated to the city, in 1893, by William J. Gordon. Adjacent to Gordon park is Doane Brook park, more popularly known as Rockefeller park. On Founder's day, July 22, 1896, the oil magnate gave the city of Cleveland 276 acres of land to complete its ownership of the valley of Doane Brook, which thus became the binding cord of the entire system of parks. This beautiful stream of water flows for seven miles through Cleveland's parks and filially empties into Lake Erie at Gordon park. Doane Brook, or Rockefeller park, consisting of over Boo acres, is considered by landscape architects as the most beautiful in the entire system of public grounds. As Rockefeller gave in addition to the land $260,000 to reimburse the city for its previous outlays in securing title to the valley of Doane Brook, his entire donations in this line amount to about $600.000. Within Cleveland's system is also Shaker Heights park in the township of East Cleveland, just within the city limits. It was donated to the city in January, 1896, and consists of 279 acres, receiving its name from the fact that in the early times its site was occupied by a famous Shaker settlement. Edgewater park, the remaining link in Cleveland's system, has a frontage of more than a mile along Lake Erie and extends inland about one-third of that distance. It became city property in 1894. In addition to these beautiful groundsun-: der the control of the corporation of Cleveland, there are a number of fine amusement parks under private ownership, the most popular of these is the White City on Euclid avenue, just west of the city limits. CLEVELAND CEMETERIES. The first interment in Cleveland was that of David Eldridge. The surveyor's diary in the first chapters of this work tell the details of his death and burial. The spot was on the east side of Ontario street, at the corner of Prospect, now East Ninth street. The oldest cemetery, now called Axtell street, is supposed to have been opened about 1800. In 1801 3,000 bodies were moved fo Harvard grove, the land having been sold to a railroad company. HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 503 ERIE STREET CEMETERY. In 1826 the Erie Street cemetery was laid out. In 1871 the iron fence which surrounds it was erected. Here are buried many of the men and women who were identified with the early history of Cleveland : James Kingsbury and wife, Lorenzo Carter and wife, Seth Doane, Zalmon Fitch, Abraham Hickox, Peter Weddell, Samuel Dodge and Levi Johnson. An effort to do away with this cemetery, removing the bodies and using the lot for business purposes, is meeting with much opposition on the part of old citizens and historians. Monroe cemetery was opened in 1841 ; Lake View cemetery was established in 1869; the Riverside cemetery in 1876, and of the Catholic cemeteries there are St. Joseph, consecrated in 1849; St. John's, purchased in 1855 ; St. Mary's, located in 1861, and Calvary, opened in 1893. LAKE VIEW CEMETERY. Lake View cemetery, which contains the Garfield memorial, Rockefeller monolith, Wade memorial chapel and the Hanna mausoleum, besides being the last resting place of John Hay, is located just east of Wade park and south of East Cleveland. It is the largest and most magnificent cemetery in Cleveland. Its grounds were first laid out in 1869 and now contain over 200 acres. The most stately and impressive tribute to the dead in Lake View cemetery is the Garfield memorial, the general form is that of a graceful and magnificent tower, fifty feet in diameter. It is composed of Ohio sandstone, its base consisting of a beautiful chapel, whose principal feature is a lifelike statue of the great president, the panels portraying scenes in his grand and impressive life. The figure represents the martyred president while he was a member of the House of Representatives. He has risen from his chair and is represented in the attitude of commencing one of his earnest and eloquent addresses to congress. In the chapel are also thirteen memorial windows. representing the thirteen original states and especially applicable to the career of Mr. Garfield. This splendid memorial was formally dedicated May 30, 1890, the society which provided the means for its erection was formed eight years before, with Governor Charles B. Foster, Ex-president Hayes and Senator Henry B. Payne as its most prominent members. Some $225,000 were finally raised, of which Cleveland provided $75,000. President Harrison, Vice-president Morton and Ex-president Hayes were present at the dedication. The remains of President Garfield were brought to Cleveland September 24, 1881, and and after being laid under a canopy in the public square and viewed with reverence and sorrow by thousands of people of that city until the following Monday, were finally brought to Lake View. Soon afterward the movement to erect the memorial was started by the incorporation of what was known as the Garfield National Monument Association. The casket which contains the remains of the beloved statesman and president can be seen in the crypt below the statue. Not far away are also the remains of Mr. Garfield's beloved mother. RIVERSIDE CEMETERY. Riverside cemetery, which lies on the west shores of the Cuyahoga, comprises 102 acres, which have been in continuous process of improvement and beautification since 1876. There also should be mentioned the West Side cemetery of 100 acres, situated in Rockport township and laid out in 1895 ; Woodland cemetery of 67 acres, platted in 1851, first interment in 1853, and Brooklyn cemetery, which became city property by the annexation of the village. EUCLID AVENUE SEVENTY YEARS AGO. Cleveland's public thoroughfares of today stretch through forty-two square miles of area for distances amounting to nearly 70o miles. Such men as Leonard Case have spent a large portion of their lives and generously HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 505 donated their means in the creation of the "Forest City," and Euclid avenue is probably the best known residence street outside of New York City. The Euclid. avenue of seventy years ago is thus described, in 1894, by George F. Marshall, an old resident of Cleveland : "Some one adequate to the task should write the history of the architecture of Cleveland, and give us the eras in which it assumed its multiform shape. If the Grecians, the Romans or the Egyptians should find fault with us when we intermix the Doric, the Ionic or the Corinthian with Queen Ann or McGillicudy, it is none of their business. We will build as we please and have our homes to suit our conveniences, with plenty of closets and ample verandas. "Fifty-seven years ago my venerable friend, Truman P. Handy, made about the first departure in the line of going out of town to build a resident. Many of our people regarded it as a wild scheme to go so far from his place of business for a home. He went away up Euclid street, almost as far, as Erie street, and there he had erected an elegant mansion. It is now a substantial and comely edifice, and in the hands of the aristocratic Union Club the face side has not been in the least disfigured from its original make-up, standing a monument to the taste of Hon. T. P. Handy. Soon after Mr. Handy had gone so far out of town for a residence, Irad Kelley and Peter M. Weddell followed his example, and went still farther out of town and built on Euclid street substantial stone residences, each of which has long since given place to more magnificent difices, keeping pace in architecture with the Modern idea. Then, also, Dr. Long thought it best that he, too, had better abandon a city home for one far in the country. He built .on Kinsman street (now called Woodland avenue) a rare and stately home, with its tall, fluted columns, which has all these years been equally. admired as that of Mr. Handy's. "Turning our eyes westward, we can now that fine old mansion on Washington street, built by the late Charles Winslow, and now occupied by his son-in-law, C. L. Russel, Esq., with its fluted columns, decorated in more modern colors, yet its face is as familiar as it was fifty-seven years ago. On the same street we no longer see the old mansion owned by E. T. Sterling, also adorned with fluted Greek columns, after the style of the Pantheon. "We should never forget that in 1835 Deacon Whittaker followed the Grecian order and built a stately house at the foot of Water street, which stands as a monument to the venerable deacon, but in the present day the surroundings are not as they were. Some years later General .Dodge followed the Greeks and built for himself a home on Euclid street long before that thoroughfare was dignified with the appellation of avenue. The early settler will not forget that the first mayor of Cleveland had erected for his home a most comely cottage on Michigan street, with the proverbial Doric columns for its frontal adornment; but that historic home has long since taken its abiding place fully a mile to the eastward of St. Clair street. And now, while we are on the subject of fluted adornments, the Payne cottage on St. Clair street, the early home of our honored ex-senator, stood for years as a notable edifice worthy of any lord or lady. "Can we all call to mind the day T. P. May built his brick house at the head of Superior street, on Erie, in order to head off the extension of our main business street ? Nor yet the house George B. Merwin built at the head of Prospect street on Hudson street, now Sterling avenue ? "In casting our eyes back for Doric columns in our city, that comely cottage situated near where Bishop Horstmann's place now stands, and so long occupied by J. B. Bartlett, for so many years city clerk, still has its existence a little farther to the north on Muirson street. In later years the venerable James .Farmer held to the Grecian order of architecture and erected on Superior street a residence HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 507 so closely in the shadow of the stately Hollenden that it loses a great share of its former stately appearance." THE MODERN AVENUE. A graphic writer of today thus describes the same thoroughfare in terms which, although somewhat general, are, nevertheless, very suggestive. "Bayard Taylor put on record that glowing sentence which has ever since been the Shibboleth of'loyal Clevelanders, that 'Euclid avenue is the most beautiful street in the world.' When he said that the avenue stretched clear down to the square, an unbroken front of handsome houses embowered in lawns as full of sheer delight as any England could furnish. Since then, trade has nibbled away the fringe of the street, but if the interested visitor will board an east-bound car to Perry street, and then walk up Euclid avenue to Case avenue, where he can find a car again, he will acknowledge the present truth of Taylor's words, and himself repeat them. The massive houses, artistic in' design and solid in workmanship, may seem too severe at close range, but they stand far from the road on a gentle ridge, from which the emerald lawns sweep down to the street in graceful curves. These stately homes are typical to Cleveland. No other city has anything that equals their beauty and dignity." When Cleveland's present plan of boulevard improvement is completed, more than thirty miles of handsome streets will completely encircle the city on all but the Lake side, connecting its superb system of parks. Among the most stately and noted homes of Cleveland is that of John D. Rockefeller, which is located in East Cleveland. It is occupied and enjoyed by its owner only during two or three of the summer months. CLEVELAND'S ARCADES. Cleveland's three arcades have proved to be useful and ornamental. The one running from Euclid avenue to Superior was completed in 1899 and cost $850,000. The Colonial, run Bing from Euclid to Prospect, cost $100,000, and the Wm. Taylor, Son & Co. was erected in 1905. CLEVELAND'S VIADUCTS. Cleveland's first viaduct was completed in 1879 at a cost of $2,250,000, including right-of-way. It is known as the Superior street viaduct ; is more than 3,20o feet in length and spans the river sixty-eight feet above its surface. In 1886 the Kingsbury run, or Humboldt street viaduct, was finished, at a cost of $250,000; its length is over 800 feet. The so-called Central viaduct, completed in 1888, is (including its approaches) more than a, mile in length and cost $675,000. Besides these viaducts, which connect the distinct sections of the city, there are between seventy and eighty large and modern bridges in constant use. THE EAST SIDE OF CLEVELAND. The east side of Cleveland lies on a broad plateau above Lake Erie, with Euclid avenue stretching along the old Ridge and gently sloping toward the lake, and Wade, Rockefeller and Gordon parks set into it like variegated gems. As a residential locality, this portion of Cleveland now leads all others in beauty and transportation conveniences. Both Euclid and East avenues are magnificent thoroughfares which bind this region of charming parks and attractive homes. Lying somewhat further out, but already surrounded by many fine residences, is the proposed Dugway Brook boulevard, which i 5 to extend from John D. Rockefeller's property on Euclid avenue, through a natural ravine of rugged beauty, to St. Clair avenue, just east of East One Hundred and Tenth street, and thence through the village of Bratenahl to the lake. It is probable that no part of Cleveland has seen a more wonderful growth within the past decade than The section east of Fifty-fifth street, and certainly no section is cleaner, or more free from the smoke which is a necessary evil of great industrial centers. 508 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE THE "HERALD" AND THE HARRISES. The origin of the press of Cleveland has been noted in the issue of its first newspaper, the Gazette and Commercial Register, on July 28, 1818. The Cleveland Herald made its appearance on the 18th of the following year. Edwin Cowles, perhaps the most abIe journalist which Cleveland ever produced, learned his trade in the office of the old Cleveland Herald and among the most prominent and popular of its early editors was J. A. Harris, who became connected with that journal in 1837. It was during this time that Mr. Cowles was serving his apprenticeship as a printer and boarded in the Harris family. His description of the operations of the Herald in those days, with the interesting personality of Mr. and Mrs. Harris, is here reproduced: "Mrs. Harris was a worthy helpmeet of her husband when he tackled the Cleveland Herald in 1837, and for years was struggling to make the venture a success. He boarded nearly all of his employes, which was a custom in those good old days, in order to keep down expenses. It was my fortune to be one of Mr. Harris' apprentices, and I boarded with him along with the rest of the boys. I can testify to the kindly care Mrs. Harris used to exercise over 'her boys' and to her great popularity among them all. (Records of this kind are found in almost all private letters of this kind—the pioneer woman was a brave one.) I first made his (Mr. Harris') acquaintance in the winter of 1838-9, when he was seated at the 'Old Round Table' in his office in the Central building, then located on the present site of the National Bank building. I had then commenced learning my trade, that of the art preservative of all arts. Mr. Harris was a man of extraordinary industry. He was editor of the Herald, and his own city editor, reporter, commercial editor, financial editor, mailing clerk and bookkeeper. In those days the Herald was considered a great news-paper, and Mr. Harris a great editor. The expense of publishing the Herald, including everything, did not exceed eighty dollars a week. The hand press turned out only 240 impressions on one side per hour, equal to 120 sheets printed on both sides. The news was received by mail carried in the old-fashioned stage coach. They had no telegraph news, no special dispatches, no special correspondents, no staff of editors, and no lightning presses. “Now, for the purpose of showing. the contrast between the Herald when I first knew it and the papers of today, I will compare it with the Leader as a sample. My apology for doing so is that I am familiar with the cost of running it and with its details. (Mr. Cowles was at the time of writing editor of the Leader, which was a rival of the old Herald.) The weekly cost of publishing this last named paper ranges from forty-two hundred to forty-five. hundred dollars a week, Its presses have turned out during the Garfield funeral 500 papers per minute, printed both sides, pasted, cut and folded. Its staff consists of one editor-in-chief, one managing editor, a writing editor, news editor, commercial editor, financial editor, railway editor, city editor, telegraphic reviser and eight reporters. In addition, the Leader has two correspon dents stationed at 'Washington, who are considered members of the staff. Scattered all over the country are nearly two hundred correspondents, who are paid for every piece of news they send. Instead of waiting for a stage coach to arrive with a later batch of newspapers, from which to cull our news, as Mr. Harris used to do, the night editor will receive a dispatch from, say, New York, as follows : 'Several failures in Wall street great excitement, how many- words ?' The reply would be, perhaps, 'Send one thousand. A dispatch from Cincinnati will be received saying, for instance, 'A riot brewing. It promises to be a serious affair. How many words?' The reply would be, 'Send full account.' Our Boston correspondent may send as follows: 'Beacon street terribly, excited. A girl of wealth and culture eloped with her father's coachman. How many words ?' The answer HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 509 may be, ‘Four' hundred.' It is in this manner the great modern dailies gather the news by telegraph from all parts of the Union. Also by means of the Associated Press news from Europe, Africa, Asia and South America. Yet, in spite of the difference of circulation being in favor of the modern paper, as compared with that of the Herald forty-five years ago, Mr. Harris, as editor, was considered a far greater man than your humble servant is as editor of the Leader today. In fact, Mr. Harris was considered the biggest man in the city. Editors have rather degenerated in the estimation of people, compared to what they were forty years ago." EDWIN COWLES, JOURNALIST. For more than forty years Edwin Cowles was not only the dominant force in Cleveland EDWIN COWLES. journalism, but was acknowledged to be one of the greatest editors in the country. Born Austinburg, Ashtabula county, September 19, 1825, he was descended from New England ancestry, the family line, on his grandmother's side, coming down from Perigrine White, the first American child born in New England. In 1839 Mr. Cowles' father moved to Cleveland and Edwin, then in his fourteenth year, was sent to school and also learned the printer's trade. When he was nineteen years of age he associated himself in the job printing business with Timothy H. Smead, and the firm of Smead & Cowles continued about nine years. Among other work done by the office was the printing of the True Democrat, an anti-slavery paper whose editor and publisher so radically differed from each other on political questions that often the same paper would contain savage editorials on opposite sides of the question. In the midst of this unique wrangle the brothers, Joseph and James Medill, came to Cleveland and established the Forest City, a Whig paper. Not long afterward the True Democrat and Forest City were consolidated with the job printing office of Smead & Cowles. Mr. Smead not long afterward retiring, left the consolidated paper known as the Forest City Democrat in control of the Medills and the Cowleses. This was in 1853, and in the following year the name of the paper was changed to the Leader. In the following year the two Medills and Alfred Cowles went to Chicago and purchased the Tribune, thus leaving Edwin Cowles as sole owner of the Cleveland Leader. In 1859 he also assumed its editorial management, and from that time until within a few years of his death, March 4, 1890, his life was virtually a history of the paper. He was a man not only of remarkable editorial ability, but his business judgment and acumen were equally strong. As stated, "He was a unique personality in the newspaper world ; no man in it is more widely known by reputation, even if others had a more extensive personal acquaintance." He had a slight impediment in his speech and his effort to talk added to his real energy ; made all associates feel—at least momentarily—energetic. 510 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE In the winter of 1854-5, Mr. Cowles was one of those who, in the editorial room of the Leader, took the initiatory steps which re-sulted in the formation of the Republican party of Ohio. In 1861 President Lincoln appointed him postmaster of Cleveland, the first Republican who had ever filled that position. He retained the office five years and was succeeded by George A. Benedict, editor of the Herald. During the first year of the war Mr. Cowles suggested, through his paper, the nomination by the Republican party of David Tod, the War Democrat, for the governorship of Ohio. He took this bold course in order to unite all the loyal elements in sup-port of the Union, and in 1863 suggested, through the columns of his paper, the nomination of John Brough, both of whom became noted as two of the three great War governors of the Buckeye State. In 1866 Mr. Cowles organized the Leader Printing Company, and became its president. In 1870 he also urged, through his paper, the building of the great viaduct spanning the valley of the Cuyahoga and connecting the two hill tops, crossing what had been grimly christened, on account of the many railroad accidents, the Valley of Death. The viaduct, as has been seen, was not only built, but, according to his suggestion, was completed by the city itself. During the later years of his life Mr. Cowles became heavily interested in the Cowles Aluminum Company, which was organized to carry out the patents of one of his sons. His promotion of the interests of that company kept him in Europe for several years and prevented him from giving his active supervision to the paper, which, however, remains as the great memorial to the power and wisdom of his life-work. THE "CLEVELAND PLAIN DEALER." The other great force in the local journalism of Cleveland is embodied in the Plain Dealer, which was founded by J. W. Gray in 1841. The rather unattractive appearance of the Cleveland of that year is thus given : "Superior, the main street, was unpaved. Pigs rooted at the roadside where great canvas-covered freight wagons, drawn by a half-dozen horses with bells on their saddles and bear skin covers on their heavy leather collars, were drawn up. The town pump was at Superior and Bank streets. A grove of oak and walnut trees covered a part of the public square. A white-washed fence was around the court house. Loafers lounged in front of the stores and there were few homes east of what is now East Ninth street. "The founder of the Plain. Dealer was a brisk young lawyer and school teacher, who came to Cleveland from New Hampshire, and for more than twenty years he yielded the editorial pen and conducted the newspaper with honesty, sincerity and ability. In politics the paper was Democratic, as it is today, with decidedly independent proclivities. At first it was an evening paper, but from the commencement was published daily. During the Civil war, the Plain Dealer, under the management of Mr. Gray, was a stanch force for the Union, but a bitter opponent of Lincoln and most of his policies. The founder of the Plain Dealer died by an accidental shot from a pistol in the hands of his young son, and with that ended the first period of the newspaper's life. Among the early writers of the paper, there were a number of brilliant men whose reputation still survive. One of them is known in national literature as "Artemus Ward." but as a Plain Dealer editor was known as Charles F. Brown. The old desk in the newspaper office which he used to such good advantage is still preserved in the Western Reserve Historical museum. In 1865 the Plain Dealer passed into the hands of Major William W. Armstrong. an Ohio man who died about 1906. During his administration, which continued until 1885 he twice changed the paper from an evening to a morning journal. In 1885, when the paper passed into the hands of L. E. Holden, the establishment of HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 511 the present morning and Sunday Plain Dealer became permanent. In 1898 a contract was entered into by Mr. Holden with Elbert H. Baker, for years connected with the Cleveland Leader, and Charles E. Kennedy, former manager of the Plain Dealer, by which they agreed for nine years to edit and publish the paper. when this contract expired in 1907, Mr. Kenedy retired, and Mr. Holden made a like mtract with Mr. Baker, which still stands. oon after the Plain Dealer passed into the ands of Mr. Holden the Cleveland Herald was merged with it. At this time both morning and Sunday editions were established and the evening newspaper (the Herald) continued as a separate publication until its sale several years ago. On Sunday morning, February 2, 1908, the building in which the Plain Dealer had been published so many years was totally destroyed by fire, together with most of the printing material. Notwithstanding this calamity, the Plain Dealer force was transferred without confusion to the Cleveland News office and at midnight of Sunday the paper was issued as usual in time to be distributed through the early railroad trains to all parts of Ohio and the country. The Plain Dealcr of today, it is needless to add, is modern in -every detail, its staff consisting of forty-five editors and reporters, with hundreds of individual correspondents in diferent parts of the country. The Press was the first penny newspaper in Cleveland, and either the first, or one of the first, two or three penny newspapers in the country. It was established by Edward W. Scripps, November 3, 1878. The present editors are H. N. Rickey, editor-in-chief ; E. E. Martin, editor ; R. W. Hobbs, managing editor. The Press is independent in politics, and its circulation of about 160,000 copies per day is said to be the largest per capita circulation of any newspaper printed in this country ; by per capita circulation is meant circulation, as compared with the population of the city in which the newspaper is published. Generally speaking, the one hundred newspapers now published in Cleveland cover every specialty known to the journalism of today. Among the prominent publications of the city. besides those mentioned, are the Advertiser, News, Recorder, World, Anzieger and Wachter and Erie, the last two being especially influential organs among the Germans. There are also about seventy weekly, bi-monthly and monthly papers devoted to such subjects as agriculture, manufactures, railroads, business specialties, religion and science, and they are printed in half a dozen different languages. INDUSTRIAL CHARACTER EARLY FIXED. In classifying the activities of most large cities it is customary to speak of one of their important divisions under the head of Commerce and Industries ; but in the case of Cleveland, the order of these must be reversed, as for half a century her industries have far overshadowed her commerce. In 1808 the trustees of the infant town voted to make donations of city lots, especially for the encouragement of "useful mechanics who shall actually settle and reside in said town." Mention has been made of several of Cleveland's early industrial plants, but the foundation of her great iron interests was not laid until 1840. In that year came into existence the Cuyahoga Steam Furnace Company, whose plant was not far from the present corporate limits of Cleveland and was the first substantial enterprise in that line to be found in the county. It is probable that at that time there were not half a dozen establishments that had machinery propelled by steam within the corporation of Cleveland. GREAT GRAIN MARKET. It should be remembered that in this period of the city's history there was still a struggle for supremacy between its industries and its commerce, and that the promise seemed to be that Cleveland was destined as one of the greatest grain markets of the West. In fact, it held that position for a time, and the wheat, 512 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE corn and oats that came hither by canal and were transshipped both east and west appear to be unequalled both in quantity and quality. FIRST STEAM. POWER PRESS. In 1846 a local impetus was given to the manufacture of steam machinery by the setting up in Cleveland of its first power press under the management of M. C. Younglove. This first steam press was placed in the Merchants' Exchange building and for some time did all the work for the Herald and Plain Dealer and other rival newspapers. It thus widely advertised the advantages of steam over hand machinery. IRON ORE, COAL AND OIL. In the previous year the Brier Hill coal mines were opened up, which within a few years had a marked stimulating effect upon both the industries and commerce of Cleveland, especially as about the same time the first shipments of iron ore were made from the great Lake Superior region. In the fifties the pioneer railroads of Cleveland were completed, placing the city, with her growing industries and commerce, in connection with the wide territory of which she was the natural metropolis. Greatly increased facilities were therefore provided for handling both the iron ore and the vast quantities of coal necessary for the operation of her industrial plants, so that by 1861, which year also marks the commencement of the great industry of coal-oil refining, there was no doubt whatever as to the permanent supremacy of Cleveland's industries over her commerce. In 1865, 220,000 barrels of crude oil were received in this city for the purpose of being refined, and within the intervening forty-five years this amount has been increased to nearly 4,500,000 barrels. HENRY AND WILLIAM CHISHOLM. No personal forces could be mentioned which had a more pronounced bearing upon the founding of Cleveland's industries upon their present firm basis than the Chisholms, otherwise Henry and William, the former, the founder and president of the great Cleveland Rolling Mill Company, for years the largest establishment of the kind in the world. Henry Chisholm was born in Scotland in 1822 and came to Montreal, Canada, a penniless carpenter of about twenty years of age. His skill at his trade as well as his pronounced business ability made' him, before many years, a master builder, and in this capacity he was first introduced to the Western Reserve, in connection with the construction- of the Cleveland breakwater. In 1857, when Newburg was in its prime, he founded the firm of Chisholm, Jones and Company—the nucleus of the Cleveland Rolling will Company, which has employed at. various periods of its existence from 8,000 to 9,000 men. Early in the history of this great iron man ufactory of Cuyahoga county, William Chisholm, the inventor, joined his brother, Henry, the two engaging for some years in the manufacture of spikes, bolts and horseshoes. In 1871 they organized the Union Steel Company of Cleveland, which first employed Bessemer steel in the manufacture of screws. The Chisholm brothers afterward devised new methods and machinery for the manufacture of steel shovels, spades and scoops, establishing a factory for the new industry. In 1882 they began to make steam engines of a new model, designed to operate the various transmitters for conveying coal and iron ore from vessels and to railroad cars. In this line of iron manufactures Cleveland early became prominent, and up to the present time her plants have supplied much of this machinery required throughout the Western Reserve. CHARLES F. BRUSH, ELECTRICIAN. Charles F. Brush, of Cleveland, is an inventor of international reputation, whose patents in the field of electric lighting have not only brought him personal fame, but have been the means of establishing one of Cleveland's greatest industrial plants. He is a HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 513 native of Cuyahoga county, born in Euclid in 184o; was educated at the University of Michigan and when a youth of fifteen was constructing microscopes and telescopes and devising improvements for the lighting of city streets by gas. After returning from college he fitted up a laboratory in Cleveland and obtained a fine reputation as a chemist, turning his attention to electric lighting in 1875. He is the acknowledged inventor of modern arc electric lighting, and was the first to put it into practical operation in 1876. Since then he has produced more than fifty patents which have become the basis of the great manufacturing business conducted by the Brush Electric Company, of Cleveland, of which he is president, besides being a director in many other leading industries. Mr. Brush was decorated by the French government in 1881 for his achievements in electric science ; was the recipient of the Rumford medal in 1899; has been twice honored with the degree of LL.D., and is a member of the leading engineering and scientific societies of both the new and the old worlds. INDUSTRIES IN 1870. Two greater men who have figured in the development of the industries of Cleveland could not be mentioned than the above, and to them is largely due the remarkable progress of Cleveland in this field since 1870. In that year the city had sixty-seven manufactories of iron which had an aggregate capital of $4,682,050 and turned out $6,497,579 worth of products. Its thirteen flour mills had an output valued at nearly $2,000,000, while it., manufactories for the production of clothing were yet in their infancy, producing only $588,000 worth of goods. Altogether, Cuyahoga county had nearly 1,15o manufacturing establishments, practically all of which were within the city limits. In this line were thirty-eight incorporated companies, with an aggregate capital of $11,690,000. The total capital invested in manufacturing plants was $13,645,000 ; the hands employed numbered 10,000, and the wages paid aggregated $4,539,000. INDUSTRIAL GROWTH FROM 1870 TO 1900. The decade from 1870 to 1880 was one of financial depression and therefore Cleveland's industrial growth was not so pronounced during this period as from 1880 to 1890. In 1880 the city ranked fifteenth in manufacturing in the United States, the capital thus employed being $19,430,000; the wages paid, $8,502,000, and the value of manufactures, $48,604,000. During the succeeding ten years the number of establishments increased 4o per cent; the capital, 13.39 per cent, and the value of manufactured products, 74.5 per cent. By the year 190o Cleveland led all other American cities in the production of merchant vessels, and was second only to New York in the manufacture of women's and children's clothing. The city was first in the production of wire and wire nails, of malleable iron and of high class automobiles. According to authentic statistics of 1905, Cleveland is running Detroit a close race in the manufacture of automobiles. Cleveland's total output is now valued at $4,256,000. In this connection it is interesting to note that the first American factory-made "auto" was the product of a Cleveland factory and came forth as late as March, 1898. GREAT STEEL AND IRON CENTER. Andrew Carnegie has been quoted as saying that Cleveland is destined to become the greatest steel and iron center in the world, both because of its transportation facilities and its geographical situation. The output o steel and iron in 1905 formed more than 22 per cent of the total value of its manufactures, which amounted to $172,115,000. This estimate of the importance of that branch of the metal industries does not take into account the output of the foundries and machine shops, which, if taken into consideration, would materially increase the percentage. 514 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE In the manufacture of children's and women's clothing, knitted goods and hats and many other articles of a personal nature, Cleveland still holds a high rank among the cities of the country, and it is almost needless to say what her position is as regards the refining of petroleum oil. As a whole, the statistics which represent the present status of her industries are as follows : Number of establishments, 1,617; capital invested, $156,509,000 ; salaries paid, $8,308,000; wages paid to 64,000 employes, $33,471,000, and cost of materials, $97,700,000. WOMEN'S PART IN THE INDUSTRIES. The part which women play in this intense industrial life is thus condensed in a "Study of Women's Work in Cleveland," made in I908 by the investigation committee of the Consumers' League, under the direction of Mrs. Florence Woolston : "There are employed in Cleveland factories and sweatshops over 210,618 persons, at least 15,500 of whom are women and girls. Cleveland is said to produce greater diversity of manufactures than any other American city. It was estimated in 1906 that 12,500 different articles are made in its 3,740 shops. Cleveland outranks all other American cities in production in more than nine lines of industry. These are mainly the construction of steel ships, machinery, tools and instruments. Women are employed in shops of this kind to a great extent. Those so engaged are usually foreign-born Slays. This city takes high rank also in the manufacture of paints, oils and chewing gum, all of which employ women and girls to a considerable extent. In the manufacture of women's clothing, it is second only to New York. Foreign-born persons make up approximately 41 per cent of the city's total population, and it is these foreigners who constitute the great majority of factory, employes." MANUFACTURES IN 1909. According to the figures furnished by the Cleveland Chamber of Commerce for the year ending June 30, 1909, the total number of manufactures in the city is 3,148; capital, $171,539,925 ; wage earners, 75,855; wages paid, $42,906,848; cost of materials, $100,778,813, and value of products, $211489.753. SHIPPING AND FISH INDUSTRIES. Cleveland's great shipping industry is now represented by five immense shipping yards, which employ some 18,000 hands and turn out 150 iron and steel vessels every year. Nearly. all the shipping used in the iron ore traffic is now owned in Cleveland, fully three-fourths of the modern steel ships in service on the great lakes being the property of local vessel owners. The entire vessel tonnage owned in Cleveland is valued at more than $65,000,000. and the 350 or more vessels included in the Cleveland customs district have a tonnage of 594,682. The fish industry of Cleveland is also vast, the city itself still maintaining its position as the largest market for fresh and salted fish in the United States. Its product in this line is not far from 80,000 tons, nearly half of this amount being what is popularly known as lake herring. There are few cities in the United States in which labor is more closely or strongly organized than in Cleveland, and an impressive evidence of this fact is found in the dedication May 14, 1910, of the thirteen-story building erected by the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, from contributions collected from the members of the order throughout theUnited States. This is the first structure of this kind ever erected solely by any branch of organized labor, and the building will cost approximately $1,250,000, its location being on the corner of Ontario street and St. Clair avenue, N. E. The idea of having its own headquarters originated at the convention of locomotive engineers at Columbus, in the spring of 1908, and the salaried officers of the brotherhood were authorized to buy property and erect a permanent home in Cleveland. Notwithstanding serious obstructions met in HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 515 the construction of the building, it is expected that the building will be ready for occupancy July 15, 1910, when the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers will occupy what has been generally recognized as the finest labor temple in the world. The dedication ceremonies occurred on the evening of May 14, in Central Armory, where about 5,00o persons, consisting of locomotive engineers and their families, gathered to listen to the speeches of Mayor Baehr, Governor Harmon, former Governor Herrick and other notables. In the midst of the impressive ceremonies tender tributes were paid to the memory of P. M. Arthur, who so wisely guided the affairs of the order for twenty-nine years. His widow, upon this occasion, presented a speaking likeness of her husband to the brotherhood, which will find an appropriate and prominent place in this temple dedicated to the best interests of labor. CLEVELAND'S COMMERCE. The iron ore from the Lake Superior region and coal from the fields of southern Ohio and Pennsylvania and the gigantic output of Cleveland's manufacturing plants constitute the bulk of the commerce which is moved by her lake marine and the railroads which radiate from the city. The comparative imporance of the water and iron ways in the movement of this great bulk of manufactures and raw materials is indicated by the following late figures : Freight received in Cleveland by rail, 11,177,00o tons, and forwarded by the same means, 7,171,000 tons ; by lake, during the same period, there were received 4,477,000 tons, and forwarded 3,841,000 tons. Thus the freight which passed through Cleveland, as moved by rail and lake, is in the proportion of 8 to 18, in favor of the railroads. In examining the figures bearing on the movement of coal through Cleveland, it is to be noted that, although the annual receipts average about 5,000,000 tons, the shipments amount to but 2,500,000, thus indicating that fully one-half of the coal received is consumed in local manufactories and households, although the latter consumption is comparatively small. CLEVELAND'S HARBOR. Prior to 1870 the entrance to Cuyahoga river constituted about all of Cleveland's harbor. The first important improvement was the extension of the sea wall from the foot of Waverly avenue to a point about 700 feet beyond the shore line. The original wall was constructed of timber, and about one-half of this section of the harbor is still composed of wood, with a sheet-iron facing, the balance, however, being of solid masonry. The improvements of the general government contemplate a further extension of the harbor east to Gordon park, four miles from the mouth of the Cuyahoga river, with converging arms from the east and.west extensions of the old breakwater, 1,000 feet out to sea. When all the improvements in contemplation are completed some $10,000,000 will have been expended and Cleveland will have a harbor three-fourths of a mile wide and five miles long not to be surpassed in security by any on the Great Lakes. The city dockage is over ten miles in extent and is generally divided into two classes—one for unloading iron ore from ,the huge freighters of the Great Lakes, and the other for loading coal for transmission by rail. CLEVELAND'S RAILROADS. The opening of the first section of Cleveland's first railroad, the Cleveland, Columbus & Cincinnati, March 16, 1850, has already been described and in 1852 the Cleveland, Painesville & Ashtabula road and the Cleveland & Pittsburg line were opened for traffic. while in January of the following year the line from Cleveland to Norwalk and Toledo was completed. It was not until February, 1854; that the first through train from Buffalo reached this city over the Cleveland & Mahoning railroad, and in the development of these early lines into more extended systems, 516 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE much of the energy of Cleveland's capitalists and railroad men was absorbed for the following quarter of a century. In 1866, when Cleveland's Union depot was first thrown open to the public, it was pronounced the largest and best appointed railway station in the country. In May of the following year the Lake Shore & Michigan Southern was established, this being the predecessor of the great railway systems which now furnish the city—both its industries and great traveling public—with complete transportation facilities. The six grand trunk railways, which now place Cleveland in intimate connection with every part of the United States, embrace a mileage of 15,856 and are capitalized at $1,170,000,000. There 1are six principal depots within the city limits—the Union, situated on the Lake front at the foot of Water street, used by the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern ; the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis (Big Four) and Cleveland and Pittsburg railroad (operated by the Pennsylvania company) ; Erie depot, Superior and South Water streets, used by the Cleveland and Mahoning line ; Western and Lake Erie railroad, at the foot of Water street ; New York, Chicago and Lake Erie (Nickle Plate) on Broadway ; Baltimore and Ohio on the corner of Champlain and South Water streets ; and the Euclid avenue station of the Cleveland & Pittsburg railroad. These great systems virtually absorb the bulk of the freight and passenger traffic which centers and passes through Cleveland, while the old Ohio canal, with its four feet of water, which still stretches from Cleveland to the Ohio river, more than 300 miles in length, is little more than a memory THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. No institution in Cleveland is typical of the breadth and progress of its industries, its commerce, its transportation facilities and its civic honor and strength, except the Chamber of Commerce. The name fails to do justice to the scope of its work and the vast benefits which it is daily conferring on the public. A shas been fairly suggested, it should be more fittingly designated a Chamber of Citizenship. Representing, as it does, the best ability of Cleveland, it is a welcome adviser to the city council and the State legislature, and there is hardly a movement for the development of manufacturing and commercial Cleveland in which it has not participated. Through its standing committees, it represents the manufacturer, the wholesale and retail merchant. the shipper and the transportation agent. It has taken up sanitary problems, brought captital and labor together, and, as a body. of earnest, conservative, intelligent citizens, oiled the wheels of municipal progress in countless ways. It is, in fact, Cleveland more truly typified than any other association of its people. The necessity for such a representative body was early recognized, resulting in the formation of a Board of Trade in 1848 which was reorganized as a Chamber of Commerce in 1893. Its present magnificent home was dedicated in May, 1899. CHURCHES AND CHARITIES. Cleveland's claim has never been seriously disputed, to the effect that there is no city in the West which has a greater perceptage of houses of worship in proportion to its population, and that Brooklyn alone exceeds it among all American cities. The western "City of Churches" has about 350 church edifices, among which are many of architectural beauty and significant historical association. The first minister to appear among any community in Cleveland was Rev. Seth Hart, but as he was an agent for the Connecticut Land Company, his time was mostly taken up with business, rather than religious affairs. Rev. Joseph Badger, the Connecticut missionary, preached in Cleveland at least as early as 1801, and often visited the village thereafter. HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 517 TRINITY CHURCH. Trinity Parish was organized at the residence of Phineas Shepherd in 1816. Later Rev. Robert Searle, the pastor of St. Peter's, at Ashtabula, perfected it and preached for the congregation. This Shepherd house was of logs and stood at No. 23o Pearl street. The first confirmation was in 1819. In 1827 a lot was bought of General Perkins, corner of St. Clair and Seneca streets, for $25o, and a church was erected at a cost of $3,070. It was known as "The Church" for many years, and now stands at the corner of Euclid and Perry. For a long time Richard Lord and Josiah Barber were the only male members of Trinity church. OLD STONE CHURCH. The First Presbyterian church, organized September 19, 1820, held its first services in the old log court house on the public square. It is still familiarly known as the Old Stone church, the building which the society now occupies standing on the site of the original structure of 1834. CATHOLICS IN CLEVELAND. The first Catholic priest to hold service in Cleveland was the Rev. Thomas Martin, in 1826. Previous to the making of the canal, there had been few foreigners and, consequently, few Catholics in Cleveland. Today it has a large Catholic population. In 1855 a church was built in the valley which conformed to the present Columbus street. Among the most imposing churches of the present is the St. John's Catholic Cathedral, on Superior and Erie streets, in which is the fine statue of Amadeus. Rapp, the first Catholic bishop of Cleveland. The first resident Catholic priest of Cleveland was Father John Dillon, who conducted services in 1837. and on the following year Rev. P. O. Dwyer founded St. Mary's parish on the flats. When Bishop Rapp took possession of the see in 1847, St. Mary's church became a cathedral, the edifice now occupied on the corner of Erie and Superior street being erected in 1852. JEWISH ORGANIZATIONS. In 1839 the first Jewish organization was established. This was followed by other organizations, by divisions and consolidations until now the Hebrews are exceedingly strong. Their temple stands on Willson avenue. THE METHODISTS. In 1827 a Methodist class of five- women and two men was organized. Andrew Tomlinson was the leader. The same year a class was formed at Doane's Corners by eleven women and nine men. BIRTH OF THE EPWORTH LEAGUE. The Epworth Memorial church is the successor of what was long known as the Central Methodist Episcopal church, and in May, 1889, the world-famed Epworth League was born in its auditorium. B. E. Heiman is credited with being the chief founder of that society, which has spread over so much of the civilized world. The first Baptist meeting was held during 1832 in the old Academy. A society formed the next year, with fourteen members. Among other well known churches are the Plymouth Congregational, founded in 1852, and the Pilgrim church, of the same denomi-nation ; St. Paul's Episcopal church, established in 1846 and distinguished. for many years for the harmony of its choral and musical services ; Woodland Avenue Presbyterian, with perhaps the largest Sunday-school in the city ; and the Church of the Unity, Unitarian, which is the center of much intellectual life. Among the most magnificent of the churchs. lately erected in Cleveland, is that of the Euclid Avenue Presbyterian, on Euclid avenue at the entrance of the College for Women, of the Western Reserve University. It is of limestone and almost pure Gothic in its style of architecture. 518 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE EARLY WOMEN'S SOCIETIES. As soon as there is a church in any community women sew for missionaries, but the first. union sewing society in Cleveland, organizeded by women from various churches, was in 1832. The female Charity Society of Trinity Church was formed the day after Christmas in 1837. The female Moral Reform Society was organized in 1840. Seventy-seven years ago a "Ladies' Union Prayer Meeting" came into existence, while in 1830 Mrs. Rebecca Cromwell Rouse organized the Ladies' Tract Society of the village of Cleveland, which was auxiliary to. the New York Society. CLEVELAND PROTESTANT ORPHAN ASYLUM. The Cleveland Protestant Orphan Asylum was organized in 1852. Mrs. Stillman Witt paid the rent for a house at the corner of Erie and Ohio streets. The house was furnished by contributions. Eleven children found homes there at the opening. MARINE HOSPITAL. The oldest hospital, the Marine, was established in 1837. The grounds are bounded by Erie, Lake and Muirson streets. In 1875 its buildings were leased by the Lakeside Hospital Association, but in 1896 reverted to the government, and the institution has since continued to be conducted for the relief of old and invalid seamen of the Great Lakes. CITY INFIRMARY AND HOSPITAL. Besides the hospital connected with the Western Reserve. University, and the Cleveland Homeopathic hospital already mentioned, are St: Clair, St. Vincent, St. John's, the German Evangelical, the Cleveland General hospitals and the City Infirmary and Hospital, the latter located upon a fine site of eighty acres between Jennings avenue and Scranton, and fifty-six acres between that avenue and the Cuyahoga river. The buildings and grounds are valued at $780,000, and 900 persons are treated daily free of charge. For the maintenance of this grand institution $237,000 is expended annually. CLEVELAND STATE HOSPITAL. The Cleveland State Hospital embraces grounds in the southeastern part of the city, comprising ninety-eight acres, and was founded as early as 1855. It has often 1,300 patients at one time. Cleveland's Humane Society, established in 1873, has stood as the strong and disinterested protector of helpless children and animals. Its headquarters are in the City Hall. The Western Seamen's Friend Society, organized in November, 1830, still conducts its worthy charities through the Bethel Home, located near the river on Spring street. JOSEPH PERKINS, PHILANTHROPIC REFORMER. If any one individual were to be selected above all others most representative of the breadth and practical usefulness of Cleveland's noble charities, no one could be more safely presented than Joseph Perkins, known for many years both east and west for his disinterested efforts to reform the jail system of the country and further honored as the father of the Ohio Board of State charities. He was a son of General Simon Perkins, one of the real fathers of the Western Reserve, and was born in Warren, Trumbull county, July 5, 1819; graduated from Marietta College at the age of twenty, and, after assisting in settling his father's estate in Warren, removed to Cleveland in 1852, where he spent the remainder of his life. He evinced remarkable ability as a banker and business man and accumulated a fortune, after which he sturdily set to work to devote his means and his life to the highest ends of humanity. In 1867 Governor Cox appointed Mr. Perkins a member of the Ohio Board of State Charities and the latter at once entered into his work, not only with characteristic energy but with the advantage of being enabled to devote almost his undivided attention to reforms connected with penal and charitable institutions. He riot only investigated deeply but thought profoundly, and, seeing a defeat, had the practical ability to thoroughly remedy HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 519 it. Finally he perfected a plan which was accepted by the board, and became known throughout the country as the Jail System of the Board of State Charities of Ohio. His aim, which he so thoroughly accomplished, vas to classify prisoners and avoid the danger of throwing them together promiscuously, by which even juvenile offenders were often contaminated by hardened criminals. After accomplishing this much needed reform, Mr. Perkins turned his attention to the Infirmary system of the State, accomplishing as thorough a reform in this department as in the other. It was through him that much of the oppressive restraint which had been placed upon the insane was removed, and this unfortunate class were given more air and outdoor work, which, in the end, improved both their physical and mental health. His infirmary plan, like his jail system, has become a model for the country, and the best buildings erected in the United States. have been largely in accord with his investigations and views. He next planned and largely sustained an admirable children's home. Notwithstanding all these splendid works in the cause of state charities and in the cause of reforms which had a national application, Mr. Perkins persistently kept himself in the background and it \vas only through the insistence of his friends that the board, as a whole, was not given the credit for the investigations and reforms which were conducted almost entirely through him and at individual expense. The death of this admirable man occurred at Saratoga Springs, New York, August 26, 1885. His sons, Dudley and Joseph, and their children, survive him. The beautiful old homestead on Euclid avenue, where he and his remarkable wife. Martha Steele, of Virgina, graciously received their friends, has passed into other hands. MOTHER OF WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN WORK. Of the women of Cleveland, Mrs. Rebecca Elliott Cromwell Rouse for Many years led in the promotion of its most worthy charities. She was a Massachusetts woman, married at the age of eighteen, and in 1830 moved from her home in New York City to the Western Reserve to engage in Missionary work. Mrs. Rouse had been called "the mother of the Baptist churches and founder of the Woman's Christian Work in Cleveland." In 1842 she became the organizer and president of the Martha Washington society, from which sprung the Protestant Orphan Association, the oldest of the Protestant institutions of Cleveland ; of this she was the managing director for years. During the Civil war she was the leading spirit in relief work, being instrumental in collecting and distributing through various Aid Societies, $2,000,000 worth of hospital supplies for sick and wounded Union soldiers. OTHER NOTABLES OF THE COUNTY. Among the famous men and women whose personalities have been more or less closely connected with Cleveland and Cuyahoga county may be mentioned, besides those whose sketches have been interwoven with the general history, the late John Hay, Lincoln's biographer, and the Republican statesman, whose home was for some time in Cleveland, and who died in New Hampshire, July I, 1905 ; Constance Fennimore Woolson and Sarah K. Bolton, the widely known authors ; the late Hon. Marcus A. Hanna, the Republican leader who succeeded Sherman in the United States Senate in 1897 ; Hon. Rufus. P. Ranney, member of the Ohio constitutional convention of 1857, .twice chosen to the Supreme bench of the State, and during the last years of his life a resident of Cleveland ; John D. Rockefeller, probably not only the wealthiest man in the world, but the one whose name has been most largely associated with stupendous gifts for the furtherance of higher education and who has been a power in the beautifying of Cleveland ; John Henry Devereux, who came to Cleveland from Boston in 1848 and was as prominent as any one man, both in the early history of railroad building in the Western Reserve, in the supervision of mili- HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 521 try railways during the war of the Rebellion, and in the regulation of the later great transportation systems ; and Reuben Wood and ohn Brough, war governors of Ohio. GOVERNOR REUBEN WOOD. Governor Wood, who was a native of the Green Mountain state, came to Cleveland in 1818 when he was twenty-five years of age. He had already mastered his law studies and at once entered into the practice of his profession ; was three times elected to the Ohio state senate, ascended the bench of the Supreme court in 1833 ; served as chief justice from 1841 to 1844; was elected governor of the state on the Democrat ticket in 185o, but resigned to accept the position of consul at Valparaiso, Chili, and afterward became United States Minister to that country. The climate of Chili proved so enervating to the constitution of the governor, who had so long been accustomed to the more bracing climate of the north that he was obliged to return to Ohio. "The tall chief of the Cuyahogas" then retired to his farm near Rockport, Cuyahoga county, passing the remainder of his days on beautiful "Evergreen Place." There he passed away in 1864, in the midst of the most terrific contests and terrible perplexities of the Civil war. GOVERNOR JOHN BROUGH. John Brough, the last of Ohio's three war governors, was born in Marietta in 1811 and died in Cleveland during the last year of the war. His death was hastened, if not directly caused, by his excessive application to the service of his state and country. Governor Brough's early life was spent as a printer and editor at Athens and Marietta, Ohio, his first public office being that of state auditor.. to which he was elected in 1839. As the state was then still under the malign influences of the panic of 1837, his task in the reorganizantion of the state finances was one which called the soundest qualifications of business and tesmanship. When he retired from office in 1846 he had gained a remarkable high reputation as a public officer, leaving, as he did, the finances of the state in a prosperous and sound condition. In partnership with his brother, Charles, he then undertook the management of the Cincinnati Enquirer and made it into one of the most powerful journals of the west. At the same time he opened a law office in Cincinnati, became one of the most popular Democratic orators in Ohio, and in 1848 retired temporarily from political life. In 1853 he was elected president of the Madison and Indianapolis railway. Afterward he removed to Cleveland ; in 1861 declined the nomination as governor on the Republican ticket, but in 1863 accepted it from the War Democrat party. The arrest of Clement Vallandigham for disloyalty and his banishment from the United States, with his subsequent nomination by the Regular Democrats for governor of Ohio, brought forth from Mr. Brough such unflinching utterances in support of the Union cause that the Republican party united upon him as its candidate. The result of this political combination was his election by a majority of more than 100,000, the largest ever given for any governor in any state up to that time. Although impetuous and strong-willed, Governor Brough was at heart tender and considerate, and in this crisis of the state's affairs proved not only his remarkable balance of character, but his true statesmanship. No one ever questioned his honesty. LEONARD AND WILLIAM CASE. Among other notables of Cleveland, long identified with epochal periods in its history and with events which had a decided bearing on its progress, should also be mentioned Leonard and William Case, father and son. The elder man, who was a Pennsylvanian, had moved to Warren, Trumbull county, in his boyhood, and after holding various offices connected with the courts, was admitted to the bar in 1814. He was subsequently collector of the sixth district, and in 1816 moved to Cleveland to go into the banking business, 522 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE but failed, again practiced law and re-entered politics. From 1821 to 1825 he was president of the village of Cleveland ; was a member of the state legislature and assisted in the location of the Ohio canal ; became the father of City Beautification, and fixed upon Cleveland its name of Forest City ; headed the subscription list for the building of its first railway, and in the later years of his life rebuilt his private fortune, and died, moreover, a beloved and honored citizen, in his seventy-ninth year. His son William, a native of Cleveland, served for years in its council, was twice mayor, was for some time president of the Cleveland, Painesville & Ashtabula Railroad Company, and one of the founders of the city water works. At the time of his death, in his forty-fifty year, he was in the midst of the construction of the Case block, then considered the finest commercial structure in Cleveland. William Case was a good, useful, able, finely educated and warm-hearted man. TOM LOFTIN JOHNSON. The following sketch of Tom L. Johnson is condensed from an article written by Louis F. Post in the Public of January 6, 1906. Tom Johnson's ancestors were Virginians, the first one arriving in this country in 1714. One of these ancestors, Robert Johnson, who moved to Kentucky, was a member of the constitutional convention in 1792 and of the Kentucky legislature after statehood. Others of the connection followed into Kentucky and then on into Arkansas, and most of them sympathized with the south during the rebellion. Albert W. Johnson, of Arkansas, was on the staff of John C. Breckenridge and Early. His wife, with her three sons—Tom L., William L. and Albert L.—kept as near to the father through the military service as she was allowed, and at the close of the war they found themselves in Staunton, 'Virginia, absolutely penniless. At this time Tom was only, eleven years old. He soon began work as a newsboy. He early realized the power of monopoly. He managed to keep all other people from going into the business of selling newspapers. He got fifteen cents for daily papers and twenty-five cents for picture papers. Of course this didn't last long, but he made eighty-eight dollars. THE T. L. JOHNSON RESIDENCE, CLEVELAND.1 HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 523 lars. This was used to get the family to Louisville. Here his father, already heavily in debt, managed to borrow enough money to operate his cotton plantation. This venture was not successful. He moved to Evansville, Indiana, and finally it was decided that Tom would have to seek work, but his mother "was obliged to wait for a cold day to give her an excuse for wearing a crocheted hood of more comfortable days," *hen she went to seek employment for her son. She secured a place for him in a rolling mill, and he began work in 1869. He had had a little schooling, but had been rather liberally taught by his father and mother, both of whom were educated. In Louisville he found a relative named Dy Pont who had bought a little street railroad, and during the summer he was offered a place in the office. Here was begun his career as a street railway magnate. In. a few months he was secretary of the company.. He later became superintendent and served until 1876, when he and two associates bought of William H. English, the Democratic candidate for vice president of the United States, the Indianapolis street car system. Before this young Johnson had invented a fare box, and fom this eventually he made about $30,000. This Indianapolis system improved under his management. He made his father president of the company. He was treasurer. Mules were used to draw the cars, and when Johnson made the suggestion to use electricity his associates disapproved and so he sold out to them. He netted from this Indianapolis venture more than half a million dollars. In 1880 he bought a small line in Cleveland and introduced some of the discoveries which he had made in Indianapolis. Then began the great war with Mark Hanna. Johnson and his brother Albert acquired interest in the Detroit street car system and in Brooklyn, but in 1898 he withdrew from the street car business. Through his street car interests he became aware of the money that could be made in steel rails, went into that business, made money, and finally, in the financial depression of 1903, these establishments were nearly swamped. He married his fourth cousin, Elizabeth Johnson. In the eighties, having spent all his time and thought on money-making, he accidentally (on the train) bought Henry. George's "Social Problems," and later read his other books, became a single taxer, and has tried ever since to work out this. problem. He became a friend of Henry George and together they decided that he should go into politics in order to help their reform. In 1886 he was living in New York. He went to congress in 1888 and there he fought for his single-tax principle, almost alone. In 1901 he was nominated for mayor of Cleveland and there for eight years he fought out his single-tax principles. His friends tell us thal his administration found Cleveland the hest governed city in the United States. Enemies tell us he was extravagant, self-seeking and unprincipled. A person interested in money-making cannot understand how a man could drop that fascinating business and try to make the world a better place for poor people. Such persons call Torn Johnson a charlatan. He determined upon securing three-cent fare for the citizens of Cleveland, and the fight ran over years, but, at this writing, although Tom Johnson's fortune has largely disappeared, people pay a lower fare than they ever would have paid but for him. No man in Cleveland ever had warmer friends than has he. The loyalty and the love which his fellow workers and associates show him is most remarkable. Most men who work with him, love him. Those who work against him, hate him. Last year he was defeated for mayor and at present is in rather delicate health. Some day Cleveland will point in pride to Tom Johnson, as they do now to Moses Cleaveland and Commodore Perry. HON. MARCUS A. HANNA. Marcus A. Hanna was born in 1837 in New Lisbon, Ohio. His father was a country physician of good practice and Mr. Hanna never HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 525 suffered poverty and was not developed through financial struggle as many men are. His father took his family to Cleveland and here Mr. Hanna attended college, enlisted in the war, and immediately thereafter began the building up of his business. He was a very social man, entertained largely in his home, and his wife, who was a daughter of Daniel Rhodes, had tastes like his, so that their home was a social center. He soon took an active interest in politics and became socially associated with Sherman, Garfield and McKinley. He was like a father to McKinley, helping him over rough places and sharing his joys and sorrows alike. When financial distress came to Major McKinley, it was Mr. Hanna who stepped in and helped out. The successful McKinley campaign was due largely to Mr. Hanna. He never held but two political offices—member of the school board of Cleveland and the United States senatorship, alhough he was offered cabinet positions. among the men of his politial party he was known as the leader. Among the disaffected and the opposing parties, he was a boss. The truth was he was both. He did not introduce the boss system into Ohio. That must be laid at Senator Foraker's door. But like all men who have been successful in business, he was determined as to the carrying out of his policies. He died in Washington February 15. 1904. where he was serving as United States senator. There was a funeral service in the senate, attended by ambassadors from almost every country, and his body lay in state in the Chamber of Commerce in Cleveland. His funeral was held at St. Paul's church on the 19th. President Roosevelt, Secretary Taft and J. Pierpont Morgan were arnong the distin-guished men present. [For full details regarding the life of the late senator the reader is referred to the biographical' department of. this work.] HON. JOHN C. HALE. The bench and bar of Cleveland and Cuyahoga county have always presented a front of strength, dignity and brilliancy to the legal profession of the country. Among those well worthy of mention is Hon. John C. Hale, long presiding judge of the Eighth circuit court of Ohio. A native of New Hampshire and graduate of Dartmouth College, he came to Cleveland in 1857, where he was admitted to the bar, immediately moving to Elyria, Ohio, where he formed a partnership with W. W. Boynton. Mr. Hale was afterward prosecuting attorney of Lorain county, register of bankruptcy and member of the Ohio constitutional convention of 1872. He was elected to the bench of the court. of common pleas in 1877, serving until 1883 ; then returned to Cleveland, associated himself again with Judge Boynton (whose career upon the bench had also been most noteworthy), and in the fall of 1892 ascended the bench of the circuit court, which he has so adorned with his learning and personal character. HON. DANIEL R. TILDEN. Hon. Daniel R. Tilden, late judge of the probate court of Cuyahoga county, was a son of Connecticut, who passed all his adult life in Ohio and died at Cleveland, March 4, 1890, in his eighty-second year. After practicing .at Ravenna, Portage county, for a number of years, he made Cleveland his home in 1846. In 1854 he was elected judge of the probate court and thus served for thirty-three successive years, retiring from the bench in 1888. Cuyahoga county never had a better judge or a more honorable man. GENERAL MORTIMER D. LEGGETT. General Mortimer D. Leggett, as a boy of fifteen, moved from his New York home to Montville, Geauga county, and after graduating from the Teachers' Academy at Kirtland, taught for a time before mastering the law. In 1844 he was admitted to practice ; became an M. D. and located in Akron, where he assisted in creating the famous school law, and organized the first system of graded schools west of the Allegheny mountains. He 526 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE , achieved a high name both as a lawyer in practice and theory ; settled in Zanesville, of whose schools he was superintendent, and during the Civil war raised and commanded the Seventy-eighth Ohio regiment, rising to a brigadier-generalship and serving bravely under both Grant and Sherman. In 1875 he resigned from the office of commissioner of patents, to which President Grant had ap-pointed him four years before, and settled in Cleveland, where he became prominent in the affairs of the Brush Electric Company, the Cleveland Public Library, the Cuyahoga county Soldiers and Sailors' Monument Association, and in numerous other movements dear to the pride and heart of the Forest City. General Leggett's death occurred January 6, 1896. LITERARY WOMEN. Among the early women of note in Cleveland was Sarah Coolidge Woolsey. She was born in a residence which stood near the Amasa Stone's residence. She was fond of artistic and antique furniture, sketched and painted very well, successfully cultivated flowers, but is best known as a writer of stories for children. She contributed much to "St. Nicholas" and other periodicals of that time. Another Cleveland woman to obtain a good deal of fame was Constance Fenimore Woolson. She was a grandniece of Fennimore Cooper, and ranked very near the top of story writers of her generation. "Anne" was one of her most popular novels and had a large circulation. Lydia Hoyt Farmer, a member of the famous Hoyt family, was also a writer of children's books, her works being largely of a biographical order. Her ability was recognized by Gladstone, and she really was a genius. Sarah K. Bolton was one of the most talented and best known women in Cleveland. She was a graduate of the seminary founded by Catherine Beecher, was associated with literary people and removed to Cleveland at the time of her marriage. She was identified with philanthropic and Christian work in that city ; was one of the editors of the Congregationalist in Boston. She spent much time in travel, knew personally Jean Ingelow, Robert Browning, Miss Mulock, Frances Power Cobb and others. Mrs. Bolton wrote many stories for children and contributed to at least forty publications. SARAH FITCH. No history of Cuyahoga county would be complete Without mentioning Sarah Fitch, who from early womanhood was actively interested in all charitable work—particularly those which had a Christian sentiment attached to them. The reports of humane, Christian, philanthropic and like works in Cleveland contain statements of the immense amount of good she did during her life time. MARTHA STEELE PERKINS. Mrs. Martlia Steele Perkins was one of the most intellectual, refined and conscientious women Cleveland ever had. Her great grandmother, Betty Washington, was a sister of General George Washington, and her grandfather, Colonel Howell Lewis, was the only one of the nephews mentioned in George Washington's will. Her father, Robert Steele, a Scotchman, died when she was six years old and her mother moved to Marietta, Ohio, in order that her children might be well educated. They had lived in Culpepper, Virginia. She married Joseph Perkins and resided in Warren until 1851, when the family moved to Cleveland and both she and her husband became active citizens in the truest sense of the word. She continued her work as long as her health permitted. MARY PERRY PAYNE The marriage of Henry B. Payne to Mary Perry, a descendant of the commodore, gives luster to local history. Mrs. Payne's love for learning and liberality to art, her public spirit and lovely character make for herself a warm HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 527 place in the hearts of Clevelanders. Her grandson, Harry Payne Whitney, married Helen Hay, the daughter of John Hay and the granddaughter of Amasa Stone, and thus was united two of Cleveland's oldest families. VILLAGES OUTSIDE OF CLEVELAND. East Cleveland, immediately joining the corporate limits of the larger city, has a population of about 2,700, and although a separate corporation has really no distinctive character. Berea, on the other hand, twelve miles southwest of Cleveland, which has a population of more than 2,500, is known through-out the country as the headquarters of one of the greatest quarry industries in the middle west. Of late years this industry has declined, with the unusual growth of the cement industry and its application to constructive work of all kinds. The Berea sandstone industry is almost confined to the manufacture of grindstones, which, in fact, has always been its chief specialty. The founder of this industry, John Baldwin, also established the Baldwin University at Berea. It is estimated that fully three-fourths of the inhabitants of Berea depend upon the quarries for their support. Baldwin University was founded in 1846. In 1858 a German department was established, which was reorganized in 1864 as the German Wallace College, in honor of its most liberal patron, James Wallace. The consolidated institution, known as Baldwin University and German Wallace College, is under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal church. Berea has two English newspapers, the Clarion and the Enterprise Advertiser (the latter founded in 1868), and two German religious journals, namely : Deutsch-Amerikanische Zeitscrift and Kirche, the latter edited and published by the faculty of Nast Theological Seminary. Chagrin Falls is a thriving industrial village about eighteen miles south-of-east from Cleveland, its prosperity being founded upon a considerable waterpower at this point, caused by the fall of the river of about 150 feet. Several iron foundries, paper mills, woodenware factories and other plants are in operation at Chagrin Falls, and as it is situated on the Wheeling & Lake Erie Railroad its facilities are adequate for distributing the products of its factories. Two good newspapers are also published, the Exponent, founded in 1874, and the Republican, established in 1897. Bedford, a village of some 1,500 people, twelve miles southeast of Cleveland, is situated on the Wheeling & Lake Erie and Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago railroads. Its principal industry is a thriving chair factory, and the place is of sufficient importance to have sustained a well edited newspaper, the New's-Register, since 1891. Bedford early had a free library. It was established by William O. Taylor, father of Hon. V. A. Taylor. Just northeast of the recently incorporated village of Collinwood are the pleasant summer resorts known as Nottingham and Euclid. Euclid township, in the northeastern part of the county, was one of its earliest settled sections, and the little village of Euclid enjoys the distinction of having erected upon its site the first frame meeting house with a spire ever built upon the Western Reserve. The erec-tion of this house of worship occurred in 1817. The township was first settled by surveyors under General Cleaveland—Joseph Burke and family, in 1798, and Timothy Doane and family, in 1801. CHAPTER XXVIII. ASHTABULA COUNTY. To tell the story of any people is a task, but when those people lived at the beginning of the last century ; when they were brave and thoughtful and honest ; when they fought their mother country who was willing to wrest their lands from them ; when they encouraged religion, developed schools ; when they hurried frightened slaves through their territory to places of safety across the lake ; when they gave up their sons on the southern battle fields ; when their sons and daughters became famous in art, science and literature—how can the tale be told in a few words ! To tell it all would fill many volumes. The author has decided therefore to write of the early days largely and any interested student can complete the story from the newspaper files and official records which are to be found in the county court house. White men were in Ashtabula county felling timber hundreds of years ago ; Indians roamed the forest, and fought battles where prosperous towns now stand ; missionaries, explorers and soldiers walked on the sands of the lake front on their way east and west many years before the Connecticut Land Company existed, or Moses Cleaveland and his party of surveyors halted, began the running. of the first line and built their first house. Mr. and Mrs. James Kingsbury, who soon followed the surveyors, passed the winter of 1796 and 1797 in one of the company's cabins, and here occurred the first birth and the death in the county. "MARY ESTHER ( ?)'' COUNTY. Ashtabula county was erected February 10, 1807, and comprised all those portions of Trumbull and Geauga counties lying north of township, 7, east of range 6. It was organized in 1811 and between these dates was attached to Trumbull and Geauga. It is not only the largest county of the Reserve, but of the state, It is nearly as large as Rhode Island and could well be a little nation itself. It received its name from its river which the Indians called Ashtabula, meaning "many fish." It is sald Moses Cleaveland wanted to name the river Mary Esther. If his desire had been very great there seems to be no reason why he should not have done so, since he was for the time being "monarch of all he surveyed." It is well, however, in view of the part Ashtabula county has taken in northern Ohio history that the Indian name was adopted. It has had for years a large number of delegates incongressional conventions, and as "grand old" Ashtabula, or "d—d" Ashtabula, it has been an ally or an enemy. Neither of these terms could be appropriately given to Mary Esther Again, who could think of Giddings or Wade representing the county of Mary Esther. Mr. and Mrs. Kingsbury stayed only one winter in the Conneaut region. They proved - 528 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 529 themselves to be good citizens and lived long in Cleveland. THE FIRST HOME BUILDERS. The first people to buy land with a view of building up homes within the boundaries of present Ashtabula county, were not from New England, but from Delaware county, New York. They were Alexander Harper, William McFarland and Ezra Gregory. They named their new home "Harpersfield," either for their leader, or the town they left, or both. RIVER SCENE AT THE ASHTABULA OF TODAY. They began their journey March 7, 1798, and arrived the last of June. Their trip was one of the most tedious Ones of which we have record. Why they did not at several different points turn round and go home, we cannot see. In the following winter—that of 1798-99— they suffered great hardships, and came near perishing from hunger. At times they only had six kernels of parched corn for each person. However, Colonel Harper had two strong, willing boys, James and William, who went to Pennsylvania and brought on their backs, bags of corn. Once the ice broke through, wetting the provisions and themselves, but William rescued the grain, carried it into the woods, whence he had ordered his brother and friends to precede him, and build a fire. When he reached them with the provisions, his clothes stiffly frozen, he found they had succumbed to the cold and were lying down, asleep. He built a fire, aroused them, dried the grain and himself, and all reached home safely. "Thomas Montgomery and Aaron Wright settled in Conneaut in the spring of 1799. Robert Montgomery and family, Levi and John Montgomery, Nathan and John King, Samuel Barnes and family came. the same season." Howe tells us that twenty of thirty Indian cabins were standing when the settlers arrived. If this were true they were built in the winter of '97, because none of the surveyors mention any buildings except those constructed by the company. Howe also tells the story of an Indian girl saving the life of a young white man prisoner by pleading for him 530 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE as he was tied to the stake. She not only plead, but paid furs and a small sum of money as well. He observes : "An act in the lowly Indian maid which entitled her name to be honorably recorded with that of Pocahontas among the good and virtuous of every age." The author is inclined to believe that this visionary tale was exactly like that of Pocohantas. In Howe's day it was not known to be a myth. JOEL THORP AND FAMILY. In May, 1799, Joel Thorp and his wife, Sarah, of Milford, Connecticut, came to Dorset. Her uncle at Pittsburg gave her a horse, which the wolves destroyed. Like the other emigrants of that year, they fell short of provisions and Mr. Thorp left the family to go twenty miles into Pennsylvania for food. The oldest child was eight and there were two younger. Sarah Thorp at first dug roots, upon which they subsisted. The oldest son, Basil, a having seen some kernels of corn between the logs, spent many hours trying to secure them without success. The resourceful mother bethought her to open a straw bed and the few grains of wheat she found were boiled and eaten. Still no father. Finally, when it seemed as if they must perish a wild turkey flew. into their potato patch and while it was rolling in the dirt she crept over the logs and, although her weakened hand trembled, she killed it with her gun and saved herself and her babies. Mrs. Thorp married three times and, as society. believed that women who were not married, were disgraced, we concluded that the historian who has so carefully handed down this fact did so to show that she received a reward of merit. "GRANNY" BECKWITH, HEROINE. In 1803 Mr. and Mrs. Beckwith, with two little girl's, lived in a cabin on the Ashtabula river about a mile from the mouth. Mr. Beckwith was not very strong and in January of 1804 he went to Austinburg, where they had previously lived, for provisions. When he did not return at the appointed time, his wife locked her daughters in the house and went to meet him. She walked all the way to Austinburg without finding him and, having aroused her friends, part of them hurriedly re- turned to the Ashtabula cabin, unlocked the doors, built the fire and fed the children, while others found the lifeless body of the father and husband in the snow where, losing his way, he had perished. Alone in the wilderness, without companions or property, Mrs. Beckwith supported herself and her family partly by ferrying travelers across the stream and helping them in many ways. She had a pair of cattle and with a yoke chain and rope, she ferried foot passen- gers across the creek when the creek was open. Usually teams could cross on the bar at the mouth of the stream, but when freshets came and washed away these bars, then she rendered service with her ferry. She lived to be ninety years old, and the pen falters when the author records that, although greatly beloved and fondly called "Granny Beckwith," she was obliged to spend her last days in the poorhouse. TITUS HAYES, OF HARTLAND. In 1798 Titus Hayes, of Hartland, came to the Reserve to join the surveyors. He was a man of great energy and intelligence and devoted to his dog, who accompanied him on his journey. While waiting for the animal to return from a hunt, June 21, 1798, he carved a beech tree, and it is recorded, on good authority, that this mark was there nearly a hundred years. He must have been an enthusiast, for the same authority says that as he entered Wayne township he swam the Pymatuning creek. When he landed on the western bank he said he thought it a most beautiful spot and decided to locate there. This he did later. All the tales of the early settlers are not sad HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 531 ones ; nor were they devoid of humor. Henry Brown and Sophia Ladd, of East Haddam, came to Rome in 1809 on their wedding journey. Their tribulations of travel were no worse than of those who had preceded them; but they had their troubles, such as the breaking down of their wagon. Sophia apparently did not like the new country, but Henry did, and tried to keep up her spirits. He used to flatter her in order to cheer her up, but she was not so shallow as to be diverted. She said that in offering her an inducement to come, he had promised her that she should never wash her hands in cold water. When she felt fault-finding she reminded him of this, and at last he told her that she need not, all she had to do was to warm it. These pictures of early life in Ashtabula county show us how the early home life began and under what conditions it grew. The subsequent years brought families into different townships, and these isolated people were reinforced by new comers till now, in the great county as tourists spin along in a touring car, they are never out of sight of a dwelling. The farmer is prosperous, the merchant successful and the industries wonderful. As one views the unloading of mountains of ore at Ashtabula harbor, it seems incredible that 114 years ago there was not a home, not a church, not a school, not a domestic animal, not an acre of cultivated land, in this whole great county. Just forests, and Indians, wild animals and streams. FIRST AND LAST EMIGRANTS. Conneaut was the first township to have emigrants and Hartsgrove was the last. A defective title was the cause of the latter's delay. When the boundaries of the county were settled, Morgan was the largest township, Ashtabula the smallest. POSTMASTER-GENERAL GRANGER. Gideon Granger, postmaster general under Thomas Jefferson, was financially interested in the Western Reserve. He owned land in several sections. He married Miss Pease, sister of Seth, one of the surveyors, and Calvin, who was one of the Reserve's first and most brilliant judges. The latter settled at Warren, then the capitol of the Reserve. Other family connection Granger had scattered about and this fact together with his position led him to establish and to develope the postal services throughout this new country and to give it political advantages. His connection with Ashtabula county, however, was the closest. He named No. 11, range 3, which he owned, Jefferson, for the President, and early made up his mind to locate the county seat there. It was surveyed in 1800 and Eldred Smith, Mr. Granger's agent, erected a cabin on Mill creek in 1804. He also made a clearing, sowed wheat, and cut a bridle path to Austinburg that year. In 1805 the settlement really began. In 1806 what is now the public square was cleared of trees. The selection of a county seat is seldom located without trouble. Sometimes there are nothing more than words ; sometimes there is bloodshed. In northeastern Ohio the modern course was followed. JEFFERSON, THE COUNTY SEAT. Austinburg openly demanded the county seat and undoubtedly there were others "with hopes," but as General Granger offered to build a brick court house and log jail, provided it should be in his township, Jefferson became the county seat. Timothy Caldwell was sent from Washington to superintend the construction of the building.. Bricks were made from the ground where the present probate office and jail stands. The excavation made a large hole which soon became a pool, and here the boys of the vicinity learned to swim, Platt R. Spencer being among them ; and here men whose names appear in this history bathed. 532 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE FIRST COURT HOUSE. The first court house had two stories. On the first floor was the court room. It had four huge fireplaces which must have made people comfortable, at least in the later part of the day. Pioneer homes were never warm in the morning and pioneer faces and backs, warm at the same time. The second story was di-vided into several rooms and Was reached by an outside stairway. The building was com-pleted in 1811, the outside stairway was cov-ered in 1825, and the building was in use twenty-five years. THE JUDGE MIXED HIS NOUNS. There were no accommodations for the men who assisted Mr. Caldwell in the construction of the court house. He, therefore, built a hotel for them. It was really two log cabins, with a roof connecting them, and stood just north of the building being constructed. Under this roof, on summer evenings daily, the workmen told stories and quenched their thirst and later, the lawyers who followed the circuit, did the same. Grog was dispensed here as at all taverns and here one night a judge over-persuaded Dr. Elijah Coleman (who later married Phoebe Spencer, the sister of Platt R. Spencer), whose apothecary shop was in the building, to go to the cellar to draw him some high wine, that being. the only thing of an alcoholic nature on hand; and, although he promised to stand .on the stairs and hold the candle in his eagerness to be refreshed, he forgot his promise, as many thirsty men do, and followed the proprietor into the cellar, An explosion occurred, the house burned and, in his excitement, the judge ran through the village calling "high wine," instead of fire Today, inside of Ashtabula county, no intoxicating liquor is allowed to be sold, and nobody calls "high wine" for fire; and no judge who indulged himself to excess would have his name recorded in history—but such were the liberty loving grandfathers. The first frame hotel was built by Mr. Atkins in 1820. It was first known as the Jefferson House, and still does duty under the name of the Beckworth House. Ashtabula's jail was erected soon after the court house, and, like most of the Reserve's first jails, had a debtor's prison. Jefferson of today is a facsimile of many THE COURT HOUSE OF TODAY.   HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 533 New England towns. This is noticeable to all visitors and strangers. Not only are the houses like those of Massachusetts, but habits of the older residents, home life and intellectual inclinations, are distinctly New England. It has been called the Concord of the West. DISASTROUS SOUTHERN MIGRATION. Gideon Granger seemed to combine with good judgment certain visionary qualities. To establish a county seat in his township was astute ; to encourage men from Virginia and Maryland to locate there with a view to raising tobacco was clearly not practical. He had been in Philadelphia when the seat of government was there and in his mind's eye saw just such a city on the Reserve. In 1805, he made a map of the city after the Philadelphia plan and named the streets for Philadelphia streets. This map was shown Southern men and they were induced to emigrate. The intention was that they should raise tobacco, ,which was supposed could be readily sold to the Indians who clearly loved the weed. They were savages. As this party left Pittsburg and got further away from civilization, they were filled with fear. When they reached Warren, which was then the most thriving hamlet on the Reserve, they made such remarks as to offend the worthy denizens. They boasted that they would soon leave this forsaken country behind them and be in their Own lovely town. Warren people undoubtedly laughed in their sleeves, since Jefferson was well known. In the last of their travels they :unfortunately broke a goodly amount of crockery and, not wanting to appear in their new home with smashed earthenware, they stopped outside and threw it away. When they reached their destination, their spirits 'registered zero, and in the course of time all retraced their steps save one ---- Lisle Asque, mho settled, as he supposed, in Jefferson township. However, when the lines were really drawn, he found himself in Lenox was the first settler in that township. This episode of the southern emigrants was an unpleasant one and expensive for both the men and the promoter. Mr. Granger recompensed them in many a way, and yet both sides were dissatisfied. As long as there are men, and land, and money, the story of "Claud Mel-not" in one shape or another will be acted over and over again. All that came of this tobacco venture was the erection of two or three cabins and a great storehouse. Residents of early counties universally growled about the county seat. Ashtabula was no exception. The soil about Jefferson was the average soil of the Reserve. The people on the lake shore were used to sand, and when they neared Jefferson, in the spring and fall seasons, floundered in mud if they were on horseback and broke down if they were driving, the terms applied to Granger's town were not complimentary. Many people believed that the high ground about the court house was made from mud scraped from besmeared feet. JUDGES AND NOTED CASES. The first presiding judge of Ashtabula county was Benjamin Ruggles. Aaron Wheeler, Ebenezer Herwens and Solomon Griswold were associates. Ezra Kellogg was the clerk ; David Hendry, treasurer ; James A. Harper, recorder ; Nathan Strong, sheriff, and Ezra Kellogg, prosecutor. The first act was the organization of the June term of court. Two cases were ready for trial—one for assault and battery, the defendant being discharged, and one for debt, in this the plaintiff was given seventy dollars. Peter Hitchcock acted as prosecutor. The second court house of which William Smith, of Kinsman, was architect, was burned and many valuable papers and documents were lost. As it was not totally destroyed much of the material was used in rebuilding the present structure. No one has ever been executed in Ashtabula county for crime. Gardener, the only man hung in Trumbull, was buried here. Possibly 534 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE the most noted trial for murder in the county was that of Lewis Webster. He was charged lkith murdering Mr. Harrington ; was once convicted in Ashtabula county, once in Trumbull, and at the third trial in Trumbull was acquitted. This trial cost Ashtabula an enormous sum. The present officers of Ashtabula county are : Judges of common pleas court—J. W. Roberts, Jefferson ; A. G. Reynolds, Painesville ; probate judge—Charles C. Babcock, Jefferson ; clerk of common pleas court—J. H. Copp, Geneva ; sheriff—B. W. Peck, Richmond ; auditor—Frank Fortune, Jefferson ; recorder—H. K. Brainard, Ashtabula ; treasurer—B. E. Thayer, Conneaut ; prosecuting attorney—F. R. Hogue, Ashtabula ; surveyor —J. S. Matson, Ashtabula ; coroner—H. J. Austin, Geneva ; county commissioners—F. T. Coughlan, Conneaut ; J. C. Rodgers, Colebrook ; R. C. Young, Ashtabula ; infirmary directors—E. E. Cook, Saybrook ; Richard Gane, Andover ; W. H. Fitch, Kingsville. Charles Lawyer, Jefferson, is state senator and G. W. Mooney, Austinburg, representative. FIRST BIRTHS IN THE COUNTY. Rome—William Crowell ; a daughter. Plymouth—David and Mary Polly Burnett ; son 1808. Lenox—Lisle Asque ; daughter, 1810. New Lyme—Joseph and Elizabeth Miller ; son, 1811. Trumbull—Daniel Woodruth ; child. Sheffield—John and Ruth Woodbury ; a daughter, Lodema Clark. Williamsfield—Captain Charles Case ; son. Wayne—Jacob and Dorothy Fobes ; son Alvin. Conneaut—Child to James Kingsbury. second recorded birth ; really the first among the reai settlers ; daughter of Samuel Bemus, named Amelia. Hartsgrove—Mr. and Mrs. George Alderinan ; a son Harpersfield—Holly and Hannah Tanner; 1799. Saybrook—First child born, 1810; Zadoc and Cyntha Brown, son William. Morgan—R. H. Stephens; July 5, 1803. Monroe—Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Talbott; son, Joseph. Dorset—John Smith; daughter, 1821 Colebrook—Halsey and Sallie Phillips; dauughter, Mary, 1822. Andover—Zodoc and Laura Steel; son 1809. His parents went to Williamsfield in order that his mother might have care at his birth. The first child born in Andover was a daughter, Miriam, to Rufus Houghton, 1804. Jefferson—Mr: and Mrs. Michael Webster; Poly Maria, 1806. Ashtabula—Enoch Fuller; daughter, Julia Montgomery, 1806. Denmark—Peter and Phoebe Knapp; daughter, Laura, 1811. Orwell—Mr. and Mrs. A. R. Paine; daughter, Lucinda, 1820. Kingsville—Walter and Amanda Fobes; daughter, Octavia, 1805. Pierpont—Edward Spear ; child. In many of the printed records of births the mother's name is not given at all, while in many places we read : "Thomas Jones (or whatever it was) was the first child born in ---- , a girl had been born earlier." Surely women, old and young, counted for little on the Reserve a hundred years ago. FIRST DEATHS IN ASHTABULA COUNTY Jefferson—Samuel Wilson. Conneaut—Samuel Bemus; coffin made by Aaron Wright, who cut the boards himself. Used nails which he obtained from a wrecked boat, and made paint from the ashes of straw, Harpersfield—Colonel Alexander Harper, 1798. Geneva—Infant of Jessie Wright. Morgan—Sylvester Wilcox. Monroe—Baby of Jonathan Harrington 1805 or '06. HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 535 Dorset—Abitha Sutliff ; killed by a falling tree. Colebrook—Leander Phillips ; son of Samel, 1824. Andover—Mrs. Dorothy Houghton, wife of Rufus, 1816. Rome—Wife of John Crowell, 1808. Lenox—Mrs. Sybil House, 1818. New Lyme—First adult death, was that of an old lady named Bailey. Trumbull—Leonard Blackman, 1819. Sheffield—Mr. Mendall, 1817. Williamsfield—Child of Anson Jones, 1809. Wayne—Thankful Fobes, 1805. Her husband, Simon Fobes, died three days later. Windsor—Eli Porter, 1801. Episcopal service. Hartsgrove—Son of Mr. and Mrs. George Alderman. Plymouth—Widow of a Mr. Hanon. Denmark—Rachel, daughter of Daniel Knapp, 1810. AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRIES. According to the last report of the State Board of Agriculture, Ashtabula county produces 685,173 pounds of butter in homes and 192,582 pounds in factories ; while 195,838 pounds of cheese were made in homes. and 1,673,421 in factories. 1,034,010 dozen of eggs were produced and of these only 50 dozen were shipped outside of the state. Although Ashtabula is not a maple sugar county, in the year 1908 there were 264,488 maple sugar trees anding, from which 33,795 pounds of sugar were produced and 73,731 gallons of maple syrup. This county produced 17,831 pounds of honey. In 1907 there were 762,100 pounds of grapes gathered. In that year 74,616 bushels of apples were raised ; 4,287 bushels of peaches ; 1,681 bushels of pears ; 1,322 bushels of plums. In 1907 Ashtabula county farmers sheared 42,589 pounds of wool. In the year 1907 Ashtabula had 52 manufactories, and the total amount of money paid out in wages that year was $526,228.40. GRIST MILLS. With all the privations of the early settlers none was greater than that occasioned by the non-existence of grist mills. The settlers had plenty of meat and almost the first thing they did before raising their houses was to plant garden, but the greater part of the year they were obliged to subsist on bread food made from wheat and corn. Most of the first comers fashioned a hand mill which had a hollow stone, another fitting in it, worked by sweep, something after the manner of an old well, but as this was run by hand the labor. was very hard and slow. Most of the early residents of Ashtabula, when it was possible, took their grain into Pennsylvania. The first mill on the Reserve for grinding grain was at Youngstown and the second was the Newburgh Mill. Mills were erected at the following places at the following dates : Ashtabula, 1818 ; Jefferson, 18o9, by John Shook, on Mill Creek ; Conneaut, 1806, by Aaron Wright ; Harpers-field, soon after 1803, by Ezra Gregory ; Morgan, 1808 ; Monroe, 1810 ; Rome, 1820, by John Reid ; Richmond, 1852, by Mr. Bower ; Pierpont, 1817 ; Sheffield, 1827 ; Austinburg, 1801, by Ambrose Humphrey—Said to be the first one ; Wayne, about 1820. SAW MILLS. Jefferson, 1810; Austinburg, 1801, owned by Judge Austin ; Monroe, 1807, by Jacob Paden ; Colebrook, on Mosquito creek ; Rome, 1818, by E. C. Dodge ; Plymouth, 1808, by Thomas Gordon ; New Lyme, 1814, by Joseph Miller ; Trumbull, 1828 ; Cherry Valley, by Elisah Giddings; Sheffield, 1827 ; Williamsfield, 1814 ; Wayne, 1808 ; Windsor, 1800, by Solomon Griswold ; said to be the first saw mill ; Hartsgrove, 1829 ; Morgan, 1803 ; Pierpont, 1817. Here is given a list of towns in Ashtabula county, with the reasons for their naming : Ashtabula—No. 13, range 3 ; was called Ashtabula from the river Ashtabula, which was named by Algonquin Indians. The word 536 - HISTORY OF THE VVESTERN RESERVE means "many fish" and these waters were undoubtedly well filled with lake fish at the spawning season. Andover—No. 9, range ; supposedly named from New England town. Austinburg—No. 11, range 4 ; named for Judge Eliphalet Austin, one of the first owners and the leader of the first group of settlers. Cherry Valley—No. 9, range 1; was named by Josiah Creery, because of the large number of cherry trees growing on the bank of the creek. Conneaut—No. 13, range ; named from river which was called Conneaut by Iroquois Indians. This meant the same as Ashtabula, "many fish." Dorset—No. 10, range 2 ; first called Millsford for Judge Isaac Mills, an early settler. By legislative act 1849, it was changed to Dorset. Why that name was chosen is unknown to the author. Geneva—No. 12, range 5; named by Levi Gaylord of Harpersfield, from Geneva, N. Y., because the latter town was the prettiest town he passed through on his journey in 1806. Harpersfield—No. 1, range 5 ; named for the Harper family, members of which were early settlers. Hartsgrove—No. 9, range 5; named originally Matherstown. Mr. Mather claimed to own the land but after legislation which resulted in giving title to Wm. Hart it became Hartsgrove. Jefferson—No. 1, range 3 ; named for President Jefferson by Gideon Granger who was Postmaster General under Jefferson. Kingsville—No. 13, range 2 ; first called Fobes Dale in honor of Captain Walter Fobes. This became Fobes Tale, which name did not please citizens. For a time it was known as Norwich, but as this was not satisfactory', Mr. Kingsville, who was neither owner of land nor a resident, offered four gallons of whiskey to have the town named for him, and it was so done. Lenox—No. 10, range 3 ; first called Millerstown for Ashur Miller, who owned much of the township. 1813 changed to Lenox, probably for Lenox, Massachusetts. Monroe—No. 12, range ; named for Preisdent Monroe. Morgan—No.   range 4 ; was named from John Morgan who first bought the land from the Connecticut Land Company. New Lyme—No. 9, range 3; originally called Lebanon, but finally New Lyme, because some of the earlier settlers were from Lyme, Connecticut. Orwell—No. 8, range 4 ; first known as Leffingwell, for one of the founders. Christopher Leffingwell. In 1826 name changed to Orwell. Pierpont—No. 11, range ; named for Pierpont Edwards, who originally owned the land. His son, John Stark Edwards, settled early in Trumbull county, and was the first county recorder of the Reserve. Plymouth—No. 12, range 3 ; probably for Plymouth, Connecticut ; possibly for Plymouth, Massachusetts. Richmond—No. 10, range 1. The boundaries of this town changed more than most of the townships and it was called Jefferson for the reason Jefferson was then Denmark ; then Pierpont, for the reason Pierpont was then Richmond. Rome—No. 9, range 4, was first called Richmond ; later name changed, presumably from Rome, New York. Saybrook—No. 12, range 4 ; first called West Matherstown for Mr. Mather, who was the supposed owner ; then Wrightsburg and later for Saybrook Connecticut, from which town several of its settlers came. Sheffield—First called East Matherstown for Samuel Mather, but,. in 1820 called Sheffield, from Sheffield, Massachusetts. Trumbull—Possibly for the first county of the Reserve ; probably for Governor Trumbull of Connecticut, for whom the county was named. HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE- 537 Wayne—Named for General Anthony Wayne. Williamsfield—Named for General Joseph Williams, who owned a large part of its land. Windsor—First settlers were of the family of Griswolds who lived in Windsor, Connecticut. FIRST MARRIAGES. Ashtabula-—Catherine Braddock and Beverly Star. Andover—Polly Carpenter and Artemus Smith. Conneaut—Aaron Wright arid Anna Montgomery. Colebrook—Cleora Phillips and Asahael Canfield. Dorset—Mr. Griffin of Morgan and "widow of Abitha Sutliff." Women were surely such relics in early days, that their own names are of used even after their husbands died. Hartsgrove—Fred Alderman and Ann Burgess, 1828. Harpersfield—William Harper and Miss Robinson, 1808. Jefferson—Jonathan Warner and Nancy rithy, 1807. Lenox—Sallie Randall and Nicholas Miller, New Lyme—Susan Peck and Calvin Knowlton. Morgan—J. B. Battell and Lydia P. Gellett, 1803. Monroe—George Ferguson and Maria Harrington. Plymouth—Julia Hubbard and Walker Richmond. Richmond—Nicholas Knapp and Elvira Rockwell. Rome — Jerusha Crowell and Erastus lower. Sheffield—Miss Mendall and Major Moore, 1817. Trumbull—Ezra and Laura Griffin ? Wayne—Philemia Brockway and Samuel Fobes. Williamsfield—Samuel Tuttle and Lois Leonard, 1812. Windsor—Jonathan Higley and Kesiah Griswold, 18o6. ASHTABULA COUNTY TOWNS IN 1837. The following taken from the Gazetteer and Travelers' Guide of 1837 is interesting by comparison : "Andover, a postoffice and township in the southeast corner of Ashtabula county adjoining the township of Kinsman in.. Trumbull county. There are several mills in the township, and it is rapidly improving. Population estimated at 800. "Ashtabula, a township in the county of the same name, in which is also situated the borough of Ashtabula. The township is one of the largest in the county, extending from the lake shore about 8 miles south, and five miles east and west, embracing the original surveyed townships 12 and 13 of range 3, Western Reserve lands, and containing 26,216 acres of land, and valued in the assessment at $126,366. The harbour at the mouth of the Ashtabula river is in this township. The town or borough of Ashtabula, lies on both sides, but chiefly on the west side of the Ashtabula river, about two miles from its mouth, at the crossing of the great east and west mail route. It was incorporated in 1827. Here are eight or ten stores, . several taverns, two churches, and other buildings in proportion. That part of the town on the east side of the river is sometimes called east Ashtabula. "Austinburg, a flourishing post township of Ashtabula county. It was organized in 1812, and called after Eliphalet Austin, Esq., one of the early settlers of the county, and the first in this township. It contain a church for Presbyterians, a store, two flour mills, three saw mills, one oil mill, one woolen manufactory, two fulling mills, two carding machines," etc. Distance, six miles west from Jefferson, and 192 northeast from Columbus. It contained 771 inhabitants at the census of 538 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE 1830. Present population estimated at 900. There are 15,638 acres of land assessed for taxation ; valued at 57,529 dollars. "Cherry Valley, a post township of Ashtabula county ; organized in 1828. It was so called from the numerous cherry trees growing on the borders of a small stream, which rises near the north part of this township, and flows into the Beaver river. It is bounded on the east by the township of Andover, west by New Lyme, north by Millsford and south by Wayne. About half the township is rolling land, the balance quite level and excellent for grazing. It contains about 400 or 500 inhabitants, one store, eight mechanics' shops, four saw mills and nine school districts. The exports are principally neat cattle, beef, pork, butter and cheese ; Ad the inhabitants being industrious, enterprising and frugal, are becoming wealthy and independent. Eight years since there were but twelve families in the township. Distance fourteen miles southeast of Jefferson, and 192 from Columbus. "Conneaut—This is one of the several towns on the lake shore, which by reason of the improvement in the harbor, has grown into importance within the last few years. It is situated in the northeast corner of the state, nearly adjoining the Pennsylvania line, and commands an extensive trade. There are three churches, eleven taverns, one printing office, abank, being a branch of the Miami Exporting Company, etc. In regard to the business transactions of the place, we make the following extract from a petition presented by the citizens to the last General Assembly, praying for the establishment of an additional bank : "There are in Conneaut, twenty-four houses engaged in mercantile pursuits. "The following is a statement of the amount of imports and exports, to and from this port during the past season, as compiled from the shipping bills and books of forwarding merchants : Exports—Sawed lumber, 1,124,067 feet ; pipe staves, 250,00o ; grain, 24,786 bushels ; pork, beef, flour, etc., 10,849 barrels glass, 3,947 boxes ; coal, 81 tons ; cheese, 2 tons ; butter, 46 tons ; fruit, 150 tons ; c., iron, 200 tons. Imports—Merchandise, 21,10 tons or. 147,707 barrels bulk ; salt, 5,230 bar-. rels ; pine lumber, 95,000 feet ; gypsum, 150 tons ; white and lake fish, 346 barrels; lime. stone, 508 tons ; burr mill stones, 29 tons. "The following is the number of arrivals- and departures, as taken from a register kept at the port : Arrivals—Vessels, 275; steam- boats, 760. Departures—Vessels, 265; steam- boats, 759—There are owned at this port, seven schooners, the tonnage of which in the aggregate is, three hundred and ninety-one tons. Two others of the largest class are now being built. There is also one steamboat owned here of 375 tons burthen. A new steamboat, the Constitution, was recently launched, of five hundred tons burthen, and the keel of another is already laid of the same size. There are five flouring mills in operation, an extensive steam saw mill, connected with a ship yard, is now being completed, and an extensive iron foundry in operation. There are now under contract to be erected the ensuing season, eighty dwelling houses, which number will doubtless be increased to from one hundred and fifty to two hundred, besides numerous stores, etc. "Colebrook, a township in Ashtabula county was formerly called by this name. It is now called Phelps. "Denmark, a post township (postoffice the.. same name) in Ashtabula county, lying immediately east of Jefferson, and about 204 miles from Columbus. It was organized in 1815, and had in 1830, 169 inhabitants, one grist and two saw mills. It is fifteen miles southeast from Ashtabula, and seventeen from Conneaut. The postoffice is supplied by a mail route from Harmonsburg, Pennsylvania to Madison. "Geneva, a . post township in the north western corner of Ashtabula county, on the southern shore of lake Erie, 190 miles north- HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 539 east of Columbus. It has one store, one grist mill and three saw mills ; and contained 771 inhabitants at the census of 1830. It now returns about 16,000 acres of land on the tax list. "Harpersfield, a flourishing post township, situated in the western borders of Ashtabula county. It is one of the oldest and first settled townships in the county. It was so called after a family of the name of Harper, who were the proprietors and first settlers. Grand river runs across it, a little south of the middle, from east to west. It is all divided into farms of 100 acres each ; and generally settled. Here are one store, two flouring mills, two saw mills, one fulling mill, and two forges, where considerable quantities of bar iron are made. Near the northwestern corner is the flourishing village of Unionville, situated partly in this county, and partly in Madison, in Geauga county. Distance, ten miles west of Jefferson, and 188 northeast. from Columbus. Popula- tion at the census of 1830, 1,145. "Hartsgrove, a township and postoffice of the same name, in Ashtabula county, organized in 1830, and so called from R. W. Hart, Esq., of Connecticut, the original proprietor. It returns near 16,000 acres of land for taxation. "Jefferson, a post town and seat of justice for Ashtabula county. It is situated in the center of a township of the same name, and contains a brick court house of forty by fifty feet area, a printing office, from which is published a weekly paper, three stores, three taverns, and an academy. It was so called by the late Gideon Granger, then a principal proprietor, in honor of Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States. It is situated on Mills creek, about ten miles from the lake shore, thirty-five northerly from Warren, in Trumbull county, and 200 northeast from Columbus. North Latitude 41 degrees 45 minutes, West longitude 3 degrees so [flutes. "Kingsville, a post township (postoffice same name) in the northeastern quarter of Ashtabula county, 200 miles northeast from Columbus. It was so named in honor of Nehemiah King, Esq., an early settler in the county. It is a wealthy and populous township, and contains several mills, carding machines, etc. It returns about 14,000 acres of land on the tax list, and has about 1,500 inhabitants. "Lenox, a township (postoffice same name) in Ashtabula county, fifteen miles south of Ashtabula harbor, on the leading road to Pittsburg, thirty miles north of Warren, and four miles south of Jefferson, the county seat. It contains about 55o inhabitants, 100 dwelling houses, one grist mill, four saw mills, one store, one tavern, etc. It returns 15,447 acres of land on the tax list. "Monroe, a post township in the eastern borders of Ashtabula county. It is seven miles long from north to south, by five broad east to west. The postoffice is called Kelloggsville. This township was organized in 1848. It contains four flouring mills, six saw mills, a fulling mill, carding machine, etc. It is so named in honor of James Monroe, late President of the United States. It contained 862 inhabitants at the census of 1830. "Morgan, a post township of Ashtabula county (postoffice same name) containing 479 inhabitants at the census of 1830. It lies a few miles southwest of Jefferson, the county seat, and about 160 miles northeast of Columbus. It contains about 60o inhabitants, loo dwelling houses, two stores, two tanneries, one carding machine, two clothiers shops, one turning shop, one blacksmith shop, one cabinet shop, one coopers shop, one shoe shop, one grist mill, five saw mills, one tavern, three school houses, one church, one physician and two clergymen. The principal streams are Grand river, passing northerly through the western section of the township, and Rock creek, a branch of Grand river, passing northwesterly a little south of the center of the township. The township is five miles square, intersected by the Trumbull and Ashtabula 540 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE turnpike, two other roads running parallel with the turnpike, and three roads running east and west, crossing the turnpike at right angles. There are two daily mails in coaches. "New Lyme, a post township in the interior of Ashtabula county. It was organized in 1813, by the name of Lebanon : which name it retained until 1825, when it was changed to its present one, in remembrance of Lyme, in Connecticut, from whence many of the inhabitants originally came. Here are three saw mills and one store. At the last census it contained 484 inhabitants. Distance, about 150 miles northeast from Columbus. "Orwell, a post township (postoffice same name) in the southwestern quarter of Ashtabula county, situated immediately south from Richfield. It was established in July, 1826; and contained 106 inhabitants at the last census. Distance, about 180 miles northeast from Columbus. It returns 5,014 acres of land for taxation. "Pierpont, a post township in the eastern border of Ashtabula county, adjoining the Pennsylvania state line, 210 miles northeast from Columbus. It was organized in 1818; and so called after the late Pierpont Edwards, of Connecticut. At the last census it contained 277 inhabitants. "Richmond, a post township situated in the eastern borders of Ashtabula county. It was organized in 1828, and contained 187 inhabitants at the census of 1830. The south and east part of the township is thickly settled. It now contains a postoffice called Leon, about 300 inhabitants, sixty dwelling houses, one store, one tavern, and four school houses. The office is in the southwest corner of the township, fourteen miles south of Monroe village, and ten southeast of Jefferson, the county seat. Mails, daily, on the route from Conneaut to Beaver, Pennsylvania. "Rome, a post township (postoffice same name) of Ashtabula county, formerly called Richfield. Distance, twelve or fifteen miles south by west Jefferson, and 180 northeast from Columbus. Here are three sawmills, one flour mill, and a store. It contains 351 inhabitants. "Saybrook, a post township situated in the northern borders of Ashtabula county, on the southern shore of lake Erie, 195 miles north east of Columbus. It was called Wrightsburg, until the year 1826, when its name was changed to Saybrook, after the town of that name in Connecticut, from whence many of its inhabitants came. It was organized in 1816, contains one store, three taverns, a sawmill, carding machine, etc. Population at the last census 627. Sheffield, a township of Ashtabula county, organized in 1820. It was called after Sheffield, in Massachusetts. It has two flouring mills, and three saw mills ; and contained 450 inhabitants at the census of 1830. It lies east of and adjoining Ashtabula township on Ashtabula river, and returns 14,736 acres of land for taxation. "Trumbull, a township in Ashtabula county, ten miles from Jefferson, and about 190 north east of Columbus. It was organized in 1825, and contained I 12 inhabitants at the last census. Taxable land, 16,178 acres. "Wayne, a post township of Ashtabula county, twenty miles southeast from Jefferson, and nearly 200 northeast of Columbus. It was named after General Anthony Wayne. It contains a flouring mill, and three saw mills, Population at the last census, 661. Taxable land, 15,486 acres. "Williamsfield, a post township (postoffice same name) in the southeast corner of Ashtabola county, twenty miles southeast from Jefferson, and nearly 200 northeast from Columbus. It was organized in 182o, and contains two stores, three saw mills and a flouring and It formerly constituted a part of Wayne township. At the last census contained 528 inhabitants. "Windsor, a flourishing post township (postoffice same name) and the southwestern in Ashtabula county, lying immediately north HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 541 of Mesopotamia, in Trumbull county, twenty-four miles southwest from Jefferson, and nearly 180 northeast of Columbus. It was organized about the year 1810; and was so called from Windsor, in Connecticut. It contains one store, two flouring mills, and three saw mills ; and had 666 inhabitants at the last census: Here is also said to be a quarry for grindstones." EARLY SETTLERS BY TOWNS. The following is a list of the early settlers, e date of their arrivals, and the towns they settled in : Rome, Elijah and Pheobe Crosby. Trumbull, Holly Tanner, 1799. Andover, Zodoc Steel, 18o8. Morgan, Nathan and Asa Gillett, 1801. Kingsville, Eldad and Samantha Harrington, 1803. Windsor, George and Elisa Phelps, 1799 New Lyme, Mr. and Mrs. Joel Owen, 1803. Monroe, Colonel Stephen Moulton, 1799. Denmark, Peter and Pheobe Knapp, 1809. Hartsgrove, George Alderman, 1822. Plymouth, William Thompson and Mr. M. C. Gallie, 1804. Williamsfield, Charles Case and son, Zophar, 1904. Lenox, Lisle Asque, 1807. Orwell, A. R. Paine, 1817. Pierpont, Edward Speare, 1798. Cherry Valley, Nathaniel Hubbard, 1818. Ashtabula, Thomas Hamilton, 1801 ; first family George Beckwith. Geneva, Theobald Bartholemew. Jefferson, Michael Webster, 1804. Harpersfield, Mr. and Mrs. Harper, 1798. Saybrook, Joseph and Rhoda Hotchkiss, 1809. Wayne, Titus Hayes, 1798. FIRST SCHOOLS. Jefferson—First school just west of the old Jonathan Warner place. Conneaut—First school in 1802 in a cabin at the mouth of creek ; Mr. Loomis, teacher.. Harpersfield—First school held in 1802 in log school house ; Elizabeth Harper, teacher. This was the first school house erected in the county. Geneva—First school house, (log) 1807 or 1808 ; possibly as late as 1810. Margaret Gaylord, teacher. Saybrook—First school house 1815 ; Adaline Gates, first teacher. Austinburg—First school held in log barn on Austin farm. Betsey Austin, teacher, received no pay. First school house, made. of planks and mud chimney, 1802. Monroe—First school held in Colonel Miller's cabin, while he was absent, Laura Ford, of Williamsfield, teacher. First log school building (Kelloggsville) 1814, David Niles, teacher. Kingsville—First school in Walter Fobes house in i8o6, Rebecca Cowles, teacher. Held here for four years, when Thomas Cook taught at bend of Conneaut Creek. First log school house was not erected until 1812. Dorset—Sarah Houghton taught the first school in 1823. The building was of logs and she was paid nine dollars for three months. Colebrook—Cleora Phillips in 1822 taught the first school. The building was of logs and she received one dollar a week in wheat. Andover—The barn of Frances Lyman served as the first school building in 1814. Dorothy Houghton was teacher. Rome—First school held in John Crowell's residence, 1809. Next year a log house erected. Lucinda Crosby, teacher—School house erected next year. Plymouth—First school house erected 181o. It was taught by Warren Mann. Lenox—Log school house erected 1818; Asaneth Waters, teacher. New Lyme—First school 1812, teacher, John Lee. Richmond—Laura Ford first school teacher, about 1811. 1826 log school house erected. 542 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE Trumbull—The first school house erected in 1829 ; teachers name unknown ; second teacher Mehitable Madison. Orwell—First school house was of logs, erected 1822 ; Lydia C. Wolcott, teacher. Pierpont—Lucy Huntly was the first teacher. Log school house erected 1813 or 1814. Cherry Valley—First school taught by Mrs. Hannah A. Clark. She was a seamstress as well as a teacher, and plied both trades at once. Sheffield—Clarissa Cassell taught the first school in 1819 ; log cabin. Williamsfield—First school erected in 1808, presumably of logs. Mrs. Babcock was the teacher. She had a baby a few months old. This the big boys helped her to carry to school, and here it slept in a sap-trough cradle. Wayne—Keziah Jones taught first school in 1809. Joshua R. Giddings was one of her pupils. Windsor—First school 1804 or 1805 was held in a blacksmith's shop. Next year a log house was erected. Keziah Griswold, teacher. Hartsgrove—Parmelia Frazer taught in a log building in 1829. Ashtabula—First school house in Ashtabula stood at Jefferson and South Ridge ; Julia Hubbard, teacher. First school at Center in 1815 ; Sarah Booth, teacher ; held in Amos Fisk's barn. Ashtabula county in 1908 paid its teachers $169,380.47. The expenses for schools for that year in the county amounted to $385,-347.99. There were 14,750 children of school age and 193 schoolhouses. GRAND RIVER INSTITUTE Religion and schools were closely allied in the early days of the Reserve. Most institutions of learning were supported wholly or partly by churches, or ardent individuals in the church. Women served, cooked and saved in order that the young men mig.ht be educated for the ministry, and these dapper beneficiaries when educated early and often preached fro Paul's text "Let women keep silent in the church." The religious revival of 1831 helped to bring about the establishment of "The Ashtabula County Institute of Science and industry." It was duly incorporated on the Grand River near the Harpersfield line, which place was later appropriately named Mechanicsville. OLD BRIDGE AT MECHANICSVILLE. , HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 543 Here Dr. O. K. Hawley and Joab Austin owned a grist mill, a saw mill and an oil mill. They proposed to establish a school which would teach young men how to work and how to do business, that is, they proposed to establish a manual training school and business college in connection with the institute. This property was turned over and the school begun. Students flocked there, thirty coming at one time from overcrowded Oberlin. The school flourished, but the students did not make a success of operating the mills. Finally Joab Austin gave twenty-five thousand dollars, probably in land, to the institute, on condition the authorities established it in his end of the town. This was done in 1836 and the name changed to Grand River Instiute. In 1840 a woman's department was added, and since that time the school has been co-educational. When the union, or public schools, became established the institute suffered greatly. It was reorganized however on the basis of a private boarding school and it has been successful and done an immense amount of good since. The mills property early given to it was sold and the proceeds invested, and from time to time it has received gifts, so that it is well endowed. It has eight acres of campus, and three buildings. Earle W. Hamblin is principal. The institute has sent out about five thousand students and many noted men and women date their success to this substantial school. JACOB TUCKERMAN'S GOOD WORKS. The following interesting contribution to the history of the Institute is contributed by Florence S. Tuckerman, daughter of Jacob Tuckerman, principal from 1868 to 1882 : "Jacob Tuckerman's earliest ancestor was called one of the Mayflower Tuckermans, who later lived in Boston on, the Commons. His immediate ancestor, whose name is uncertain, ran away from the Boston home to Connecticut and never communicated with his family afterward. He or his descendants accumulated a large fortune and owned various mills. Jacob's own father, Isaac, was born in a rich home in Sterling, Connecticut. Lafayette's army was received under a tree on his estates. Isaac refused to go to Yale College, because he felt that a rich man's son did not need an education. Jacob was born in Sterling, Connecticut, July 31, 1824. The family mills burned down and, losing a large portion of his wealth, his father moved to Potsdam, New York, in 1825. Jacob was very fond of sports. He used to run away from school to go in swimming. His own mother had died when he was five years old. One day his stepmother noticed him shivering behind the stove. Soon after some lumbermen told of his swimming to the bottom of a deep pond for an ax they had dropped, for which they had given him a half dollar. No doubt he was severely punished for this sin, for. he was made to go to school, and chafed under the Puritanical training. "Isaac Tuckerman again burned out in Potsdam, New York, emigrated to Orwell, Ohio, in 1836. Here Jacob was on fire with all boyish desires. He attended a primitive circus and practiced riding his father's horses around the pasture, standing on their bare backs. Outside influences made him discount his stepmother's kindliness. The runaway blood of his Boston ancestor was in his veins. He greatly admired the stage driver, who came to town twice a week, cracking a long whip over four prancing black horses. The stage driver took a fancy to him. He arranged to run away with the stage driver farther west, setting the time for a particular day. The night before he was to start he was working at something he considered particularly hateful, expecting it to be for the last time, when a man came driving into the yard. He had as fine a horse as the stage driver. " 'Good evening, my boy,' he said, 'I hear you are going to run away. I advise you not 544 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE to do it.' And then he drove out of the yard as fast as he came in. "Jacob said to himself, I rather guess I won't go tomorrow. I guess I won't go for a week ;' and then he did not go at all. 'It was the fine horse that did it, he always said afterward. "Jacob's father, true to his distaste for books, did not want him to go to school. His idea at that time seemed to be merely to re-cover the money he had lost. It was his stepmother who came to the rescue. He often said she was the _making of him. She used to go out where his father was working and seat herself on a log and argue with him. 'Jacob must g.o to school,' she said. " 'No, I can't spare him,' he replied. " 'But he must go to school, and, woman-like, she had her way. "So, in 1839 he went to Kingsville Academy, studying winters and working summers. At Kingsville he was converted. From this time on his journal is full of his religious experiences, and his one desire seemed to be to serve God and man. He taught in Saybrook in 1840 anll in Rome Academy in 1845-6. He went to Oberlin as a senior in the teacher's course in 1847-8. His Austinburg students will remember how he often told them in chapel that he was the only one taking that course and how he overturned the program for the other Greek students. In consequence, the students did not like to have him in the class and it was necessary for him to get his lessons perfectly to be tolerated. In his Kingsville journal he had written, must get these Greek verbs better.' At Oberlin he studied late at night, until he knew his Greek by heart. However, his father's illness called him home in the spring and he never went back for his diploma. "In 1848-9 he taught in Monroe, Michigan. On April 23, 184.9, he married Elizabeth Ellinwood, whose father, son of a gentleman who had bought untitled lands in America and came to Ohio to retrieve his fortunes. Her grandfather, Thomas Ellinwood, was one of the committee to' send a protest to George III about the Stamp Act. Her grandfather on her mother's side was Dr. Daniel Fuller, twenty years member of the assembly of New York. Sixteen Fuller cousins served in the Revolutionary war. They were descendants of the 'Villiers, deacons of the old Congregation church of Torringford, Connecticut, for a hundred years, and of Thankful Allen, sister of Ethan Allen. Elizabeth's father had the old New .England love of learning. He was versed in literature and science, particularly geology. All of the family wrote poetry. Elizabeth was a fine scholar and had attended Kingsville Academy when Jacob was there, and studied under him in the Rome Academy. "In 1850 Jacob Tuckerman was elected county superintendent of schools, in which capacity he served until 1852, when he organized Orwell Academy. He was called to the professorship of mathematics in Fa.rmers' College, Colleg.e Hill, Ohio, in 1857. The youngest man of the faculty, Ile was elected president of Farmers' College in 1860. He was made captain of Company J. Nineteenth regiment Ohio militia, in Hamilton county July, 1863, and elected major of the same regiment September, 1863. Both commission were signed by Governor David Tod. He was given a sword for saving Cincinnati after Morgan's raid. On account of ill health, he resigned his presidency of Farmers' College in 1867 and organized the State Sunday School Union, in which he worked till 1868, when he went to Austinburg as principal of Grand River Institute. In 1882 he moved to New Lyme, where he died February 5, 1897, just as the bell was ringing for the chapel exercises he so dearly loved. "It would be impossible to enumerate all of the pupils under his instruction, but here is a summary of most of the students of Grand River Institute and New Lyme Institute. There was no class to graduate from Grand River Institute until 1870, though he went there in 1868. The number of students is the HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 545 entire number of separate students during each school year : GRAND RIVER INSTITUTE.