PAST AND PRESENT OF MUSKINGUM COUNTY - 163 CHAPTER XVII PIONEER INDUSTRIES, COMPRISING THE HANDICRAFTS AND INDUSTRIES OF THE EARLY PERIOD OF THE CITY OF ZANESVILLE. INITIAL INDUSTRIES. It is not contemplated, nor is it possible or practicable. to enumerate the inception and development of each industrial and commercial enterprise which has been conducted in the city. Lack of authentic records, space and interest to the reader preclude such statistical compilations, and only a brief summary will be presented of the pioneers of the more essential and important handicrafts and occupations. Muskingum county began its corporate existence March 1804, and the most reliable sources of information at command show that the following industries were practiced in the town during the ensuing fall : Blacksmiths. Jacob Funk arrived in 1802, and established himself at the northeast corner of Main and Court alley, and in 1804 was succeeded by Solomon (Groves: Christian Spangler came in 1803. and located at the northeast corner of Main and Third streets. Brick. In 1802 James Herron, at the head of street, and Brazilla Rice, at the head of Marietta street, were engaged in manufacturing brick. and the latter followed the trade of bricklayer. Butcher. In 1803 Paul Hahn and Martin Luther Loud Slag-or killed a beef weekly until 1806, and peddled the meat around the town. Carpenters. Lewis and Smith were employed by IN IcIntire in May, i8oi, but they do not appear to have remained, and Allen McLain, in 1804, was the first settler. Chair-makers. Samuel Parker and William Launder, Englishmen, reached Zanesville November 27, 1804, and purchased a lot at Main and 164 - PAST AND PRESENT OF MUSKINGUM COUNTY. Seventh streets, where they built a log house and manufactured split and rush bottomed chairs. Clerk of the court. Abel Lewis. Coal. Frederick Betz arrived during 1804. and brought the first coal to Zanesville, with two horses and two oxen hitched together, wood having previously been the only fuel. Ferrymen. William Culloch, at the foot of Main street. Gunsmith. Elijah Ross carne during 1804, and located at Second street and Locust alley : he was drafted in 1812, but detailed to remain at home and repaired anus for the troops ; in 1816 he removed to West Zanesville, lint returned in 1823. and resided in South Sixth street. and later in Main street, near Seventh. Hatters. In 1803 David and dames Herron built a large log cabin in Mud Hollow, and made the first felt hats in the town ; they quarreled, and the legal controversy which ensued was maintained for several years, rivaling, in local annals. the celebrated case of Jarndice vs. Jarndice. and terminated in David wasting all his property. Hotels, or Taverns. In 1799 John A McIntire erected a large log cabin at Second and Market streets, and in the same year John Green built a story and a half double log cabin at the head of Alain and opposite Silliman street : other hotels were : William Raynolds, at the southwest corner of Main and Seventh streets John Cordery, at the northwest corner of Main and Sixth streets : in 1803 Robert 'Taylor opened a hotel in a large, hewed log house, at the southwest corner of Main mid Sixth streets, which was known as the Rising Sun, and in 1808 was changed to the Red Lion, by Pratt, and in 1816 to the General Washington, by Flood ; in 1800 David Harvey built a two-story log hotel at the southwest corner of Main and Third streets, and bought a right of way for a road to the lower ferry this diagonal lane was known as Harvey’s Bridle Path, and its course may still be seen in the private alley opening upon the north side of South street, immediately west of Third in 1804 Paul Hahn built a double cabin of one and one-half stories, at fourth and Canal streets. Lawyers. Wyllys Silliman, at southwest corner of Main and First streets, and Lewis Cass. Masons. In 1799 McIntire had a mason. named David Beam. to erect a chimney at his cabin, but he does not appear to have become a resident, and in 1800 Ebenezer Buckingham arrived. Merchants. The first store was opened in 1801, at the northwest corner of Main and Third streets. lo John and Increase Mathews : their account book, still extant, was opened March 31, and the prices of numerous articles are stated. Flannel, 57c : pins, per paper. 37c : imported sugar. 25c: muslin 70c to 85c : gingham. $1.58 : loaf sugar, 70c: green tea. $1.21 : calico, $1.21 fine muslin, $l.03 : nails. 25c: stockings, $1.66: this firm moved to Putnam and the first resident merchant was Jeffrey Price, who arrived in 1802, and opened a store at southwest corner of First street and Fountain alley, and in 1803 Monroe a Convers were at Main and First streets. Surveyor. William Wells, northeast corner of First street and Fountain alley. A practical illustration of the difference between individual and corporate industry is furnished in the upbuilding of every pioneer settlement : each settler came with the expectation of improving, his condition by personal effort, there were no corporations, and the largest aggregation of capital was the combined small savings of two or three men in partnership, each of whom worked for the common good. There could have been no settlement of the country without such personal incentive and effort each man was master of his own little enterprise, and while some were stronger in resources and credit than others, that the opportunity for success was vastly superior than under combination conditions. The business enterprises of the early settlement succeeding those numerated when the county began were: bakery. in 1807 Airs. Samuel Parker, Mrs. Christian Spangler and Mrs. Dr. Hillier baked bread and cakes, in dutch ovens, for home consumption and sale to travelers passing through; bread was a fip (6 1/4 cents) per loaf, and cakes ranged as high as a bit (25 cents). In the following year, L. Hannan opened a bake shop at the southwest corner of Seventh and Center streets. Bookbinding was inaugurated by J. S. Skinner and Company, in 1816, but in the follow year the business was sold to A. S. Pennington and Company, and by them reconveyed to the original proprietors in the succeeding year. The Muskingum Messenger established a bindery, which was sold to E. T. Cox and Company, May 22, 1822. Brewery. The name of the first brewer has been lost, but he began business at northwest corner of Fifth and South streets, and in 1807 sold to George Painter, who sold to Jacob Young in 1811, and the business was discontinued in 1815. In 1808 Spencer Lahew opened a brewery, but the site is unknown: November, 1813, William Marshall started in the business on the site of the present power house, which was sold in 1815 to Barton and McGowan, and changed into a distillery. In 1816 Joseph Lattimore erected a brewery, which passed to Ballentine and Company in 1829, who conducted it six years and converted it into a grist mill. Several similar ventures were made, but each pnwed unremunerative, possibly because the stronger beverage was so cheap and more adapted to the frontier palate. The first brewery that nourished was established by Chris- PAST AND PRESENT OF MUSKINGUM COUNTY - 165 tian F. Achauer, in 1843, at the head of Main street, and now operated by the Linser Brewing Company. Brick. Those used in the construction of the court house of 1809, were burned by John Lee, near Underwood street, and 1810 James S. Parkinson was extensively engaged in this industry on a farm two miles southeast of the city, in the Marietta road. Butchers. When Michael Sockman arrived, in 1805, he opened a meat shop at the northeast corner of Fifth and South streets, his slaughter house being in the rear upon Mud Hollow, whose waters carried away the offal ; later he had a shop in Court alley, where the Stolzenbach bakery is now erected. Carpenters. During 1805 John Van Home, William Craig, and Thomas Moorehead arrived ; in 1806, Daniel McLain, John A. Cochran and Samuel Chapman, and in 1808, Gilbert Blue and Joseph Hockney. Carpet weavers. In 1812 carpet weaving was done in a room on Fourth street, and in 1818 James Covington, engaged in the business west of town. Chairs. John Arter arrived in 1806 and manufactured hard bottom chairs and spinning wheels : the latter were of the greatest value, as each housewife was obliged to spin, and female education was incomplete without such knowledge. Flax was sown and sheep were reared for the raw material; ready made clothing was unknown, and swains wagered upon the skill of their sweethearts. Arter’s skill was, therefore, in great demand and his orders multiplied rapidly ; people came from long distances and waited their turn for spinning wheels as they did at grist mills. In 1807-8 he erected a dwelling on the west side of Third street, nor of Fountain alley, which was removed within few years, in which was preached the firs Lutheran sermon delivered in Zanesville. Coal. James McGuire came in 1805 and moved to a farm in the Marietta road, one mile from town, where he opened the second coal bank. Distillery, In addition to the converted brewery of Barton and McGowan, in 1815 Valentine Best, Joseph Sheets and John Sidell paid taxes as distillers, but the location of the plant is not given. Edged tools. In 1818 John Mackey opened a shop for manufacture of augurs, etc., near Market and Third streets, and in the ensuing year William McCurdy manufactured hoes, augers and similar tools at Fifth street and Fountain alley. Engines. In 1830 John D. Dare and Elias Ebert built the first steam engine at Zanesville ; in 1832 Dare, Whitaker and Company were in the business and continued until 1837, when Ebert and Whitaker withdrew and erected new shops at Main and Sixth streets, which were operated until 1840, when Ebert and Mark Lowdan built on south Fifth street. They went into bankruptcy with others in 1857, and the plant passed to Griffith and Wedge in 1858. Express. A pony express was inaugurated by the postoffice department, in 1836, for important mail and light parcels, the time between Columbus and Zanesville being five hours ; in 1846 an express business was established by stage lines between Zanesville and Wheeling and July, 1854, the Adams Express Company acquired the business. The first exclusive express company was the American, which opened an office April 1, 1852, with A. C. Ross, as agent ; for many years the Adams had no competitor but the B. & O. contended for a share after 1880. Files. Henry Rockwell established a file cutting in 1854, and continued the business, on the north side of Main street, near Eighth, until his decease some thirty years later. Foundry. In 1819 Thomas L. Pierce established a foundry at Locust and Beach alleys, which was purchased in 1827 by Richmond and Bostwick ; in 1832 John A. Adams and Benjamin Wheeler succeeded to the business and moved it, in 1839, to the site of the present Third street foundry ; in 1848 the firm became Gilbert and Wheeler, and in 1863 Sullivan and Herdman became owners ; in 1866 Charles H. Jones joined the firm, and in 1871 Charles H. Abbott came in and the business was conducted by Jones and Abbott until 1903, when Jones became sole proprietor. In 1826 William Blocksom and John T. Fracker erected a foundry in Fountain alley, between Seventh and Underwood streets, from which Fracker withdrew in 1833. and George Wand, A. P. Blocksom and Henry Blanch came in, and the firm became Blocksom, Blancly and Company. The furnace and forge at Dillon's Falls, were leased until 1835, and in 1838 a new partnership was formed under the old name and operations continued until 1840, when Blanch withdrew. For a number of years the plant was idle, and January I, 1866, William H. Shinnick, Daniel Hatton, George D. Gibbons and W. J. Woodside as Shinnick, Hatton and Company, took possession and enlarged the works ; in 1870 the name was changed to Shinnick, Woodside and Gibbons, and later incorporated as The Shinnick, Woodside and Gibbons Company, and as the Union foundry the business was continued until 1902, when the plant was closed. In 1839 John T. Fracker and Son opened a small foundry at the southwest corner of Sixth street and Locust alley, for small castings, which was conducted tinder several names until 187o. Furnace. In 1848 Newell, Davis, James and Company, with a capital of $20,000.00, erected a 166 - PAST AND PRESENT OF MUSKINGUM COUNTY. furnace, and the enterprise passed through various stages of financial difficulty until July 3, 1857, when The Ohio Iron Company was incorporated, with a capital of $75,000.00, with Henry Blandy, president ; C. W. Potwin, secretary ; Samuel Baird, treasurer ; E. B. Greene and E. E. Fillmore, directors, took over the property. In 1859 The Zanesville Furnace Company was organized to manufacture pig iron and in 1862 was absorbed by the Ohio Iron Company. This enterprise was very prosperous for many years, but changes in management and lack of changes in operation to keep pace with improvements in the methods of production, caused retrogression, and it was frequently closed in recent years ; a portion of the plant was sold at commissioners' sale in 1904, and the remainder is not in operation. Glass. The White Glass Works were incorporated, by the General Assembly, May 13, 1815, with a capital stock of $5o,000.00, and a plant was erected at the southwest corner of Market and Third streets, with Samuel Sullivan, president, and John Hamm, secretary, the blow pipes being made by Elijah Ross. The plant was successively operated by Thomas Mark, Rev. Joseph Shepherd, Charles Bostwick and James Crosby until 1839, when it was closed. In 1842 six practical glass men purchased the plant, but each withdrew as he could until, in 1848, only one remained and he abandoned the business. In 1816 James Taylor, Peter Mills, James Hampson and Alexander Culbertson built a green window glass and bottle works on a hill a short distance south of Slago run, which was operated until 1823, when Culbertson, who had managed the plant, died. In 1852 W. C. Cassel and William Galigher built a flint glass house at the foot of Main street, and in 1860 George W. Kearns, Noah Kearns, and Joseph Burns, leased and later purchased the works. In 1863 a new plant was built adjacent to the old, at the mouth of the canal, and the old one was used as a warehouse, and upon the death of Burns his heirs withdrew. In 1864 the Kearns built a window glass works at the southwest corner of Main and First streets, and both plants were operated until 1868, when James Herdman and Joseph T. Gorsuch came in and in 1874 W. T. Gray became a member of the firm ; in 1877 G. W. Kearns withdrew and erected the bottle works in the "Seventh ward." In 1872 a plant was built in First street which was destroyed by fire March 2, 1902, and when the McIntire homestead was purchased, in January, 1887, the original plant in First street, which had been a pot furnace, was enlarged and changed to a tank. In 1891-2 the window glass plant passed to a syndicate and after periods of intermittent operation for a couple of years, the plant was abandoned and the site improved, the wholesale grocery house of Baker Brothers occupying a portion of the ground. In 1904 a warehouse was built north of the plant in First street, which is regarded as fire proof. Hats. James Culbertson, in 1805, may wool hats and fur caps at the southwest corner of Market and Fifth streets, and produced the first silk hat in the town. In 1811 Richard Galigher had a shop at the southwest corner of Fifth street and Locust alley, and opened a store on the site of the present Galigher’s hat store ; he was succeeded by his sons, as Galigher Brothers, and late by John Galigher, and the present firm is John Galigher's Sons. The original building was razed when the Central Block was built, and this sterling house is the oldest in continuous business in the city, having existed ninety-four years a occupied the same site, and with but one change of building. In 1817 Walter McKinney had a hat store at old No. 171 Main street ; in 1820 James Dutro sold hats and furs in an old frame at No. 202 Main street, and in the same year Mathew Ferguson was in business, and in 1827 J. B, Allen also sold hats. Hotels. In 1806 Isaac Van Home erected a two-story frame at the northeast corner Fifth and Main streets, which was opened by Benoni Peirce ; shortly after it was kept by James Reeve and called the Western Star, and afterwards the Wickham, and further reference is made under the caption, "Zane House." In 1808 a frame hotel was erected on the Clarendon site, and kept by Robert Taylor, as the Orange Tree, and later was called the Green Tree; in 1817 it was operated by J. S. Dugan, and called Dugan's Hotel ; in 1842-3 Dr. Hamm build a three-story brick hotel, on the site which was kept by Joseph Stacy, as Stacy's Hotel, and the name was successively changed to Winslow, McIntire and Mills houses, and in 1878 was rebuilt as the present four-story, brick Clarendon, which has been maintained as the peer of any hostelry in the state. A hotel was opened at the southwest corner of Main and Fourth street, by Wickham, and so called, and in 1823 Samuel Frazey built what is now known as the Kirk House, in Fourth street, north of Market. Jeweler. In 1809 Richard and George Reeve sold jewelry and made grandfather's clocks on the site of Third street foundry, and about 1815 moved to Main street ; in the same year Francis Cleveland and John Bliss were in the business in Main street, opposite the court house; Charles or "Master" Hill, as he was called, was in their employ, and he was afterwards in business with A. C. Ross, and they engraved many of the copper plates from which the "shinplast” were printed, an art in which they were superior workmen. PAST AND PRESENT OF MUSKINGUM COUNTY - 167 Livery. In 1818 James M. Prescott and Company kept a livery barn and sales stable in the rear of the Zanesville Coffee House. Machinists. In 1829-30 Jeremiah Dare engaged in the manufacture of castings and machinery, at the northeast corner of Market and Third streets, which in later years developed into the once prominent shop of Duval and Company; a machine shop was opened in the third story of the woolen factory and mechanics were brought from the east who constructed machinery for a cotton factory, on the same site. Dare and Company operated the mill until 1832, when the lower story was turned into a machine shop for cotton and wool mill machinery, and the manufactured cotton yarn and batting were sold at the wareroom at the northwest corner of Main and Third streets. Marble Works. In 1812 and prior thereto, Rev. Joseph Sheperd made tomb-stones, during the week, in Fifth street, near Market. and preached on Sundays. There was no marble in the market, and the sandstone and sometimes limestone was used. In 1847 S. G. McBride bought the business and introduced marble, and continued the business at the north end of Third street bridge, for many years. Masons, In 1805 Samuel Goff and Jacob Houck arrived and were at once actively employed. Matches. In the early days fires were started with a flint and steel, and when the sun was shining, with a sun glass: the first matches were a piece of tape about six inches in length, with one end coated with combustible material, which ignited by drawing it through sand paper : these were put up in boxes, and later wood was substituted for tape, and being more convenient, the tape disappeared. Matches were not only scarce but very expensive, as the article was an importation. In 1833 Dr. W. G. Thompson, a graduate of Jefferson College, Philadelphia, and Israel Hoge, father of John Hoge, arrived at Zanesville with a new stock of drugs and medicines ; among the goods were a few boxes of Blackwell's matches, of London, the composition of which Dr. Thompson enthusiastically declared he would discover. John D. Caldwell, the veteran Cincinnatian, was then a clerk in the store and for a couple of weeks was employed in experimenting, under the doctor’s direction, until an explosion was secured in the mortar. The manufacture of friction matches was then begun by hand, in Market street, about a score of girls being engaged in dipping; the process was extremely crude, and a few simple mechanical devices were contrived to facilitate the work ; the matches were put up in boxes of 100, which retailed for twenty-five cents, and almost from the beginning the product was sent to New York, which appears to sustain the claim that the first friction matches made in the United States were of Zanesville manufacture. The engraved plate from which the label was printed is extant and reads : Improved Lucifer Matches, which instantly ignite on being briskly drawn through sand paper, and warranted to keep perfect. Manufactured and sold, wholesale and retail at Thompson & Hoge's Drug and Chemical Warehouse, Zanesville, Ohio. Matches were manufactured at Zanesville, at the corner of Market and Third streets, as late as about 1876. Mills, Cotton. During December, 1846, subscriptions to an aggregate of $21,000.00 were made for the erection of a cotton mill, and the Zanesville Cotton Mill was constructed, with John A. Adams, president D. H. Lyman, secretary ; Richard Huff, general superintendent, which was reorganized in 1855. In 1854 William Galigher built a large cotton mill at the southwest corner of Zane and Underwood streets, and made sheeting, batting and yarn until his death, February 17, 1860, when the machinery was sold to the Zanesville Cotton Mill, and the building remained unoccupied until opened by Mathews as a paper mill. Mills, Grist. During the fall of 1799 John and George Mathews built the first floating mill in the country and anchored it at a point of rocks then in the river on the west side near the Third street bridge, where the current was swift. The mill was placed on a flat boat and a canoe, fastened at a distance from the side, supported the end of the shaft upon which the wheel revolved, the water passing between the boats. The mill was liberally patronized by the settlers throughout the valley, and customers came for miles around to have their corn ground. During a sudden rise in the river, in June. 1800, the anchors broke, and the mill floated to Duncan's Falls, and eight men were required to return it. The device was not satisfactory, as in 1803-4 John Mathews erected the first grist mill in the neighborhood at the falls of Moxahala, or Jonathan's Creek. In 1818-19 James Granger built a three-story mill fifty by eighty feet, at what is now the head of the canal ; it contained two run of stones, and had a daily capacity of one hundred barrels ; in 1822 an addition, thirty by ninety-nine feet, was made and grain was bought for cash, and constituted the only market in southeastern Ohio ; August 9, 1829, the mill burned, and was not rebuilt. In 1825 George and Richard Reeve built a three-story mill, south of Main street, at the east end of the Y bridge, fitted with six run of stones, which they operated until 1830, when Richard 168 - PAST AND PRESENT OF MUSKINGUM COUNTY withdrew and was succeeded by his nephew. George, Jr., who was unsuccessful after several years' trial, and in 1848 a mortgage on the property was foreclosed, and the mill was idle until July, 1851, when William Sturges, James McConnell and Charles Illandy, as McConnell and Mandy, purchased the plant for 818,000.00, remodeled and increased the capacity to four hundred barrels per day, and in 1855 sold to William GaUgher for $21,000.00. At his death, in 186o, it was operated by Charles Galigher, who was unsuccessful and creditors took possession. As the property was in arrears for water rent the hoard of Public \Vorks seized it and leased it to hall and Cassidy for thirty years, and they transferred the franchise to Paul H. Kaemmerer about 1870 ; the plant is now the property of the Muskingum Coffin Company. In 1828 Cushing, Martin and Pierce built a mill on the north side of Main street, at the east end of the Y bridge, and in 1843 sold a half interest to W. C. Cassel, who built a brick addition, 1852-3, about which time the entire interest passed to him in 1873 his widow operated the property until 1875, when it was leased to Pickering, Grant and Company, who managed it until November r, 1881, when Mrs. Cassel resumed control, with George H. Stewart, as business manager, and Captain Charles Grant, as superintendent the site is now occupied by the power house of the Zanesville Railway, Light and Power Company. The Ballentine and Clark brewery, built in 1817 converted into a grist mill in 1835, and operated as such for about two years, stood idle until 1842: William Beaumont then leased it for one year. and in 1845 it was converted into a white lead works, and destroyed by fire in 1853. Mills, Saw. John lcintire was the first to harness the water power at Zanesville : some of the land east of the river bank was low, and during high water much of it ran around the rapids. In 1806 he built a race from about the P). & O. bridge to below the C. & F. V. bridge : the head of the race was a short distance above the middle falls, and was protected by a wooden abutment. well braced with heavy logs interlaced and filled with stone and gravel : the logs were bound by heavy iron spikes, and iron gates protected the canal during high water. The race Was about thirty feet wide along its course, but wider at the mill site, where a dam held the water at about the level above the falls : the sides of the race were protected against washings by long poles planted at an angle of forty-five degrees, reinforced by longitudinal poles at the top and middle, and all fastened securely and closely together. The saw mill was located at about the site of Garyls furniture factory, and was operated by an overshot wheel. but so much sand was carried into the race that it had to be frequently shoveled out and the operation became so expensive that the enterprise was abandoned. The island formed by the race was a popular resort for young people in the evenings, and among housewives during the daytime; water was difficult to procure at home for the family washings, and in the morning of the regular wash day boys carried tubs and clothes to the island and in the afternoon returned them to the homes ; neighboring families were accustomed to wash at the same time and a sort of weekly picnic held, the kettles being left on premises. In 1830 Nash & Company operated a steam sawmill at the north end of Third street which passed to the control of Hughes & Spruck until torn down, and in 1832 Jesse Dare and Alfred Printz erected a two-story sawmill north of Nash & Company-, which was in operation until 1838. Nails. John Hough was engaged in their manufacture at the foot of Main street in 1814 and in 1819 R. and G. Reeve were likewise employed in Main street near Sixth, and later at the east end of the Y bridge, where water power THE OLD GRANGER MILL was obtained: they used a crude machine for cutting the iron but the heading was done by hand and on account of the expense the business was abandoned 1825-6. Painters. -Wesley Alwine, in 1828, and Daniel McCarty in 1853, are recorded. Paper. In 1828 Ezekiel T. Cox and Simeon Wright, who were operating a sawmill, began the manufacture of paper at the north end of Seventh street, and for many years it was a leading industry of the city : in 1830 Wright sold his interests to James L. Cox, and the firm of E. T. & J. L. Cox continued until May 1, 1836, when the mill burned. A brick structure was immediately built, the firm being Horatio J. and Jonas L. PAGE 169 - CASSEL FLOURING MILL PAGE 170 - BLANK PAST AND PRESENT OF MUSKINGUM COUNTY - 171 Cox and they continued the business twenty years. When the telegraph was introduced telegrams were received upon a narrow strip of paper, in the code of signa1s, and the operator copied the strip ; the paper was cut by hand and his mill invented a method of preparing the paper by machinery which not only produced a more even reel but enabled them to undersell their competitors, and they had a monopoly of this trade, their product being shipped to European as well as American cities. About 1857 the property was assigned to David Hull, when George Rishtine, Charles Hubbell, Thomas Hubbell and William Nutt, as George Rishtine and Company, began the operation of the plant. The two last named retired within a year and the others continued until April 1,1859, when Hubbell sold to J. M. Leonard, and soon after the property was conveyed to Mrs. E. M. Cox : in 1860 she sold a half interest to John Gilbert and the firm of Cox and Gilbert operated until November 1, 1868, when Jacob Glessner, John Gilbert and Terry became owners; soon after Glessner and Gilbert were sole owners and continued the business until the manufacture ceased. The idle cotton mill property, at the southwest corner of Zane and Underwood streets, was purchased by EdwardMathews and George Rishtine in 1865 and converted into a paper mill : the first product was coarse wrapping paper, but the quality soon developed into printing and manilla: the firm dissolved in 1876,- and Mr. Mathews continued the business until paper making proved unprofitable at Zanesville, and the plant was converted into an artificial ice plant. Plasterer. In 1808 Samuel Lindsay in 1804 was employed to plaster the bar room at Harvey's Tavern, which was the first work of the kind done in the town. Pottery. In 1808 Samuel Sullivan manufactured rough crockery in the form of plates, cups and saucers: in 1840 Bernard Howsen, John Hallam. G. W. Wheaton, and two others, were in business in south Seventh street, near the canal, and continued until the plant passed to Fischer and Lansing and became the initial plant of the American Encaustic Tiling Company. In 1849 George Pyatt produced Rockingham and yellow stoneware. Rope. In 1811 James Kellar manufactured rope for the neighborhood; in 1818, A. P. Westbrook, next door to Dugan's hotel ; in 1832, Abbottand Crane, on the river bank between First and Second streets ; in 1833 Abraham Arter, on the north side of Main street, and street and Beach alley, continued the business until 1876; in 1835, George L. Shinnick and John R. Howard, at the northwest corner of Main and Second streets, where they remained until 1838, when Shinnick moved to Howard street, between Fifth and Sixth streets. Saddler. In 1805 Samuel Frazey was engaged in the business in Mud Hollow, and in 18o8 built a two-story brick, twenty by forty-five feet, in Sixth street, south of South. Salt. In 1817 James Hampson made salt at the mouth of Mill Run until 1826 ; in 1818 Thomas Pierce and G. A. Hall sunk a well on the saw mill race, south end of Second street, and built a bath house over the well, with a saloon attached, but the enterprise was abandoned ; in 1819 Alexander Culbertson, at the lower locks, and in 1823, N. C. Findlay, below Blue's tan yard, were similarly employed ; many persons invested in the business, but none seem to have been remunerated. Shoemakers. The first sons of St. Crispin were two Irishmen, _____ Smith, who appeared in 1800, and John Cain, in 1801 ; there were no shops for the sale or repair of shoos, and the cobblers went from house to house with their kits and lasts in a wallet, and boarded with the family they were serving, a system which was called whipping the cat. Each member of a family was limited to one pair per year and a neat fit was neither anticipated nor secured. In 1807 Joseph Church came, and in 1808 opened the first store ; in 18o8 Solomon Deffenbaugh and Timothy Gaylord, and 1810 David Anson, made the quartette who controlled the business until 1816. In 1814 they signed an agreement about prices, the first record of a combination of labor that has been discovered in the town : their figures were : top Cossack boots, $14.00 ; plain Cossack boots, $12.00 ; Welling-ton boots. $8.00 ; half soling. $4.87 ; ladies' laced boots, $4.50 : ladiessi broad, $3.00 ; in 1816 four additions were made to the craft and in 1817 fourteen more are recorded. Soap. In 181 i Daniel Prouty began soap-making on the river bank, between Fifth and Sixth streets, and in 1815 N. and C. Wilson succeeded him and continued until 1847, when Hiram Rogers and Dr. A. H. Brown purchased the business. In 1848 Theodore Conyers bought Rogers' interest. and in the following year secured Brownls and continued until 1853, when he conveyed the business to William Schultz for $7,000.00. In 1866 his son, Robert D., and his nephew, John Hoge, succeeded to the manufacture, as the firm of Schultz and Company, and made Zanesville famous as a soap manufacturing city ; in 1903 the plant, which had grown to immense proportion at Seventh and Marietta streets, was sold to the Proctor and Gamble Company at Cincinnati. In 1815 Eber Merriam began the manufacture of soap at the foot of Market street. In 1818 a stock company was formed by Merriam, George Abbott, Ephraim Abbott and Nathaniel Wilson, as the Muskingum Manufacturing Company, and 172 - PAST AND PRESENT OF MUSKINGUM COUNTY. moved to the foot of Fifth street. In 1835 David Hahn was with N. and C. Wilson, but in 1863 began the business on personal account. Smiths. John Dulty, as a tin and coppersmith was engaged in business in 1809. Tannery. Moses Moorehead and Joseph Robertson, in 1806, established a tannery at the head of Main street, and in 1814 Moorehead bought the business, and April 24, 1832, sold to Thomas Moorehead ; it was continued by various parties until 1866, when it was abandoned, and the land sold as building lots. In 1809 James Culbertson started a tannery at the northeast corner of Fifth and Market streets, which was continued until 1834-5, when the machinery was disposed of and the land sold for building purposes. In 183o Dos- ter and Darlinton established the largest tannery in eastern Ohio, near the junction of the National and Wheeling roads ; it contained one hundred vats, and was operated until 1844, when it was closed, and the ground sold for building purposes ; in 1830 Gilbert Blue opened a tannery on the Marietta road, which was operated until 1876 ; in 1844 N. G. and Charles Abbott, near the Muskingum river, made a specialty of tanning sheep skins ; sheep were bought and slaughtered, the hams cured for the eastern market, and the remainder of the carcass rendered into tallow for candles ; the business was discontinued in 1849. Tobacco. The first tobacconist was J. L. Cochran, in 1817, whose store was at the northwest corner of Main street and Sewer alley, then called Mud Hollow, where cigars and chewing and smoking tobacco were manufactured ; Daniel Christ came shortly after and located at the southwest corner of Market and Fourth streets. It is related that Christ and Rev. L. Scheid were warm personal friends, and occasionally took sprees together ; during one of these drinking bouts, in 1827-8, a discussion developed into a dispute which their friends cultivated into a quarrel, and the remarks exchanged were of a character which it was unanimously agreed could be atoned for only as was customary among gentlemen. The disputants were readily persuaded to meet on the field of honor, and the "crowd" at Galigher's hat store was active in arranging the preparations. William Galigher was chosen referee, and James Culbertson and Neville Thompson seconds ; the formidable horse pistol of the period was the weapon, the third story of the hat store the place and the time "at once." The principals became serious as the gravity of the preparations dawned upon them, and that one or both might be removed as a corpse, but neither flinched as they had been convinced by their respective friends that any other course than the one pursued would be dishonorable and cowardly. The distance of twenty paces was measured, the length of the room ; the weapons were loaded with powder and wads, and handed to the principals who were placed at the proper distance apart with their backs toward each other. The parson knelt and made an eloquent prayer ; the directions were given that at the signal each was to turn and fire, "One," "Two" and "Fire" were slowly and solemnly called ; Christ was anxious to get the first shot, and in his nervous condition fired his weapon as he turned and was at the mercy of his antagonist, who magnanimously fired at the ceiling; the affair ended to the satisfaction of all, friendship of the principals was restored as their friends were active in asserting that each had proven himself a man of nerve whose friendship it was an honor to possess. Wagons. William Schultz came from Winchester, Virginia, in 1832, and opened a wagon works in which the coaches for the Ohio Stage Company were made. Woolen A small building owned by J. R. Thomas at the lower end of Main street was fitted as a woolen mill and operated by Jeremiah Dare, who took his son, Jesse, into the business in 1822 ; in April, 1838, Thomas J., another son, purchased a half interest and eventually owned the whole ; in November, 1840„ the mill and contents were totally destroyed by fire. A mill was immediately rebuilt at the head of the canal, between it and the river and north of where the B & O. R. R. track now runs, where with new and improved machinery a prosperous business was begun in April, 1841, and continued for many years: January 22, 1865, Thomas J. Dare died and the mill was operated by Jeremiah Z., Thomas J., Jr. and Lewis Dare until December, 1878, when it was permanently closed. Undertakers. Early burials in Zanesville were made in bark, peeled from trees, lined with leaves and dried grass, and bound with withes or cord; the first ready made coffins were sold by James Cherry, at Putnam. For many years pall-bearers were active and not merely honorary attendants at funerals, and bodies were carried from the residence to the cemetery on a bier, and it is related that the procession was required to stop at times to rest the bearers, especially when the hill graveyard was used. The first hearse in the town was a plain, black, covered wagon, without lining or trimmings, and owned by John P. Stevens and Henry Mussellman. The first regular undertaker was Louis Brenholtz, who began business in 1837, and placed m service an ornamental hearse manufactured by William Schultz. In 1869, Jonathan Hatcher and Sons began the manufacture of coffins in the building on the canal bank, now occupied by the Zanesville Furniture Company; this was the first factory of the kind in the city and in 1879 was incorporated as the Zanesville Coffin Company, but went out of business.