(RETURN TO THE TITLE PAGE) CHAPTER I. STATE AND COUNTY DESCRIBED. OHIO ALWAYS A STATE-SURFACE OF COUNTRY-CHIEF RIVERS -GEOLOGY OF THE STATE-GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTY-BUILDING STONE, CLAYS, ETC.- DRAINAGE, SOIL AND NATURAL WEALTH -"OHIO, GOOD AND TRUE." The state of Ohio, comprises an extent of country 210 miles north and south, 220 miles east and west, in length and breadth 25,576,969 acres—and is a part of the old Northwest Territory, which embraced all of the present states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and that part of Minnesota that lies east of the Mississippi river. Ohio is watered by the finest system of rivers on the globe ; while its inland seas are without a parallel. Its entire southern boundary is traversed by the Ohio river and upon the north are fresh-water lakes, inland seas capable of floating the largest ships in the commerce of the world. In the state are innumerable streams of limpid water, which come from glen and dale, from hill and valley, from forest and prairie, all avenues of health, commerce and prosperity. Ohio is in the best part of this great Northwest Territory— south of its rivers are tropical heaths; north of Lake Erie are polar snows and a polar climate. OHIO ALWAYS A STATE. The territory comprised in Ohio has remained the same since its organization. Ohio history differs somewhat from other states, as it was never under territorial government. When it was created it was made a state, and did not pass through the stage incident to most other commonwealths that is, to exist as a territory before being advanced to the powers of a state. Ohio's boundaries are, on the north, Lake Erie and Michigan ; on the west, Indiana ; on the south, the Ohio river, separating it from Kentucky ; and, on the. east, Pennsylvania and West Virginia.  - 3 - 5 - HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY SURFACE OF COUNTRY. The face of the country in Ohio, taken as a whole, presents the appearance of a monotonous plain. It is moderately undulating, but not mountainous, and is excavated in places by the streams coursing over its surface, whose waters have forced a way for themselves through cliffs of sandstone rock, leaving abutments of this material in bold outline. There are no mountain ranges, geological uplifts or peaks. A low ridge enters the state near the northeast corner and crosses it in a southwesterly direction, emerging near the intersection of the 40th degree of north latitude with the western boundary of the state. This "divide" separates the lake and Ohio river waters, and maintains an elevation of a little more than thirteen hundred feet above the level of the ocean. North of this ridge the surface is generally more level, with a gentle inclination toward the lake. The central part of Ohio is generally level, about one thousand feet above the sea level, slightly inclining southward. The southern part of the state is rather hilly, the valleys growing deeper as they incline toward the great valley of the Ohio, which is several hundred feet below the general level of the state. In the southern counties the surface is generally diversified by the inequalities produced by the excavating power of the Ohio river and its tributaries, erocised through long periods of time. There are a few prairies or plains in the central and northwestern parts of the state, but over its greater portion originally existed immense growths of timber. The "divide," or water-shed referred to, between the waters of Lake Erie and the Ohio river, is less elevated in Ohio than in New York and Pennsylvania. though the difference is small. It is said that to a person passing over the state in a balloon its surface presents an unvaring plain, while to one sailing down the Ohio river, it appears mountainous. On this river are bluffs ranging from two hundred and fifty to six hundred feet in height. As one ascends the tributaries of the river, these bluffs diminish in height until they become gentle undulations, while toward the sources of the streams, in the central part of the state, the banks often become low and marshy. CHIEF RIVERS. The principal rivers are the Ohio, Muskingum, Scioto and Miami, on the southern slope, emptying into the Ohio ; on the HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY - 5 northern, the Maumee, Sandusky, Huron and Cuyahoga, emptying into Lake Erie, and all but the first named entirely in Ohio. The Ohio, the chief river in the state and from which it derives its name, with its tributaries, drains a country whose area is over two hundred thousand square miles in extent and extends from the water-shed to Alabama. The river was first discovered by La Salle in 1669, and was by him navigated as far as the falls, at Louisville, Kentucky. It is formed by the junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, in Pennsylvania, whose waters unite at Pittsburg. The entire length of the river from its source to its mouth is nine hundred and fifty miles. Its current is very gentle. The Scioto is one of the largest inland streams in the state, and is one of the most beautiful rivers. It rises in Hardin county and flows southeasterly to Columbus, where it receives its largest affluent, the Olentangy or Whetstone, after which its direction is southerly until it enters the Ohio at Portsmouth. It flows through one of the richest valleys in the state, and has for its companion the Ohio and Erie canal for a distance of ninety miles. Its tributaries are, besides the Whetstone, the Darby, Walnut and Paint creeks. The Muskingum river is formed by the junction of the Tuscarawas and the Walhonding rivers which rise in the northern part of the state and unite at Coshocton. From the junction the river flows in a southeastern course about one hundred miles, through a rich and populous valley, to the Ohio at Marietta, the oldest settlement in the state. Where it enters the Ohio, the Muskingum is over two hundred yards wide. Through all the valleys of Ohio mounds, earthworks and various other fortifications are to be found. The Miami river rises in Hardin county near the headwaters of the Scioto and runs southwesterly to the Ohio, passing Troy, Dayton and Hamilton. It is a beautiful and rapid stream, flowing through a highly productive and populous valley, in which limestone and hard timber are abundant. Its total length is about one hundred and fifty miles. The Maumee is the largest river in the northern part of Ohio. It rises in Indiana and flows northeasterly into Lake Erie. About eighty miles of its course are in Ohio. The other rivers north of the "divide" are smaller streams, but afford a large amount of good water power, much used by mills and manufactories. A remarkable feature of the topography of Ohio is its almost 6 - HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY (PICTURE: THE PICTURESQUE OLENTANGY, OR WHETSTONE RIVER) HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY - 7 total absence of natural lakes or ponds. A very few small ones are found near the watershed, but all too small to be of any practical value save as watering places for stock. Lake Erie forms nearly all the northern boundary of the state. It is two hundred and ninety miles long and fifty miles wide at its, greatest point. There are no islands except in the shallow water at the west end, and very few bays. The greatest depth of the lake is off Long Point, where the water is three hundred and twelve feet deep. Lake Erie has several excellent harbors in Ohio, among which are Cleveland, Toledo, Sandusky, Port Clinton and Ashtabula. In 1818 the first steamboat was launched on the lake. GEOLOGY OF THE STATE. On the general geological map of the state are two sections of Ohio, taken at each northern and southern extremity These show, with the map, the general outline of the geological features of Ohio, and are all that can be given here. Both sections show the general arrangements of the formation, and prove that they lie in sheets resting one upon another, but not horizontally. The rocks underlying the state all belong to three of the great groups which geologists have termed "systems," namely, the Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous. Each of these are again sub-divided, for- convenience, and numbered. Thus the Silurian system includes the Cincinnati group, the Medina and Clinton groups, the Niagara group, and the Salina and Water-Line groups. The Devonian system includes the Oriskany sandstone, the Carboniferous limestone, the Hamilton group, the Huron shale and the Erie shales The Carboniferous system includes the Waverly group, the Carboniferous Conglomerate, the Coal Measures and the Drift. This last includes the surface, and has been divided into six par'ts, numbering from the lowest, viz : A glacialed surface, the Glacial Drift, the Erie Clays, the Forest Bed, the Iceberg Drift and the Terraces or Beaches, which mark intervals of stability in the gradual recession of the water surface to its present level. GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTY. The geological series of the county embraces that much disputed horizon that lies near the junction of the Devonian with the Carboniferous. It has been satisfactorily shown, in the Michigan 8 - HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY Survey, however, that the upper Waverly belongs to the latter, thus dividing between the two ages the series usually embraced under the single designation of Waverly. For the upper or fossiliferous portion of the old Waverly, the term Marshall group has been used in the Michigan Survey, and that name intended to cover the base of the Carboniferous, antedates all other names. To what extent these subdivisions exist in Morrow county is not possible to determine from the exposures that occur. It is only known that there is (1) in the eastern part of the country a free grained, shaly sandstone, which is probably some part of the Cuyahoga shale and sandstone, although having more the lithological character of the Logan sandstone, its equivalent in the southern part of the state. (2) Succeeding this shaly sandstone is a valuable series of even-bedded sandstones, useful for building, and extensively quarried, the equivalent of the Berea grit. (3) Below this is a blackish slate, although its exact junction with the overlying Berea grit has not been observed. It may be separated from the Berea grit by a thin stratum of shale representing the Bedford shale. The thickness of this black shale has not been made out. It is succeeded by (4) a considerable thickness of bluish or gray shale seldom met with. In some marshy places an inflammable gas rises spontaneously, though it is not known to be the same as that which rises from the shale below the drift. The surface is clayey, and the soil needs artificial drainage. Thus in the eastern part of the county, where the sandstone beds lie nearly horizontal wherever exposed, there are short undulations in the natural surface of over three hundred feet, and that, too, without any exposure of the rock. It is altogether improbable that the drift has that thickness. It is more reasonable to suppose that the rocks themselves suffered erosion, and embraced valleys running according to the direction of drainage before the deposit of the drift. The eastern half of the county is decidedly rolling, and even hilly ; the western half is more level. In the latter section is found a considerable extent of swamp land which gives rise to three streams that grow to some importance further south, the east branch of the Whetstone, Alum creek, and the Big Belly or Big Walnut, as it is known further in its course. On the eastern side, the three branches of Owl Creek and one of the branches of the Mohican find their sources, but do not reach any importance within the limits of the county. HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY - 9 The upper parts of Alum creek and Big Belly have been enlarged by the County Commissioners, and made to do greater service as drains. The most of the drainage of the county is into the Scioto river. Its eastern portions are drained into the Muskingum, yet the Sandusky, which flows into Lake Erie, has some of its sources in the township of North Bloomfield, in the northern portion of the county. The streams though not large, are ample for the purposes of an agricultural community, and furnish motive power for the numerous flouring mills that exist in the county. The undulations in the rocky structures are usually very gentle, even imperceptible, through the drift sheet. Hence the general surface was originally nearly flat. The uneveness which now prevails in some parts of the county is mainly due to subse- (VIEW ON ROGERS LAKE.) quent causes, and can be referred to the effect of atmospheric forces. The drift was at first deposited with unequal thickness, whatever may have been the conditions of the pre-existing surfaces. In the valley of those streams that flow toward the east, in the eastern part of the county, there are unmistakable evidences of a previous erosion of the rock surface, but in the western part of the county, no such indications have been seen. Besides occasional irregularities in the surface of the bedded 10 - HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY rocks, the manner of the disposition of the drift, was such as to leave very noticable differences in its condition and thickness in different parts of the county. In the sandstone region, and especially where the Berea grit forms a line of junction with the underlying shale, the drift is coarse and strong and the surface broken. Frequent springs of ferriferous water issue from the hillsides, which seem to be very gravelly. The channels of the streams are deeply cut into the bed rock plainly beyond the power of the present volume of water—and the valleys are marked by large boulders. Such boulders are found in the valleys, in all parts of the county, but are much more noticeable in the sandstone district. Near South Woodbury in the creek bottom (lot 10) is a boulder of fine grained syenite, the extreme dimensions of which are nine feet by seven and one half feet, showing four and a half feet above the ground. In this boulder the horn blende predominates, and the feldspar is flesh colored, quartz being scarce, giving a rather dark color to the whole. In the western part of the county, however, where the surface is underlaid by shale or the black slate; the drift is more evenly spread, and the country is flat. The streams have (in very much the same manner, though not to the same extent) cut their channels into the bed rock, but they are fewer in number, and have a less average, descent to the mile. The water of the wells and natural springs is apt to be sulphurous, and bubbles and, jets of gas are very often seen exposed. This is followed by the Huron shale, a black slate which occurs in the western part of the county. BUILDING STONE, CLAYS, ETC. Morrow county is well supplied with building stone of the best quality The openings of the Berea grit at Iberia, Mt. Gilead and near Cardington are widely known and supply a great extent of territory with stone of an excellent quality. The grain of the Berea grit becomes finer in the central part of the state, while at the same time the heavy bedded portion becomes reduced. Gravel and sand are abundant in the eastern part of the county. For brick, tile and common pottery the clay seems well adapted. Salt was found at an early day in Morrow county, and although there were several wells drilled, it was never found in HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY - 11 paying quantities. Several deposits of bog ore are met with in the county. At Mt. Gilead there is a deposit of carbonate of iron on the rock bluffs of the creek, while other deposits of bog ore are found in the eastern part of the county. Oil and gas have both been found in Morrow county. Some good stone quarries have been worked in the county. Good building stone has been found in abundance in the bluffs of the Whetstone near Mt. Gilead. Fine stone has also been found in the Quaker settlement. DRAINAGE, SOIL, NATURAL WEALTH. The surface of the land is diversified ; in some places level or but slightly rolling, in other places still more rolling, and in others considerably broken by bluffs and ravines. This is especially the case on the Whetstone and Sam's creek, in the vicinity of Mt. Gilead. Nearly the whole of the land is fit for cultivation and for farming purposes. At the present day there is very little waste land in the county. The land generally in Morrow county has a natural drainage, and there is but little stagnant water, especially since the improvement of the country and the opening of the runs and swales ; although almost all the land is made much more productive by open ditches and underdraining. The productions most congenial to the soil, and the most easily and profitably raised, are grass, timothy and clover, hay and seeds, corn, wheat, oats, rye and flax. The common fruits and vegetables are also easily grown. Springs are quite numerous ; some of them strong enough to form runs of permanent water. There are but few soft-water springs. The water generally is hard, impregnated with lime and iron. The early settlers selected the lands that had springs, and generally built their cabins near them. Hence the springs are found on the lands first settled in the township. The original forests abounded with deer, wolves, raccoons, opossums, squirrels, ground hogs and wild turkeys. The pioneers found the land well timbered with beech, sugar-maple, white and red oak, white and yellow popular, black and white walnut, hickory, elm, cherry, basswood, sycamore, etc. 12 - HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY OHIO, GOOD AND TRUE. To the foregoing we attach the following song waif, entitled : Ohio, Good and True. Brightly gleams a star of beauty, In "Old Glory's" field of blue, There it shines a glowing emblem Of Ohio, good and true; Mark her jewels! Mark her heroes! Office, shop, and field and glen, Promptly send a hundred thousand When the nation calls for men. 0, thou state of happy childhood, Rippling brooks and fields of green, All that nature hath she gives thee Richest fruits and skies serene. From thy hillsides, from thy valleys, Loud the gladsome anthems ring Songs of birds, and songs of nature; Songs of joy and peace, we sing. We'll be true to dear Ohio, Stand for right against the wrong, Help to keep her name unsullied; Then float on, thou flag eternal! Loyal, faithful, noble, strong. Still Ohio's star will shine, For the Buckeye's fame and glory, Are forever linked with thine. CHAPTER - 13 PRIMITIVE MEN IN THE COUNTY. MOUND BUILDERS IN MORROW COUNTY-LOCATION OF MOUNDS-SACRED TO THE INDIANS-THE ORIGINAL OHIO MAN-GARDEN OF EDEN IN MORROW COUNTY ? THE INDIANS AS A RACE-OHIO, THE BATTLE GROUND-NEAR-BY INDIAN MASSACRES -INDIAN TALES BY PIONEERS-EARLY INDIAN TRAILS. In Morrow, as well as in some other counties in Ohio, are seen evidences of a prehistoric people whose origin and fate are unknown. We know of them only by the monuments they reared in the form of earth works, and as these are principally mounds, we call the people who made them, Mound Builders. The term is not a distinguishing one, for people the world over have been mound builders, more or less from generation to generation. In no other country are earth works more plainly divided into classes than here in America. In some places fortifications suggest the citadel of a tribe or people. Again, embankments, circular or square, separate or in combinations, enclosing perhaps one or more mounds, excite our curiosity but fail to satisfy it, and we ask : "Are these fading embankments the boundaries of sacred enclosures, the fortifications of a camp, or the foundations on which were built communal homes?" MOUND BUILDERS IN MORROW COUNTY. What connection, if any, existed between the Mound Builders and the Indians is yet unsolved. But it seems certain that many years before Columbus discovered America the Mound Builders had settlements in Morrow county, as ancient earthworks attest. That the people were not unacquainted with war is shown by their numerous fortified enclosures. These earthworks give us some knowledge of a people who lived here when European civilization was yet in the dawn. Some of the earthworks were geographically platted upon longitudinal lines and geometrical measurements, giv- 14 - HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY ing evidence that the people who planned, made and occupied these works were well advanced in mathematics. Whatever the facts may be in regard to the many theories advanced about the Mound Builders, the fact remains that Morrow county was the scene of many activities of this strange people, and traces of their occupation are abundant in many of its sections. During the centuries of Indian domination in this country, the ancient earthworks were left undisturbed. The Indians had no knowledge of a preceding race, and they were not vexed by inquiring science as to the nature or origin of the mounds.. LOCATION OF MOUNDS. The mounds in Morrow county are located as follows : There are three mounds near Chesterville. The earthwork, which was located near an old school house there was plowed down many years ago and scraped into a hole near it, from which it was undoubtedly thrown up. When within about two feet of the level, a quantity of greasy muck was uncovered which had a strong smell, but no bones were discovered, and no relics were found. In 1829, when the hotel was built in Chesterville, a mound near by was made to furnish the material for the brick. In digging it away, a large human skeleton was found, but no measurements were made. It is related that the jaw-bone was found to fit easily over that of a citizen of the village, who was remarkable for his large jaw. The local physicians examined the cranium and found it proportionately large, with more teeth than the white race of today. The skeleton was ,taken to Mansfield, and has been lost sight of entirely. Some trinkets were found in the mound, but anything like an accurate description of them cannot be had. One article was something like a mortar, holding about a half pint, made of blue clay. This was kept in the bar room of the hotel as a curiosity, but has long since been lost sight of. Just west of the village, is a small earthwork, surrounded with a trench. Upon this structure are growing trees of a large growth, which have evidently sprung up since the mound was made. Some investigation has been made there, but with no result. Other mounds are found in the townships of Troy, Canaan and Washington. In the former township, a circular mound of about twenty-five feet in diameter is situated on section 7. No attempt has been made to learn of its contents. In Canaan township, there are two that were formerly connected by an embankment, and were evidently used HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY - 15 as a fortification, but the demands of the farm have greatly obliterated their outlines, and they are rapidly disappearing. In Washington, situated in the northeast corner, is a conical shaped mound, about twenty feet high, with a circular base covering upward of a quarter of an acre. Near it is a horseshoe-shaped fortification, some two and a half feet high, inclosing an area of about a quarter of an acre. In the southern part of Lincoln township is the remains of a mound of considerable interest. A cone about sixty feet in diameter was found in the center of a circle of about one hundred and twenty feet in diameter. Messrs. T. C. Cunnard and. A. G. Emery at one time made some effort to investigate this relic, and employing workmen dug into the cone. In the center was found a circular wall, made of loosely laid freestone. On the outer side of this wall the dirt taken from the surrounding trench was thrown, and within the spac was filled with a clay that was thought to be foreign to that locality. Considerable quantity of charcoal and ashes, were found, but no relics or bones, save a fragment that was pronounced metal, but so badly disintegrated that it fell to powder on exposure to the air. The earth wall which encircled the mound, it was thought, contained more material than could be got from the trench at its foot, and an examination seemed to confirm their theory that much of the material had been brought to this place. On the surface of the mound a large ash-tree was found growing, its roots striking through the supporting wall in every direction. When cut down, some two hundred and forty concentric rings were counted, indicating an ancient origin for the mound. The largest result from this investigation has been lost, from the fact that the judgment of experts has riot been had upon it. It is hardly to be doubted that, with patient investigation, some valuable relies might be discovered in some of these mounds, which would add valuable information to the fund of information on this subject. These earthworks are on the territory where archeologists have long thought there were no traces of that ancient people, Wand a stray relic might do something toward establishing or refuting the various theories that have been entertained in regard to the Mound Builders. MOUNDS SACRED TO THE INDIANS. It is true that the Morrow county earthworks have never been fully explored, but dozens of mounds have been opened in other 16 - HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY parts of the state, and but very little information derived from the research; therefore, we can exclaim with the old-time poet: Oh, Mound! consecrated before The white man's foot e'er trod our shore, To battle's strife and valour's grave, Spare ! oh, spare, the buried brave ! A thousand winters passed away, And yet demolished not the clay, Which on you hillock held in trust The quiet of the warrior's dust. The Indian came and went again ; He hunted through the lengthened plain ; And from the mound he oft beheld The present silent battlefield. But did the Indian e'er presume, To violate that ancient tomb ? Ah, no ! he had the soldier grace Which spares the soldier's resting place. It is alone for Christian hand To sever that sepulchral band, Which ever to the view is spread, To bind the living to the dead. THE ORIGINAL OHIO MAN. For the past fifteen years, many expeditions and elaborate investigations in various parts of the world, have been made in search of possible or probable proof of the location of the cradle or birthplace of the human race. From reports made of such expeditions and investigations, the problem of how the Red Man got here (to America), and where he came from, are elaborately treated of. A brief resume of the conclusions arrived at in these reports appeared recently in the "Cosmopolitan Magazine." The result is, says the magazine writer, "that evidence shows that the first American was not an Asiatic emigrant, but that from the study of both ethnological and archaeological conditions in northwestern America and northeastern Asia, it seems most probable HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY - 17 that man did not come from Asia, but that he crossed over into Asia from America. We cannot even give a resume of the facts and reasons put forth by the distinguished scholars who for many years have given their time and thought to this intensely interesting question. Can only state that their conclusions are a reversal of the theory, so universally accepted heretofore that Asia was the birthplace of the race that later found its way into the American continent. Granted that the original American was native and not an importation, the logic is that barring the ice man, who may or may not have existed first, the Mound Builder was the first to put in an appearance, at least so far as any remaining evidences show. It is generally conceeded that the Mound Builder, whether the ancestor of the Indian or whether of a distinct race, antedated the Indians so called. In other words, whoever he was and whatever his antecedents were, he (the Mound Builder) was the "oldest inhabitant," and may be called the original American. The Mound Builder's domain was largely in the territory now called Ohio, and some of their works, as stated, within the limits of Morrow county. GARDEN OF EDEN IN MORROW COUNTY? May not then Ohio, and possibly Morrow county, have been the Mound Builders' primitive place of birth, as well as his habitat ? May not the original Adam and Eve have had their Eden along the banks of one of Ohio's rivers, rather than on the banks of the Euphrates ? The Rev. Landon West, a prominent and widely known minister of the Baptist church, has given much study and thought to the Serpent Mound in Adams county, Ohio, and advances the theory that it marks the site of the Garden of Eden, and with this a number of the "higher critics," the Egyptologists and Biblical students, agree. They state that nowhere does the Bible claim that the Garden of Eden was in Asia, as has been generally believed. The Rev, Mr. West believes that the Serpent Mound is purely symbolical, and has no significance relative to the religion and worship of any race of men, but that it was intended to teach the fall of man and the consequences of sin, in the Garden of Eden. 18 - HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY THE INDIANS AS A RACE. Scientific research indicates that the Indians followed the Mound Builders of this section of the country and it was long after the first white settler had penetrated into the region now known as Ohio that the Indians left for hunting grounds further west. The Indians uniformly resisted all attempts to civilize them. They preferred to subsist by the chase, and it has been estimated that it would take fifty thousand acres of forest land to furnish game enough to support one Indian. With almost all the tribes the men furnished the game (meat) as their share of the provisions for the family. It was considered beneath the- dignity of a "brave" to do any manual labor. The squaws had to plant the corn and cultivate it, cut the wood, carry water, do the cooking, and carry the luggage when on a march. The women did not murmur at this, but considered it a natural distribution of family duties. Polygamy was quite general among the Indians. Every "brave" had as many wives as he wished. In marriages the bride-to-be was not consulted, the suitor addressed himself directly to the parents of the young squaw he wished to marry, and her fate depended on the wish of her parents. The custom of dowry was the reverse from what it is today, for then the suitor made presents to the parents of the bride, instead of receiving a portion with her. Divorces were frequent, and where there were children the mother had to support them. The Indians looked upon women as inferior and made them slaves. They were savages. With civilized Christian people it is different. The writer has therefore but little patience with a woman who says she is an infidel, for it is the religion of the Nazerene that has elevated her to the position of honor in which she is held today. The Indians are fatalists. They never pray, but they sometimes return thanks to the Great Spirit. Whatever of good or evil happens to them they receive with calmness, believing that the fates have so ordered it. The present tense is used, for the Indian is about the same today that he was a century ago. The opinions, traditions and institutions of his tribe are endeared to him by habit, feeling and authority ; and from early childhood he has been taught that the Great Spirit would be offended by any change in the customs of his red children. Indians believe in a Great Spirit and in the immortality of the HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY - 19 soul. They look upon the future state as a material paradisea happy hunting ground. They blend sorcery in their belief in the healing art and their priests are also physicians and jugglers. Their tribes seem to be held together by a kind of family ligament ; by the ties of blood,, which in the infancy of society were stronger as other associations were weaker. OHIO THE BATTLE GROUND. Ohio was the battle ground where the Indians tried to stop the tide of civilization in its westward course across the American continent, but Morrow county was not the scene of any of the bloody conflicts. America has the unique distinction of having been settled by pioneers.. Other countries have been peopled by men moving in large bodies from one place to another. Whole tribes would move en masse and overrun, or exterminate, the inhabitants and occupy their territory. But the pioneers came, singly, or in small groups, and became settlers. When the white man came the Indians had to leave, because the conflict between the civilized people and the savages was irrepressible. The white man possessed the country on the theory of the eternal fitness of things. NEAR-BY INDIAN MASSACRES. The war of 1812, beyond exciting the apprehension of the few settlers in what is now Morrow county, made but little impression in this part of the state as the few settlers had been here but a short time and busy with their improvements, they had not had time to discuss the probabilities of war and imbibe the fears of the older settlements. The woods were full of Indians, but the prompt action of the government in removing them from Green-town and Jeromeville in Richland county, after the Seymour massacre and the Copus battle, put an end to the principal cause for alarm. The following brief resumes of these tragedies are taken from an historical pamphlet written by A. J. Baughman, the author of this work : In 1799 Frederick Zeimer came "with his family from Germany to America and located first in Maryland, but later came to Ohio, and entered one half of section 27 in Washington township, Pickaway county, this state. He was a man of means, and after getting considerable land in that county, upon which he Vol. 1-2 20 - HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY established his married sons, he removed to Richland county with his wife, youngest son, Philip, and daughter Kate, and entered a quarter section of land in the Blackfork valley, where the terrible massacre of himself, wife, daughter Kate and Martin Ruffner, a neighbor, occurred September 10, 1812. This is commonly called the Seymour massacre, "Seymour" being Americanized from "Zeimer," a German name of Swiss origin. On the evening of September 10th, a party of Indians called at the Zeimer cabin and asked for something to eat. Apprehensive of trouble, Philip Zeimer went to a neighbor's for assistance, and during his absence and while his sister Kate was getting the Indians' supper, the savages attacked the family and killed the four persons present. When Philip returned with some neighbors it was found that a bloody tragedy had been enacted. Philip then entered the army, where he served during the remainder of the war, and doubtless had the satisfaction of seeing many a red skin bite the dust. This tragedy was made the subject of an historical romance in 1857, by the late Rev. J. F. McGaw, and the book has passed through three editions and is still in demand. Immediately after the massacre of the Zeimer family, the settlers apprehensive of further outrages, went to block houses for protection. Among the number was the Rev. James Copus, accompanied by his family. Copus lived a mile or two down the valley from the Zeimer place. After a few days in the block house, Mr. Copus concluded -to return to his home, as he did not apprehend any further trouble from the Indians, believing them to be his friends, not yet having found out their treachery and baseness. Captain Martin, the commandant at the block house, advised against Mr. Copus returning to his cabin, but his remonstrance was of no avail. Captain Martin then made a detail of nine soldiers from his small command at the Beams' mills block house, to accompany Copus and family to their home and remain with them several days as a protecting guard. On September 15, 1812, the first morning after their arrival, a party of forty-five Indians attacked the cabin, killing Mr. Copus and three of the soldiers, and wounding others. The Indians made their attack from the hill in front of the cabin and then advanced with demonical yells, and it seemed as though, "On the right, on the left, above, below, Spring up at once the savage foe." HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY - 21 On the 15th of September, 1882, monuments were erected at the graves of those who had lost their lives at the Zeimer massacre and the Copus battle, seventy years after the tragedies had occurred. These monuments are situate in what is now Ashland county, a little south of the village of Mifflin, about twelve miles from Mansfield. The unveiling of these monuments was a great event and was witnessed by an audience of over twelve thousand people. These massacres made a strong impression on the few pioneer families in the northeastern part of the county, and although they returned to their cabins from the block houses as soon as they thought the immediate danger was passed, they did so with many misgivings. Not long after their return, however, the Indians killed and scalped Levi Jones, at Mansfield. This occurred almost in the very center of the village, near the present site of the City Mills. It was rumored that the Indians, aided by the British, were en route to murder the settlers. It was afterwards ascertained that quite a party of Indians were at that time in ambush near the present site of the Mansfield fair grounds. This again caused great alarm among the settlers, not only in Richland county, but in the adjacent county of Morrow, and hasty preparations were made to seek a place of greater security, and in a very short time they were on their way to Waterford. Here they met a number of families who had been brought together by the same apprehensions, and after consultation it was decided to build a block house. This was accomplished very soon. and the settlers prepared for an attack. But as there was no further cause for alarm, the settlers in a short time went back and forth to their several improvements, and taking supplies to their families at Waterford. After a short time they returned to their cabins, but as they retired at night it was with no great feeling of security, for they realized what a treacherous and wily foe they were braving. INDIAN TALES BY PIONEERS. The following Indian narratives are taken from tales told by the pioneers : Four Indians, at one time, called upon Mrs. Wait and asked for her husband. On seeing them approach, she had closed the door, and thus kept them at bay. Fearful that they meant evil to her husband, she directed them in an opposite direction to where he was chopping a tree. They did not find Mr. Wait, but they went over to Cook's and forced his wife to comb their hair and feed them with a spoon. This seemed to satisfy 22 - HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY them, and they departed without further molestation. Among those of the Indians who made themselves especially distasteful to the whites, both during the war and afterward, was Tom Lyon, a chief in the Wyandot nation. On one occasion, he, with a party of braves, came prowling about the cabin of Jacob Stevens, who was away at Mount. Vernon, and his wife, Nancy, was alone with an infant child. It would seem that the Indians had discovered this fact, and, failing to force the door, began to throw fire brands into the house, through the window. Mrs. Stevens had gone upstairs with her child, taking the rifle with her, but the fire brands put a new face upon affairs. She went quietly down stairs, and, calling her husband's name aloud, quietly crept upstairs, and putting on a heavy pair of boots, came rattling down again. She repeated this ruse, calling her husband's father, who was a stern old man, and held in great fear by the Indians, and the marauders, believing the old man there, took to their heels and fled. Mrs. Stevens was greatly annoyed by this band, headed by Lyon, after the war, as well as during those "troublous times." She was in the habit of hiding her butter in the woods, where it would keep cool, but she was constantly annoyed to find it gone. The Indians learned to look upon this article as a great luxury, and had no trouble in finding the place where it was hid. They came in the night and made a thorough search, and, when successful, gave a-peculiar yell that announced to the rest of the gang and the settlers, that they had discovered the object of their search. Sometimes they came to the cabin, and, finding Mrs. Stevens alone, would threaten her with their knives to make her tell where her butter was, but seldom with success. On one occasion she had gone out to where a rude spring house had been built, leaving her little one in the cabin ; on returning she found a large framed warrior in full dress of paint and feathers, but not a trace of her child. She jumped at the conclusion that the child had been stolen, but just then she saw his head poke out from under a bench, where he had gone to escape the Indian. After the restoration of peace, the Indians came among the settlements in large numbers in quest of game and trade. They early learned to love the cooking of the whites, and were eager to trade game, sugar and wild fruits for bread, smoked beef or vegetables. One party of Indians were attracted by some thrifty cucumbers, and asked permission to pick some of them, which was at once granted. But to the entire surprise of the whites, they HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY - 23 noticed these children of nature placidly eating some of the largest and ripest of the fruit to be found on the vines. The green ones they would not touch, because they were not ripe. A favorite location for Indian camps was on the farm of Marquis Gardner, where there was a large camp. They built bark wigwams and dug holes in the ground in the center to put their fire in, and traces of these holes are yet to be found in their favorite place along the creek. The whites frequently hunted and shot at a mark with them, but it is related that they showed no greater skill than the white man. At an early date of the settlements here, there were occasionally some difficulties with the savages growing out of their propensities to pilfer, which was sometimes carried to the extent of stealing horses. It is related that Edmund Buck one morning went out as soon as he rose in the morning, as was his custom, to listen for the bells on his horses. Not hearing the familiar sound, he concluded they had strayed away, and immediately after breakfast he started in search of them. It was some time before he got any trace of them, and he noticed, as he followed the trail across a low, wet spot, that there were moccasin tracks going the same way. He at once concluded that the Indians had taken them, and returning he armed, got two of his neighbors, and started in' pursuit. Tracking the thieves was slow business, and the day was far gone before they started, but just after nightfall they came upon the Indians encamped near the Long Swamp in Harmony. A consultation was held, and it was decided to wait until morning before making a descent upon the camp. At day break, Mr. Buck, who had considerable at stake, proposed to go in and take his horses. His companions were rather disposed to give up the undertaking, but Buck told them that he intended to take his horses if he had to go alone. This decision brought the wavering ones to their senses, and they determined not to let him go alone. The Indians were taken by surprise, and, when Buck demanded his horses, they explained by signs that they found his horses galloping off, and added, "Me catch ! me catch !" The marauders had seventeen horses with them, most of which they had probably stolen. They were all spanceled with rawhide thongs, and the settlers put the Indians into considerable excitement when they proposed to cut them off their horses rather than untie them. The settlers were frequent visitors at the Indian camps, and were always ready to take a rough-and-tumble wrestle with the braves, or a trial of skill at the target; but there was a part of their offered hospitality that they could not accept, i. e., their food. 24 - HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY They seemed to have no delicacy of taste, and cooked everything without cleaning or discrimination. A party of young men out hunting came on a wigwam as the meal was preparing. Some wood chucks barely skinned were cooking in the pot, with their feet sticking out in sight, to which were added the entrails of a freshly killed deer without any previous preparation, save a perfunctory shake. The Indian pressed the young men to partake of his dish, but they one after the other pleaded sickness, which was probably near the truth, and the hospitable red man was forced to enjoy his meal alone, after expressing his disgust. Mrs. Bartlett relates that two or three natives came to her father's cabin, and made known by signs that they wanted some meat. They soon learned that the settlers-kept. their smoked meat in the loft of their cabin, and, corning to Shur's, the spokesman of the party, pointing to the loft, took out his knife and made a flourish, by which he indicated the cutting of meat, but which Mrs. Shur mistook for a threat of violence. She was not a little alarmed, but, observing no demonstration that confirmed her fears, she parleyed with them until she caught their meaning and produced the desired article. They left instanter, but, not long after, Mrs. Shur observing an old brass kettle, which they had evidently left in payment for the meat, sent it back to their camp. The Indians were greatly taken back by the return of the consideration of their purchase, and lugubriously pointing down their throats, shook their heads to indicate "that circumstances over which they had no control" prevented their trading back, and were greatly relieved to learn that a forcible surrender of the meat was not expected. With the growth of Chesterville as a trading point, the number of Indians that made long stays here increased, and many became quite familiarly known. Among these were Sunmondwot and his squaw, Tom Logan, reported to be one hundred years old, Dawdy, and Joe Williams, a half-breed, who was instrumental in piloting the army through the "Black Swamp." These parties Stayed months, camping in the southwest part of the township, and living in the most amicable relations with the settlers. David James, an old Welsh Baptist preacher, took a great interest in their spiritual welfare, and on Sunday would preach to them, getting them so interested in a few years, that their meetings attracted considerable attention. David Miller was another settler that seemed to have a special affinity for the Indians, and exhibited a wonderful control over them. Previous to his coming to Chester, he had lived at Mount Vernon, where his cabin was the favorite resort for the HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY - 25 natives. But while thus having their confidence, he could not change their nature, as several of his experiences indicate. While living at Mount Vernon, a man by the name of Barton made his home with Miller He had had some dealings with the Indians, and had in some way incurred the mortal enmity of one of the savages. Finding where Barton lived, he waylaid him, but, not being able to get near enough for his purpose, pursued him, brandishing his knife Barton, unarmed, made for Miller's cabin, but could not gain on his pursuer sufficient distance to enable him to shut the door. He dashed through the cabin, the Indian in hot pursuit, following close upon his heels. Neither gained upon the other, and finally, after making the circuit several times through the house, they came to a struggle in the middle of the cabin. In the fight, the Indian lost his knife, and Mrs. Miller having sum moned assistance, the white man was released. The Indians did not become troublesome until the autumn of 1812, when they began to appear in war paint and feathers. Small hostile bands were seen roaming the forest at various points, and reports were circulated through the settlements to beware and to seek safety in the forts. Although Rosecrans was aware of the proximity of danger, he had delayed going into safe quarters for some time. One morning, he heard a turkey gobble in the woods near his cabin, and, from the coarseness of the tone, judged that it must be a large one. It continued to gobble at irregular intervals, until the apprehension of Rosecrans was aroused. Thinking that it might be something far more dangerous than a turkey, he grasped his long rifle, and, with his knife in his belt, stole cautiously out of the cabin, on the opposite side from the turkey, instructing his wife to bar the door securely after him. He took a circuitous route, and crept forward with the utmost caution. In about twenty minutes the sharp report of his riffle was heard, and shortly afterward Rosecrans came swiftly into the clearing, but with no turkey. He hurried into the cabin and told his wife to make immediate preparations to start for the fort. They hastily packed some clothing, and, barring the door as best they could, started rapidly on foot toward the fort, the husband with his rifle in his hand, on the alert, leading the way. He told but few what he shot that morning in the woods, and was usually reticent when the subject was broached. At the close of the war, Rosecrans did not return to his cabin, but settled in some other locality, and his clearing became overgrown with weeds and undergrowth. The Whetstone river was always a favorite resort for the 26 - HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY Indians, and, for years after the conclusion of the war of 1812, they were accustomed to come in the spring from the Wyandot reservation to make sugar on the "bottoms." Their methods were simple. The sap was caught in troughs made in this fashion : Going to the elm swamps, a section of bark was taken from the tree, about eighteen inches long, which was split into two parts so that each piece would make a trough ; the ends of each were then clamped together with sticks and fastened with bark strings and the sides distended by a stick placed transversely, and, when dry, the trough was ready for use. The sap was gathered by squaws, each carrying two brass kettles swung on a yoke fitting the neck. The boiling down was attended to by the braves, who used for clarifying, deer's blood dried in such a shape as to resemble a plug of very black tobacco. It is said that some o f the very old sugar-trees, when cut into, still show the marks of the Indian tomahawk used in "tapping." The Indians frequently came through these parts with ponies loaded with cranberries, gathered from the marshes which lay in Crawford county, on their way to the settlements in the eastern part of the state where they could sell the berries. EARLY INDIAN TRAILS. The earliest trail found here by the whites was that followed by the Indians, which led from Mount Vernon to the Sandusky plains. Near this, the first settlers found a road blazed and chopped out so as to be accessible for wagons, which a pretty well authenticated tradition claims as a road chopped out by the troops of Anthony Wayne, in his campaign against the Indians in 1793-94. The larger part of this road has long since been vacated, but a short piece of it is still traveled on the hack route from Pulaskiville to Chesterville, where the road takes a diagonal direction. The road from the eastern settlements to Fredericktown was the first laid out, and later was continued west to Mount Gilead. In 1820, the road which branches toward the southeast, off toward Carding-ton, and known as the Cardington road, was changed from a semiprivate lane into a regular highway. CHAPTER III. AS STATE AND PEOPLE. OHIO A STATE-PHYSICAL ASPECTS-FIRST SETTLEMENTS-COAL, IRON AND SALT-INTERIOR COMMERCE-EDUCATION AND CHARITY-FUTURE DEVELOPMENT-THE ANCESTRY OF THE OHIOAN. One hundred years ago, the whole territory, from the Alleghany to the Rocky mountains was a wilderness inhabited only by wild beasts and Indians. The Jesuit and Moravian missionaries were the only white men who had penetrated the wilderness or beheld its mighty lakes and rivers. While the thirteen old colonies were declaring their independence, the thirteen new states, which now lie in the western interior, had no existence and gave no sign of the future. The solitude of nature was unbroken by the steps of civilization. The wisest statesman had not contemplated the probability of the coming states and the boldest patriot did not dream that this interior wilderness should soon contain a greater population than the thirteen old states, with all the added growth of one hundred years. Ten years after that, the old states had ceded their western lands to the general government, and the congress of the United States had passed the ordinance of 1785, for the survey of the public territory, and, in 1787, the celebrated ordinance which organized the Northwestern Territory, and dedicated it to freedom and intelligence. OHIO A STATE. Fifteen years after that, and more than a quarter of a century after the Declaration of Independence, the state of Ohio was admitted into the Union, being the seventeenth which accepted the constitution of the United States. It has since grown up to be great, populous and prosperous under the influence of those ordinances. At her admittance, in 1803, the tide of emigration had begun to flow over the Alleghanies into the valley of the Mississippi and, although no steamboat, no railroad then existed, nor 28 - HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY even a stage coach helped the immigrant, yet the wooden "ark" on the Ohio, and the heavy wagon, slowly winding over the mountains, bore these tens of thousands to the wilds of Kentucky and the plains of Ohio. In the spring of 1788—the first year of settlement four thousand five hundred persons passed the mouth of the Muskingum in three months, and the tide continued to pour on for half a century in a widening stream, mingled with all the races of Europe and America, until now, in the hundredth year of America's independence, the five states of the Northwestern Territory, in the wilderness of 1776, contain ten millions of people, enjoying all the blessings which peace and prosperity, freedom and Christianity, can confer upon any people. Of these five states, born under the ordinance of 1787, Ohio is the first, oldest and, in many things, the greatest. In some things it is the greatest state in the Union. Let us then, attempt, in the briefest terms, to draw an outline portrait of this great and remarkable commonwealth. PHYSICAL ASPECTS. Let us observe its physical aspects. Ohio is just one-sixth part of the Northwestern Territory- 40,000 square miles. It lies between Lake Erie and the Ohio river, having 200 miles of navigable waters, on the one side flowing into the Atlantic Ocean and on the other into the Gulf of Mexico. Through the lakes, its vessels touch on 6,000 miles of interior coast, and, through the Mississippi on 36,000 miles of river coast; so that a citizen of Ohio may pursue his navigation through 42,000 miles, all in his own country, and all within navigable reach of his own state. He who has circumnavigated the globe, has gone but little more than half the distance which the citizen of Ohio finds within his natural reach in this vast interior. Looking upon the surface of this state, we find no mountains, no barren sands, no marshy wastes, no lava-covered plains, but one broad compact body of arable land, intersected with rivers and streams and running waters while the beautiful Ohio flows tranquilly by its side. More than three times the surface of Belgium and one-third of the whole of Italy, it has more natural resources in proportion than either, and is capable of ultimately supporting a larger population than any equal surface in Europe. Looking from this great arable surface, where upon the very hills the grass and the forest trees now grow exuberant and abundant, we find that underneath this surface, and easily accessible, lie 10,000 square miles of coal, and 4,000 square miles of iron—coal and iron enough HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY - 29 to supply the basis of manufacture for a world ! All this vast deposit of metal and fuel does not interrupt or take from that arable surface at all. There you may find in one place the same machine bringing up coal and salt water from below, while the wheat and corn grow upon the surface above. The immense masses of coal, iron, salt and freestone deposited below have not in any way diminished the fertility and production of the soil. It has been said by some writer that the character of a people is shaped or modified by the character of the country in which they live. If the people of Switzerland have acquired a certain air of liberty and independence from the rugged mountains around which they live ; if the people of southern Italy, or beautiful France, have acquired a tone of ease and politeness from their mild and genial clime, so the people of Ohio, placed amidst such a wealth of nature, in the temperate zone, should show the best fruits of peaceful industry and the best culture of Christian civilization. Have they done so ? Have their own labor and arts and culture come up to the advantages of their natural situation ? Let us examine this growth and their product. FIRST SETTLEMENTS. The first settlement of Ohio was made by a colony from New England, at the mouth of the Muskingum. It was literally a remnant of the, officers of the Revolution. Of this colony no praise of the historian can be as competent, or as strong, as the language of Washington. He says in answer to inquiries addressed to him : "No colony in America was ever settled under such favorable auspices as that which has just commenced at the Muskingum. Information, prosperity and strength will be its characteristics. I know many of the settlers personally, and there never were men better calculated to promote the welfare of such a community ;" and he adds that "if he were a young man, he knows no country in which he would sooner settle than in this western region." This colony, left alone for a time made its own government and nailed its laws to a tree in the village, an early indication of that law-abiding and peaceful spirit which has since made Ohio a just and well-ordered community. The subsequent settlements on the Miami and Scioto were made by the citizens of New Jersey and Virginia and it is certainly remarkable that among all the early immigration, there were no ignorant people. In the language of Washington, they came with "information," qualified to promote the welfare of the community. 30 - HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY Soon after the settlement on the Muskingum and the Miami, the great wave of migration flowed on to the plains and valleys of Ohio and Kentucky. Kentucky had been settled earlier but the main body of emigrants in subsequent years went into Ohio, influenced partly by the great 'ordinance of 1787, securing freedom and schools forever, and partly by the greater security of titles under the survey and guarantee of the United States government. Soon the new state grew up, with a rapidity which, until then, was unknown in the history of civilization. On the Muskingum, where the buffalo had roamed ; on the Scioto, where the Shawnees had built their towns; on the Miami, where the great chiefs of the Miamis had reigned ; on the plains of Sandusky, yet red with the blood of the white man ; on the Maumee, where Wayne, by the victory of the "Fallen Timbers," had broken the power of the Indian confederacy the emigrants from the old States and from Europe came in to cultivate the fields, to build up towns, and to rear the institutions of Christian civilization, until the single state of Ohio is greater in numbers, wealth, and education, than was the whole American Union when the Declaration of Independence was made. We are speaking of a state which began its career more than a quarter of a century after the Declaration of Independence. Now, it may be asked, what is the real cans of this extraordinary result, which, without saying anything invidious of other states, we may safely say has never been surpassed in any country? We have already stated two of the advantages possessed by Ohio. The first is that it is a compact, unbroken body of arable land, surrounded and intersected by water-courses, equal to all the demands of commerce and navigation. Next, that it was secured forever to freedom and intelligence by the ordinance of 1787. The intelligence of its future people was secured by immense grants of public lands for the purpose of education ; but neither the blessings of nature, nor the wisdom of laws, could obtain such results without the continuous labor of an intelligent people. Such it had, and we have only to take the testimony of Washington, already quoted, and the statistical results I have given, to prove that no people has exhibited more steady industry, nor has any people directed their labor with more intelligence. COAL, IRON AND SALT. After the agricultural capacity and production of a country, its most important physical feature is its mineral products; its ea- HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY - 31 pacity for coal and iron, the two great elements of material civilization. If we were to take away from Great Britain her capacity to produce coal in such vast quantities, we should reduce her to a third-rate position, no longer numbered among the great nations of the earth. Coal has smelted her iron, run her steam engines, and is the basis of her manufactures. But when we compare the coal fields of Great Britain with those of this country, they are insignificant. The coal fields of all Europe are small compared with those of the central United States. The coal district of Durham and Northumberland in England, is only 880 square miles. There are other districts of smaller extent, making in the whole probably one-half the extent of that in Ohio. The English coal-beds are represented as more important, in reference to extent, on account of their thickness. There is a small coal district in Lancaster, where the workable coal-beds are in all 150 feet in thickness. ( But this involves as is well known, the necessity of going to immense depths and incurring immense expense. On the other hand, the workable coal-beds of Ohio are near the surface and some of them require no excavating, except that of the horizontal lead from the mine to the river or the railroad. In one county of Ohio there are three beds of twelve, six and four feet each, within fifty feet of the surface: At some of the mines having the best coal, the lead from the mines is nearly horizontal, and just high enough to dump the coal into the railroad cars. These coals are of all qualities. from that adapted to the domestic fire to the very best quality for smelting or manufacturing iron. Recollecting these facts, let us try to get an idea of the coal district of Ohio. The bituminous coal region descending the western slopes of the Alleghanies, occupies large portions of western Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky and Tennessee. I suppose that this coal field is not less than fifty thousand square miles, exclusive of western Maryland and the southern terminations of that field in Georgia and' Alabama. Of this vast field of coal, exceeding anything found in Europe, about one-fifth part lies in Ohio: Professor Mather, in his report on the geology of the state says : "The coal-measures within Ohio occupy a space of about one hundred and eighty miles in length by eighty in breadth at the widest part, with an area of about ten thousand square miles, extending along the Ohio from Trumbull county in the north to near the mouth of the Scioto in the south. The regularity in the dip, and the moderate inclination of the strata, afford facilities to the mines not known to those of most other countries, especially Great Britain, where the strata in which the 32 - HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY coal is imbedded have been broken and thrown out of place since its deposit, occasioning many slips and faults, and causing much labor and expense in again recovering the bed. In OhiO there is very little difficulty of this kind, the faults being small and seldom found. Now, taking into consideration these ge ogical facts, let us look at the extent of the Ohio coal field. It occupies,-wholly or in part, thirty-six Counties, including, geographically, 14,000 square miles; but leaving out fractions, and reducing the Ohio coal field within its narrowest limits, it is 10,000 square miles in extent, lies near the surface, and has on an average twenty feet thickness of workable coal-beds. Let us compare this with the coal mines of Durham and Notthumberland (England), the largest and best coal mines there. That coal district is estimated at 850 square miles, twelve feet thick, and is calculated to contain 9,000,000,000, tons of coal. The coal field of Ohio is twelve times larger and one-third thicker. Estimated by that standard, the coal field of Ohio contains 180,000,000,000 tons of coal. Marketed at only $2 per ton, this coal is worth $360,0,00,000,000, or, in other words, ten times as much as the whole valuation of the United States at the present time. But we need not undertake to estimate either its quantity or value It is enough to say that it is a quantity which we can scarcely imagine, which is tenfold that of England, and which is enough to supply the entire continent for ages to come. After coal, iron is, beyond doubt the most valuable mineral product of -a state. As the material of manufacture, it is the most important. What are called the "precious metals" are not to be compared with it as an element of industry or profit But since no manufactures can be successfully carried on without fuel, coal becomes the first material element of the arts. Iron is unquestionably the next. Ohio has an iron district extending from the mouth of the Scioto river to some point north of the Mahoning river, in Trumbull county. The whole length is nearly two hundred miles, and the breadth twenty miles, making, as near as we can ascertain, 4,000 square miles. The iron in this district is of various qualities, and is manufactured largely into bars and castings. In this iron district are one hundred furnaces, forty-four rolling-mills, and fifteen rail-mills, being the largest number of either in any state in the Union, except only Pennsylvania. Although only the seventeenth state in its admission, I find that, by the census statistics of 1870, it is the third state in the production of iron and iron manufactures. Already, and within HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY - 33 the life of one man, this state begins to show what must in future time be the vast results of coal and iron. The production and manufacture of iron in Ohio have increased so rapidly, and the basis for increase is so great, that we may not doubt that Ohio will continue to be the greatest producer of iron and iron fabrics, except only Pennsylvania. At Cincinnati, the iron manufacture of the Ohio valley is concentrating, and at Cleveland the ores of Lake Superior are being smelted. After coal and iron, we may place salt among the necessaries of life. In connection with the coal region west of the Alleghenies, there lies in Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Ohio, a. large space of country underlaid by the salt rock, which already produces immense amounts of salt. Of this, Ohio has its full proportion. In a large section of the southeastern portion of the state, salt is produced without any known limitation. At Pomeroy and other points, the salt rock lies about one thousand feet below the surface, but salt water is brought easily to the surface by the steam engine. There, the salt rock, the coal seam, and the noble sandstone lie in successive strata, while the green corn and the yellow wheat bloom on the surface above. There is no definite limit to the underlying salt rock of Ohio, and, therefore, the production will be proportioned only to the extent of the demand. INTERIOR COMMERCE. Looking now to the commerce of the state, we have said there are six hundred miles of coast line, which embraces some of the principal internal ports of the Ohio and the lakes, such as Cincinnati, Cleveland, Toledo and Portsmouth, but whose commerce is most wholly inland. Of course, no comparison can be made with the foreign commerce of the ocean ports. On the- other hand, it is well known that the inland trade of the country far exceeds that of its foreign commerce, and that the largest part of this interior trade is carried on its rivers and lakes. The materials for the vast consumption of the interior must be conveyed in its vessels, whether of sail or stream, adapted to these waters. Let us take, then, the ship building, the navigation, and the exchange trades of Ohio as elements in determining the position of this state in reference to the commerce of the country. At the ports of Cleveland, Toledo, Sandusky and Cincinnati, there have been built one thousand sail and steam vessels in the last twenty years, making an average of fifty each year. The number of sail, steam and all 34 - HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY kinds of vessels in Ohio is eleven hundred and ninety, which is equal to the number in all the other states in the Ohio valley and the upper Mississippi. When we look to the navigable points to which these vessels are destined, we find them on all this vast coast line, which extends from the Gulf of Mexico to the Yellowstone, and from Duluth to the St. Lawrence. Looking again to see the extent of this vast interior trade which is handled by Ohio alone, we find that the imports and exports of the principal articles of Cincinnati, amount in value to $500,000,000 ; and when we look at the great trade of Cleveland and Toledo, we shall find that the annual trade of Ohio exceeds $700,000,000. The lines of railroad which connect with its ports, are more than four thousand miles in length, or rather more than one mile in length to each ten square miles of surface. This great amount of railroads is engaged not merely in transporting to the Atlantic and thence to Europe, the immense surplus grain and meat in Ohio, but in carrying the largest part of that greater surplus, which exists in the states west of Ohio, the granary of the west. Ohio holds the gateway of every railroad north of the Ohio, from the Mississippi to the Atlantic, and hence it is that the great transit lines of the country pass through Ohio. EDUCATION AND CHARITY, Let us now, turn from the progress of the arts to the progress of ideas ; from material to intellectual development. It is said that a state consists of men, and history shows that no art or science, wealth or power, will compensate for the want of moral or intellectual stability in the minds of a nation. Hence, it is admitted that the strength and perpetuity of our republic must consist in the intelligence and morality of the people. A rep blic can last only when the people are enlightened. This a an axiom with the early legislators of this country. Hence it was that when Virginia, Connecticut and the original colonies ceded to the general government that vast and then unknown wilderness which lay west of the Alleghanies, in the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi, they took care that its future inhabitants should be an educated people. The constitution was not formed when the celebrated ordinance of 1787 was passed. That ordinance provided that, "Religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall be forever en- HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY - 35 couraged ;" and by the ordinance of 1785 for the survey of public lands in the Northwestern Territory, section 16 in each township, that is, one thirty-sixth part, was reserved for the maintenance of public schools in said townships. As the state of Ohio contained a little more than twenty-five millions of acres, this, together with two special grants of three townships to universities, amounted to the dedication of 740,000 acres of land to the maintenance of schools and colleges. It was a §plendid endowment,' but it was many years before it became available. It was sixteen years after the passage of this ordinance (in 1803), when Ohio 'entered the Union, and legislation upon this grant became possible. The constitution of the state pursued the language of the ordinance, and declared that "schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged by legislative provision." The governors of Ohio, in successive messages, urged attention to this subject upon the people ; but the thinness of settlement, making it impossible, except in few districts, to collect youth in sufficient numbers, and impossible to sell or lease lands to advantage, caused the delay of efficient school system for many years. In 1825, however, a general law establishing a school system, and levying a tax for its support, was passed. This was again enlarged and increased by new legislation in 1836 and 1846. From that time to this, Ohio has had a broad liberal and efficient system of public instruction. As the school-able age extends to twenty-one years, and as there are very fe youth in school after fifteen years of hge, it follows that the 70 per cent of schoolable youths enrolled in the public schools must comprehend nearly the whole number between four and fifteen years. It is important to observe this fact, because it has been inferred that, as the whole number of youth between five and twenty-one have not been enrolled, therefore they are not educated. This is a mistake ; nearly all oyer fifteen years of age have been in the public schools, and all the, native youth of the state, and all foreign born, young -enough, have had the benefit of the public schools. In fact, every youth in Ohio, under, twenty-one years of age, may have the benefit of a public education ; and, since the system of graded and high schools has been adopted, may obtain a common knowledge from the alphabet to the classics. Let us now turn to the moral aspects of the people of Ohio. No human society is found without its poor and dependent classes, whether made so by the defects of nature, by acts of Providence, or by the accidents of fortune. Since no society is exempt from these classes, it must be judged not so much by the fact of their Vol. 1-3 36 - HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY existence, as by the manner in which it treats them. In the civilized nations of antiquity, such as Greece and Rome, hospitals, infirmaries, orphan homes, and asylums for the infirm, were unknown. These are the creations of Christianity, and that must be esteemed practically the most Christian state which most practices this Christian beneficence. In Ohio, as in all the states of this country, and of all Christian countries, there is a large number of the infirm and dependent classes; but, although Ohio is the third state in population, she, is only the fourteenth in the proportion of dependent classes. The more important point, however, was, how does she treat them? Is there wanting any of all the varied institutions of benevolence How does she compare with oth tates and countries in this respect ? It is believed that no state or country can present a larger proportion of all these institutions which the benevolence of the wise and good have suggested for the, alleviation of suffering and misfortune, then the state of Ohio. With 3,500 of the insane within her borders, she has five great lunatic asylums, capable of accommodating them all. She has asylums for the deaf and dumb, the idiotic, and the blind. She has the best hospitals in the country. She has schools of reform and houses of refuge. She has "homes" for the boys and girls, to the number of 800, who are children of soldiers. She has penitentiaries and jails, orphan asylums and infirmaries. In every county there is an infirmary, and in every public institution, except the penitentiary, there is a school. So that the state lias used every human means to relieve the suffering, to instruct the ignorant, and to reform the criminal. There are in the state 80,000 who come nnder all the various forms of the infirm, the poor, the sick and the criminal, who, in a greater or less degree, make the dependent class. For these the state has made every provision which humanity or justice or intelligence can require. A young state, developed in the wilderness, she challenges, without any invidious comparison, both Europe and America, to show her superior in the development of humanity, manifested in the benefaction of public institutio s Intimately connected with public morals and with charitable institutions, is the religion of a people. The eople of the United States are a Christian people. The people o Ohio have manifested their 'zeal by the erection of churches, Sunday schools, and of religious institutions. We have seen that above and beyond all this material and intellectual development, Ohio has provided a vast benefaction of asylums, hospitals, and infirmaries, and special schools for the sup- HISTORY OF MORROW- COUNTY - 37 port and instruction of thee dependent classes. There is not within all her borders a single one of the deaf, dumb, and blind, of the poor, sick and insane, not an orphan or a vagrant, who is not provided for by the broad and generous liberality of the state and her people. A charity which the classic ages knew nothing of, a beneficience which the splendid hierarchies and aristocracies of Europe cannot equal, has been exhibited in this young state. The church and the schoolhouse rose beside the green fields and the morning bells rang forth to cheerful children going to school, and to a Christian people going to the church of God. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT. Let us now look at the possibilities of Ohio in the future development of the American Republican Republic. The two most populous parts of Europe, because the most food-producing, are the Netherlands and Italy or, more precisely Belgium and ancient Lombardy ; to the present time, their population is, in round numbers, three hundred to the square mile. The density of population in England proper is about the same. We may assume therefore, that three hundred to the square mile is in round numbers, the limit of comfortable subsistence under modern civilization. It is true that modern improvements in agricultural machinery and fertilization have greatly increased the capacity of production, on a given amount of land, with a given amount of labor. It is true, also, that the old countries of Europe do not possess an equal amount of arable land with Ohio in proportion to the same surface. It would seem, therefore, that the density of population in Ohio might exceed that of any part of Europe. On the other hand, it may be said with truth that the American people will not become so dense as in Europe while they have new lands in the west to occupy. This is true ; but lands such as those in the valley of the Ohio are now becoming scarce in the west, and we think that, with her great capacity for the production of grain on one hand, and of illimitable quantities of coal and iron to manufacture with on the other, that Ohio will, at no remote period, reach nearly the density of Belgium, which will give her 10,000,000 of people. This seems extravagant, but the tide of migration, which flowed so fast to the west, is beginning to ebb, while the manufactures of the interior offer greater inducements. With population comes wealth, the material for education, the development of the arts, advance in all the material elements of 38 - HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY civilization, and the still grander advancements in the strength and elevation of the human mind, conquering to itself new realms of material and intellectual power, acquiring in the future what we have seen in the past, a wealth of resources unknown and undreamed of when, a hundred years ago, the fathers of the republic declared their independence. I know haw easy it is to treat this statement with easy incredulity, but statistics are a certain science ; the elements of civilization are now measured, and we know the progress of the human race as we know that of a cultivated plant. We know the resources of the country, its food-producing capacity, its art processes, its power of education, and the undefined and illimitable power of the human mind for new inventions and unimagined progress. With this knowledge, it is not difficult nor unsafe to say that the future will produce more, and in a far greater ratio, than the past. The pictured scenes of the prophets have already been more than fulfilled, and the visions of beauty and glory, which their imagination failed fully to describe, will be more than realized in the bloom of that garden which republican America will present to the eyes of astonished mankind. Long before another century shall have passed by, the single state of Ohio will present fourfold the population with which the thirteen States began their independence ; more wealth than the entire Union now has ; greater universities than any now in the country, and a development of arts and manufacture which the world now knows nothing of. You have seen more than that since the constitution was adopted, and what right have you to say the future shall not equal the past I have aimed, in this address, to give an exact picture of what Ohio is, not more for the sake of Ohio than as a representation of the products which the American republic has given to the world. A state which began long after the Declaration of Independence, in the then unknown wilderness of North America, presents to-day the fairest example of what a republican government with Christian civilization can do - Address of E. D. Mansfield, LL. D. THE ANCESTRY OF THE OHIOAN. A. M. Courtenay, D. D. in an address at Zanesville, gave an interesting account of the ancestry of the Ohioan, from which, in part, this resume is taken. At a notable assembly in one of Ohio's universities, the Reverend Bishop paid tribute to the greatness of the state, which he ascribed to its New England origin. This he HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY - 39 did without qualification as a compliment, in a confidence as naive and undoubtedly as emphatic. No axiom could be carved in harder outline. He evidently believed that Ohio was, in the major part, peopled from New England, and that if there were among its settlers a few stragglers from less favored regions, they were obscure, insignificant and soon dominated by the persuasive Yankee notions. We have also been told by others that Ohio was settled by Pennsylvanians "Pennsylvania Dutch," in local vernacular. The latter claim is not so generally held as is the former. We have been accustomed to hear and read assertions from our Down-East brethren to the effect that everything good and great in our civilization comes from Plymouth Rock. Dr. Courtenay did not question the potency of Puritan ideas, or the vigor or moral value of the pilgrims. The contribution by New England to the growth of the American republic is a fact so far beyond dispute that her sons supererogate in constant confirmation. We all cheerfully admit that our Yankee brother has enriched the natural life with every good element except modesty. Yet he had no option on all the virtues and valors. A few first things may be here stated and considered: the first legislative assembly of white men on the American continent was at Jamestown, Virginia ; the first ordinance of religious liberty was in Maryland ; the first declaration of independence was made at Mecklenburg, in the Carolinas ; the first tea thrown overboard was from the "Peggy Stewart," in Annapolis harbor; the first steamboat floated on the Potomac, and the first railroad was at Baltimore. Of course, this only means that each section Of the country may have an Oliver to the others' Roland. In the case of Ohio, one may enter a bill of exceptions, to-wit that the marvelous development of this most typical of American states is due not alone, nor even chiefly, to its New England blood, but to that mingling of vital currents which has made strong the heart of the commonwealth. After the Indians had suffered defeat at the battle of Fallen Timbers, in 1794, they never rallied, and Ohio was thus left comparatively free for the settlement of the white man, and thus the new Canaan which had long lured the tribes of our Israel, and as an exceedingly good land was open in part to settlement, yet the white man was withheld for some years later from entering and possessing it by fear of the "sons of Anak." When however, the sword of the Lord and of General Wayne hewed the way, 40 - HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY population poured into the land like floods, gathering to and radiating from different centers. Despite, however, minor differences, which entered into the settlement of the state, Ohio has attained social solidarity, and uniformity of educational system, of legal procedure, of political aspiration, through the weaving process of ceaseless interchange of business literary and religious interests. This has tended to the obliteration of individuality in the sections, but marks of the original variations distinguish each : for example, Southern Ohio from Northern, as clearly as the New England of today from those commonwealths known formerly as the "border states." It is the mingling of these diverse elements into a new compound which has enriched Ohio. And it is to be noted that here first occurred the blend of native blood, which has since continued throughout the west. Up to the close of the eighteenth century the colonies on the Atlantic coast were separate. Their people mingled little. They were diverse as the English, Scotch, Dutch and Irish. But from all of them poured streams of people into that fair land Which lies between Lake Erie and the Ohio river, and the children of the Puritan and Cavalier, Hollander and Huguenot, Teuton and Scotch-Irish, married and begot a new race. No one section can claim monopoly interest in Ohio's greatness. This is the more apparent when we examine the scroll of her famous men. It will be found that they have arisen from al quarters and conditions. Of the thirty-three governors of Ohio up to 1890, twelve came from the south, twelve from New England three from Pennsylvania and six were born in Ohio of Scotch Irish ancestry. Further, it cannot be established that any section produced the great men of any particular profession or pursuit which disproves Howell's generalization that the "south gave Ohic perhaps her foremost place in war and politics ; but her enlighten. ment, in other things, came from the north." Rawlinson has claimed that "it is admitted by ethnologists that the mingled races are superior to the pure ones." This is perhaps true, with the qualification that the law acts within the limits of a similar origin, as in the case of the Greeks, the Romans, the British, and, above all, the Americans. Thus Tennyson sings "Saxon, and Norman and Dane are we" and he might have added, Celt, and Gaul, French, and Huguenot and German. One of our own poets recited, on the nation's century, these elements of our new type, Scottish thrift, Irish humor, German steadfastness, Scandinavian patience and English moral worth. HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY - 41 A writer has put the case thus : "Southern men of the old regime were not given to the writing of books" and when the man of New England strove forward, pen in hand, and nominated himself custodian of our national archives, and began to compile the record, nobody seriously contested the office. Thus it happened that New England got handsome treatment in our national histories. She deserved good treatment. Her record is one of glory. No patriotic American would detract from her merit, but her history is not the history of the whole country, and it may be added that her point-of view is not the only vision for estimate. CHAPTER IV. EVOLUTION OF OHIO COUNTIES. CONTROVERSY OVER NEW COUNTIES--DIVISION OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY-COUNTIES OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY-ORIGINAL STATE COUNTIES. By J. F. Laning. "It is probable that the people who read this article will all know that the state of Ohio was not always divided into the number of counties there now are, and that to evolve the present map a long period of time and many mutations of county outlines were necessary. But few people, however, know the extent of the evolution that has been going on, in bringing Ohio counties within their present environments. From the erection of the first county, in 1788, the number has been made to grow each year, by cutting down the size of those previously formed, until, by the limits of the constitution of 1851, requiring each of them to contain four hundred square miles, it is scarcely possible to now find a locality where the existing counties could let territory enough go to form a new one. "The importance of the county as a political unit varies in different parts of the United States. In New England it takes a secondary rank, that of the township being first. In the southern states the position is reversed, the county, or parish as it is called, being the leading agency for local government. In the state of Ohio, as also in the other western states, the county and the township each has its special features in the frame of government, and they do not vary much in their importance. The structure of government here existing is of such a character, that it may be appropriately called a mixed or dual system, as it properly has a double unit in the township and county, for each of these divisions has its primary functions to perform, and neither outranks the other to any great extent. Each is a unit in making up the united whole represented collectively in the state government. - 42 - HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY - 43 "As it is possible that there may be some who, in this day of our fully formed state and perfected plan of government, may not be aware that the soil of Ohio was once a part of a territory of the United States, as Alaska, Utah and Oklahoma are now territories,* it is proper to refer to the fact, that at one time it was in an unorganized civil condition, and that, 'later, its first chief magistrate was a territorial governor, appointed by the authorities at Washington, as the governors of western territories are now selected. The country embracing what are now the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin, first came to be known as a part of our nation, under the name of the Northwest Territory, and provision for its government was made by congress, through a law known as the Ordinance of 1787. Arthur St. Clair was appointed as the first governor of the territory, and through his action the first counties were established. "Historically speaking, county government here came into existence before that of townships. Counties were organized for the purpose of establishing court districts, and county areas were defined about as soon as the work of governing the territory began. The first law for this domain was for the purpose of regulating the militia, and the second for organizing the courts. Those providing for the officers and affairs of townships came later. "In their original creation and formation, county and township divisions were independent of each other, the townships not being required to first exist as a basic factor in forming the counties, nor the county to be, as it now appears, the aggregation of a number of pre-existing townships. County lines were not, at first, concurrent with township lines, and it was often necessary for the county area to be made up without regard to the confines of townships, because, in some cases, counties were created before the township surveys had been commenced. The Ordinance of 1787 was preceded by what was known as the Ordinance of 1785, sometimes called the Land ordinance. This made provision for the survey of the western lands, and their division into townships. This however, was for the purpose of getting them into farms, and making them ready for market and occupancy, and not for government. The Ordinance of 1785 applied only to government lands, and made provision that they should be surveyed into townships six miles square, but no rule was ever enacted for laying out the tracts disposed of by the government to land companies. Their proprietors cut them up into farms to *Written in 1897 44 - HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY suit their own liking, and into sections of various size and form. The United States thus lost control over the manner of running township lines, and what is now regarded as our primary civil division was not laid out with a view of its becoming a factor in a higher county area, or a unit in a county organism. "St. Clair was authorized, by the Ordinance of 1787, to lay out the territory into counties and townships, but there is no record of his ever having interfered with the freedom of land owners to form townships. Counties, however, were never allowed to emerge in the irregular manner that townships did. Their larger functions, and their nearer relation to the central government of the state, made it necessary for the ruling power to assume control of their erection, and alteration, when required, and from the earliest period of our civil existence, counties have been brought into existence by the will of the government, executed through its executive or legislative department. In the progress of our state from an ungoverned wilderness to a fully organized and practically self-governed commonwealth, the edict of the ruling power has always directed the course and length of county boundaries. "With these remarks concerning the nature and historical relation of townships and counties, we now proceed to give something of the, details of the evolution of the early Ohio counties. "The Ordinance of 1787 prescribing the manner that the Northwest Territory should be governed, provided that for the execution of process, civil and criminal, the governor shall make proper divisions thereof ; and he shall proceed from time to time, as circumstances may require, to lay out the parts of the district in which the Indian titles have been extinguished, into counties and townships, subject however, to such alterations as may thereafter be made by the legislature. "St. Clair was appointed governor of the territory, October 5, 1787, and arrived at Marietta, July 9, 1788. His first act toward carrying out the provisions of the ordinance, as to the establishment of local government, was to erect the county of Washington. He issued an order defining its boundaries, July 27, 1788. "The next county formed by St. Clair was Hamilton. His edict brought it into existence January 2, 1790. Its boundaries were as follows : 'Beginning on the bank of the Ohio river, at the confluence of the Little Miami, and dawn the said Ohio river to the mouth of the Big Miami, and up said Miami to the standing stone forks or branch of said river, and thence with a line to be HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY - 45 drawn due east, to the Little Miami, and down said Little Miami to the place of beginning.' On February 11, 1792, Governor St. Clair issued a proclamation enlarging Hamilton county. "On the 20th of June, 1790, St. Clair set off the county of Knox. "There was a wide stretch of country on the north part of the territory that was yet outside of any of the organized counties. On the 15th day of August, 1796, Wayne county was organized. "In order to establish more counties, as the existing ones embraced all of the territory, it was now necessary to make a division of some of those that had already been erected. The first separation to be made was for the purpose of creating Adams county. Hamilton county was large, and could well be divided. So, July 10, 1797, a county called Adams was taken off its east side. This county was named in honor of President Adams. Concerning its county seat, Howe, in his Historical Collections, says `The first court in this county was held in Manchester. Winthrop Sargent, the secretary of the territory, acting in the absence of the governor, appointed commissioners, who located the county seat at an out of the way place, a few miles above the mouth of Brush creek, which they called Adamsville. The locality was soon named, in derision, Scant. At the next session of the court its members became divided, and part sat at Adamsville, and part Manchester. The governor, on his return to the territory, finding the people in great confusion, and much bickering between them, removed the seat of justice to the mouth of Brush creek, where the first court was held in 1798. Here a town was laid out, by Noble Grimes, under the name of Washington. A large court house was built, with a jail in the lower story, and the governor appointed two more of the Scant party judges, which gave them a majority. In 1800, Charles William Byrd, secretary of the territory, in the absence of the governor, appointed two more of the Manchester party judges, which balanced the parties, and the contest was maintained until West Union became the county seat.' "The next county to be divided was that of Washington. In 1786 the Seven Ranges had been surveyed and July 29, 1797, a portion of the northern part of the pioneer county was eliminated, and made into the county of Jefferson. The county received its name from President Jefferson. Some idea of its original size may be known from the fact that; when established, it included within its boundaries what are now the cities of Cleveland, Akron, Canton, Warren, Steubenville, and Youngstown. Its county seat has always been at Steubenville. 46 - HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY " The next act in the work of dividing the territory into counties, was changing the boundaries of the counties of Hamilton, Wayne and Knox. In 1795, General Wayne had made a treaty with the Indians at Greenville, by which the line of the lands of the United States had been extended from Loramie's westward to Fort Recovery, and thence southward to the mouth of the Kentucky river. The boundary of Hamilton county was extended westward, June 22, 1798, to make it correspond with this change in the boundary of the government territory. "Ross next came into the family of Ohio counties. Nathaniel Massie, a surveyor in the employ of Virginia, had laid out the town of Manchester, in 1790, and induced people to emigrate to it. Massie had become a large land owner, and circulated glowing descriptions of the country along the Scioto, with the hope of inducing settlements. Robert J. Finley, and a Presbyterian congregation from Kentucky, were attracted, and a settlement was made at the mouth of Paint creek. Chillicothe was laid out in August, 1796, by Colonel Massie. The opening of Zane's Trace, soon afterwards, diverted much of the westward travel, which before this time had been in boats down the Ohio, and brought it overland through this region. Other settlements sprung up, and with the increase in settlers, demands were put forward for a division of Adams county. St. Clair recognized the need of the new county, and, August 20, 1798, issued a proclamation for it, in which the boundaries were fixed. CONTROVERSY OVER NEW COUNTIES. "This list of nine counties comprised what had been erected when, in pursuance of the proclamation from St. Clair, a territorial legislature was elected, in December, 1788. This proclamation was in obedience to the requirements of the Ordinance of 1787, as follows: ' So soon as there shall be five thousand free male inhabitants, of full age, in the district, upon giving proof thereof to the governor, they shall receive authority, with time and place, to elect representatives from their counties or townships, to represent them in the General Assembly; provided that for every five hundred free male inhabitants there shall be one representative, and so on progressively with the number of free male inhabitants, shall the right of ...representation increase, until the number of representatives shall amount to twenty-five, after which the number and proportion of representatives shall be regulated by the HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY - 47 legislature ; provided, that no person be eligible or qualified to act as a representative, unless he shall have been a citizen of one of the United States three years, and be a resident in the district, or unless he shall have resided in the district three years, and in either case shall likewise hold in his own right, in fee simple, two hundred acres of land within the same ; provided also, that a freehold in fifty acres of land in the district, having been a citizen in one of the states, and being resident in the district, or the like freehold an I two years' residence in the district, shall be necessary to qualify the man as an elector of a representative.' "Some idea of the population of the territory, at that time, may be formed from the representation the different counties obtained in the territorial legislature. Washington had two, Hamilton seven, Ross four, Adams two, Wayne three, and St. Clair, Randolph, Knox and Jefferson one each. New Connecticut was a part of the territory, governed under the laws of Connecticut, and would have been entitled to a representation, but had none, because, as St. Clair said, he did not know of population enough in the district to entitle it to a member. "The legislature met at the appointed place, February 4, 1799. Before this time the people of several localities in the territory had been clamorous for the erection of new counties, but their desires had been refused by St. Clair. The territorial legislature having met, the matter now came before that body, and was a disturbing element between the executive and the general assembly. Several acts were passed creating new counties, or changing the boundaries of those already existing. The legislature insisted that, after the governor had laid out the country into counties and townships, as he had already done, it was competent for them to pass laws, altering, dividing, and multiplying them at their pleasure, to be submitted to him for his approbation ; that when the territory had been divided into counties by the governor, his exclusive power was exhausted, and, any alterations thereafter required, were to be made by the legislature, with his assent. But St. Clair would not assent to any laws changing the boundaries of counties, or erecting new ones. Six acts -of the kind, passed at this session, were vetoed by him. The governor made a speech to the legislature, on the day of its adjournment, in which he said : “‘I am truly sensible, gentlemen, of the inconveniences that follow from a great extension being given to counties; they cannot, however, be 48 - HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY constructed while the settlements are otherwise, and the inconveniences are not lessened, but rather increased by being made very small, with respect to the number of inhabitants. The expenses which necessarily attend the establishment of counties fall light when divided amongst a number, but become a heavy burden when they must be borne by a few, and the inconvenience of attending the courts as jurors and witnesses, which are sometimes complained of, are increased nearly in the same ratio as the counties are multiplied within the same bounds. There is yet another reason, gentlemen, why those acts were not assented to. It appears to me that the erecting of new counties is the proper business of the executive. It is, indeed, provided that the boundaries of counties .may be altered by the legislature; but that is quite a different thing from originally establishing them. They must exist before they can be altered, and the provision is expressed that the governor shall proceed from time to time, as it may become necessary to lay them out. While I shall ever most studiously avoid encroaching on any of the rights of the legislature, you will naturally expect, gentlemen, that I should guard, with equal care, those of the executive.' "Another reason given by St. Clair for his dissent to the bills for erecting new counties, was, as he said, that in some of them the present number of inhabitants could not support a county, as it was not probable that the names of every man living within the proposed boundary exceeded a hundred. St. Clair's biographer, in the St. Clair Papers, advances another reason for his conservatism. He says : ' The greed which characterized the transactions in land, actuated those who were speculators, to seek to control the establishment of county towns. They hoped' to increase the value of their lands, as the public improvements in the way of buildings and roads, and superior advantages incidental to a county seat, would attract the better class of settlers to such neighborhood.' An illustration of this afforded in the case of the strife in the county of Adams, to which reference has been made. "It is quite likely that the true secret of St. Clair's unwillingness to erect new counties, was, that if a large number of them were represented in the legislature, the chance of his exercising much political influence over the body would' be diminished DIVISION OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY. "The next movement in the evolution of the territorial divisions of the Northwest Territory, was the act of congress dated May 7, 1800. This provided for the separation of the western part of the territory, and calling it the Indiana territory. The division was to be at a line beginning on the Ohio opposite the HISTORY OF MORROW COUNTY - 49 mouth of the Kentucky river; thence northerly to Fort Recovery; and thence north to an intersection of the territorial line between the United States and Canada. This line divided the lower Michigan peninsula into two nearly equal parts, but it did not remain in force for any considerable time. The eastern division, thus created, was to remain under the existing government, and the western division to be organized under a similar one. "It was also provided in the act, that when the eastern part should be formed into a state, the western boundary line should be changed, and begin at the mouth of the Great Miami river, and run thence due north to the Canada line. A division of the territory into states had been contemplated in the Ordinance of 1787, and this provision for changing the western boundary, made the act coincide with the terms of the ordinance upon the subject. Its requirements were : ' There shall be formed in the said territory, not less than three, nor more than five states; and the boundaries of the states, * * * shall become fixed and established.' "The census of 1800 revealed the fact that the eastern division of the territory had a population of forty-two thousand, and although this was less than the number set in the ordinance, to entitle it to admission to the Union, the people were ambitious to form a state government, and made application to congress for the privilege. Much scheming was indulged in at the time, between the adherents of the Federalist and the Anti-Federalist parties, each desiring to get the political advantage of the other in the formation of the new state. Each desired to have the boundaries coincide with their political majority. St. Clair was a Federalist and was working for a state that would vote for his party. He advocated that one be made from the territory east of a line running up the Scioto to the southwest corner of New . Connecticut, as, in this district, a majority of the voters supported the Federal party. But in the boundaries, as they were fixed in the Ordinance of 1787, not including the county of Wayne, there was a majority in favor of the Anti-Federalists. Congress was then an Anti-Federalist body, and the ordinance boundaries were left intact. THE STATE FORMED. "April 30, 1802, an enabling act was passed authorizing a constitutional convention, to form a state, from which the following extracts pertinent to this subject are taken : ' The inhabitants