600 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE establishments ; eight printing and binding; five roofing ; two rubber goods ; ten sash, door, lumber and interior finish ; two soda and mineral waters ; seventeen steel, iron and tin ; six stone, cut, sawed and artificial ; six tinware, sheet iron and galvanized iron. YOUNGSTOWN IN 1837. It may be interesting to know what a travelers' guide, called the Ohio Gazette, published by Warren Jenkins, says of this booming city in 1837: "Youngstown, a flourishing post township, on the Mahoning river, fourteen miles southwestwardly from Warren, on the great road leading from that town to Pittsburg, in Pennsylvania. Here are five mercantile stores and a postoffice. It was so called after a Mr. John Young, formerly the owner. The settlement commenced in 1797. Population, 1383. Distance, 165 miles northeast from Columbus. It is the most populous township in the county of Trumbull. It returns 15,000 acres of land on the tax list." MILL CREEK PARK. The natural beauty of the region of the creek flowing into the Mahoning west of Youngstown attracted two of the first settlers, Phineas Hill and Isaac Powers, and they walked up the creek and discovered the Falls. Water-power was as eagerly sought for at that time as gold, and these men erected a mill ; hence the name Mill Creek Park. The Mill Creek valley was a favorite place for the Indians who tramped back and forth on their path between Pittsburg and the northwest. It is believed that in summer they camped on the flats just over the cliff from Idora Park, and that they had a "winter den" just east of that plat. Colonel Foster, who owned this ground, afterward found stones and charcoal and other evidences which led students to believe that there had been a pit on that spot in which the Indians warmed themselves by a ‘fire. Colonel Foster's father, Jonas, who came to Youngstown in 1825 from New York City, remembers that Peter Lanterman, the father of German Lanterman, hired Indians to work on his farm. LANTERMAN MILLS AND MRS. LANTERMAN. All visitors to Mill Creek Park notice the old mill there, but many of them do not know that this was for many years called Lanterman Mills, the falls, Lanterman Falls, and that German Lanterman and his wife were among the most substantial and vigorous of the early Mahoning county people. Mrs. Lanterman was Sallie Ann Woods and was a sister of Dr. D. B. and Dr... John R. Woods, of Warren. She has spent nearly her entire life in Youngstown township. She was married to German Lanterman in 1842. The frame residence and the historic mill were begun in 1844. The son of Mr. and Mrs. Lanterman, Dr. John Lanterman, was well known in his profession. In the later years of his life he was interested in Colorado mines and died there in 1898. Mr. Lanterman has been dead some years, but Mrs. Lanterman's children and grandchildren have been with her and near her most of her life. The Lanterman mill, which was built in 1846 and operated until 1888, was bought by the park commissioners at that time. The Pioneer Pavilion was erected by James Eaton in 1821, as a wool factory, and used later as a store room in connection with the charcoal furnace built by Daniel Eaton. The Mill Creek water-power was used not only to run the grist mills, but a saw-mill was run there, a furnace and an ax factory; so that the spot was at one time quite an industrial center. In this wooded ravine picnics were had and holidays celebrated for a hundred years before it was realized that it was a park. Mr. Volney Rogers conceived the idea of improving it, and since that time he has devoted much of his time and thought to this work. Youngstown people appreciate his services to a greater degree than is usual in such cases. HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 601 A description of this park with its ten miles of drives, its eleven bridges, its lake, creek, hillsides and woods, would give no idea of its real beauty. One must see it to know that some of its natural beauty is not excelled by any park in the country. Up to this time nearly half a million dollars has been expended on it. COHASSET LAKE. The lake, called "Cohasset" in Indian language, signifying "a place of pines," has a surface of twenty-eight acres. It was made possible by the construction of a stone dam. Not only do pleasure seekers visit this park, but so many unusual plants grow there that botanists study it, _and the geological formations are such as to have the attention of both state and national geologists. EAST END PARK. In addition to Mill Creek Park, Youngstown has East End Park, which extends along the valley of Dry Run, par of it lying in Coitsville. The land was purchased two years ago for about twenty thousand dollars. Here many years ago, 'Indian tribes used to go for their supplies of corn and salt. The corn grew well in this fertile river bottom. It is supposed that they had celebrations here about the big boulder which lies in the valley. The tale is told that at one time there were 3,500 Indians there, and that many of them were killed by falling trees and lightning. The bodies of these men were buried about where the present Hazleton furnace is. This park will someday be developed into a beautiful place. WICK PARK. Another park very near the city is Wick Park, which was presented to the corporation in 1889 by Hugh B. Wick, on condition that it be used for park purposes. This was one of the most beautiful wooded spots in early Youngstown ; it is now well cultivated and it will not be long until it will be almost in the heart of the city. It contains forty-eight acres. THE WICK FAMILY: Hugh B. Wick was born in Youngstown in 1809. In 1828 he was a merchant in Brookfield, Trumbull county. In 1837 he removed to Lowellville. In 1839 he returned to Youngstown, where he lived the rest of his life. He was actively engaged in the iron industry and in banking. 602 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE Henry Wick was one of Youngstown's early merchants and probably has the largest number of descendants living of any of the pioneers. He was born on Long Island and moved to Morristown, New York, where he married Hannah Baldwin, the daughter of Caleb. Mrs. Wick was a great reader. She had a most beautiful garden, and some of her needle work is preserved by her great-granddaughters to this day. She took her son's wife into her family exactly as she did her own daughters. MAHONING VALLEY HISTORICAL SOCIETY. The men who came early from New England were instructed in the New England way of keeping diaries, records and books of that kind. If these had been preserved by their descendants, much information would have been added to the history of this interesting pact of northeastern Ohio. About thirty years after Trumbull county was organized, people began to realize the importance of these documents and in different localities made arrangement to preserve them. In 1840 the people about Youngstown discussed the advisability of forming a historical society. Nothing, however, was done in regard to this until 1874 when the Mahoning Valley Historical Society was organized. John M. Edwards was exceedingly interested in this question and did much to promote and perfect it. For several years men and women from the adjoining counties gathered in Youngstown on the tenth of September (anniversary of Perry's victory), where the older people gave their reminiscences and addresses and relics were brought and information delivered. All this material was gathered and published in a book, known as the "Mahoning Valley Historical Collection." The volume does not pretend to be anything but an unedited collection of facts. It is very valuable now, and as time goes on, it will grow more so. Several counties in the Western Reserve, inspired by the same desire, made collections of valuable information. These collections in some cases were dissipated, after the interested people died, and others were lost by fire. There is now a historical society, of which Joseph G. Butler, who is interested in the past and present affairs of Youngstown, is president. FIRST SUCCESSFUL IRON FURNACE. Robert Montgomery was a son of the Revolutionary soldier, who was at one time a member of the Continental congress. He followed his father's profession, that of surveying. While in the western part of Pennsylvania, in connection with his business, he went up the Mahoning river and visited Youngstown. About 1816 he purchased land at the mouth of Dry Run where he lived all his life. His second journey to Ohio was about 1805, when he planned for the building of the furnace on Yellow Creek. This furnace was on John Struthers' land ; the two entered into partnership and the furnace was put in place about 1807. This was the second furnace in northern Ohio, but it was the first successful one; for, as we have seen, the Heaton furnace was more or less a failure. Mr. Montgomery was twice married, his first wife living only a short time. His second wife was Louisa M. Edwards, widow of John Stark Edwards; great granddaughter of Jonathan Edwards and his first cousin, once removed. Their children were Robert M. ; Caroline, who married Moses Hazelton, and Ellen Louise, who married Samuel Hine. Mrs. Montgomery was a woman of sterling worth. Much is written of her in the Trumbull county chapter. Her son, William Edwards, lived out his long life in Youngstown. His hospitable home was on Mahoning avenue, and here he and his wife (who was Mary Manning) and his daughter, Louisa, lived happily for many years. Mr. and Mrs. Edwards both lived to a good old age. HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 603 REV. THOMAS BARR, PIONEER MINISTER. Rev. Thomas Barr, who was in later life interested in the history of the Western Reserve, and a minister of good standing in Cleveland; came to Youngstown in the spring of 180o. His wife was a very pious woman and she was glad to find that Mr. Wick had organized a church. Mr. Barr's father intended him to be educated for the ministry, but as he was somewhat immoderate in youth and not inclined in this direction, his guardian thought there was no use in trying ; so he had him learn a trade. But after a time he became converted and studied for the ministry, to the great joy of his wife. Two of his sons were ministers. OLD TIMES IN YOUNGSTOWN. Judge William Rayen's house was the finest in the village of its time. It stood on the site of the present Parmelee block. The house of Charles Dutton stood where the Bissell block now is. Ashael Medbury published The Ohio Republican in a mouse on the site of the town hall. His nearby neighbors were Stephen Burnett, E. G. and I. F. Hollingsworth, John and Robert Grierson, Robert Wallace and Daniel Coats. Medbury was a farmer and distiller besides-being an editor. Burnett was a gunsmith, hunter and fisherman. The Holiingsworths and Griersons were merchants, and Wallace and Coats were grocers. About that time there were three hotels in the town. The Mansion House, built by Daniel Morley and kept by Lewis Murray. Lewis was the father of Robert, the attorney. Norman Andrews was a late proprietor. He was a father of Chauncey, Wallace and Norman Andrews. The second hotel "was on the northeast corner of the Public Square and Federal street. It was kept by Captain James Richart, father of Major Richart, of the Sixth Ohio Volunteer Infantry and the late Captain Daniel Richart." The other hotel was kept by William, H. Ross and stood on the east side of the Square. At one time the miller who ran the Mill Creek mill had the misfortune to have his house and his wife and four children who were in it swept away by the breaking of the clam. The wife's body was found at the mouth of the creek. Joseph Barclay drew the plans for the Spring Common bridge. His brothers, Robert and William, built the bridge. The old Rayen warehouse was at Spring Common, where the Pennsylvania depot now is, and was kept by John Kirk. This building was followed by one in which S. K. Shed at one time and John Jehu at another time kept a store. Charles Barclay, in speaking of General Grierson, says : "General Benjamin Grierson, who made his mark in the late war of the Rebellion, was a citizen of our village. He and Professor Isaac White originated the town's first brass band, which enlivened every convention and Fourth of July celebration. I remember the big time they had on the Fourth of 1844. There was a grand parade and banquet. The ladies carried little silk banners. Toasts were offered and the Warren guards proclaimed liberty and independence through the voice of their brass cannon. T. H. Mills, Dr. Theodatus Garlick, Joseph G. Haney, Charles Barr, John D. Wick, Hugh and Paul were the committee." One of the places frequented by the old Canal driver was the Empire's store. Just west of this store the Olive Branch, owned by General McLain, was printed. James Healey lived in the house west and this was the home of the McCurdy family for many years. The handsome old house belonging to the Boardman family had an underground passage to the well. This was to enable the people in the house to get water in case the Indians attacked them. The old homestead of Chauncey Andrews, 604 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE which is still standing on Frederick street, is one of the oldest houses in Youngstown. It was built by Mr. Laughridge. Mr. Bissell, of Connecticut, built the house in which Dr. Manning lived so long. It was a hotel and has lately been torn down. Where the Valley mill now stands was Caleb Wick's sugar camp. Rachel Wick Taylor, when a little girl, remembers walking after the man as he gathered the sap. When she got tired he let her ride on his shoulders, so he had two sap pails and a child to carry. Homer Hine was one of Youngstown's early prosperous citizens. He had a handsome house, which stood. on the brow of the hill where the bridge near the Lake Shore station now is. Judge Rayen's store was at the corner of Holmes and Frederick streets. His house was too feet west of that and projected out into the street. When it was torn down, the street was straightened. Caleb Baldwin's house stood about where McKelvey's store is now. In the memory of many of our readers, Dr.. T. Woodbridge lived in it. It was then an old brick house. The Presbyterian church stood between the Elk's club and the court house. Schools were held at one time in many parlors of houses which were not used, and the children had the privilege of playing in the vacant parts of the house during recess. There was a log schoolhouse which was where the Tod House now stands. The leather shop, of which William W. Bonnell is now proprietor, is one of the oldest stores in the city. His grandfather and his great-uncle had a shop there in the old days of Youngstown. Mrs. William Hitchcock was Nancy Peebles, of New Castle. Mr. Hitchcock came from Connecticut. John Young's granddaughter married a navy officer and was acquainted with some Youngstown people who lived in Washington. Mrs. Rachel Taylor says she met her and at that time she was drawing three pensions. Three of the men of her family had served in different wars. The McCoys kept a hotel on the northwest corner of Federal and Market streets. James Reno married a McCoy. This was always a popular place. In the days of the McCoys the young people were welcome there, as they also were in the days of the Renos. A daughter of John Stark Edwards married Mr. 'Whitney, the man who invented the cotton gin, or who is supposed to have invented it. Now they say a woman in Massachusetts invented it. For more than sixty years Mr. Whitney's sons were manufacturing this gin at a little place in Connecticut known as Whitneyfield. Jared Kirtland, a brother of Turhand, lived in an old frame house at the bottom of the hill in Poland. He had no sons, but five daughters. JUDGE WILLIAM RAYEN. Judge William Rayen was identified with the progress of Mahoning county. It was at his house that the first public meeting was held and the first township officers elected in 1802. He was colonel in the war of 1812. He was an associate judge in 1840; was president of the board of public works of th state. He was one of the incorporators of the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal Company; stockholder in the Cleveland & Mahoning Railroad Company ; president of the Mahoning County hank. He was one of the most industrious men of this section and, besides serving in public capacities, developed his farm, had select cattle and sheep, and as a farmer stood almost at the head of that occupation on the Reserve. He was a very large man, strong, courteous, full of humor, particular about his dress ; by some thought to be "proud" ; carried a gold-headed cane. He was the head of the family and his household was managed on business principles. This might have been hard for those who lived with him, but much was accomplished that way. He was HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE- 605 outspoken. He was not religious, but his wife was, and he fitted up a room for her in a store building which could be used for religious purposes, as she desired. Judge Rayen had no children of his own, but still, unlike many people so situated, felt that the education of the young was a very important thing. He therefore made provision by will for the maintenance of a high school, which has since been operated in connection with the public schools and which is well known in educational circles as the Rayen High School. Charles Carr, in the Leader, says : "Judge Rayen had a double house near Spring Common, where the first settlers found lodging and shelter until they could set up cabins of their own—Dr. Dutton, who cleared out a piece of forest land in what is now Dutton Alley ; Caleb Baldwin, Henry Wick and Augustus Hine, residents. Daniel Shehy was located in Edgewood street, then the old road." DAN "EATON," NOT "HEATON." Dan Eaton was originally Daniel Heaton. He had his name changed by the legislature. It is said he did this because he was unsuccessful in an election on account of people spelling his name Eaton instead of Heaton. He came to Poland in 1800, erected the furnace described in another place about 1805, and sold his furnace, with his ore rights, for $5,600. He moved to Niles and entered into the iron business there with his brother, part of the contract of the sale at Youngstown being that the iron made in the furnace should be delivered to him. He and his brother made iron stoves, etc, In 1825, with his brothers, he built the first mill in Youngstown on Mill creek. He was a very peculiar man, unsettled in his religious views. In his younger days he was a Methodist and in later years a Spiritualist. He had pronounced views on many matters and sent a petition to congress in 1847, requesting the passage of a banking bill. He was a great temperance man, and organized the first temperance society known in this region, in 1811. In 1813 he was a senator from. Trumbull county and in 182o, a representative. He died in Youngstown in 1857. ASHAEL MEDBURY, FIRST EDITOR. Ashael Medbury was the editor and proprietor of the first paper in Youngstown. He was born in Rhode Island in 1799, removed to New York, where he taught school, and was married in 1827. In 1830 he came to Youngstown, where he engaged in the iron business. He founded the Ohio Republican, afterward the Mahoning Sentinel, and was in the newspaper business for many years. For fifteen years he was a farmer in the neighborhood of Youngstown. He was elected justice of the peace, was postmaster of Youngstown in 1839, and in 1843 was elected to the legislature. GENERAL JAMES H. FORD. J. H. Ford was born in Painesville in 1829 ; married Arabella Stambaugh in 185o. He built the Brown, Bonnell & Company's works and was an operator of coal. In 1862 he raised a company and was afterward appointed colonel of the Second Colorado Cavalry, which he commanded during the war. He was a brevet brigadier general, receiving this title for meritorious service during Price's raid. At the close of the war he came to Youngstown with the firm of William Tod & Co. He died in 1867. He was the father of Sarah, James, Tod and John Ford. DR. GARLICK, NOTED SCIENTIST. Dr. Theodore Garlick, one of the pioneers of Youngstown and who lived in Bedford to a great age, was the first man in the United States, possibly in the world, to hatch fish artificially. He also took the first daguerreotypes that were taken in the United States, and was a surgeon and a physician of great merit. In the arts and sciences he was a leader of his day. 606 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE THE GRANT FAMILY. The Grant family was identified more or less with the history of the Western Reserve, but largely with Portage county. However, mention is made of them here because they resided for a time in Mahoning county. The grandmother of Ulysses Grant died in Deerfield in 1805. There was quite a family of children and the husband did not know what to do with them. He went to Youngstown and the children, Susan and Jesse, lived with George Tod, and Margaret and Roswell with James Hillman. Of course it was Mrs. Hillman and Mrs. Tod who cared for these motherless children. In those clays all people residing in a family did a certain portion of work, so that even a minor worked enough to provide his own keeping. But the care of the children, the sewing and the mending and the general bringing up fell upon the women of the household. At that time there was hardly a family that did not have a dependent person in it ; which added to the duties of sewing, washing, baking, spinning, weaving, and nursing performed by women. People did not live as long, medicine and surgery were in their infancy ; and when the person who supported the family was taken away, the women and children were scattered among relatives and friends. The same was true when the mother was taken away, as was the case of the Grant children. Roswell Grant could not speak too highly of the happy times he had in the Hillman home ; and Jesse Grant, the father of Ulysses. spoke of Mrs. Tod with the greatest of tenderness. THE LEARNED DR. JARED P. KIRTLAND. Jared Potter Kirtland, M. D., LL. D., was born in Wallingford, Connecticut, in 1793, and died in East Rockport, Ohio, in 1877. He was a student from his earliest years. He entered the medical college at Yale in 1812, being the first student to matriculate at that institution ; in 1814 was in the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania ; practiced medicine in 'Wallingford in 1817, and removed to Durham, Connecticut, where he practiced until 1823. He then came to Poland. In 1837 he moved to the farm west of Cleveland, and, although he was always a farmer, he continued to be a student. He made a study of natural life ; collected varieties of fresh-water shells and studied the habits of the fish of the lakes and rivers. He knew the wild plants and was familiar with the geological formations of the state. He collected specimens of birds and studied the habits of bees. So intelligent and industrious was he, that in 1848 he had charge of the natural history department of the survey of the state of Ohio. Some of the material which he prepared was published in Boston. He became a member of the legislature in 1827 and served in that capacity several terms. He was professor of theory and practice in the medical college of Ohio ; had the same position offered him at Willoughby, and afterward held the chair named in the Western Reserve College of Cleveland. He was president of the Ohio State Medical Society. Nothing was too small in the way of nature study for him to pay attention to, and he delighted to receive and answer communications in regard to all such matters. His oldest daughter married Charles Pease, who was a son of Judge Calvin Pease and Laura Grant. FIRST WESTERN RESERVE LEMONS. At the time of one of the pioneer reunions, Mr. Kirtland, in writing of John M. Edwards, says that he finds from his father's diary that on July 1st, "John Atkins, an old salt, returned to Poland with mail from Pittsburg, the then nearest postoffice. There he obtained two lemons from another sailor who had turned pack-horse man. T. Kirtland and Atkins immediately started with the lemons in charge for Burton. They were probably the first lemons used on the Western Reserve. These lemons were used in celebration of the Fourth of July at Burton. They were mixed in a milk pan of punch." It is possibly well that HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 607 the pioneers of those days had a little something stronger than lemon. Otherwise, the drink on this Independence Day would have been little short of spring water. ROBERT W. TAYLER AND FAMILY. Hon. Robert W. Tayler came to Youngstown when he was six years old. He was born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in, 1812. He was rather fond of .study and when he was only twenty-one years old was elected assessor of Trumbull county. While doing this work he also studied law and became prosecuting attorney. He was a commissioner of the Mahoning County bank ; in 1855 was state senator ; 1859, state auditor ; 1863, comp. troller of the United States treasury. He Died in 1878. His first wife was Louisa Woodbridge, sister of Timothy, and to them were born seven children. Robert Walker Tayler, who is now judge of the United States district court of the northern district of Ohio, has acquired greater distinction than any of his other children. His second wife was Rachel Kirtland Wick, the daughter of Caleb wick. They had seven children. Their son Wick has been a member of the Ohio legislature. JOHN STAMBAUGH, SUCCESSFUL AND KIND. John Stambaugh was one of the most successful of Youngstown's business men. He early became interested in the coal and iron business with the Tod family, and to his business management is due largely the fortune which came to the Tod family and to himself. He went to Europe in the interest of the iron and coal business in 1871, as well as at later times. Mr Stambaugh was a man of peculiar exterior, but exceedingly kind and sympathetic. It was he who donated the land and assisted his sister, Belle Stambaugh Ford, in the opening of the city hospital. He had remarkable standing for integrity and personal honor. He died suddenly in New York City in 1888. JOHN M. EDWARDS, PUBLIC MAN. John M. Edwards was a grandson of Pierrepont Edwards, who was one of the original proprietors of the Western Reserve. He was a great-grandson of Jonathan Edwards, the eminent theologian. He therefore was a nephew of John Stark Edwards and a connection of Robert Montgomery. Probably no man in this vicinity ever had more interest in the history of the Western Reserve than did Mr. Edwards. He collected a vast amount of material, pamphlets, newspapers and the like. He was one of the chief movers in the organization of the Mahoning Valley Historical Society, giving most of his time to the editing of the material which came in at the time of the reunions. He was a graduate of Yale College, admitted to the bar of Connecticut and to the circuit court of the United States. He came to Youngstown in 1832, but soon removed to Warren. He was admitted to the supreme court in 1838, editor of the Trumbull Democrat in 1840, and United States district court commissioner in bankruptcy ; made a very creditable run in 1842 for congress against Joshua R. Giddings. Moved to Canfield in 1846 where he lived until 1864. He was clerk of the senate in 1864 and 1865, and a long time justice of the peace of Youngstown. He was editor of the Mahoning Index, and wrote all his later life for different periodicals. His wife, Mary P. Crail, was an artist of great ability. His daughter, Henrietta F. Casper lives in Denver. His son, Henry W., a very successful merchant in Philadelphia, died before his father. JAMES MACKEY, AN EARLY SURVEYOR. One of the early surveyors in Youngstown was James Mackey. He was born in 1829. His father was a Scotchman who settled in Pennsylvania and carne to Ohio in 1805. He was associated with Robert Montgomery in the building of the Yellow Creek furnace. He was a partner of William Rayen in mercantile 608 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE   business in 1816 and became a farmer in 1823. He kept up his surveying through his whole life. He was township trustee, justice of the peace, township clerk, county commissioner, state legislator, county treasurer, etc. The son, James, followed the father's profession of surveying after an academic education. He helped in the construction of the first greet railroad in Youngstown. He was president of the company for several years, and served a long time as trustee of the Rayen school. THE TRUESDALES AND MCNABS. An influential family which settled early in Poland was the Truesdale family. They came in 1802. In 1813 they bought a farm in Austintown. Here John, the father, died in 1819 and was buried in the old Poland cemetery. His widow, Hannah Robinson Truesdale, died in Ellsworth in 1849 and was buried in the old Austintown cemetery. As Mrs. Truesdale outlived her husband thirty years, more is kpown of her than of her companion. It is recorded that she was a woman of remarkable strength of character, sound judgement and piety. Of course, the latter is true ; for most people of those days were pious, and all were pious when they grew old. It seems she was fond of books all her life, and those she read "were ponderous volumes printed in large type, of a style prevailing two hundred years ago, with bindings that would bear constant use for ages. These books were part of the luggage she brought with her from Ireland." When living in Poland the Truesdales occupied the farm which was later owned by James Duncan. The Austintown farm was in the family for a long time. One of the sons of John and Hannah Truesdale, named John, was the father of Jackson, who became a successful physician and is now retired and lives in Youngstown. Charles R. Truesdale's father was Alexander, the son of John, and he is also a resident of Youngstown and one of the most successful lawyers of that city. He served creditably in the Civil war and after his discharge educated himself and became a lawyer. Another old family in Poland was the McNab. James McNab was a Scotchman. He and his wife, Mary Lattimar, came to Poland about 1800, bought and cleared a farm, a portion of which is now the hom of James McNab. James was the grandson of the original James. Several other grandsons live in Youngstown. M. Carey McNab is a prominent lawyer of that city and George is in the mercantile business. THE FOUNDER OF STRUTHERS. John Struthers, for whom the town was named, settled in Poland in 1799. He had two accomplished daughters, Drusilla and Emma. The older one was engaged to be married to a Pennsylvania youth and, in going to the postoffice for her letters, had to row across the stream. On one of these errands, the two sisters in a boat were swept away down the Mahoning and drowned. HON. GEORGE MYGATT. Hon. George Mygatt was one of Mahoning county's early settlers. He was born in Danbury, Connecticut, 1797, and came to Canfield with his father in 1807. He was a clerk in his father's store until he was twenty and then he went to Warren as a clerk in the Western Reserve bank. Here he became a merchant in Company with Ashael Adams and later had the business himself. In 1834 he had become so prosperous that he devoted himself entirety to finance and was connected with the bank at Norwalk, at Painesville and at Cleveland. In all panics he seemed to have such a calm judgment that his banks did not suffer loss. He was elected representative to the legislature. He married Eliza Freeman, of the pioneer Freeman family of Warren, and spent his last days with his daughter, Lucy Mygatt Backus, of Cleveland. HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 609 ELIZABETH PITNEY. Elizabeth Pitney, the wife of Caleb Baldwin, was married in 1775. Part of her marriage portion, pewter platters, were molded into bullets for use in the Revolutionary war. She was a grandmother when she came horseback over the mountains to Youngstown early in the 1800's. When her great-great-grandson, Henry Kirtland Wick, was christened, she would not ride in the carriage, but walked and carried the baby a quarter of a mile. Her husband, Caleb Baldwin, was the first elder of the first Presbyterian church in Youngstown. FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. The first Presbyterian church in Youngstown was formed in September, 1799. Before the church edifice was built, the services were held in the grove where the present First Presbyterian church now stands; and in cold weather in Caleb Baldwin's log house. It was at that time the largest in the village. The church was raised and the roof put on, and before cold weather the door was hung and a window put back of the pulpit. This building stood near the center of Wick avenue and in front of the present First Presbyterian church. NORMAN ANDREWS AND FAMILY. Norman Andrews came to Vienna when he was five years old. He later settled in Brookfield. He was the father of Laura Ann, who became Mrs. William G. Moore ; Chauncey H., Lawrence G., Wallace C., Phoebe R., Savilla P. His first wife was Julia Humason and his second wife, Lucia C. Hutchins. The latter was a relative of Judge John C. Hutchins, of Cleveland. Laura Ann's husband was commonly called Rorey O'Moore and was a very witty lawyer. Chauncey H. was one of the most successful business men of Ohio. He operated in mines, iron and railroads, and left a large property. His wife and two daughters survived him. His granddaughter, Marie Louise Logan, granddaughter of General John A. Logan, has just married a titled foreigner. GOVERNOR DAVID TOD. David Tod was born in Youngstown in 1805. He was the son of George Tod, of whom so much is written in this history. The mother of David Tod was Sallie Isaacs, and her sister was the wife of Governor Ingersoll, of Connecticut. Although George Tod was a talented man, his wife was equally as talented, and many of the genial characteristics which Governor. Tod had were those which he inherited from his mother. David Tod had an ordinary school education and attended the old academy in Geauga county. He studied in Warren and was admitted to the bar in 1827. He was then but twenty-two and was nearly one thousand dollars in debt for his schooling. He commenced his practice with Hon. Matthew Birchard. David Tod had a musical voice and commanding presence and a genial temperament. He was so successful that he early paid off his debts and repurchased the old Brier Hill farm, which had been sold. When he was twenty-seven years old he married Maria Smith, daughter of Justice Smith, of Warren. He had seven children—Charlotte, John, Henry, George, William, Grace, Sallie. Charlotte was named for her grandmother, Charlotte Smith, who, by the way, was one of the stanchest and most businesslike women of the Reserve. She married August V. Kautz, of the United States army. All of Governor Tod's children are now dead except the youngest, Miss Sallie, and Grace (Mrs. Arrell). Governor Tod was a Democrat until 1860, when the slavery question caused him to turn Republican. He was postmaster at Warren under Jackson and Van Buren ; was senator in 1838. He practiced law until 1844, when he moved on his Brier Hill farm and began the development of the coal land, as we have seen in other places. In this year he was nominated by the Democrats for governor and defeated. In 1847 he was appointed as minister to Brazil by President Polk and served four and one-half years and when he left the coun- Vol. I-39 610 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE try was presented with a silver service. His two youngest children, Grace and Sallie, were born in Brazil. Governor Tod was first vice president of the Charleston convention in 1860, and favored the nomination of Douglas. When the convention adjourned to Baltimore after the split, he took the chair and supported Douglas, Caleb Cushing staying with the southerners. His sympathies, of course, were with the north and he was very active in the early war days. He presented uniforms to Company D, of the Nineteenth regiment, and was generous in his contribution to the war fund. In 1861 he was elected governor by an enormous majority, 55,000. His duties were exceedingly onerous, but President Lincoln said of him: "Governor Tod of Ohio aids me more and troubles me less than any other governor." HON RUFUS SPALDING HELPED DAVID TOD. Hon. Rufus P. Spalding Said : "In the spring of the year 1823 and just after I had commenced 'housekeeping' in Warren, the seat of justice of Trumbull county, I visited Hon. George Tod, presiding judge of the common pleas, at his residence on Brier Hill, in the vicinity of Youngstown. He lived in a log house upon a tract of land of 160 acres, which he had contracted to purchase of General Simon Perkins at three dollars an acre, but which he was unable to pay for, as he had a wife and six children to support, while his salary was no more than $1,100. But there was no limit to the hospitality of the family. I spent the night at the house, as I frequently did. In the course of the evening the judge and his daughters sang several songs for my amusement, and at last the judge said to me with a somewhat boastful air, 'Mr. Spalding, all of my children are singers ; they can sing well. Where is David? Do some of you call David.' Very soon a young man some fifteen or sixteen years of age, dressed in a suit of homespun, with a broad-brimmed felt hat on his head, entered the room and, bowing respectfully to the judge, asked him *hat h wished him to do. " 'My son,' said he, 'I have been suing and your sisters have been singing for Mr. Spalding, and I have told him all my children are singers. Now I want you to show him how well you can sing.' "The young man, without moving muscle of his face, by way of evincing emotion, immediately struck up the old tune of Mear, with the words, "Old Grimes is dead, That good old soul; We ne'er shall see him more. He used to wear his long-tailed coat All buttoned down before." "Again he bowed and left the room, when his father said to me with much apparent feeling, 'Mr. Spalding, there is mote in that boy than comes to the surface. Oh, if he could only be developed!' "Said I, 'Why do you not then seed him to school and thus give him a chance for development ?" "The reply was, 'I am so poor I cannot afford to do it.’ " 'Send him up to Warren,' I said, 'and so long as I have anything to do, he hall shar it with me.' "The offer was accepted, with le stipulation by the judge that he should feat liberty to send me occasionally from the products of his farm such articles as would be useful to my family. "In this manner David Tod left his father's log cabin at Brier Hill and enterd upon a course of study that within ten ye, enabled him to pay up his father's contract with General Perkins and made him theproprietor of the valuable coal mines that laid bailed in that tract of land and ultimately gave to the coun try the patriotic War governor of Ohio in 1861 and '62." afford to do it.' HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 611 GEORGE TOD. George Tod, who was one of the best of the early lawyers, was born in Connecticut in i773. He, his wife, two children, Charlotte L. and Jonathan I., came to Youngstown in 1801, he having visited it the year before. From the very beginning he took a prominent place in the new country. He was the first prosecuting attorney the Western Reserve had. He was therefore much interested in the trial of the first man indicted for murder. He was territorial secretary under Saint Clair ; township clerk in 1802 ; state senator in 1804-05. He astonished his Youngstown friends because he did not fight for the removal of the county seat. He undoubtedly realized that at that time Youngstown was too much at one side to be the proper place. In 1806 he was elected supreme judge and was major in the war of 1812. In 1815 he became president judge of the court of common pleas, and held' the office fourteen years. He saw the beginning of the judiciary of the Reserve and helped to make it as it was for many years. Mention is made of him in many portions of this work. An attempt was made to impeach the judges of the supreme court at the time Judge Tod was holding office. This was a most interesting case and the details of it will be found in the chapter on Trumbull county. The trial resulted in establishing the fact that the court had the power to declare laws unconstitutional. George Tod married Sarah Isaacs, of New Haven, Connecticut, and she was in every way a helpmeet. He was so much away from home that double duty fell upon her. She was a mother to all who came near her, and once when one of her babies was lying in a cradle, an Indian, "Spotted John," happened along, picked up cradle and all and carried it into the woods. Of course she was nearly frantic, but her husband advised her not "to make any fuss about it," since he believed the Indian was playing a prank. This turned out to be true. She was an ardent Methodist. The Tod log cabin was an attractive place when the daughters were at home. Mrs. Tod used to tell how much she enjoyed the loaf of bread which Mrs. Caleb Baldwin sent her the night the Tod family reached Youngstown. It is hard for us, who can now step out and buy bread within a few minutes, to realize that then a baked loaf was such a luxury. Julia Tod, the daughter of George Tod and the sister of David Tod, lived at Brier Hill. She married James H. Ford, and here her granddaughter, Sarah Ford Garlick, was born. DR. TIMOTHY WOODBRIDGE. One of the forceful characters and successful physicians of early Youngstown was Timothy Woodbridge. His mother was a daughter of Rev. Jonathan Edwards. The descendants of Jonathan Edwards seemed to gather in and about Youngstown. The doctor's father, John, was a tanner who lived in the state of New York, went to Philadelphia, married there, and in 1807 came to Youngstown from Baltimore. He bought the tannery of Joseph Townsend. The grandfather of President Grant was in his employ. John Woodbridge was a colonel in the war of 1812. He died in 1844. Timothy studied medicine with Dr. Manning, went to Brazil with Governor Tod's family as their physician and brought Mrs Tod and the children home at the end of the first year. He married Isabella McCurdy, a sister of the late Dr. John and Robert McCurdy. They had two children, Robert and Anna. The latter is now Mrs. Charles Morse, son of Henry R. Morse, of Poland. Dr. Woodbridge married Mrs. Sarah E. Brewer, of New London, as a second wife. His sisters were Elizabeth, the wife of George Tayler, a prominent Warren banker, and Louisa Maria, who married his brother, Rob- 612 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE ert W. Tayler, and was the mother of Judge Robert W. Tayler. Louisa Maria died early, and Mr. Tayler married Rachel Wick, daughter of Caleb. George Tayler died in middle life, and Elizabeth, his widow, married Peter Kline, of Churchill. GOVERNOR A. W. JONES. Asahel W. Jones spent most of his life in Youngstown. He was born in Trumbull county and has now retired to his farm at Burg Hill. He was one of the most successful lawyers in the valley, and accumulated a fortune from his profession. He read law at Warren and was admitted to the bar when he reached his majority. He was prosecuting attorney and was elected governor in 18951897. He was first married to Annette J. Palmer in 1861, and to Louise Brice, of Oberlin, in. 1891. His only son, William, died some 'time ago, while his daughter, Kate, is the wife of Professor Robert King, of Wabash College, Indiana. Mr. Jones was always interested in local affairs. When a boy was a member of the Warren fire company and in 1868 vice president of the first fire company organized in Youngstown. HON. GEORGE FRANCIS ARREL, formerly judge of the court of common pleas, and for many years a prominent member of the Ma-honing county bar, has been in active practice at Youngstown for over thirty-five years. Mr. Arrel was born October 1, 1840, on his father's farm in Poland township, Mahoning county, Ohio, and is a son of David and Martha (Moore) Arrel. John Arrel, the grandfather of Judge Arrel; was born in Franklin county, Pennsylvania, of Irish parentage, and came to Ohio in 1800. He participated in the War of 1812. David Arrel, the eldest son of John and Martha (Stewart) Arrel, was born in Poland township, Mahoning county, Ohio, May 6, 1803, and his noble life was devoted to agricultural pursuits in that locality. In 1830 he married Martha Moore, who died in June, 1872, Mr. Arrel surviving her until 1888. They had these children : William, Margaret (wife of James Pence), John and George Francis. George Francis Arrel spent his boyhood and early youth on his father's farm and prepared in the local schools for Westminster College, New Wilmington, Pennsylyania, to which institution his father sent him when he was eighteen years of age. There he was graduated in general literature, science and mathematics, in June, 1865. He then engaged in the study of the law at Warren, Ohio, until the fall of 1866, when he entered the law department of the Albany University, where he graduated in 1867. In August of the same year he was admitted to the bar and in May following located for practice at Youngstown. In 1870 he was elected city solicitor and served in that office for four successive terms ; in 1880 he was elected to the common pleas bench, in the second sub-division of the ninth judicial district, on which he served until February 9, 1887. Since retiring from judicial life he has continued his private practice, which includes a large amount of railroad and corporation work. Since January 1, 1906, he has been senior member of the law firm of Arrel, Wilson & Harrington. The firm has convenient offices in the. Dollar Bank Building, Youngstown. On October 18, 1876, Judge Arrel was married to Grace Tod, who is a daughter of that beloved and honored son of Ohio, the late Governor David Tod, of whom a sketch will be found in this work. Judge and Mrs. Arrel have two children, David and Frances Maria. They have a beautiful home situated at No. 124 Lincoln avenue, Youngstown. THE MORSE ANCESTOR. John Morse, the ancestor of the Morse family of Poland, was in Connecticut as early as 1639. He was a member of the general HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 613 court for several sessions, and was one of the incorporators of Wallingford. He lived to a great age, 103 years, and there is no record of any Connecticut man or woman living longer. In religion he was one of the "old lights." In Barber's "History of Wallingford" we read : "April 25th voated that no young man shall go in the upper gallery to sett there under 18 years old. Also that John Morse and Eleazer Peck be desired to looke to ye boyes on the Sabbath Day that they keep good order evenings." It also appears that John Morse complained of witchcraft, for in the Wallingford history occurs this : "If any man or woman be a witch ; that is, hath or consulth with a familiar spirit, they shall be put to death. In a trial for witchcraft, Daniel Craft as attorney in behalf of our sovern lord the King, arraigned Winifred Dunham and wife, both of Wallingford, for having familiarity with Lapham, the enemy of God and Mankind, and by his aid doing many arts, by mysteriously hurting the bodies or goods ,of sundry persons, namely, of John Morse, Joseph Roys and Ebenezer Clark with divers others to the great damage and Disturbance of the Public Peace." Miss Morse says : "There was considerable excitement and much controversy over this trial and the jury returned the verdict, 'There has been proved such a thing as witchcraft but not against said parties.' " ELKANAH MORSE. Elkanah Morse, who was born in 1790 and died in 1849, was grandson, several times removed, of the first John. He came to Poland township in 1814. He was a man of great energy and many resources. He married Nancy Kirtland in 1818 and thus became connected with the pioneer family. Records at his time were not kept as carefully as were his father-in-law's, and hence it is not usually known how vigorous and successful he was. He watched opportunities as they came and changed his business accordingly. At one time he manufactured bone combs, and at another had a large and prosperous broom factory. This broom shop stood at the pi esent garden gate, facing the house on the Morse place. It consisted of two houses, one back of the other, and a long shed (nearer the chicken house) for storing. One of these houses is now occupied by Mrs. James Cleland, and the other by the Haynes barn. The corn was stored in the lower floor and brooms made above—probably twenty-five dozen per day—were taken over the entire region. Wheeling was an objective point, so that at one time Mr. Morse had a factory at Barnesville, Belmont county, Ohio, and another in Canada, opposite Detroit. The corn was raised near at hand. The Puritan tendency of the times is illustrated when we learn that when there had been .a long wet spell delaying corn-setting, and it suddenly cleared off on Sunday, all hands turned out and cut corn ; they were arrested for breaking the Sabbath. CARRIED FURS TO NEW ORLEANS. Mr. Morse, with other men, built a boat at the mouth of Yellow creek ; went down the Mahoning, the Beaver and so on to New Orleans, carrying produce for sale. At one time they carried tinner's tools and, as they floated, made tin-ware, which they sold en route. At another they took a load of bear skins. Strange, was it .not, that they did not realize that New Orleans people would not care for furs? Being unable to dispose of them in that southern city, they sailed in a large boat to New York, where the furs were sold and sent to France. BROOMS AND OYSTERS EXCHANGED. At one time they carried a load of brooms to Cumberland, where men with loads of oysters met them. They exchanged, brought the oysters to Poland, where men from Detroit bought them to take to that city. At another time we see that this man shipped seventy-five hogs to Detroit. At another, one hundred barrels of cider. He went up to the lake and 614 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE got barrels of white fish, exchanging them for salt. He was always interested in the river and lake business, and it was due to this fact that he met with financial losses, for a vessel loaded at Detroit destined for Buffalo was shipwrecked near Erie and the cargo which it contained was lost. In 1849 Elkanah Morse crossed the plains to California, and upon his return was seized with cholera on the plains and died. His first wife was Nancy Kirtland, of Wallingford, Conn., daughter of Turhand Kirtland. Two of their children lived many years—Lois Mansfield, of Buffalo, and Henry K., of Poland. Nancy Kirtland died at her old home in Wallingford, where she had gone in search of health. Mr. Morse married for his second wife Comfort Eliza Waller. H. K. MORSE, PIONEER AND HORTICULTURIST. Probably no man in Mahoning county was more interested in the history of the Western Reserve than was H. K. Morse, who died in 1909. He was the grandson of Turhand Kirtland and the son of Elkanah Morse. He attended school at Ravenna, Burton, Detroit and Alleghany College. It was from one of these places that he and his brother Henry were brought home to see Gardiner hung in Warren. Most boys at school at that time came home, their fathers thinking they would never have another chance to see a hanging; and few of them ever did. Mr. Morse was a clerk in the Kirtland, Mansfield store in 1840 and postmaster in 1843 and 1844. In 1852 he had a store of his own. He was in the milling business and his mill, after the railroads were established, was moved to Youngstown, became the property of Isaac Powers and stood on Wick avenue at the Erie tracks. When Mr. Morse was a young man, he went east to buy goods for his father's store. He was returning with seven hundred dollars' -worth of watches in his trunk, when at Wills creek, Maryland, a locomotive on the Mt. Savage Mine railroad emptied its fire box, frightening the horses attached to the coach ahead of him and they ran away, overturning the stage. By almost superhuman strength, Mr. Morse and his driver lifted the coach onto its wheels and found that a man had been crushed under it. Looking in his pockets it was found that he had money and that his name was Vincent, from West Virginia. Mr. Morse and a passenger carried him to a nearby house and were surprised to find that the people objected to having him there. However, they tore the clothes from the bed, laid him down and ran after their coach. They were surprised to find that it had gone off without them, and Mr. Morse ran three miles after it. He literally wore out the soles of his shoes. He outran his companion finally hired a carriage and two horses at an inn and overtook the stage at the foot of the mountains. No one on the stage knew that his trunk was filled with watches and he found them undisturbed. A few years ago he was riding in this vicinity and was telling this story to a companion, when he looked out of the window and said, "There is the very place now." One of the most pleasant days the author of this work had in collecting material was the one which she spent at Mr. Morse's home. He was full of information, some of which she has used in this history. He told her of a hunting trip of two days and two nights which he took when he was twenty-five years old. He covered one hundred miles. His dog, Old Ring, kept on the trail and was at the finish when the fox was captured; but he was ruined, for never after that could he run more than two or three hours at a time. Mr. Morse said, "I started at 2 o'clock one morning and had nothing to eat till after noon, When I stopped for a glass of milk." The writer interrupted with, "How foolish you were to spend time to eat." "I admit it showed weakness," he replied. Foxes when being HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 615 hunted would go among flocks of sheep in order that the dogs might not trace them, and Mr. Morse is sure that foxes jump from cattle tracks to cattle tracks in order not to be traced. Mr. Morse rented the old Academy place about 1858 at three dollars an acre, and this was the beginning of his nursery. He was twice married. His first wife was Mary Lynn Wick, who was the widow of Henry Wick. Of the four children born to him, Charles J., Edwin K. and Mary L. W. survive. He was a cultured man, industrious and active to a great degree, until within a few months of his death. He was a graduate of Meadville College and a student all of his life. He loved all beautiful things in art and nature, was skillful in cabinet-making and a fine draftsman, and one of the most successful horticulturists in the county. THE BALDWINS. Caleb Baldwin came to Youngstown in 1799 and William Wick also came before 1800. Whether it was his father-in-law or her preacher brother, William, who induced him to continue west is not surely known ; probably the former. He was a successful business man and most of his descendants, both men and women, inherited this quality. His children were Caleb Baldwin, Thomas L., Betsey and Lemuel. Caleb Baldwin married Rachel Kirtland and they had three children. Two died ; one, named Henry K. His second wife was Maria Adelia Griffith, and they had two children. Rachel K., named for the first wife, now eighty years old, is living in Washington. She had a large family of children, most of whom live near her. She married Hon. R. W. Tayler and her only son, Wick, now lives in Youngstown. Hannah married Charles D. Arms and their six daughters, Mrs. Martin Bonnell, of Cleveland ; Mrs. Harry Bonnell, of Youngstown ; Mrs. A. H. Rice, of Youngstown ; Mrs. Caro line Arms, Youngstown ; Mrs. H. M. Robinson, Pasadena, and Mrs. Wilford Arms, of Youngstown, all are living. Henry K. lives in Youngstown and has no children, while Laura, Caleb, Charles and Eliza are deceased. Caleb B. Wick, the father of this family, was nine years old when he reached Youngstown, and he lived the rest of his life there. He remembered the bits of ground burned off by the Indians and that wild animals were seen running about in what is now the business part of the town. In 1815 he went into partnership with Dr. Henry Manning. THE ARMS FAMILY. Among the business men of Youngstown in the early forties were Myron I. Freeman and Charles D. Arms. They were all born in Sodus. Myron I. Arms married Emily Warner, a daughter of Jonathan. He, too, was a merchant and had interests in other lines of business. He died during the war, leaving a young family. Mary, who married Henry Wick, .son of Hugh B., has children and grandchildren. Warner, who married Fanny Wick, daughter of J. D., has children and grandchildren. Myron I., who married Elmira Hitchcock, has children. Emily, who married Dr. George Peck, has children. Jane, who married a Mr. Hoeffer, of Cincinnati, has children. Harriet, who married Charles Booth, also has children. Freeman was a merchant, but had interests in the coal business. His first wife was Emily Parsons, or Sodus. Their children were Freeman, who only lived to be four years old, and Caroline L., who married Tod Ford, son of James and Anabell. Both Mr. and Mrs. Ford died comparatively young, leaving two boys, Freeman and Tod. There are three grandchildren. Freeman Arms married in 1865, Emily Wick, widow of John Dennick Wick. She was Emily Lippincott before her mar- 616 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE riage and had four children, William H., James L., John D. and Fannie, who married Warner Arms, the son of Myron T. Charles D. Arms, the youngest of the brothers, married Hannah Wick, and the list of their children is given in the Wick family sketch. They had six daughters, two granddaughters and one grandson, Charles Arms, son of Annie and Harry Bonnell ; and one great-grandson, JUDGE JAMES BROWNLEE. Judge James Brownlee, who was born in Scotland, was for many years an influential citizen of Poland. He came to America in 1827, and three years later his father bought a tract of land where Yellow creek joined the Mahoning river. Mr. Brownlee married Rebecca Rumin, of Pennsylvania, and built a residence above his father's. He was greatly interested in the events which led up to the war and was a stanch Union man. He held several public offices and died in 1879. Of his three children Elie resides in Norwalk and Kate in Toledo. When she was in her teens she married Isaac R. Sherwood and became interested with him in the newspaper business. She was a brilliant girl and has been so placed throughout her life as to be able to develop herself and keep up with the world. She has written some poetry which has attracted wide attention, and is a very clever writer of prose. She. and her husband always have been companions in the world's work, as well as in the home. He is at present a representative in congress and she shares his honors. A VILLAGE SCHOOL OF 1810. It would be idle to attempt a history of the Youngstown schools in this limited space. Like all other communities, the early schools were supported by patrons who paid teachers in home-made goods and provisions. Mr. Jared P. Kirtland in a letter says : "In June, 1810, I took charge of the district school in the village of Poland, consisting of sixty scholars, which I taught until late in September, in a log house on the public square. I soon learned that Joseph Noyes, a former schoolmate of mine, had charge of a similar school in Youngstown. It occupied a log building on Main street, next adjoining Mr. Bryson's log store, near where Caleb Wick formerly resided. Mr. Kirtland and Mr. Noyes consulted alternate Saturdays. Mr. Kirtland believed that reading, writing and spelling were taught as well then as in his later years. The author is sure spelling was. Mary Tod, daughter of George, attended this school. The girls wore dresses cut after the Shaker pattern and with stripes colored with madder, indigo and hickory bark around the bottom." A SUBSCRIPTION SCHOOL. Jabez P. Manning was school teacher for $1.75 a month for each scholar and the people furnished wood. The contract made it compulsory for the people to have thirty-five scholars. Among the subscribers to this school were George Tod, father of Governor Tod; John E. Woodbridge, father of Timothy; Henry Wick, son of William and father of Caleb and Hugh; Philip Stambaugh, grandfather of John and Henry ; Henry Manning, grandfather of Henry Garlick, and William Rayen. DIVIDED INTO SCHOOL DISTRICTS, 1826. The town was divided into school districts in 1826. At this time, of the 206 heads of families, twelve were women. THE RAVEN SCHOOL. The Rayen School, of Youngstown, has been and is a remarkable institution. Judge William Rayen left by will money which was used in maintaining it. From this school hundreds of boys and girls have gone into successful business life, and hundreds into colleges and universities and higher institutions of learning. HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 617 PRESENT STATUS OF SCHOOLS. According to the school report of 1908, the value of school property in Mahoning county was $1,322,130. This does not represent at all the value of the school property at the present time, as building has been going on almost constantly ever since. In 1908 there were 409 teachers employed in Mahoning county. In the township districts thirty-five teachers are men, eighty-nine women. In elementary and high schools, separate districts, forty-four men, 236 women, five not classified. MORE OF THE HEATON FURNACE. In 1805, possibly the following year, James and Daniel Heaton erected a furnace on Yellow creek, which was soon in active operation. In this was smelted the first iron made west of the Alleghanies: It seems as if some power must have guided these men to this spot because lying in the creek and along its banks was kidney ore, and very near was limestone, while the ground was covered with the kind of timber which made good charcoal. Here, then, was all that was necessary to smelt iron. They had no 4, oi stin g machines, and consequently they built a stone stack against the side of the hill and the material was taken to the top of the hill and dumped in. This stack is still standing on Mill Creek hillside and the picture of it is here shown. The apparatus for producing the blast was similar to that which produced the column of water in the early furnaces. This mill was not very successful financially, partly because the iron was not as uniformly good as it should have been, partly because one side of the stack was made of earth, that is, the hillside. James Heaton, who was a pretty good business man, seeing that this furnace was not paying, transferred his interest to his brother Daniel, and built a furnace at the mouth of Mosquito creek in Niles. His operations in the primitive furnaces of Trumbull county are given in the Trumbull county chapter. Scattered about the Western Reserve as keepsakes are rude irons and kettles, which were made from the iron of this first furnace. THIRD FURNACE. Robert Montgomery, who married the widow of John Stark Edwards and whose family has been influential in the Mahoning county history, built the third furnace in the county about half a mile. below the Heaton furnace on Yellow creek. None of these early furnaces were really financially successful. At the time of the depression of the war of 1812 they were closed down. FIRST AMERICAN BLAST FURNACE. Of course these men did not know that lying in the ground very near their works was excellent bituminous coal, which could be used in the manufacture of iron. Men who followed them did know this, and the first blast furnace in America for the manufacturing of pig iron using bituminous coal was at Lowell. The coal industry sprang up later, and at one time the coal of the Mahoning valley was the best soft coal that was on the market. OTHER YOUNGSTOWN FURNACES. The Eagle furnace was built in 1846 by William Philpott, Jonathan Warner, David Morris and Harvey Sawyer. It was located northwest of the city limits of Youngstown and southeast of Brier Hill. The coal which was used for it was dug right there on the property of Dr. Manning. James Wood & Company the next year built a furnace in the neighborhood of this and David Tod furnished the coal for it from his Brier Hill mine. He later bought this furnace and it became famous as the Brier Hill Iron & Coal Company. In 1859 the Grace Furnace, No. 1, and the next year the Grace Furnace, No. 2, were built by this company,. and in 1854 Crawford & Howard built the Phoenix ; and in 1856 Charles Howard built the Falcon. These two mills afterwards became a part of the Brown- 618 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE Bonnell Company. In 1859 and 1860, the Himrod Furnaces, No. 1 and No. 2, were built, and in 1868 No. 3 Himrod was built. In 1867 and 1868 Hazelton, No. 1 and No. 2 were erected by Andrews & Brothers at Hazelton, and they became a part of the Andrews Brothers & Company. In 1879 a furnace on Crab creek was operated by the Ma-honing Valley Iron Company. FIRST AND SECOND ROLLING MILLS. The first rolling mill erected in Youngstown was in 1846. It was probably the first mill of the kind that used bituminous coal on the Reserve. A number of the early Youngstown men were the stockholders, including Henry Manning, William Rice, Henry Heasley, Hugh B. Wick, Henry Wick, Jr., Caleb B. Wick, Paul Wick, James Dangerfield, Harvey Fuller, Robert W. Tayler, Isaac Powers and James McEwen. None of these men were practical iron men, and although the company was not a failure, it was not a great success. In 1855 Joseph H. Brown, William Bonnell, Richard Brown and Thomas Brown purchased the mill for $25,000. This was the beginning of the famous Brown, Bonnell & Company. The second rolling mill in Mahoning county was built in 1863. It was called the Enterprising Rolling Mill. Somehow this name did not suit the workmen and the name of "Little Mill" was given to it. This plant was afterwards owned and operated by Cartwright, McCurdy & Company, and William B. Hazeltine and William R. Parmelee were later connected with it. BITUMINOUS COAL OF THE COUNTY. In the annals of the early settlers association of Cuyahoga county we read that during the winter of 1836 and 1837 Mr. Upson, of Talmadge, sent to the city "for a trial wagon of bituminous coal, a seam of which had cropped out on a hillside on his farm, and he was anxious to see if he could make use of it as a fuel. A gentleman then living where the Weddell House now stands—it may have been T. M. Weddell himself ventured to make a trial of the coal. The neighbors got an idea of what was going on and they looked in apparent dread at the house where the black smoke curled out of the chimney, and when the sulphurous fumes came down to the ground they held their nostrils and made up their minds at once that such stuff would breed a pestilence, and they would have none of it in theirs." As soon as the Ohio and Pennsylvania canal was opened Governor Tod sent a boatload of coal to Cleveland for trial in lake steamers. To the surprise of most people it worked well and soon there was a ready market for it. At that time it was called stone coal. Men in Mahoning county made huge fortunes for those days out of this product of the earth. Besides limestone and the two kinds of coal, the upper and lower strata, there are underlying Mahoning county conglomerate rocks in which are found a number of salts. These come to the surface in the iron springs in Howland and in the Salt Springs in Weathersfield. The veins were seldom more than, four feet thick and the deposit was 150 feet. It was comparatively free from sulphur and made few ashes and was especially good for smelting purposes. Over a bed of black coal about two feet in thickness lay a band of shale iron ore ten inches thick and covering this was another laver of coal nearly three feet thick, which was of inferior quality. This vein ran into Trumbull county and was the Mineral Ridge coal which found such splendid market. The coal in Poland which was used in the furnaces was known as nodular. Of course there was so much wood in the vicinity of the early furnaces that no attention was paid to the coal at first. Gradually they learned how to mine it, used it for domestic purposes and then for industrial purposes. At one time the men employed by the coal companies were a little army, but now the HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE- 619 mines are practically exhausted. The industrial report of 1907 says that in that year 162 workmen were employed in coal mining in Mahoning county. This includes all sorts of work, drivers, engineers, etc., and shows how nearly finished the coal mining industry of this county. is. In the settling of the Western Reserve, the Germans and the Irish played an important part. This is treated of in the first pages of this history. But another nationality added its strength to the social and industrial structure also, and this was the Welsh. The first Welsh settlement was made at Brier Hill in 1847, and there had been very few there before that time. One of the early and influential Welshmen was Evan Davis, the father of John M., who came to Brier Hill in 1859. He lived for sometime on Governor Tod's farm; later bought land near, and there his family and descendants have lived since. Evan Morris was one of the early coal diggers and developed into an operator. He was interested in the Mineral Ridge, Weathersfield and Churchill mines and had a beautiful home in Girard, where he died. William Philpott, of the famous Eagle furnace, was a Welshman. WILLIAM RICHARDS. William Richards was also one of these successful,. brainy Welshmen. He purchased a farm near Girard in 1851, where he did blacksmithing. He became manager of the Eagle furnace in 1853 and two years later was manager of the Wood furnace. He was interested in other mills and furnaces in the valley and accumulated a goodly fortune, had a large family of children and during his later years resided in Warren. The fortune which he gathered was largely swept away in the panic of 1873. S. A. RICHARDS. The oldest son, S. A. Richards, ordinarily called Allan, is one of the most expert, practical and successful iron men of the valley. He is possibly the oldest operator now living who understands the old ways as well as the new. He and his sons have just retired from the iron business and have farms north of Warren on the River road. After the failure of William Richards & Company in Warren, S. A. Richards became superintendent of the Cleveland Iron Company furnace and stayed there until 1878. He then was in the iron business in West Virginia for a year, when he entered the employ of Edgar Thompson Company at Braddock. In 1880 he was superintendent of the blast furnace at the Illinois Steel Company at Joliet. Here he stayed five years when he went into the commission business in Chicago, where he continued for seven years. He was then, in 1892, in Duluth in charge of the Duluth furnace. In 1893 in connection with W. C. Runyan, he leased the Sharon furnace ; in 1896 purchased the Struthers furnace. MAHONING COUNTY MAILS. The mail route was established in 1801 in Mahoning county, and for fourteen years it went through Warren to all parts of the Reserve. Eleazer Gilson contracted to carry the mail every two weeks for two years at a rate of $3.50 a mile, a distance of some fifty miles or more from Canfield. His son did most of the work. It is written of young Gilson that "whenever he appeared he was always saluted with a hearty shake of the hand and a multiplicity of inquiries as to who was sick, who dead, or recently arrived ; and What does the Doctor say ? and When was the baby born ? As a matter of fact, the post boy carried more news in his head than in his mail bag." H. K. Morse said : 'The mail route was Pittsburg, Beaver, Darlington, Poland, Canfield, Ellsworth, Fredericburg, Palmyra. Edenburg, Camelsport, Ravena, Hudson, Cuyahoga Falls (or Twinsburg) and Cleveland." 620 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE Turhand Kirtland writes to Gideon Granger in May 16, 1809, that he will agree to carry mail from Pittsburg to Warren for two years at $600 provided one horse only will be necessary ; if two have to be used, he will have to have $150 per year more, or he will carry it for $1,400 for both years. YOUNGSTOWN'S FIRST POSTMASTER. Calvin Pease was the first postmaster in Youngstown. In 1819 the Ashtabula and Trumbull turnpike was constructed and coaches ran as far as Poland in 1824. Charles Barr, afterwards a citizen of Youngstown, made the first bodies of the first coaches on the Western Reserve, while Aaron 'Whiting, of Conneaut was the first projector of the stage coach line. PIONEER COLLECTIONS. Most interesting stories of the pioneers are toll in the Collections of the Mahoning Valley Historical Society, and as these tales really give more idea of real history than do facts stated by themselves it is worth one's while provided one is interested in history, to read them carefully. KILLING AND GRAVE OF CAPTAIN PIPE. Abraham Powers, who lived in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania. followed, with a number of companions, a party of Indians who had murdered a family in the winter of 1778, one child alone escaping. There were seventy men in the party. They pursued the Indians to the mouth of the Big Beaver, then up the Mahoning and they saw an Indian village on a site of land near Youngstown. It seems almost impossible that this should be the very spot of land which Abraham Powers and his sons later owned. They could not overtake the Indians and usually camped a considerable distance behind them. The man in charge of this Indian village was known as Captain Pipe, and he fired on the white men and was finally killed by them. It turned out that he and his daughter were the only people in the town and that she was behind a log loading his guns while he fired. He continued to fire after he was shot. They carried the squaw to Salt Springs and held a council of war, but having heard that there were a thousand Indians collected at Sandusky, concluded that they would better go no further. So they returned to Pittsburg and there released the squaw. Two years later Abraham and Isaac Powers found the bones of this Indian in about the spot where he was shot. They cut down most of the trees, but allowed one of them which stood near his grave to stand, and the last writer knew it was still standing on the south bank of the Mahoning, directly opposite the mouth of Dry Run. This story is vouched for by William Powers, the son of Isaac and grandson of Abraham. THE COUNTY'S ONLY EXECUTION. Only one person has ever suffered death penalty in Mahoning county. The victim, a young innocent girl who was walking on the roadway in the vicinity of her home, was outraged and murdered. The shocked community behaved in good temper, but all felt the worst punishment was none too severe. The following, furnished by Miss Anna Morse, librarian of the Youngstown library, is from the history of the police department of Youngstown, Ohio : "On January 21, 1876, occurred the revolting murder of Lizzie Grumbacker by a tramp who gave his name as Charles M. Sterling. The murder occurred on Loveland Hill, between Haselton and Poland, and Dan Arnold, who at that time was deputy to Marshal Owen Evans, was assigned on the case. Dan captured his man at Boardman the next day and brought him to Youngstown and locked him up. The preliminary trial was held before Justice McKee in Excelsior Hall. The unique idea of charging ten cents admission was adopted and enough money was collected to defray the expense of HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE- 621 the hall to make a purse of some forty-eight dollars for the parents of the murdered girl. Sterling had two trials. The first, which was held at Canfield, then the county seat, resulted in a disagreement of the jury. The second trial was held at Youngstown and the murderer was found guilty and executed in the county jail on April 21, 1877." FIFTY CENTS FINE FOR "PROFANE SWEARING." The following from the Kirtland Manuscripts is given here to show how much better our ancestors kept some commandments than do we : COMPLAINT AGAINST JOHN LIDDLE, 1825. THE STATE OF OHIO, TRUMBULL CO. To any Constable of the County aforesaid Greeting: Whereas, complaint has been made before me, one of the Justices of the Peace in and for the County Aforesaid, and upon oath of George Stilson, of Boardman township, and Co. aforesaid, that John Liddle, of Poland, did on the evening of the 19th day of Dec. at and ahought his house in Boardman—John Liddle did threton of fighting and Profainity Swair and commit a breach of the law and peace of the State of Ohio—Therefore in the name of the State of Ohio to command you that you take the said John Liddle if he be found in your Co. or further jurisdiction and him safely keep so that you have his body forthwith before me or some other Justice of the Peace to answer and to be further dealt with according to the law. Given under my Hand and seal in Boardman. l0th Dec. 1825. ASA BALDWIN, Justice of Peace, Turhand Kirtland. Cost, $1.67 ½ Received 27th Dec. 1825 50 cents to pay over to James Moody, Treasurer of Bordman Township, for a fine collected of John Liddle for profane swearing. Received of Turhand Kirtland, Justice of the Peace.—ASA BALDWIN. WHISKY CONSIGNED TO DAVID HUDSON. Readers will remember that David Hudson was declared by the 'Rev. Mr. Badger to be among the few real religious men of New Connecticut, hence this entry in the Kirtland notes book is startling to temperance people of today : "December, 16, 1808.—Esquire PurplinSir :—Please deliver to the bearer sixty-six gallons and two-thirds of a gallon of whiskey on sight and I will account therefor, "DAVID HUDSON." BACKWOODS COURTSHIP. In the "Memorial to the Pioneer Women of the Western Reserve," Rachel Wick Tayler says : "In 1804 two young lawyers from Connecticut, John Stark Edwards and Homer Hine, rode from Warren to Painesville to locate a state road. Just before reaching there. Mr. Edwards dismounted, took off a pair of buckskin breeches which protected a better pair. "Mr. Hine asked, 'What are you doing?' "Mr. Edwards replied, 'There is a pretty girl up here.' "The pretty girl was Mary Skinner, who had lately come from Connecticut with her father's family. In the fall of 1807 Mr. Hine won the girl and brought her to Youngstown to live." She was highly educated and kept up her reading even though she was in the "back woods." She was very fond of her garden and her home was an ideal place. She lived to be ninety-four years old. FIRST OHIO AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. Youngstown claims the distinction of having organized the first agricultural fair and county society in Ohio. This was in 1818 or 1819. The first fair of this association was held in Warren and Hon. John F. Beaver was the president. Animals entered for the premiums were tied to the trees in the park and produce was spread around there, while 622 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE quilts, (pin cushions we suppose), homemade cloths, and things of that sort were hung inside the court house awaiting their award. In 1847 the Canfield Fair Association was organized. Hon. Eben Newton was the first president. Both of these agricultural societies exist to the present day and are successful institutions, both financially and for the purpose for which they were organized. Although from the beginning Mahoning county was engaged in manufacturing, agriculture took a prominent place. For a time there seemed to be a race between the two, but now the industrial output is so phenomenally large that the farmer seems more or less lost sight of. That is the way it appears, but it is not so. Men who have made successes in other businesses now are beginning to study farming for profit. The agricultural report of 1908 says that Mahoning county is estimated as having harvested 13,117 acres of wheat, 15,322 acres of corn ; the wheat producing nineteen bushels to the acre, and the corn 27. REUBEN MCMILLAN FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY. Youngstown, unlike most towns of its' size on the Reserve, made no effort to have a circulating library prior to the passage of the school library laws of the early forty's. This law provided for certain numbers of books for each school district throughout the state. In every community there are still some of these books in existence in homes or free libraries. In 1870 Miss Julia A. Hitchcock and Miss Pierson had charge of 168 volumes of such school hooks, in the school superintendent's office. They saw what everybody now knows that most of the books thus supplied were not fitted at all for children. Reuben McMillan assisted them, and they gave an entertainment. The $100 which they realized they expended for suitable books. Like entertainments were continued for some years. The hoard of education furnished a room and a librarian, and the library was thus kept up. In 1875 a library association was formed, largely composed of teachers and members of the board of education. In 1878 the rooms of the board of education in the First National Bank block became the home of this association. Books could be drawn at that time on Saturday evenings. In 1880 the association was incorporated with Reuben McMillan, Dr. F. S. Whits- REUBEN McMILLAN FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY, YOUNGSTOWN. HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE - 623 lar, Dr. J. S. Cunningham, Sarah E. Pierson and Julia A. Hitchcock incorporators. The association and board of education worked together. The association loaned its books to the board and the board contributed $300 a year, paid all expenses except the librarian's salary, and gifts and donations were turned in on these expenses. It was not until 1890 that, through the efforts of John H. Clark, a law was passed providing for a tax levy for library purposes. The money thus procured was not sufficient to meet demand and more was raised by subscription. The board and the association continued to act together until 1892. The library was in the Reel & Moyer block until 1891. In 1870 they had 164 volumes ; in 1891, 3,608 ; in 1898, 14,000. Because Mr. McMillan had been so interested in the library and had given so much time and attention to it, at a social meeting of his friends in 1897 it was suggested by Mrs. McElevey that the library be named for him. This was enthusiastically done. Of Mr. McMillan Mr. Clark wrote : "A man who sought neither wealth nor honor save as these were to be found in the faithful doing of his duty. He spent a long life for meager salary in training the youth of the city to live the highest intellectual life. When his name was chosen for the library, it was because his generation chose to honor and revere that type of manhood which finds its best expression in that high stern-featured beauty of steady devotedness to duty." In 1898 money was raised by subscription to purchase the Richard Brown homestead on Market street. The building was dedicated to library purposes the following year. In 1908. the library was moved to the corner of Wick and Rayen avenues. Miss Anna Morse, the present librarian, was influential in inducing Mr. Carnegie to donate $50,000 toward this new building, which is just about completed, and the entire cost of which will be $150,000. It is a beautiful building, well equipped in every way. At present Dr. Ida Clark is president of the association. It seems from the very beginning women, as well as men, have given service to this library association. In no association in Youngstown has the principles of equality been worked out as it has here. Dr. Clark, in her annual report, says : "I cannot here withold the word of praise so justly due to our efficient librarian, Miss Morse, who, with the aid of her staff, is really responsible for such excellent results." It is to be regretted that there is not room to give the list of all who have given up time and money to Youngstown's library. YOUNGSTOWN HUMANE SOCIETY. For a number of years Youngstown had a society for the prevention of cruelty to animals and children. John A. Ladd was the first agent. The main society was organized in 1895. Dr. S. R. Frazier was president ; Richard Morgan, agent. The Glenwoods Children's Home was the result of the work of this society. From the beginning women have been on the board of directors of this association. The organization at this writing is doing good work. OPERA HOUSE COMPANY. The Opera House Company was organized in 1872, William Powers being president. The Park Theater was built in 1901. MAYORS OF YOUNGSTOWN. 1850 John Heiner. 1851 Robert W. Tayler. 1852 Stephen F. Burnett. 1853 William G. Moore. 1855 William Rice. 1856 Thomas W. Sanderson. 1857 Reuben Carroll. 1862 Peter W. Keller. 1863 John Manning. 1863 Thomas Wells. (To fill a vacancy.) 1864 B. S. Higley. 624 - HISTORY OF THE WESTERN RESERVE 1867 George McKee. 1872 John D. Raney 1874 William M. Osborn. 1876 Matthew Logan. 1880 William J. Lawthers. 1884-1885 Walter L. Campbell. 1886-1887 Samuel A. Steel. 1888-1891 Randall Montgomery. 1892-1895 I. B. Miller. 1896-1899 E. H. Moore. 1900-1903 Frank L. Brown. 1903-1905 William T. Gibson. 1906-1907 Frank L. Baldwin. 1908-1911 Alvin W. Craver. STATE SENATORS.