26 - HISTORY OF MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO

CHAPTER II.

(RETURN TO THE TITLE PAGE)

THE AMERICAN INDIANS AND OHIO.

WHEN THIS CONTINENT WAS DISCOVERED-THE DIVISION OF THE COUNTRY BY THE NATIVES- THE FIVE NATIONS : HURONS , NEUTRAL NATION, ERIES , AUDASTES DELAWRES. THE EARLIEST APPROACH TO A MAP-THE CONFEDERATES : FORMERLY FIVE, NOW SEVEN NATIONS-OHIO COMPANY-THE MUSKINGUM RIVER, CALLED " ELK EYE CREEK"-INDIAN TRAILS ; FIVE DIFFERENT ROUTES THROUGH THE OHIO WILDERNESS-ENGLISH NEGOTIATIONS-THE LANCASTER TREATY-DISSATISFACTION OF THE OHIO SAVAGES-THE BOUNDARY LINE TO BE DETERMINED-GEORGE WASHINGTON PROMINENT AMONG THE SPECULATORS ; HIS IMPRESSIONS OF THIS REGION-CONFERENCE BETWEEN THE OHIO TRIBES-THE PEACEFUL DELAWAREs -THE MURDER OF LOGAN' S FAMILY-LEAGUED THE MINGOES WITH THEIR NEIGHBORS ON THE SCIOTO 1N THE WORK OF VENGEANCEDUNMORE' S EXPEDITION-" CRESAP'S WAR "- LOGAN' S SPEECH-ELOQUENT DEFENSE OF CRESAP BY LUTHER MARTIN-THE FAL L OF CORNSTALK-FORT HENRY-HEROIC CONDUCT OF MISS JANE MCKEE-ELLIOT AND GIRTY, THE DESPOTIC WHITE SAVAGES-THE PEACE CHIEF, WHITE EYES- BROADHEAD’S EXPEDITION AND CONFERENCE WITH THE INDIANS-" WANT OF VIRTUE IS INFINITELY MORE TO BE DREADED THAN THE WHOLE FORCE OF GREAT BRITAIN" -ENORMOUS PRICES OF THE NECESSITIES OF OF LIFE-COLONEL JOHNSON ; HIS POSITION AND INFLUENCE-PROCLAMATION BY THE KING OF FRANCE-REPLY OF THE KING OF GREAT BRITAIN-THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE COURTS OF FRANCE AND ENGLAND CONCERNING AMERICA. THE CLOSE OF THESE DIFFICULTIES BY THE RESULT OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.

When this continent first became known to the European nations it was regarded as a solitary and unbroken wilderness. No axe had felled a tree nor plowshare broken its soil that they knew of. Here and there, however, they found a few wigwams of the red man, with patches of maize, beans, and squashes, cultivated by their squaws and children. The men, as now, spent their time in hunting or war. The general appearance of the country was that of a vast uncultiyated domain, promising great fertility and luxuriance.

The country from the Mississippi to the Atlantic, from the Carolinas to Hudson's Bay, was divided between two great families of tribes, distinguished by a radical difference of language. These were called, respectively, Algonquins

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(original people), and Aguanoschioni (united people). The latter became known as the Iroquois, Mengwe, and Five Nations. " At the period when the whites first became acquainted with this territory, the Iroquois proper extended through central New York, from the Hudson river to the Genesee, and comprised five distinct nations confederated together, which, beginning on the east, were known as Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. West of them were the Hurons, the Neutral Nation, and the Eries ; on the south were the Andastes, on the Susquehanna, and the Delawares on the river which bears their name ; on the east the various Algonquin tribes.

In a letter written by Captain Joseph Brant, the noted Indian warrior, to Colonel Timothy Pickering, relating to the Iroquois claim to the northern part of Pennsylvania, and dated at Niagara, December 30, 1794, he says " The whole Five nations have an equal right, one with another, the country having been obtained by their joint exertions in war with a powerful nation formerly living southward of Buffalo Creek, called Eries, and another nation, then living at Tioga Point, so that by our success all the country between that and the Mississippi became the joint property of the Five Nations. All other nations inhabiting this great tract of country were allowed to settle by the Five Nations."

The Indians who claimed the country ascribing boundaries, however well acquainted with it as a. haunt, have left us no map worthy of the name, and yet they have indicated boundaries with names of such significance as to settle the .belt of that they were familliar with the country.

The earliest approach to maps of the middle colonies came to Mrs. P. Mathiret, of Cleveland, Ohio, from her grandfather, formerly of Philadelphia, subsequently of Nova Scotia ; it was

published according to an Act of Parliament, by Lewis Evans, June 23, 1755, and sold by R. Dodsley, in Pall Mall, London." But we have only a description of the map. The heading is as follows :

" A general map of the Middle British Colonies in America, viz : Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Conneticut and Rhode Island—of Aquanishuonigy, the country of the confederate Indians, comprising Aquanishuongy proper, their place of residence ; Ohio Thuxsoxrentie. their deer hunting country ; Couxsaxrage and Skaniadrade their heaver hunting country, of the lakes Erie, Ontario, and Champlain, and a part of New France, wherein is also shown the ancient and present seats of the Indian nations." The "deer hnnting " country was in northern Ohio and Michigan ; the "beaver hunting " country in Canada and northern New York. " The Confederates, July 19, 1701, at Albany, surrendered their beaver hunting country to the English, to be defended for them by said Confederates, their heirs and successors forever. And the same was confirmed September 14, 1728, when the Senecas, Cayugas and Onondagas surrendered their hab itations from Cuyahoga to Oswego, and sixty miles inland to the same for the same use."

" The Confederates, formerly five, now seven nations, called by the French Iroquois, consist of, 1st, the Conungues or" Mohawks ; .2d, the Onaguts ; 3d, the Onondagoes ; 4th, Cuyugaes ; 5th, Cbemanoes, or Cenecas ; 6th, Tuscaroras ; 7th, Sississagoes." In a circular form around the West end of Lake Erie the following words are written : " These posts were by the Confederates allotted for the Wyandots when they were lately admitted into their league."

Across the head waters of the Wabash is the following sentence : "The Western league or Welinis, corruptly called Illinois by the French, consisting of Tawixtawix, Mineamis, Piankashas, Wawiaxtas, Piquas and Kuskiekis were seated till lately on the Illinois river and posts adjacent, but are all except the last now moved to the Ohio and its branches, by the express leave of the confederates about 164 years ago." The Miami river is called the Mineamic, Niagara Falls the "Oxniagara," Wheeling creek "Weeling" creek, Scioto "Sioto," and the country south of the Ohio liver, as well as north, is called Ohio.

From the foregoing narration it is manifest that the aboriginal history pertaining to this county necessarily embraces the history included in the confederacy. The Iroquois and Delawares each have a tradition of an early eastward emigration from regions west of the Mississippi to the places where they were found by the Europeans. The period of our later Indian history finds that wave returning towards the setting sun. It is therefore a period of commotion among tribes easily excited.

In 1748, Thomas Lee, with twelve other Virginians, among whom were Lawrence and Augustine .Washington, brothers of George Washington, and also Mr. Hanbury, of London, formed an association which was called the "Ohio Company," and petitioned the King for a grant of lands beyond the mountains. This Petition was approved by the monarch, and the government of Virginia was ordered to grant the petitioners half a million of acres within the bounds of that colony, beyond the Alleghanies, two thousand of which were to be located at once. This portion was to be held ten years free of quit rent, provided the company would put there one hundred families within seven years, and build a fort sufficient to protect the settlement, all of which the company proposed, and prepared to do so at 0nce, and sent to London for a cargo suited to the Indian trade, which was to come out so as to arrive in November, 1749. This grant was to be taken principally on the south side of the Ohio river, between the Monongahela and Kanawha rivers.

In the autumn of 1750, the agents of the Ohio Company employed Christopher Gist, a land surveyor and familiar with the woods, to explore their contemplated possessions. He kept a jourrounal of his proceedings, from which we extract the following : "A journal of Christopher Gist's

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journey, began from Colonel Cresap's, at the old town on the Potomac river, Maryland, October 31, 1750, continued down the Ohio within fifteen miles of the falls thereof, and from thence to Roanoke river in North Carolina, where he arrived in May, 1751." Mr. Neville B. Craig, as shown in "The Olden Time," thinks that Gist ascended the Juniata after crossing the Potomac, and descended the Kiskeminitas to the Alleghany, which he crossed about four miles above Pittsburgh and passed on to the Ohio. From the mouth of Beaver creek he passed over to the Tuscarawas or Muskingum river, called by him and the Indians Elk Eye creek, striking it on the 5th of December, or thirty-five days after leaving the Potomac, at a point about fifty miles above the present town of Coshocton, probably within the county of Stark. On the 7th he crossed over the Elk Eye to a small village of Ottawas, who were in the interest of the French. On the 14th of December he reached an Indian town a few miles above the mouth of White- woman's creek, called Muskingum, inhabited by Wyandots, who, he says, were half of them attached to the French and half to the English. "When we came in sight of it we perceived English colors hoisted on the King's house and at George Croghan's. Upon inquirung the reason I was informed that the French had lately taken several English traders, and that Mr. Croghan had ordered all the white men to come into town, and had sent expresses to the traders of the lower towns, and among the Piquatiners, and that the Indians had sent to their people to come into council about it."

From this passage it is evident that the Pennsylvania traders had traversed the Indian villages and had obtained the good will of their inhabitants in a considerable degree. George Croghan was apparently at the head of a trading party, and he and Andrew Montour accompanied Gist on his further exploration. The latter, who acted as an interpreter and was influential among the Delawares and Shawanese, was the son of the famous Canadian half-breed, Catharine Montour, whose residence was at the head of Seneca Lake, in New York.

Heckewelder, in his History of Indian Nations (p. 77), says that the Cochnewago Indians were a remnant of the Mohicans of New England, who fled to the shores of the St. Lawrence, where they incorporated with the Iroquois and became a mixed race : a number of the Mohicans from Connecticut emigrated to Ohio in 1 762 , and their chief was "Mohican John."

Indian Trails.—An interesting appendix to Hutchins' History of Bouquets' expedition gives five different routes from, Fort Pitt through the Ohio wilderness. The first route, which was N. N.W., after striking the Big Beaver at a place called Kuskeeskees Town, forty seven miles from Fort Pitt, ascended the east branch fifteen miles to Shaningo, and twelve miles to Pematuning, thence westward thirty-two miles to Mahoning on the east branch of Beaver (probl ably Youngstown), thence ten miles up said branch (Mahoning river) to Salt Lick (near the junction of Meander and Mosquito creeks, in Weathersfield ;township, Trumbull county) ; thence thirty-two miles to the Cuyahoga river, just south of Ravenna, and ten miles down the Cuyahoga to Ottawa town (Cuyahoga Falls). The distance from Fort Pitt by the above route was one hundred and fifty-six miles.

The second route, W. N.W., was twenty-five miles to the mouth of Big Beaver, ninety-one miles to Tuscaroras (the junction of Sandy and Tuscaroras creeks at the south line of Stark county), fifty to Mohican John's, near Jeromeville, on the east line of Ashland county ; forty- six to Junandot (Castalia, or the source of Cold creek, in Erie county) ; four to Sandusky, at the mouth of Cold creek, twenty-four to Jungqu-unduneh (Fremont, on the Sandusky river). The distance from Sandusky to Fort Pitt was two hundred and sixteen miles, from Fort Pitt to Sandusky river two hundred and forty miles.

The third route, W. S.W., was one hundred and twenty-eight miles to the forks of the Musk- ingum (at Coshocton) ; six to Bullets Town (on the Muskingum—Virginia township) ; ten to Waukatamike (near Dresden, Muskingum county) ; twenty-seven to King Beaver's Town (near the sources of the Hockhocking) ; forty to the lower Shawanese Town (on the Scioto river) twenty to Salt Town (near the source of the Scioto ; thence one hundred and ninety miles northeast to Fort Miamis (now Fort Wayne, Indiana, on the Maumee river). The distance from Fort Pitt to Miamis being 426 miles.

The fourth route, down the Ohio, was twenty- seven miles to the mouth of Big Beaver, twelve to Little Beaver, ten to Yellow Creek, eighteen' to Two Creeks (just below Wellsburg, on the Virginia side), six to Wheeling, twelve to Pipe Hill (near to Pipe Creek), thirty to Long Reach (where the Ohio River is without a bend for a considerable distance), eighteen to the foot of Reach (near Newport), thirty to the mouth of the Muskingum, twelve to Little Kanawha River, thirteen to the mouth of Hocking River, forty to the mouth of Letarts Creek (opposite Letart township, Meigs county), thirty-three to Kiskemenetas (an Indian village otherwise called " Old Town," Gallatin county), eight to the mouth of Big Kanawha (or New River), forty to

Big. Sandy, forty to Scioto River, thirty to Big Salt Lick River (Brush Creek, Adams county), twenty to an island opposite Manchester (Adams county), fifty-five to Little Miami, thirty to Big Miami (or Rocky River), twenty to Big Bones (so called from the bones of an elephant found there), fifty-five to Kentucky River, fifty to the falls of the Ohio River, one hundred and thirty- one to the Wabash River, sixty to Cherokee (Tennessee) River), and forty to Mississippi. Total from Fort Pitt, 840 miles.

ENGLISH NEGOTIATIONS WITH THE WESTERN TRIBES.

The Virginians were very sensible that some form of assent by the Ohio Indians to their settle-

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ment in the territory was indispensable. Great efforts were, therefore, made to procure it, and at length representatives of the Western tribes were assembled at Logstown, seventeen miles below Pittsburgh, on the 9th of June, 1752. This was a favorable moment for the designs of the English colonists, since the savages, even to the remote Twight-wees, were then inimical to the French, and favorably disposed towards the English ; but the Virginia Commissioners—Messrs. Fry, -Lomax, and Patton—had no easy task. They produced the Lancaster treaty, and insisted on the right of the Crown, under its grant, to sell the Western lands ; but " No," the chiefs said, " they had not heard of any sale west of the Warriors' road,' which ran at the foot of the Alleghany ridge." The Commissioners then offered goods for a ratification of the Lancaster treaty ; spoke of the proposed settlement by the Ohio Company, and used their persuasions to secure the land wanted. Upon the 11th of June the Indians replied. They recognized the treaty of Lancaster, and the authority of the Six Nations to make it, but denied that they had any knowledge of the Western lands being conveyed to the English by said deed ; and declined, upon the whole, having anything to do with the treaty of '744. They were willing to give special permission to erect a fort at the fork of the Ohio, " as the French have already struck the Twightwees," but the Virginians wanted much more ; and, finally, by the unfluence of Montour, the interpreter, who was probably bribed, the Indians united, on the 13th of June, in signing a deed confirming the Lancaster treaty in its full extent, and consenting to a settlement southeast of the Ohio.

The dissatisfaction of the Ohio savages with the proceedings at Logstown is very apparent from the fact that in September, 1753, William Fairfax met their deputies at Winchester, Virginia, where he concluded a treaty, with the partuculars of which we are unacquainted, but on which, it is stated was an indorsement that " he had not dared to mention to them either the Lancaster or Logstown treaty ; a sad commentary upon the modes taken to obtain the grants."

All attempts to secure any practical results from those treaties were postponed by the outbreak and continuance of hostilities, and it was not until after the pacification of 1765 that the occupation of the lands west of the Alleghanies, otherwise than by the Indians, was agutated in any considerable degree.

The Royal proclamation of October 7, 1763, forbade all private settlement or purchase of lands west of the Alleghanies ; but as soon as peace was restored by the treaty of German Flats, settlers crossed the mountains, and took possession of lands in Western Virginia, and along the Monongahela. The Indians remonstrated ; the authorities issued proclamations warning off intruders ; orders were forwarded by General Gage to the garrison of Fort Pitt to dislodge the settlers at Red Stone, but all was ineffectual. The adventurous spirits of the frontier

were not alone in their designs upon the wilderness. The old Ohio Company sought a perfection of their grant ; the Virginia volunteers of 1754, who had enlisted under a proclamation offering liberal bounties of lands, were also clamorous ; individual grants were urged. Sir William Johnson was ambitious of being the Governor of an armed colony south of the Ohio, upon the model proposed by Franklin in 1754, and the plan of another company, led by Thomas Walpole, a London banker of eminence, was submitted to the English Ministry.

Notwithstanding such a fever 0f land speculation, it was still felt that a better muniment of title was requisite than the obsolete pretensions of Lancaster and Logstown ; and General Gage, having represented very emphatically the growing irritation of the Indians, Sir William Johnson was instructed to negotiate another treaty. Notice was given the various colonial governments, to the Six Nations, the Delawares and the Shawanese; and a Congress was appointed to meet at Fort Stanwix (now Rome, New York). It assembled on the 24th of October, 1768, and was attended by representatives from New Jersey, Virginia, and Pennsylvania ; by Sir William and his deputies ; by the agents of those traders who had suffered in the war of 1763, and by deputies from all the Six Nations, the Delawares and the Shawanese. The first point to be settled was the boundary line, which was to determine the Indian lands of the west from that time forward ; and this line the Indians, upon the 1st of November, stated should begin on the Ohio, at the mouth of the Cherokee (or Tennessee) River ; thence up the Ohio and Allegheny to Kittaning ; thence across to the Susquehanna, etc., whereby the whole country south of the Ohio and Allegheny, to which the Six Nations had any claim, was transferred to the British. One deed for a part of this land was made on the 3d of November to William Trent, attorney for twenty-two traders, whose goods had been destroyed by the Indians in 1763. The tract conveyed by this was between the Kenawha and Monongahela, and was by the traders named Indiana. Two days afterwards a deed for the remaining Western lands was made to the King, and the price agreed on paid down. There were also given two deeds in Pennsylvania—one to Croghan, and the other to the proprietaries of that Colony. These deeds were made upon the express agreement that no claim should ever be based upon previous treaties—those of Lancaster, Logstown, etc—and they were signed by the Chiefs of the Six Nations, for themselves, their allies and defendants, the Shawanese, Delawares, Mingoes of Ohio, and others ; but the Shawanese and Delaware deputies present did not sign them.

The fact that such an extent of country was ceded voluntarily—not after a war, not by hard persuasion, but at once, and willingly, satisfies us that the whole affair had been previously settled with the New York savages, and that the Ohio Indians had no voice in the matter. The

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efforts to organize an immense land company, which should include the old Ohio Company, and the more recent Walpole scheme, besides recognizing the bounties of the Virginia volunteers, were apparently successful by the royal sanction of August 14, 1774, but previously there were immense private appropriations of the region south of the Ohio. Prominent among those interested in such speculations was George Washington. He had patents for 32,373 acres-9,157 on the Ohio, between the Kanawhas, with a river front of thirteen and a half miles ; 23,216 acres on the great Kenawha, with a river front of forty miles. Besides these lands, he owned fifteen miles below Wheeling (587 acres), with a front of two and a half miles. He considered the land worth $3.33 per acre. [Sparks' Washington, XII, 264-317.]

General Washington, after reciting his impressions in favor this region, says : " The Indians who reside upon the Ohio—the upper parts of it at least—are composed of Shawanese, Delawares, and some of the Mingoes, who, getting but little part of the consideration that was given for the lands eastward of the Ohio, view the settlements of the people upon this river with an uneasy and jealous eye, and do not scruple to say that they must be compensated for their right, if the people settle thereon, notwithstanding the cession of the Six Nations. On the other hand, the people of Virginia and elsewhere are exploring and marking all the lands that are valuable, not only on the Red Stone and other waters on tbe Monongahela, but along the Ohio as low as the Little Kanawha, and by the next summer I suppose they will get to the Great Kanawha at least."

At a conference with the Ohio tribes, held by George Croghan, at Pittsburgh, in May, 1768, Nimwha, one of the Shawanese chiefs, who submitted so reluctantly to the army of Boquet, thus expressed himself:

" We desired you not to go down this river in the way of the warriors belonging to the foolish nations to the westward ; and told you that the waters of this river, a great way below this place, were colored with blood ; you did not pay any regard to this, but asked us to accompany you in going down, which we did, but felt the smart of our rashness, and with difficulty returned to our friends (alluding adroitly to Croghan's unlucky capture at the mouth of the Wabash in 1765). We see you now about making batteaus, and we make no doubt you intend to go down the river again, which we now tell you is disagreeable to all nations of Indians, and now again desire you to sit still at this place.

" They are also uneasy to see you think yourselves masters-of this country, because you have taken it from the French, who, you know, had no right to it, as it is the property of the Indians. We often hear that you intend to fight with the French again ; if you do, we desire you will remove your quarrel out of the country, and carry it over the great waters, where you used to fight, and where we shall neither see or know anything of it."

The peaceful Delawares met the encroaching upon their hunting grounds by sl0wly retiring before the advancing column of emigration, concentrating their villas more and more within their wilderness home, north of the Ohio, until in 1774 the smothered flame of hostility, which had been long kindled among the Shawanese, burst forth.

The wanton murder of Logan's family immediately leagued the bands of Mingoes, or Senecas, with their neighbors on the Scioto in the work of vengeance. The result of this uprising, and account of Dunmore's expedition in a general way, are recited in several histories of the United States with minuteness ; but as this outbreak, and the ensuing bloody struggle, hinged on the revenge for Logan's loss, and yet was in reality the slogan that called the red man to the defense of his home and all that was dear to him, the reader will pardon a recital here of that which may be familiar :

" As Dunmore approached the Scioto, the Indians besought him to send an interpreter. John Gibson was sent by Lord Dunmore. He has stated, in an affidavit annexed to " Jefferson's Notes," that on his arrival at the towns, Logan, the Indian, came to where the deponent was sitting with the Cornstalk and the other chiefs of the Shawanese, and asked him to walk out with him. They went out into a copse of wood, where they sat down, when Logan, after shedding abundance of tears, delivered to him the speech related by Mr. Jefferson in his "notes on the State of Virginia ;" that he, the deponent, told him that it was not Colonel Cresap who had murdered his relations, and although his son, Captain Michael Cresap, was with the party that killed a Shawanese chief and other Indians, yet he was not present when his relations were killed at Baker's, near the mouth of Yellow Creek, on the Ohio, that this deponent, on his return to camp, delivered the speech to Lord Dunmore, and that the murders perpetrated as above were considered as ultimately the cause of the war of 1774, commonly called "Cresap's war."

Of this speech, or message, tbere are besides that of Jefferson, two versions, at least : one contained in a letter from Williamsburgh, Virginia, dated February 4, 1775, and preserved in the American Archives, volume 1, p. 1020, and an other, which was published in New York, on the 16th of February (same year), as an extract from Virginia. Jefferson adopted- the latter. Probably Gibson noted down the expressions of Logan, as uttered by him in his simple English, and on his return to Lord Dunmore's camp, the officers, in taking copies, may have modified an occasional expression. The different versions are presnted for comparison :

LOGAN'S SPEECH.

WILLIAMSBURGH, February 4, 1775.

“I appeal to any white man to say that he ever entered Logan's cabin but I gave him meat ; that he ever came naked but I clothed him.

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"In the course of the last war, Logan remained in his cabin an advocate for peace. I had such an affection for the white people that I was pointed at by the rest of my nation. I should have ever lived with them, had it not been for Colonel Cresap, who, last year, cut off in cold blood all the relations of Logan, not sparing women and children. There runs not a drop of my blood in the veins of any human creature. This called on me for revenge. I have sought it, I have killed many, and fully glutted my revenge. I am glad that there is no prospect of peace on account of the nation ; but I beg you will not entertain a thought that anything I have said proceeds from fear ; Logan disdains the thought. He will not turn on his heel to save his life. Who is there to mourn for Logan? No one."

That dated New York, February 16, 1775, is so very similar that it is omitted ; another, credited to Jefferson, in 1781-2, is given :

" I appeal to any white man to say if he ever entered Logan's cabin hungry, and he gave him not meat ; if he ever came cold and naked, and he clothed him not. During the course of the last long and bloody war Logan remained in his cabin an advocate for peace. Such was my love for the whites that my countrymen pointed as they passed and said, Logan is the friend of the white men.' I had even thought to have lived with you, but for the injuries of one man. Colonel Cresap, the last spring, in cold blood and unprovoked, murdered all the relations of Logan, not even sparing my women and children. There runs not a drop of my blood in the veins of any living creature. This called on me for revenge. I have sought it. I have killed many. I have fully glutted my vengeance. For my country I rejoice at the beams of peace, but do not harbor a thought that mine is the joy of fear. He will not turn on his heel to save his life. Logan never felt fear. Who is there to mourn for Logan? Not one." Of this production Mr. Jefferson says :

" I may challenge the whole orations of Demosthenes and Cicero, and of any more eminent orator, if Europe has produced any more eminent, to produce a single passage superior to the speech of Logan, a Mingo chief, to Lord Dunmore, when Governor of Virginia." Elsewhere he ,styles it " a morsel of eloquence." Logan knew no more what pleasure was. It is said that he was sitting with his blanket over his head before a camp fire, when an Indian who had taken some Offense stole behind him and buried his tomahawk in his brains. Many years elapsed, the speech became more and more widely circulated, it was extensively read and admired, and became the theme of recitation in public exhibitions along with the most eloquent passages of ancient and modern poets and orators. At length, in 1797, Luther Martin, a very able lawyer, son-in-law of Michael Cresap, in obedience to the injunction of a relative, as he alleged, and perhaps in some measure under the influence of political feelings, addressed the following letter to Mr. Fennel, a public declaimer, through the Philadelphia- Gazette, edited by William Cobbet :

"Mr. Fennel:—By the late Philadelphia papers I observe, sir, that in your 'readings and recitations, moral, critical and entertaining,' among your other selections you have introduced the story of Logan, the Mingo Chief. In doing this I am satisfied you are not actuated by a desire to wound the feelings of a respectable family in the United States, or by a wish to give a greater publicity to a groundless calumny. You found that story and speech in Jefferson's Notes on Virginia ; you found it related with such an air of authenticity that it cannot be surprising that you should not suspect it to be a fiction. But, sir, philosophers are pretty much the same, from old Shandy, who in support of a system, sacrificed his aunt Dinah, to DeWarville and Condorcet,. who for the same purpose would have sacrificed a world.

" Mr. Jefferson is a philosopher ; he, too, had his hypothesis to establish, or, what is much the same thing, he had the hypothesis of Buffon to overthrow. When we see him employed in weighing the rats and mice of the two worlds, to prove that those of the New were not exceeded by those of the old world, then to establish that the body of the American savage is not inferior in form or in vigor to the body of an European, we find him examining minutely every part of their frame, and hear him declare that, though the wrist and the head of the former, are smaller than those parts of the latter, yet, les organes de la generation ne sont plus foibles on plus petils, and that he hath not only as many hairs on his body, but that the same parts which are productive of hair in one, if left to themselves, are equally productive of hair in the other ; when we see him so zealous to establish an equality in such trifles, and to prove the body of the savage to be formed on the same modula with the Homo sapiens. Europous how much more solicitous may we suppose him to have been to prove that the mind of this savage was also formed on the same modula.

" Than the man whom he has calumniated, he could scarcely have selected a finer example to establish the position that the human race in the Western world are not belittled in body or mind, but that unfortunately the man was not born in America.

“For the want of better materials he was obliged to make use of such as came to his hands, and we may reasonably conclude, whatever story or speech he could pick up, calculated to destroy the hypothesis of Buffon, or establish his own, especially in so important a point, instead of being scrutinized minutely, would be welcomed with avidity. And great and respectable as the authority of Mr. Jefferson may be thought, or may be in reality, I have no hesitation to declare that from an examination of the subject, I am convinced the charge exhibited by him against Colonel Cresap is not founded in truth ; and also, that no such specimen of Indian oratory was ever exhibited.

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That some of Loganls family were killed by the Americans I do not doubt ; whether they fell the victims of justice, of mistake, or of cruelty, rests with those by whom they fell. But in their death, Colonel Cresap, or any of his family, had no share, and in support of this assertion I am ready to enter the lists with the author of Notes on Virginia.

" No man who really knew the late Colonel Cresap, could have believed the tale. He was too brave to be perfidious or cruel: He was a man of undaunted resolution ; a man of whom it might be said, with as much propriety as I believe was ever said of man, That he knew not fear.'

"It was to savages, employed by the French Nation (before it became Our very good friend and ally) to ravage the frontiers and butcher the peaceful inhabitants, that he and his family were terrible.

"But, perhaps, it was from this fact, that Mr. Jefferson considered himself authorized to say Colonel Cresap was infamous for the many murders he had committed on the much injured Indians.' And lest some future philosopher, in some future notes on Virginia, might be tempted to call him also 'infamous for his many murders of the much injured' Britains, may, perhaps, have been his motive for flying with such precipitation from the seat of his government, not many years since, when the British invaded the State.

"As to Logan, lightly would I tread over the grave even of the untutored savage, but justice obliges me to say, I am well assured that the Logan of the wilderness—the real Logan of nature—had but little, if any, more likeness to the fictitious Logan of Jefferson's Notes than the brutified Caffre of Africa to the enlightened philosopher of Monticello.

"In what wilderness Mr. Jefferson culled this fair flower of aboriginal eloquence, whether he has preserved it in the same state in which he found it, or, by transplanting it into a more genial soil, and exposing it to a kinder sun, he has given it the embellishments of cultivation, I know not.

"There are many philosophers so very fond of representing savage nature in the most amiable and most exalted point of view, that we feel ourselves less surprised when we see them become savages themselves. To some one of this class of philosophers, I doubt not, it owes its existence. Yet, but for Mr. Jefferson, 'it would have breathed its poisons in the desert air.' Whatever was the soil in which it first sprung up, it soon would have withered and died unnoticed or forgotten, had not he preserved it in his collection. From thence the authors of the Annual Register have given their readers a drawing as large as nature. The Rev. Mr. Morse, in his geography, and Mr. Lendrum, in his History of the American Revolution, have followed their example, and you, sir, are now increasing its celebrity by exhibiting it to thronging spectators, with all its coloring, retouched and heightened by the glowing pencil of a master.

"Do you ask me how I am interested in this subject? I answer, the daughter of Michael Cresap was the mother of my children. I am influenced by another motive not less powerful, My lamented and worthy relation, who died on the expedition against the western insurgents, bequeathed to me as a sacred trust, what, had he lived, he intended to have performed himself, to rescue his family from unmerited opprobrium.

"Do you ask me why I have so long neglected this duty ? I answer, because for a long time past every feeling of my mind has been too much engrossed by the solicitude, though an unavailing solicitude, of preserving the valuable life of one of that family, to attend to any objects which could bear postponement. The shock is now past. I begin to recall my scattered thoughts to other subjects, and finding the story of Logan in the catalogue of your readings, it instantly brought me to the recollection of a duty, which I have hastened thus far to fulfill.

“And now, sir, to conclude, I arrogate to myself no authority of prohibiting the story and speech of Logan from being continued in your readings and ,recitations : this I submit to your sentiments of propriety and justice ; but from these sentiments I certainly have a right to expect that, on its conclusion, you will inform your readers it is at best but the ingenious fiction of some philosophic brain, and when hereafter you oblige your audience with that story and speech, that with the poison you will dispense the antidote, by reading them this letter, also oblige your humble servant,

LUTHER MARTIN.

March 29, 1797.

[From Olden Time, vol. 2, No. 1847.]

The reader cannot fail to notice that the historian of these pages reproduces the evidence on both sides of this "vexed question," submitted by Mr. Martin, adding the speech of Logan by William Robinson, whom Logan saved from being burned alive. He stated that about three days after this Logan brought him a piece of paper and told him he must write a letter for him, which he meant to carry and leave in some house where he should kill somebody ; that he made ink with gunpowder and then proceeded to write by his direction, addressing Captain Michael. Cresap in it, and that the purport of it was "why had he killed my people?" etc. The following is his letter

CAPTAIN CRESAP :

"What did you kill my people on Yellow Creek for? The white people killed my kin at Conestoga, a great while ago, and I thought nothing of that, but you killed my kin again on Yellow Creek, and took my cousin prisoner, Then I thought I must kill too, and I have been three times to war since ; but the Indians are not angry, only myself. CAPT. JOHN LOGAN.

July 21st, 1774."

The conflict in opinion brought to view in the narration of the matter represented, is more in

HISTORY OF MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO - 33

rhetoric than fact. The delicacy of the task undertaken by Mr. Luther Martin doubtless had something to do with his delay in regard to it, but in candor we feel constrained to allude to the inconsistency in his charging Mr. Jefferson, with any degree of negligence in scrutinizing minutely not only the letter, but the attending circumstances, for, according to Mr. Martin, Mr. Jefferson was a philosopher, and so given to investigation, even to minutae, that "we see of employed in weighing the rats and mice of the two worlds to prove that those of the new were not exceeded by those of the old world," and while the effort of Mr. Martin is in many respects commendable, it is remarkable that the officers who heard the speech read to Lord Dunmore should be so harmonious in reproducing it in letters to their friends, and that Logan's grief should be avenged by so many noted chiefs in the Indian war that ensued, if Logan was such an unimportant person. The Confederacy, as we shall see further on, did not so regard him.

The revolutionary annals of Ohio have many dark stains. The massacre of the heroic Cornstalk, like that of Logan's family, became the fruitful slogan for revenge with the red man. Cornstalk, after the treaty of 1774 with Dunmore, had 'seen the steadfast friend of neutrality among the belligerent whites. Accompanied by Red Hawk, the Shawnee orator, at the council held by Colonel Boquet (on a friendly visit to the fort at Point Pleasant, in 1764), iv communicated the hostile disposition among the Ohio tribes, and expressed his sorrow that the Shawnee nation, except himself and his tribe, were determined to espouse the British side, and his ap prehension that he and his people would be compelled to go with the stream unless the Long Knives could protect him.

Upon receiving this information, the commander of the garrison, Captain Arbuckle, seized upon Cornstalk and his companions as hostages for the peaceful conduct of his nation, and set about availing himself of his suggestions. During his captivity Cornstalk held frequent conversations with the officers, and took pleasure in describing to them the geography of the West, then little known. One afternoon, while engaged in drawing on the floor a map of Missouri, he heard a voice from the forest, which he recognized as that of his son Ellenipsico, a young warrior whose courage and address were almost as celebrated as his father. Ellenipsico entered the fort and embraced his father most affectionately, having been uneasy at his absence and come hither in search of him. The day after his arrival two men, Hamilton and Gilmore, belonging to the fort, crossed the Kanawha, intending to hunt in the woods. On their return from hunting, some Indians, who had come to view the position of the Point, concealed themselves near the mouth of the river, and while the men were passing killed Gilmore. Colonel Stewart was standing- on the opposite bank of the river at the time, and expressed his surprise that a gun had been fired so near the fort in violation of orders. Hamilton ran down the bank, crying out that Gilmore was killed. Captain Hall commanded Gilmore's Company. His men leaped into a canoe and hastened to the relief of Hamilton. They brought the body of Gilmore, weltering in blood (his head scalped), across the river. The canoe had scarcely reached the shore when the cry was raised, " Kill the red dogs in the fort!" Captain Hall placed himself in front of his soldiers as they ascended the river bank, pale with rage, carrying their loaded fire-locks in their hands. Colonel Stewart and Captain Arbuckle exerted themselves in vain to dissuade the men, exasperated to madness by the spectacle of Gilmore's corpse, from the cruel deed which they contemplated. They cocked their guns, threatening those gentlemen with instant death if they did not desust, and rushed int0 the fort.

The interpreter's wife, who had been a captive among the Indians and felt an affection for them, ran to their cabin and informed them that Hall's soldiers were advancing with the intention of taking their lives, because they believed that the Indians who had killed Gilmore had come with Cornstalk's son the preceding day. This the young man solemnly denied, declarung that he had come alone, with the-sole object of seeking his father. When the soldiers came within hearing the young warrior appeared agitated. Cornstalk encouraged him to meet his fate composedly, and said to him, My son, the Great Spias sent you here that we may die together." He turned to meet his murderers the next instant, and receiving seven bullets in his body he expired without a groan.

When Cornstalk had fallen, Ellenipsico continued to sit still and passive. He met death with the utmost calmness. The Red Hawk made an attempt to climb the chimney, but fell by the fire of some of Hall's men. His atrocious murder was dearly expiated. The Shawnees were thenceforth the foremost in excursions upon the frontier. At the close of 1777 only three settlements existed in the interior of Kentucky— Harrodsburg, Bonnesborough, and Logan's. It was a year of siege, struggle, and suffering. The narrative of these times teems with horrors, in which the strife for supremacy was shared about equally between the white and red man, and was noted for deeds of daring unsurpassed in the annals of warfare. An instance of feminine heroism is worthy of being reproduced as we find it in the "American Pioneer," vol. 2, p. 309 :

" Fort Henry stood upon the bank of the Ohio, about a quarter of a mile above the mouth of Wheeling creek. Between it and the steep river hill, on the east, were thirty log huts, which the Indians occupied and challenged the garrison to surrender. Colonel Shepherd refused and the attack commenced. From sunrise until noon the fire on both sides was constant, when that of the assailants slackened. Within the fort the only alarm was want of powder, and then it was remembered that a keg was concealed in the house of Ebenezer Zane, some sixty yards dis-

34 - HISTORY OF MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO.

tant. It was determined to make an effort to obtain it, and, the question Who will go?' was proposed. At this crisis a young woman, sister of Ebenezer and Silas Zane, came forward and desired to be premitted to go. This proposition seemed so extravagant that it was refused, but she renewed it with earnestness, replying that the danger was the identical reason that induced ,her to offer, for the garrison was very weak and no soldier's life should be placed in jeopardy, and if she were to fall her loss would not be felt. Her petition was finally granted and the gate opened for her to pass out. This .aacted the attention of several Indians who. were straggling through the village. Their eyes were upon her as she crossed the open space to reach her brother's house ; but whether they were siezed with a feeling of clemency, or believing that a woman's life was not worth a load of gunpowder, cannot be explained ; suffice it, they permitted her to pass without molestation. When she reappeared, however, with the powder in her arms, suspecting the character of the burden, they fired at her as she swiftly glided toward the gate, but their balls few wide of their mark, and the brave Elizabeth Zane reached the fort in safety with her prize, and won a glorious name in history.

“The assault was resumed with fierceness and continued until evening. Soon after nightfall a party of Indians advanced toward the gate of the fort, within sixty yards, with an improvised canon, made of a hollow maple log, bound round with chains obtained from a blacksmith shop, and supposing it sufficiently strong, heavily charged it with powder, and then filled it to the muzzle with pieces of stone and slugs of iron. When the match was applied it burst into many pieces, and although it had no effect upon the fort, killed and wounded a number of Indians. A loud yell went up at this disastrous failure, and they dispersed. The fort was soon after reinforced, and the Indians abandoned the siege. The tribes represented were principally Wyandots, Mingoes and Shawnese. Their loss was near one hundred ; that of the Americans, twenty-six killed and four wounded."

During the winter of 1777-8, Alexander McKee, Matthew Elliott and Simon Girty, desperate white savages, active partisans of Great Britain up to the close of that century, made their appearance in the Muskingum towns and represented that the English were completely victorious ; the American armies cut to pieces ; General Washington killed ; there was n0 more Congress ; the English had hung some of them, and taken the rest to England to hang them ; that there were a few thousands of Americans who had' escaped, and were embodying themselves on this side of the mountains for the purpose of killing all the Indians in this country, even women and children ; and much more of the same sort.

The peace chief, White Eyes, saw with much concern that the majority of his nation seemed to believe this report, and that they with Captain Pipe (who always lent a willing ear to the Brit- ish, and was manifestly not the friend of White Eyes, being his rival), the latter called a general council of the nation, in which, when assembled, he proposed to delay hostilities against the Americans ten days, in order to be satisfied of the truth of the report. Whereupon Captain Pipe declared " every man an enemy to the nation who would throw an obstacle in the way that might prevent taking up arms against the American people." White Eyes once more assembled the men, and told them " that if they meant in earnest to g out, as some were preparing to do, they should not go without him. He had taken peace measures in order to save the nation from utter destructi0n ; but if they believed he was wrong, and gave more credit to vagabond fugitives, whom he knew to be such, than himself, who was best acquainted with the real state of things ; if they had determined to follow their advice and go out against the Americans, he would go out with them ; but not like the hunter, who sets the dogs on the animal to be beaten with his paws while he keeps at a safe distance. No ! he would himself lead them on, place himself in the front, and be the first who should fall. They only had to determine What they meant to do, for his own mind was fully made up not to survive the nation ; and he would not spend tbe remainder of a miserable life bewailing the total destruction of a brave people who deserved a. better fate." The ten days' delay asked for by White Eyes were granted, and as the time had nearly expired witbout receiving any other intelligence, some had already shaved their heads preparatory to putting on the war paint, when Heckewelder, the Moravian Missionary, made his appearance among them and gave them the intelligence of the surrender of Burgoyne and the discomfiture of the British, which led t0 the recognition of American independence by France, and impressed England with the fact that they had lost their colonies. Whereupon Captain White Eyes, in a long address, took particular notice of the good disposition of the American people towards the Indians, Observing that they had never yet called on them to fight the English, knowing 4hat wars were destructive to nations ; and that the Americans had from the beginning of the war to the present advised the Indians to remain quiet and not take up the hatchet against either side. A newspaper containing an account of the capitulation of General Burgoyne's army being handed to him by Heckewelder, White Eyes held the paper unfolded in both hands, so that all could have a view of it, and said : " See, my friends and relatives, this document contains great events ; not the song of a bird, but truth." Then stepping up to Heckewelder he gave him his hand, saying : " You are welcome to us, brother ! " and every one present immediately followed his example. And it is fair to conclude that had it not been for the persistent friendship of White Eyes and the timely arrival of Hecke welder with the glad tidings, the spring of 1778

HISTORY OF MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO - 35

would have inevitably found the Indian allies of Great Britain with the Delawares and other Indians of the Ohio.

The Indians were the occupants of the territory on either side of the Ohio and Alleghan when the Europeans first visited those regions Their history and institutions have a weird yet fascinating interest, and in the language on Washington's early friend Tanacharison, or Guyasutha, and the venerable Cornplanter, will trace the genius of the government of the people now fast disappearing, once the powerfu occupants of the country we now occupy.

COLONEL BRODHEAD'S EXPEDITION.

This expedition was designed at first to co-operate with General Sullivan in his well-know

 and successful march into the territory of the Six Nations by way -of the Susquehanna river fin or the reasons assigned in the annexed let ter from General Washington, the plan of co operation was abandoned.

The campaign of Sullivan was well conducted and highly successful in the destruction of India]

towns, fields of corn, and other means of subsistence, and thus contributed to embarrass al

re operations of Butler and Brandt, an other English tories, with their Indian allies, against our more eastern and northern frontier. It commenced in August, 1779, and terminated in October, and of course was almost simultaneous with Broadhed's expedition up the Alleghany:

"HEADQUARTERS,

"MIDDLE BROOK, 21st April, 1779.

"DEAR SIR:--Since my last letter, and upon further consideration of the subject, I have relin- quished the idea of attempting a co-operation between the troops at Fort Pitt, and the bodie moving from other quarters, against the Six Nations. The difficulty of providing supplies in time, a want of satisfactory information of du route and nature of the country up the Alleghany, and between that and the Indian settlements, and consequently the uncertainty of being able to co-operate to advantage, and the hazard which the smaller party might run for want of cooper ation, are principal motives for declining. The danger to which the frontier would be exposed by drawing off troops from their present position, from the uncursions of the more western tribes, is an additional though a less powerful reason. The post at Tuscarawas is, therefore, to be pre- served, if, under full consideration of circumstances, it is adjudged a post of importance, and can be maintained without running too great a risk—and the troops in general under your com- mand disposed in the manner best calculated to cover and protect the country on a defensive plan: "As it is my wish, however, as soon as it may be in our power, to chastise the Western savages by an expedition into their country, you will employ yourself in the meantime in making prepar- ations, and forming magazines of provisions for the purpose. If the expedition against the Six Nations is successfully ended, a part of the troops employed in this will probably be sent, in conjunction with those under you, t0 carry on ,r another that way. You will endeavor to obtain in the meantime and transmit me, every kind of t intelligence, which will be necessary to direct f our operations, as precise, full and authentic as r possible. Among other points you will try to

ascertain the most favorable season for an enterprise against Detroit. The frozen season, in the 1 opinion of most, is the only one in which any capital stroke can be grven, as the enemy can

derive no benefit from their shipping, which must either be destroyed 0r fall into our hands.

I am, &c.,

GEORGE WASHINGTON.

"COL. BRODHEAD."

COLONEL BRODHEAD'S CONFERENCE WITH THE INDIANS.

The speech of Doonyontat, the Wyandot Chief, to Maghingive Keesuch (the Indian name for Colonel Brodhead) :

"BROTHER—Listen to me. Brother, it pains me to see you with tears in your eyes. I know it is the fault of the English: Brother, I wipe away all those tears, and smooth down your hair, which

the English and the folly of my young men has ruffled. Now, my brother, I have wiped away

1 all the stains from your clothes, and smoothed them where my young men had ruffled them, so that you may now put on your hat and sit with that ease and composure which you would desire.

[Four strings of white wampum.]

Brother, listen to the Huron chiefs. Brother, I see you all 'Moody by the English and my

young men. I now wipe away all those stains and make you clean. Brother, I see your heart

twisted, and neck and throat turned to the one side, with the grief and vexation which my young

men have caused, all which disagreeable sensations I now remove and restore you to your former tranquility, so that now you may breathe with ease, and enjoy the benefit of your food and

nourishment, Brother, your ears appear to be stopped, so that you cannot listen to your brothers

when they talk friendship. That deafness I now remove, and all stoppage from your ears, that

you may listen to the friendly speeches of your . brothers, and that they may sink deep into your , heart.

[Seven strings of white wampum.]

Brother, listen to me. When I look around me, I see the bones of our nephews lie scattered

and unburied. Brother, I gather up the bones . of our young men on both sides in dispute, without any distinction of party. Brother, I have now gathered up all the bones of our relations on both sides, and will bury them in a large, deep grave, and smooth it over so that there shall not be the least sign of bones, or anything to raise grief or anger in our minds hereafter. Brother, I have now buried the bones of all our and your relations very deep. You very well know that there are some of your flesh and blood in our

36 - HISTORY OF MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO.

hands as prisoners ; I assure you that you shall see them all safe and well.

[Eight strings of white wampum.]

Brother, I now look up to where our Maker is, and think there is still some darkness over, our heads, so that God can hardly see us, on account of the evil doings of the King over the great waters. All these thick clouds, which have raised on account of that bad King, I now entirely remove, that God may look and see our treaty of friendship, and be a witness to the truth and sincerity of our intentions.

[Four strings of white wampum.]

Brother, as God puts ‘`il our hearts right, I now give thanks to God Almighty, to the chief men of the Americans, to my old father the King of France, and to you, brother, that we can now talk on more friendly terms, and speak our sentiments without interruption.

[Four strings of black and white wampum.]

Brother, you knew me before you saw me that I had not drawn away my hand from yours. I sent word last year by Captain White Eyes. Brother,kook up to Heaven and call God Al- mighty torwitness to the truth of what I say, and that it really comes from my heart. Brother, I now tell you that I have forever thrown off my father, the English, and will never give him any assistance ; and there are some among all the nations that think the same things that I do, and I wish they would all think so.

Brother, I cannot answer for all the nations, as I don't know all their thoughts, and will speak only what I am sure of. Brother, listen to me. I love all the nations, and hate none, and when I return home they shall all hear what you say, and what is done between us. Brother, I have just now told you that I loved all the nations, and I see you raising the hatchet against my young brothers, the Shawanese. I beg you to stop a little while, as he has never yet heard me ; and when he has heard me, if he does not choose to think as we do, I will tell you of it immediately. Brother, I intend to speak roughly to my younger brother, and tell him not to listen to the English, but throw them off, and listen to me, and then he may live as I do.

Brother, I thank you for leaving the fortress at Tuscarawas, and I am convinced by that you have taken pity on us and want to make us your friends. Brother, I now take a firm hold of your hand, and beg that you will take pity upon other nations who are my friends, and if any of them should incline to take hold of your hand I request that you would comply and receive them into friendship.

[A black belt of eleven rows.]

Brother, listen. I tell you to be cautious, as I think you intend to strike the man near to where I sit, not to go the nighest way to where he is, lest you frighten the owners of the lands, who are living through the country between this and that place. Brother, you now listen to me, and one favor I beg of you is that when you drive pray Your enemies you will allow me to continue in possession of my property, which, if you grant, will rejoice me. Brother, I would advise you, when you strike the man near where I sit, to go by water, as it will be the easiest and best way. Brother, if you intend to strike, one way is to go up the Alleghany and by Prisquille ; another way is to go down this river and up the Wabash. Brother, the reason why I mentioned the road up the river is, that there will be no danger of your being discovered until you are close upon them, but on the road down the river you will be spied. Brother, now I have told you the way to Prisquille, and that is the boundary between us and your enemies ; if you go by Wabash your friends will not be surprised. Brother, you must not think that what I have said is only my own thoughts, but the opinion of all the Huron chiefs, and I speak in behalf of them all. If you grant what favors I have asked you, all our friends and relations will be thankful and glad as far as they can hear all around. Brother, the reason why I have pointed out these two roads is that when we hear you are in one of them we will know your+ intentions without further notice, and the Huron chiefs desired me particularly to mention it that they may meet you in your walk, and tell you what they have done, who are your enemies and who are your friends, and in their name I request a pair of colors to show that we have joined in friendship.

[Fourteen strings of black wampum.]

Brothers, the chiefs desire me to tell you that they have sent Montour before to tell you their intentions, aey leave him to go with you, and understan one another by his means."

" HEADQUARTERS,

" PITTSBURGH, Sept. 19, 1779.

"Maghingivekesuch to Doonyontat, Principal Chief of the Wyandots:—Brother, yesterday I had the pleasure to tear you speak, but when I had heard all, and when you had taken no notice of what I mentioned to you before against the English, I could not tell you what to think.

Brother, the chiefs of the Wyandots have lived too long with the English to see things as they ought to do. They must have expected when they wete counseling that the chief they sent to this council fire would find the Americans asleep, but the sun, which the Great Spirit has set to light this island, discovers to me they are much mistaken.

[Four strings of black and white wampum.]

Brother, I will tell you why they are mistaken : they have taught that it was an easy matter to satisfy us, after doing all the mischief they could. They must have heard that the English were getting weaker, and the Americans stronger, and that a few flattering words would, with giving up our prisoners, secure their lives, the lives of their women and children, and their lands, and the wicked Shawanese, who have so often imbrued their hands in the blood of the Americans, and that in my military operations they had a right to mark out the road I should march on.

[Six strings of black and white wampum.] Brother, I, however, thank you for wiping

HISTORY OF MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO - 37

away the blood and burying the bones of our young men, and for casting off that bad Father, the King of Britain, over the great lake.

[Three strings of white wampum.]

Brother, I left the fort at Tuscarawas because it gave uneasiness to several of the Indian nations, which I pitied, and promised tp if save, i they would do what was right before God, and I still intend to do it. But I have said they must do what is right, and they must send some of their great men to me to remain as hostages until they have complied with their terms. If this is not done all words will be considered as wind. And though I love peace, and could wish to save the lives of my countrymen of this island, I In not afraid of war.

[Four strings of black wampum..]

Brother, I will now tell you what I conceive to be right, and I will leave it to the world to judge of it : I think the nation you mention, and wish me to receive into friendship, ought to send hostages to me, as I said before, until they have killed and taken from the English and their allies, as they have killed and taken from the Americans, and return whatever they have stolen from their brothers, together with their flesh and blood, and on every occasion join us against our enemies. Upon these terms, which are just, they and. their posterity may live in peace, and enjoy .their property without disturbance from their brethren of this island, so long as the sun shines or the waters run.

[A black belt—rows.]

Brother, I have now spoken from my heart. I am a warrior as well as a counsellor. My words are few, but what I say I will perform. And I must tell you that if the nations will not do justice, they will not be able, after the English are driven from this island, to enjoy peace and property.

[Four strings of black wampum.]

Brother, when I go to war I will take my choice of roads. If I meet my friends, I shall be glad to see them ; and if I meet my enemies, I shall be ready to fight them. Brother, you told me you had not yet spoken to the Shawanese. You likewise say that you had not yet let slip my mind, if so, why did you not speak to them? They have heard their grandfathers, the Delawares, and they have heard me. I sent them a good talk, but they threw it into the fire. Now, brother, I must tell you that I cannot now prevent the Shawanese being struck by Colonel Clark. I hear he has gone against them, and will strike them before I can send to call him back. But if the Shawanese do what is right, as I have told you, they shall enjoy peace and property. This belt confirms my word.

[A White and black belt, rows.]

Concereing these communications, Colonel Daniel Brodhead,commanding "W. D.," to Hon. Timothy Pickering, Esq., President of the Board of War, dated Pittsburgh, September 23d; 1779, says " I enclose you talks of the Delawares, Wyandots, and the Maquichees tribes of Shawnees : and I flatter myself that there is a great share of sincerity in their present professions. Since my last this frontier has enjoyed perfect tranquillity, but the new settlements at Kentucky have suffered greatly." It will be seen, therefore, that the Indians roamed at will over the region from Pittsburgh to Kentucky, and depredated the settlements in that State.

These stipulations, however, had to be enforced by not only an iron will on the part of the commanders of troops, but a self-sacrificing spirit on the part of the troops never before equaled, as will be seen by remembering that amid all the dangers and difficulties incident to war with the Indians, but the additional mortification of a depreciated currency, their finances were very low. " Continental money I I seemed of so doubtful a surety that it rapidly depreciated, and it behooved them to sustain it if possible. This difficulty was increased by the very effort to inspire confidence, by issuing large amounts that every claim might be at least nominally met ; and it will not be out of place at this time to present an extract -showing in a brief manner to what straits our patriot fathers were reduced. That man knows but little of the merits of the heroes and sages of the American Revolution who is disposed to sit iown contented with a mere knowledge of desperate battles, defeats and victories, bloodshed and death, occurring during that time. The orderly books and private correspondence of Washington and his fellow-soldiers illustrate that there was as much heroism and power of endurance shown in encountering vexatious details as in planning sieges and fighting battles. Nothin as. well ordered or arranged in the affairs of t e continent. The forms of State administrations were equally defective. In Pennsylvania this was eminently the case.

Among the measures of false policy to which the legislators of the Revolution very naturally resorted were those embargoes, commercial restrictions of all sorts, tender laws, and limitations of prices. The last were most habitually relied on, and were certainly, in their effect , most pernicious. It was a prevalent delusion, affecting alike Congress, the State Assemblies, and the mass of the people, that the only mode of appreciating the paper currency was to prescribe a strict limitation 'of prices, and in spite of its invincible worthlessness to force a given value on a depreciated and fast depreciating paper dollar.

In October, 1778, Washington wrote to one of his friends : Want of virtue is infinitely more to be dreaded than the whole force of Great Britain, assisted as they are by Hessian, Indian, and Negro allies; for certain I am that unless extortion, forestalling, and other practices whiCh have crept in and become exceeding prevalent and injurious to the common cause, can meet with proper checks, we must inevitably sink under such a load of accumulated oppression. To make and extort money in every shape that can be devised, and at the same time to deny its value, seems to have become a mere business

38 - HISTORY OF MUSKINGh COUNTY, OHIO.

and an epidemical disease, calling for the interposition of every good man and body of men." (Sparks' Washington, vol. 1, p. 91.)

" We are sorry to hear that some persons are so slightly informed of their own interests as to suppose that it is advantageous to them to sell the produce of their farms at, enormous prices, when a little reflection might convince them that it is injurious to their interests and the general welfare. If they expect thereby to purchase imported goods cheaper, they will be egregiously disappointed ; for the merchants, who know they cannot obtain returns in gold, silver, or bills of exchange, but their vessels, if loaded at all, must be loaded with produce, will raise the price of what they have to sell in proportion to the price of what they, can to buy, and consequent- ly the landholder an purchase Atmore foreign goods for the same quantity of his produce than he could before." (Journals, 1779, p. 225.)

In this tone did Congress address a people highly inflamed. The progress of things was rapid and natural. On the next day (February 27,. 1777,) a large town meeting was held in the State House Yard, at which Daniel Roberdean presided. His speech on taking the chair was highly inflammatory, the burden of it being that monopolizers were grinding down the people by heavy taxes in the form of high prices ; that the disease of monopoly had its origin in Philadelphia ; that the only way to make money good was forcibly to reduce the prices of goods and provisions. The response to this appeal was the adoption of a series of resolutions asserting the right of the people to inquire into and punish abuses aside from the law ; a determination not to be eaten up by monopolizers and forestallers," demanding that all excess of price beyond that which was paid on the 1st of May last past should be taken off; and finally organizing two committees, one to inquire into certain alleged abuses, and the other a permanent one, whose duty it was to ascertain prices at certain past days, to which thereafter all dealings were to conform, The prices of the 1st of May were to be the prices till the 1st of July, after which they were to be reduced to the standard of the 1st of April. Not onl.), did every township and county in Pennsylvania organize its committee of prices, but neighboring and distant States followed in the train of mistaken policy. The following table was published by authority, June 26, 1779

PRICES OF THE FOLLOWING ARTICLES ON THE 1ST OF APRIL,

WHICH ARE TO CONTINUE FOR THE MONTH OF JULY.

By the advise of the Schuylers there was now (1757) on the Mohawk river a Superintendent of Indian Affairs, the importance of which charge began to be fully understood. He was regularly appointed and paid by the Government. This was the celebrated Sir William Johnson. He held the office so difficult both to define and execute. It might, be said that he was the tribune of the Five nations; their claims he asserted, their rights protected, and over their minds he possessed a greater sway than any, other individual had ever attained ; he was calculated to win and retain the affections of a brave people, possessing,. in common with themselves, many of those peculiarities of mind and manners that distinguished them from others. He was superintendent to the warriors of the upper and lower castle of the Iroquois Indians, and in the presence of Lt. Butler, of Rutherford's Company, Capt. Matthew Farral, Lt. John Butler, and Daniel and Clause, and Peter Wraxal, secretaries of Indian affair, and Wm. Printer and Jacob Glement, interpreters, addressed them as follows :

"My brethren of both castles of the Anics:—I wipe away all tears from your eyes and clear your throat, that you may hear and speak without constraint. I rejoice to see you, and salute you with all my heart.

[Gives a string of wampum.]

I desire to conform to what I demanded of you in a letter which I wrote to you from New York as soon as I returned from Virginia, wherein I prayed all your chiefs and warriors to wait my coming home, to hear news, and be informed of the orders which I have received from his excellency, General Braddock (the great warrior), whom the King, our common father, has sent to this country, with a great number of troops, of great, great guns, and other imple-

HISTORY OF MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO - 39

ments of war, to protect you as well as his subjects upon this continent, and defend you against all usurpations and insults of the French.

I have been to wait upon this great man, along with the Governors of Boston, New York, Pennsylvania and Maryland ; we had, also, there the Governor of Virginia, and another great man, wto, in this part of the world, commands all the men of war belonging to the King. In the great council many important affairs have been deliberated, among which the interest and safety of our brethren, the Six Nations, and their allies, were considered with great attention.

My brethren, the tree which you and the rest of the Six Nations have so often and earnestly desired that it should be replanted, is grown by such a mighty hand that its roots penetrate into the bottom of the earth, and its ranches are a refreshing shade to cover you and your allies ; as I am to acquaint you that, agreeable to the instructions which the King, your father, has given to General Braddock, I am nominated to be alone superintendent over all the affairs that shall concern you and your allies in this part of the world ; I invite you and your brethren, the Six United Nations, and your allies, to assemble under this tree, where you may freely open your hearts and heal your wounds, and at the same time I transport the shade of that fire which was in Albany, and rekindle the fire of council and friendship in this place ; I shall make it of such wood as shall produce the greatest light and greatest heat. I hope it will be serviceable and conformable to all those who shall come to light their pipes at it ; and that the sparkling and flaming coals thereof will burn all those who are or shall be its enemies. I hope that you and all your brethren would be glad to increase the lustre and splendor of this fire, in minding and keeping it always up, applying yourselves to.it with that diligence and zeal as may derive a blessing from it, not only upon you, but upon all your posterity. To obtain and ascertain that salutary end, it is absolutely necessary that you extinguish all the fires. kindled by means of deceit and fraud and not natural, which light, but to deceive and destroy you and yours.

[A belt.]

My brethren, by this belt of wampum, I cleanse the council chamber, to the end that there be nothing offensive therein, and I hope that you will take care that no evil spirits creep in among us, that nothing may interrupt our harmony.

[Gives a string of wampum.]

My brethren, I am concerned to see, at my return, that many of the two villages desire to go to Canada. I should be much surprised that you, who have been our most faithful friends and nearest neighbors, would, upon any occasion, show your desire to be deceived by the wicked artifices of the French, who are so well known, and of whom you have had such fatal" experience, especially when that restless and perfidious nation breaks the most solemn treaties and violates all the obligations of honor and justice ; this would be the most surprising thing in the world. Burn hope that what I have been told upon that subject has no foundation. I desire and insist that none of you, upon any pretense whatsoever, have any correspondence with the French, nor receive any of their emisaries, nor go to Canada without my knowledge and approbation.

[Upon this condition I give you a belt.]

I intend immediately to call your other brethren of the Six Nations to this present fire. I hope that you'll come here along with them. I shall deliver a speech of his excellency, General Braddock, accompanied with presents for you, which the Great King, your father, has sent by that warrior.-

After some moments of consultation between them, Abraham, one of the chiefs of the upper village, got up and spoke thus for the two

" My brother, you have called us to let us know the tidings you have brought with you, and we have understood all that you have said ; we defer until jhe Six Nations are all assembled here to give an exact account of all affairs.

[Gives a string of wampum.]

My brother, we thank you for being so willing to wipe the tears from our eves and to cleanse our throats and this floor. We do as much with this string of wampum.

[Gives a string of wampum.].

My brother, to comply with your request we have met together, and with great attention heard all you have said ; we thank you for your kind information ; we are charmed to see you again. once more, and greet you with this string of wampum.

[They give it.]

My brother, we have often represented to our father, the great King that the tree advanced ; we are very glad that our father has complied with our demand, and thank him for it most sincerely ; we have had the greatest satisfaction to have all that you have said concerning that tree, we sincerely wish that it may continue such as you describe in your speech, and we are very sensible of all you said upon the subject.

My brother, you have told us that the tree which shaded us is now replanted here ; you made it the shade of Albany, and you have rekindled here the fire of prudence and friendship, which must be made of good, everlasting wood, so that it shall be always clear, and give comfortable and salutary heat to all that will approach it as friendir, whilst it shall burn and inflame against' its enemies ; our first fathers had kindled this fire first at Onontague and carried the small coals of it to rekindle another at the habitation of Quider (Indian for Albany). The fire never burnt clear and was almost extinguished ; we are very well satisfied to hear that you have rekindled it.

My brother, you have invited us all and our brethren, the Six United Nations and their allies, to come and sit under that tree you spoke of, there to light our pipes at the fire of prudence, and that we and they should endeavor to preserve it we don't doubt but that they would be

40 - HISTORY OF MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO.

glad to see it, but we must delay until all the nations be assembled here in a body for to answer that article of your speech.

My brother, we thank you for having cleansed this council chamber and for removing all that might be offensive therein, you may assure yourself, that we will do all that we can to answer Your intention and avoid all that might tend to trouble or disturb our mutual harmdny.

My brother, you have told us that yco have been informed that some of us were going to the French, and you put us in mind of their conduct towards our ancestors, whom we remember very well, for their bones are false and deceitful ; they have given us very fine words and their letters were sweet, but their hearts were full of poison for us ; you know our affairs, my brother, as well As we, and the rest of the Six Nations are jealous of us, because we used the hatchet last against the French. Shall we now be accounted false and deceitful? no, vou may be assured, that we will not go to Canada upon any request Qf the French, because we are not so much in their friendship; also, my brother, do not believe all the reports that may be brought to you upon that subject.

My brother, we thank you at once fOr all you have told us ; we have already said that it was necessary the Six Nations were assembled here give a positive answer ; we thank you for the invitation you gave us to come here with the rest of our brethren ; we will not fail to meet them here."

The Chief Mohawk (Anies) of the upper village having requested to have a conference with Colonel Johnson, in the presence of the Secretary of Indian Affairs and the two interpreters, Abraham spoke in the name of the Chief, and said :

My brother, when you were at New York you told us that our chiefs and warriors should rest on their mats, and wait until your return, which we have done ; and why should we not, seeing we have at all times appeared ready to oblige you? And we are the more, since you tell us that you are a tree planted in order to put us under your shade, and we don't doubt but that our brethren of the other five Nations are all disposed to obey you.

My brother, it is very true that we have been always obedient and obliging to you, and seeing you told us that you would have us rest in the cabin, our young men being ready to go hunting, being detained by your orders, have nothing to subsist on, they have begged our chiefs to represent their condition to you ; they want everything, not having been a hunting, and to pray you to give them some powder and shot, to kill some game for their subsistence, as it will be some time before the arrival of the other five Nations, and all of us receive the presents sent us by the King, our father ; whilst we wait, we pray you to give us what is surely necessary for us.

My brother, as we fore' e the hard seasons are approaching, we renew the prayers to you we often made to the safety of our wives and children ; we hope you will actually execute."

COLONEL JOHNSON'S ANSWER.

“BRETHREN—I am perfectly convinced of your good disposition for me and of your complaisance at all times to listen to my words, and to do what I demand of you ; it is that which has engaged me to take your affairs in my consideration ; the fresh proofs you give me of your friendship and regard toward me, will enable me to serve your interests more effectually and to my satisfaction. I am sensible I have done you great hurt, as also to your young men, for detaining them at the time upon their mats, wherefore I readily grant you what you require of me, and will give you powder and bullets.

Before I left New York I represented before your brother, the Governor, the necessity of building a safe retreat for your families, and I have the pleasure to acquaint you that he bath given me full power, to do it, and the workmen shall go about it as soon as possible."

[Signed.] JOHNSON.

May 17.

These speeches are from Craig's Olden Time, pages 244-5-6 and 7—the year is not given. This apparently peaceful disposition of things is followed up by a course not in harmony with it; instance, a letter written by Sir William Johnson to different Governors concerning the plan of the expedition against the fort at Crown Point, which is as follows :

NEW YORK, May 5th, 1755.

"As I am nominated the Commander-in-Chief of the Colonies' forces, with regard to the expedition proposed against Crown Point, I think it my duty to endeavor all I can to remove the obstacles that might come in the way of the present service, and prevent everything that might not tend to the success of this undertaking. As a train of artillery is so essentially necessary that nothing can be done without it, and the Eastern Colonies are to provide it, I don't doubt of your doing all in your power to hasten things on that head, that our march may not be delaye41, and that we may not tarry longer at Albany than is necessary, which might confirm the enemy in the suspicion of an attack, if he should unfortunately have knowledge of it. I much fear I shall want proper persons to manage the train of artillery, wherefore, if you have in your. province any persons capable of being an engineer or bombardier, or any other fit person to manage a train of artillery, I desire you would engage them into the service according to the knowledge you may have of their capacity. You must know, also, we want a great number of boats for transporting the troops, besides those that are necessary for the train of artillery, ammunition, and baggage. Every batteau must carry five men. We have already those which this Government was to provide for us. As I imagine the other Colonies are to get those batteaus (which they are to furnish) built either

J. R. LARZELERE, M. D.

DR. J. R. LARZELERE, the second son of Joseph and Harriett Larzelere, was born September 16th, 1826, in the town of Bristol, Bucks county, Pennsylvania a beautiful little city on the shore of the historic Delaware river, twenty miles above Philadelphia. His parents came to Muskingum county about 1829, and settled in Springfield township, five miles west of the then town of Zanesville, where the family continued to live for ten years, when his father purchased and removed his family to what was then known as the Bernard Van Horn farm. About 1854 Joseph Larzelere bought and again removed his family to the old Esquire Whipple farm, where he died in the fall of 1877.

When eighteen years old the subject of this sketch decided to abandon agricultural pursuits and become a follower of Esculapius. After four years of study he graduated at the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1852, and soon after located in Adelphi, Ross county, Ohio, where he remained two years in the practice of medicine, when he removed to the village of Putnam (now the Ninth ward in Zanesville).

The Doctor married Eliza A., daughter of Bernard Wortman, October 17th, 1854. This union was blessed with four children, Edward D., Charles M., Ella E., and Joseph B. January 30th, 1868, he married Annie E. Palmer, daughter of J. T. and R. Palmer, of Putnam, and Edna Dascum, Charles T. and Gordon P. have been added to the family. And now, after a successful career in the practice of medicine for thirty years, the Doctor and his happy family have the pleasure of contrasting the struggles of "ye pioneer" in days lon'g gone by, with the friendships and comforts with which they are surrounded.

HISTORY OF MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO - 41

here or in the Jerseys, I look upon it as a thing impossible to build a sufficient number- in time unless they send us workmen to help us."

 I am, etc., WILLIAM JOHNSON.

"I, the subscriber, one of the Superior Council of Quebec, do certify that I have translated, etc.,

NUMBER XVI,

A proclamation directed by order of Charles Lawrence, Esq., Governor of Acadia, to the French inhabitants of the neighborhood of e isthmus and the banks of the river St. John :

BY THE KING.

By order of his Excellency Charles Lawrence, Esquire, Lieutenant Governor, and Commander-in-Chief of the province of Nova Scotia, or Acadia, etc. :

A PROCLAMATION.

To the inhabitants and others, the natives of Chignecto, Bay Vert, Thitamar, Chziboudie, River St. John and their dependencies, and to all others who have not as yet submitted 13-rmselves :— Forasmuch as the greatest part of the inhabitants of the places aforesaid and others have not as vet submitted themselves to the King of Great 'Britain [This is remarkable, how it came to pass that ever since the treaty of Utrecht it never entered into their minds to require this submission.] but on the contrary have behaved themselves in a manner contrary to all order and loyalty with regard to their own sovereign ;

These are, therefore, to order them to repair immediately to my camp to submit themselves, bringing with them all their arms, muskets, sword pistols, and every other instrument of war ; in disobedience whereof they shall be treated as rebels.

Given at our camp of Chignecto this 13th day of may, 1755."

[Signed] ROBERT MONCKTON.

A collection of papers tending to vindicate the conduct of the Court of France, in answer to the observations sent by English Ministry to the several courts of

Part II, No. 1 (Craig s en Time), p. 251 - A memorial delivered by the Duke de Mirepoix to Sir Thomas Robinson, January 15th, 1755, which is as follows:

" As an immediate prevention of the consequences which may arise from the unexpected difference in the several colonies of North America and the hostilities which attended them is a matter of the utmost importance, the King proposes to his Britannic Majesty that, previous to an inquiry into the foundation and n.;,r-qmstances of this dispute, positive orders should be sent to our respective governors to forbid their engaging from henceforth in any new enterprise, or committing any acts of violence ; on the contrary, to enjoin them without delay to establish matters in the same situation with respect to the territory of Ohio, or La Belle Riviere, in which they were, or ought to have been, before the last war ; and that the respective pretensions should be amicably submitted to the commission appointed at Paris, to the end that the differences between the two courts may be terminated by a speedy reconciliation.

The King is likewise desirous, in order to remove every uneasy impression, and to make his subjects perfectly happy in the enjoyment of the inestimable blessings of peace, that his Britannic Majesty would be open and explicit with regard to the cause and destination of the armament last raised in England.

The King has too great confidence in the uprightness of his Britannic Majesty's intentions not to expect that he will give his free and ready concurrence to propositions so conducive to the public tranquillity and a good harmony between our two courts."

[Signed]. DUKE DE MIREPOIX.

Number 2.—The answer to the foregoing memorial, delivered by order of the English Court to the Duke de Mirepoix, January 22d, 1755, is as follows :

" The King has beheld with concern the unexpected difference in North America, and the hostilities with which they have been accompanied. His Majesty is equally desirous, with the Most Christian King, to put an end to them, demanding nothing but what is founded on treaties and is agreeable to the just rights and possessions of his crown and the protection of his subjects in that part of the world.

The King is of opinion that the proposal communicated by his excellency, the Duke de Mirepoix, is not express as to that matter ; nevertheless, to manifest his desire of maintaining the most perfect peace, union and harmony with his most Christian Majesty, and to the end that matters may be re-established on an equitable footing, his Majesty proposes that the possession of the country along the river Ohio, or Belle Riviere, should be restored to the same condition as it was in at the conclusion of the treaty of Utrecht, and according to the stipulations made in the same treaty, as it has been renewed by that of Aix-la-Chapelle ; and, moreover, that the other possessions in North America be restored to the same condition in which they were at the conclusion of the said treaty of Utrecht, and agreeable to the cessions and stipulations madg by that treaty. And then his Majesty will be able to treat of the method of instructing the respective Governors, to restrain them from engaging henceforward in any new enterprises, or committing any hostilities ; and the pretension, on both sides, may then be submitted to be speedily and finally discussed and amicably adjusted between the two courts.

Such are the sentiments of his Majesty ; the defense of his lights and possessions, and the protection of his subjects, have been his sole motives For sending an armament into North America, which he professes to have done without an intention to injure any power that exists, or to engage in anything that has a tendency to violate

42 - HISTORY OF MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO.

the general peace. To be convinced of this, the nature and extent of that armament need only to be considered, and the King_does not doubt that his Most Christian Majesty, according to the well known uprightness of his intentions, will be as open and explicit, with respect to his great naval preparations at Brest and Toulon."

[Signed.] T. ROBINSON.

Numbers three and four are of similar tenor, with the exception that article two, in number four, declares :

“The subjects of their most Christain and Britanic Majesties shall evacuate the country between the river Ohio and the mountains which biind Virginia, and shall severally retire, viz : The French beyond the said river Ohio, and the English on this side the mountains, so that all the territories which lies between the said river and mountains shall be looked upon as neutral during the continuance of the present convention ; and all grants, if any there be, which have been made by either of the two nations on said territory, shall be considered as null and void."

And article four, which reads :

" Agreeable to the ninth article of the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, all things shall be restored to the same condition in North America, in which they were or ought to have been, since the treaty of Utrecht ; in consequence of which all forts, which have been built by either nation since that era, shall be destroyed, as well upon the said territory of Ohio, as in every other part of North America which is in dispute between the two nations."

Number five is of a similar character to those cited, with an enumeration of propositions from each side, without arriving at a settlement.

In number seven the French diplomate, M. Rouille, to the Duke de Mirepoix, the 27th of March, 1755, sums up the matter by saying that "the King will make no scruple Of communicating to the King of England duplicates of the orders and instructions which his Majesty shall

a send to his Government and commanders, if his Majesty will on his part act with the same candor and contideerce towards the King. What we propose in this respect is so consistent with all the rules of equity an moderation that we do not conceive it will or n be rejected, if the

desire of peace is as real a sincere at London as it is at Versailles."

Number 7.—Answer delivered by the Court of London to the Duke de Mirepoix, the 5th of April, 1755. The summing up of this is expressed in these lines : " The Court of London finds the same difficulties in this oposal which presented themselves at the begin long of the negotiation, and cannot think it by any means favorable to reconciliation."

Numbers 8, 9, 10 and 11 are remarkable chiefly for diplomatic dodging and bantering on the part of the two Kings.

Number 12.—Memorial of the Duke de Mirepoix to the the Ministry of London, May 14th, 1755 .

The differences between the Courts of France and England, concerning America, have four objects in view : 1st, The limits of Acadia ; 2d, The limits of Canada ; 3d, The course and territory of Ohio ; 4th, The islands of St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Dominica, and Tobago. We pass on to the 3d article, "Concerning the course and territory of Ohio."

It is evident and incontestable from the principles of justice, mutual convenience and security, as well as from titles and records, that the Ohio ought to be a part of the possessions of France. The English have not any settlements on that river ; and when the British Ministry asserted that the heads of that river were full of ancient settlements of their nation, they too readily gave credit to false relations. The French have ever looked upon that river as belonging to Canada, and it is essentially necessary to them for the communication of Canada with Louisiana. They have frequented it at all times, and with forces. It was also by that river that the detachment of troops passed, who were sent to Louisiana about the year 1739, on account of the war with the Chickasaws.

If there had been any English settlements on the river at that time, or if it had been a part of the British Colonies, would the French have been permitted to go down the river's whole length, or would not the Court of London at least made some complaints ? But then there was as vet no talk of the new pretensions, which have since risen without proof, title, or any sort of foundation. It is true, that within these late years some English traders passed the mountains of Virginia, and ventured to carry on a fur trade with the Indians on the Ohio. The French Governors

of Canada contented themselves at first with acquainting them that they were within the territory of France, and enjoined them not to return, that they were within the territory of France, and enjoined them not to return there, under penalty of having their effects seized and being made prisoners. The traders, however, returned, their goods were confiscated and sold, and they were personally arrested, taken to Clitebec, and from thence to France, where they were thrown into prison at Rochelle. No reclaim or complaint was made by the Court of London ; they were looked upon as contraband traders, whom their avarice had exposed to the hazards of an illicit commerce.

After having thus firmly established the right and possession of the French on the river and tep4tory of the Ohio, it ought to be, considered as a very convincing proof of their love of peace, that they are most ready and willing to stipulate that all territory between the Ohio and the mountains which bound Virginia shall remain neutral, and that all the commerce in, or passage through the same, shall be prohibited as well to the French as the English. There were four points brought in question in memorial number xiii : The limits of Acadia, the limits of Canada, the course and territory of the Ohio, and the islands St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Dominica and Tabago.

HISTORY OF MUSKINGUM COUNTY, OHIO - 43

The third, the territory of Ohio, is the only one demanding our attention, and reads as follows :

“Notwithstanding all that is advanced upon this article, the Court of Great. Britain cannot admit that France has the least title to the river Ohio and the territory in question ; even that of possession, neither can nor ought to be alleged on this point, since France cannot pretend to have had any before the treaty of Aix la Chapelle, nor since, unless it be some forts unjustly erected in the last place, upon lands which evidently belong to the Five Nations, or which they have transferred to the Crown of Great Britain, or its subjects, which may be proved from treaties and the most authentic acts.

"The title which France seems most to insist upon, is the use made of this for communication between Canada and Louisiana, but, in fact, they have never made any use of it, unless it was occasionally or secretly, and, as perhaps might have happened in so vast a region, in such a manner as not to be taken notice"-of, which, however, cannot give them the least shadow of right.

"The rivers Miami and Oubache only have been used for some years, as a communication between Canada and Louisiana ; not that Great Britain can admit that France has any right to these rivers, much less still to a passage, so near as they are to the river Ohio. As to the use they made of this last river:, on account of the war with the Chickasaws, the allies and friends of Great Britain did not even make a formal complaint of it ; it will not follow that violence committed at a certain nice and critical conjuncture, should serve as a foundation for new encroachments. This is much the same with the rash and inconsiderate measures taken by a Governor of a remote colony, who prohibited the English from passing the mountains of Virginia, under penalty of having their goods seized and being made prisoners. The ,manner in which the Court of Great Britain complains of such like proceedings has been sufficiently manifested, in the memorial, although this was never delivered to the Court of France, as reported by the late Earl of Albemarle as being delivered March 7th, 1752. What the Court of Great Britain asserts and in-, sists upon, is that the five Iroquois nations, ac- knowledged by France to be the subjects of Great Britain, are either originally, or by right of conquest, the lawful proprietors of the territory of Ohio in question. And as that part of the territory, which those people have ceded and. transferred to the British nation, (which must be acknowledged to be the most lawful and equitable manner of acquiring it), they claim it as their property, which they have not ceased to cultivate twenty years and more, and upon several parts of which they have formed settlements from the very sources of Ohio, as far as Pickhac-Villains, which is the center of the territory between Ohio and Oubache. But, notwithstanding these facts are so clear and evident, the Court of Great Britain, for the sake of peace, and the preservation of a good understanding between the two Courts, have proposed, in order to prevent all future disputes, to leave that tract of land in those parts neutral and uncultivated, which has already been declared to the Court of France, and Great Britain is ready to adjust and limit the precig̊ extent of it, by an amicable negotiation.

[Signed.] "T. ROBINSON.'

Statutes of Ohio (S. P. Chase), vol. I, " Preliminary Sketch," p. 15, reads as follows :

"In May, 1785, soon after the ratification of the treaty concluded at Fort McIntosh, with the

Wyandots, Delawares, Chippewas and Ottawas, the United States acquired the title to all lands lying east, west and south of a line drawn from the mouth of the Cuyahoga, up that river to the Tuscarawas portage, and to the Tuscarawas above Port Lawrence ; thence to Loramies ; thence with the river to Lake Erie. The territory thus ceded included about three-fourths of the State of Ohio."

The United States, therefore, by treaty, having acquired the ownership to so much of the State of Ohio, her citizens began to go to and possess the land, and defend their right thereto ; and the fortunes of war closed the scene, as between the Colonies and Great Britain, in favor of American sovereignty.