Clark, Elizabeth Close, Hazel Cochran, Agnes Combs, Hilda Colvin, Marie Conn, Della Cook, Gertrude Cook, Laura Coupe, Hannah Craven, Mattie Crawford, Hannah Cray, Clara. Dague, Florence K. Dailey, Elizabeth Dailey, Cora Daniels, Gertrude Davis, Ethel Davis, Margaret Davidson, Emma Dellenberger, Mabel Dey, Grace Dice, Cora Diehl, Thelma Doolittle, Martha Downing, Freida Eckriman, Rachel Elgin, Sue B. Ellery, Florence E Eskew, Rose Evans, M. Ella Evans, Martha Evans, Mary Evans, Nettie Feuhring, Gertrude Figard, Minnie Folsom, Mila Forwood, Ethel Fox, Blanche Gandee, Maude Givens, Pearl Gleitsmann, Wilhelmina Goodwin, Alice Gordon, Thelma Graffins, Elva Greenlese, Anna Gregg, Margaret Griffiths, Vinnie Groff, Rosa Gustavel, Anna Marie	Hensel, Frieda Hertzberger, Edith Hildebrand, Nena Hoch, Pearl Hoffman, Ethel Hoffmaster, Florence Holloway, Edna Holloway, Florelda Hood, Ethel Hooper, Ida Hotchkiss, Jessie Housel, Nancy Howes. Mabel Huguelet, Ida Huguelet, Pearl Hull, Minnie E. Humphrey, Grace Hunsicker, Mary Jackson, Cora Jackson, Lettie Jenkins, Emma Johnson, Grace Keeley, Minnie Kepler, Lottie Kerhoff, Mary Kewlerg, Elizabeth King, Alice King. Lucile Kirkup, Jessie Kirn, May Kitt. Winifred Kittinger. Donna Kneale, Margaret Knight, Alice Knowles, Chrissie Kronk, Anna LaDue, Clara LaDue, Tina Laskaris. Elizabeth Lassen, Blanche Laudenslager, Elva Lee, Adele Legge, Anna Legge, Garnet Leitz, Clara Lemman, Lula Link, Meta Loeber, Matilda Loeber, Mildred	Mills, Florence Moore, Vera Morse, Carrie Morse, Mildred Mouck, Mayme Monsdell, Grace Mower, Henrietta Myers, Catherine Myers, Jennie Mayles, Erna C. Miller, Donna McConkey, Floris McCormick, Frances McCrory, Letitia McGuiley, Madge McKitrick, Frances McNally, Alta McTammany, Lucretia Neal, Edith Nelson, Lillian Nelson, Lillis Neuman, Eva Newmyer, Daisy Nye, Ida Osmond, Margaret Ozley, Lillian Palmer, Annie Pattie, Helen Peach, Sarah Pero, Ella Pfahl, Hattie Pfahl, Jennie Pockrandt, Kathryn Pollock, Minnie Poole, Beulah Price, Abbie Price, Nellie Ranck, Laura Rankin, Mattie Reed, Elizabeth Reed, Helen Renner, Maud Renner, Sarah Replogle, Carrie Rians, Elizabeth Ribelin, Esther Richards, Bertha Richards, Fanny Richards, Susan
Guthrie, Elizabeth Guthrie, Flora Haberkost, Edna Hamilton, Nellie L. Hammel, Jenethene Hall, Laura Harris, Celia Harris, Nellie Hart, Emma Hartong, Anna Haupt, Nellie Heitzman, Olive Henreiks, Anna	Long, Augusta Lorenz, Edith Lotz, Anna Lowrey, Anna Lucas, Hattie Luthe, Frances Madison, Louise Manchester, Nina Manderbach, Mary Markle, May Mason, Effie Mattison, Della Miller, Anna K.	Richardson, Della M. Richardson, Ethel Ritter, Alta Robinette, Minnie Rockwell, Mary Roure, Sadie Royer, Jennie Ruegsegger, Lottie Schlegel, Jennie Schweikert, Freida Seabrook, Alice Seeley, Lottie Severns, Elva
252 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY
Shaw, Myrtle Shoemaker, May Shook, Helen Slocum, Anna Smith, Ann Smith, Wave Snider, Louella Snyder, Lenore Snyder, Nettie Sours, Olga Stahl, Ida Stahl, Mary Staley, Sarah Stauffer, Lillian Stetler, Maude Strobel, Fannie Suloff, Belle Sweeney, Alta Sweeney, Elsie Schwerdtfeger, Myra Shaffer, Anna Shook, Edith Spanton, Lillian	Teter, Florence Tham, Mabel Tham, Cornelia Thomas, Ruth Townsend, Charlotte Triplett, Bertha Trombly, Grace Truscott, Katherine Tuck, Della Twynham, Grace Twynham, Addie Uplinger, Lillian Vance, Adelaide Vial, Lulu Wagner, Luella Wagner, Nina Waldron, Jane Walkup, Lydia Walkup, Myrtle Waldsmith, Gertrude Warden, Bessie Warden, Minnie	Washer, Agnes Weachter, Minnetta Weaver, Marina Wellman, Eva Werner, Lucretia Weyrick, Mattie Whigam, Etta Widdersheim, Lillian Willems, Olive Willets, Muriel Willis, Jane Wilson, Myrtle Witherstay, Ella Worster, Anna Wright, Florence M. Wurts, Harriet Yeager, Norma Yeager, Vera Zeigler, Gladys Zesiger, Anna Zimmerman, Cora Zimmerman, Minnie

Meetings are held the first and third Tuesdays of the month, at the Burns Club. Purpose of the organization is social and charitable. DAUGHTERS OF ISABELLA Officers Regent, Mrs. R. J. Cahill Vice Regent, Mrs. S. C. Asher Chaplain, Mrs. Marie Rohner Custodian, Mrs. J. S. Hudson Monitor, Mrs. A. H. Keller Treasurer, Miss Mary McGowan Cor. Secy., Miss Katherine Nagel Recording Secy., Mrs. A. Moore Membership 700. Meetings are held second and fourth Mondays of each month at K. of C. Hall. CLASS FIDELITY WEST CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH Officers President, Mrs. J. K. Richardson Vice Pres., Mrs. Paul Crosier Sec. and Treas., Mrs. H. E. Waldsmith Asst. Sec. and Treas., Mrs. W. S. Koplin Membership 36. Members Frank, Miss Elta Frank, Mrs. Clarence Galehouse, Mrs. G. W. Heintz, Mrs. A. Henegan, Mrs. Olive Koplin, Mrs. W. S. Lytle, Mrs. 0. E. McCurdy, Mrs. E. J. Myers, Mrs. E. E. Neutzenholzer, Mrs. E. A. Oldham, Mrs. E. W. Pettitt, Mrs. L. M. Richardson, Mrs. J. K. Stark, Mrs. Mary Ufford, Mrs. C. P. Waldsmith, Mrs. H. E. Wilson, Mrs. Maggie Wadhams, Miss Ella Wagner, Mrs. J. T. Weber, Mrs. L. R. Wellock, Mrs. H. T. Welker, Mrs. D. B. Wilkins, Mrs. Alice Wilson, Mrs. Geo. Williams, Mrs. S. Wells, Mrs. L. D. Welton, Mrs. F. E. Walter, Mrs. Susie Wyant, Mrs. J. T. Wheeler, Mrs. J. F. Wilson, Mrs. S. R. Williams, Mrs. J. Yerrick, Mrs. O. Young, Mrs. F. J. Young, Mrs. H. C. Young, Mrs. M. D. Zscheck, Mrs. Lydia AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 253 Class socials are held the third Friday of the month at the church. Business meetings first Tuesday of the month. DAUGHTERS OF 1812 Portage Trail Chapter, N. S. U. S. Officers Regent, Mrs. W. T. (Bessie Voris) Sawyer Vice Regent, Mrs. L. B. Farris Secretary, Mrs. Stephen Gladwin Treasurer—Mrs. L. D. Ewing Registrar, Mrs. Ed. G. Chamberlain Chaplain, Miss Desdemona DeHaven Historian, Miss Gladys E. Chamberlain Membership 25. Members Caine, Mabel Artman (Mrs. Lewis 0. Z.) Caswall, Miss Henrietta Jane Chamberlain, Estella Reese (Mrs. Ed. G.) Chamberlain, Miss Georgia Edwina Chamberlain, Miss Gladys Estella Chapin, Mrs. Frank DeHaven, Miss Desdemona Diefenbach, Josephine C. (Mrs. Howard B.) Evans, Grace R. Sisler (Mrs. Wm. H. Sr.) Ewing, Ida Proctor (Mrs. Lewis Daniel) Farris, Blanche Allyn (Mrs. Lewis Brooker) Gilcrest, Hannah Brittain (Mrs. Thomas J.) Gladwin, Gertrude Allyn (Mrs. Stephen Cooper) Hagenbaugh, Cora Caswall (Mrs. George) Harrington, Cora Brittain (Mrs, David Henry) Johnson, Katharine Baird (Mrs. Allen Chalfant) Jones, Julia Allyn (Mrs. Horace) Moser, Cornelia Allyn (Mrs. Elmer Elsworth) Newbauer, Sarah Brittain (Mrs. J. Herman) Sawyer, Bessie Voris (Mrs. William Thomas) Sisler, Miss Elizabeth Spessard, Adella Sawyer (Mrs. Theodore) Spessard, Miss Theodora Stevens, Lucy Sawyer (Mrs. Perry Howard) Wise, Mary P. Bulger (Mrs. Chas. H.) Days meetings are held—Third Wednesday of every month for luncheon—business meeting—social hour. Purposes of organization—Patriotic, Historical, Educational, Philanthropic, Social: LOUISE SEWING CIRCLE President, Mrs. Sadie Gill Vice Pres., Faith Robinette Secretary, Mrs. Mabel Berry Treasurer, Mrs. Mae Wasley Membership 57. Members Acker, Edith Billman, Emma Berry, Mabel Berry, Louise Blackie, Clara Begert, Grace Ingham, Elizabeth James, Helen Jenks, Anna Kimball, Ruth Bower, Emma Blackshire, Cora Brubaker, Pearl Brown, Mamie Beck, Eva Billow, Mary Bell, Florence Cole, Lita Dayhuff, Lena Davis, Lulu Denaple, Mary Doak, Bessie Eberhard, Kathryn Fouse, Mary Fraise, Dot Gill, Sadie Greenwalt, Anna Harris, Celia Harris, Iva Hosfield, Caroline Holton, Margaret Kellogg, Mae Miller, Martha Melton, Velma Moeller, Mollie McGiffen, Pearl Newcomb, Marie Osman, Lena Pollock, Carrie 254 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY Buckel, Ida Robinette, Faith Severns, Elizabeth Stowe, Belle Slitters, Effie Smith, Elsie Stabb, Amanda Scheck, Jennie Sullivan, Marie Semler, Ethel Willets, Muriel Yohey, Tillie Wasley, Mae Steffie, Edith Louise Sewing Circle was organized four years ago with 17 charter members, and at the present we have 57 members. Our object is to promote sociability and to help one another, also to do any charity work that we are able. LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS Officers President, Mrs. T. M. Holloway 1st Vice Pres., Mrs. Vivian Conner 2nd Vice Pres., Mrs. Harry Long Cor. Secretary, Mrs. R. M. Williams Rec. Secretary, Mrs. Wave Smith Treasurer, Mrs. Bertha Sider Meetings are held last Thursday of each month. The League of Women Voters, National, State, Local, is an organization for a women of all parties. Its object is to educate women in government and politics. I believes in intelligent citizenship, law enforcement, wise legislation. It gives unbiase information on parties, candidates, measures. CLASS ANNA—HIGH STREET CHURCH OF CHRIST Officers President, Mrs. J. B. Carnahan 1st Vice Pres., H. E. Boyer 2nd Vice Pres., Mrs. H. D. Teeple Secretary, Mrs. W. T. Naugle Asst. Sec., Mrs. J. T. Wheeler Treasurer, Mrs. George Wraver Asst. Treas., Mrs. E. G. Hoel Ch. of Social Calls, Mrs. Mary Allen Asst. Ch. of Social Calls, Mrs. Agnes Frankenpohl Ch. of Sick Calls, Mrs. Alice Squires Ch. of Shut-in Calls, Mrs. Roy Shaw Numbers, Mrs. R. E. Cuckler Asst. Numbers, Mrs. Margaret Mozena Flowers, Miss Virginia Samuels Welcome, Mrs. H. N. Morris Devotional, Mrs. Samuel Dutt Social, Mrs. H. E. Boyer Welfare, Mrs. Kate Jones Publicity, Mrs. J. F. Wheeler Program, Mrs. Yerrick Federation, Mrs. Chas. Allen Membership 300. Members

Allen, Mrs. Chas. Arnold, Mrs. Nellie Arthur, Mrs. J. H. Allen, Mrs. N. W. Adamson, Mrs. A. Ansley, Mrs. Lillian Andrews, Mrs. Lizzie Ater, Mrs. P. J. Arnold, Mrs. Carrie Arthur, Mrs. J. W. Alford, Mrs. Herman Allison, Mrs. Harvey Allman, Mrs. Geo. Arnold, Mrs. Louise Andrews, Mrs. E. N. Atwood, Mrs. L. Beatty, Mrs. Rose Brady, Mrs. Blanche Brocker, Mrs. Anna BeSaw, Mrs. Cynthia	Booth, Mrs. Wm. Boyd, Mrs. Wm. M. Baldwin, Mrs. N. W. Black, Mrs. Ida Boyer, Mrs. H. E. Berkeimeir, Mrs. Ella Brunkhart, Miss Mary Bertram, Mrs. R. A. Bender, Miss Alice Book, Mrs. W. W. Barron, Miss Joe Butler, Mrs. Chas. Bitner, Mrs. F. C. Barnett, Mrs. Hattie Brewer, Mrs. Nettie Britton, Mrs. H. Bowsher, Mrs. Rose Ball, Mrs. Davie Best, Mrs. E. H. Broxon, Mrs. J. E.	Chambers, Mrs. Joyce Clouser, Mrs. J. R. Casper, Mrs. M. E. Cuthbert, Mrs. John Camp, Mrs. J. N. Chamberlain, Mrs. Ida Carnahan, Mrs. J. B. Cuckler, Mrs. R. E. Crum, Mrs. C. W. Chance, Mrs. Eva Clark, Mrs. Mable Carmichael, Mrs. R Coughlan, Mrs. C. C. Curry, Mrs. H. E. Cameron, Mrs. Manda Clinton, Mrs. Geo. Cullison, Mrs. Aden Clements, Mrs. Emma Cooper, Mrs. Chas. Cook, Mrs. B.
AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 255
Deickman, Mrs. Geo. Duoso, Mrs. Peter Dunn, Mrs. Wm. Decell, Mrs. Hattie Dickson, Mrs. Emma Daily, Mrs. Stella Dutt, Mrs. Samuel Demicone, Mrs. Mable Dillworth, Mrs. C. W. Dornbrack, Mrs. M. Durst, Mrs. Truman DeWitt, Mrs. Martha. Dreisbach, Mrs. E. Davis, Mrs. Edna Dearth, Mrs. O. P. Dill, Mrs. Barbara Day, Mrs. Geo. Eckley, Mrs. L. W. Evans, Mrs. J. G. Evans, Mrs. Grace Evans, Mrs. Ella Ellis, Mrs. G. H. France, Mrs. Clyde Fasnacht, Mrs. J. Filby, Mrs. Helen Frank, Mrs. J. A. Fifer, Mrs. Laura Forsythe, Mrs. Blanche Frankenpohl, Mrs. Agnes Fritz, Mrs. A. W. Grant, Mrs. Robert Gable, Mrs. R. A. Graham, Mrs. Fred Goudy, Mrs. R. R. Griffith, Mrs. Thomas Goudy, Mrs. Della Gemind, Mrs. Sarah Gardner, Mrs. Minnie Green, Mrs. May Grubb, Mrs. H. M. Griffith, Mrs. L. W. Hicks, Mrs. R. W. Hoskin, Mrs. E. J. Harris, Mrs. Frank Houston, Mrs. A. E. Horn, Mrs. Cora Hall, Mrs. Perry Hall, Mrs. W. L. Hendricks, Mrs. A. J. Harter, Mrs. O. N.	Hall, Miss Clara Higgins, Mrs. Harriet Hartell, Mrs. L. Hinton, Mrs. Bertha Higgins, Mrs. Lilla Herald, Mrs. Ethel Ingersol, Mrs. Della Ingram, Mrs. E. Ingersol, Audrey Jones, Mrs. Margaret Johnson, Mrs. E. M. Jones, Mrs. J. A. Justus, Mrs. S. H. Jones, Mrs. Kate Jones, Mrs. Paul Jones, Mrs. John Keyser, Mrs. Inez Koontz, Mrs. A. A. Kepler, Mrs. I. Koser, Mrs. Anna Killinger, Mrs. A. A. Kryder, Mrs. J. H. Kleckner, Mrs. Anna Knight, Mrs. F. A. Koplin, Mrs. A. A. Keener, Mrs. C. W. Kenyon, Mrs. Carrie Laudenslager, Mrs. Emma Lutz, Mrs. Cora Love, Mrs. Viva Ling, Mrs. N. D. Lockard, Mrs. Ida Kline, Mrs. Lena Lacy, Mrs. John Levinson, Mrs. Mattie Lilliedale, Mrs. Docia Larson, Mrs. R. L. Leyh, Mrs. Gertrude Lanham, Mrs. E. J. Long, Mrs. Geo. Mozena, Mrs. Margaret Madison, Mrs. J. D. Madison, Mrs. Wm. J. Moore, Mrs. Chas. Myers, Mrs. Lottie Mong, Mrs. S. H. Morris, Mrs. H. N. Moore, Mrs. Frank McConnaughy, Mrs. D. Mallory, Mrs. Velma	Matthews, Mrs. Ella MacGranor McCracken, Mrs. M. McCune, Mrs. H. Morrison, Mrs. A. McCloughan, Mrs. Emma McKeever, Mrs. A. Newman, Mrs. F. Newbaur, Mrs. Sarah Numbers, Mrs. C. T. Nellis, Mrs. C. Naugle, Mrs. W. T. Ohlerich, Mrs. R. Oswald, Mrs. Geo. Osborn, Mrs. W. A. Parker, Mrs. F. W. Palmer, Mrs. Chas. Parker, Mrs. Emily Pisel, Mrs. C. T. Peffer, Mrs. Hazel Pryor, Miss Hannah Pangburn, Miss Jennie Patton, Mrs. John Pierson, Mrs. O. C. Pontius, Mrs. Harriet Price, Zelpha Peppard, Miss Lorena Potter, Mrs. Irene Raw, Mrs. Hattie Reed, Mrs. Laura Rooms, Mrs. T. Rubright, Mrs. A. Ryan, Mrs. J. H. Ryan, Mrs. A. P. Rexroad Rupp, Mrs. Chris Richardson, Mrs. M. Roberts, Mrs. T. F. Robinette, Mrs. Faith Russell, Mrs. E. L. Rouseh, Mrs. Geo. Roberts, Mrs. D. H. Ronk, Mrs. J. E. Roop, Mrs. D. W. Ritchey, Mrs. Rose Roberts, Mrs. Wm. Shelton, Mrs. D. Schreeve, Mrs. Horace Sanford, Mrs. C. D. Smittel, Mrs. C.
Hillman, Mrs. J. W. Hart, Mrs. D. M. Hudson, Mrs. M. F. Huguelet, Mrs. E. J. Harris, Mrs. Ora Hoertz, Mrs. J. M. Hull, Mrs. Etta Hunt, Mrs. Addie Hawkins, Mrs. A. E. Hosler, Mrs. A. Hoel, Mrs. E. G. Hull, Mrs. Minnie	Morrison, Mrs. Alice Marshall, Mrs. L. H. Mealy, Mrs. Edna Moody, Mrs. Stella Massie, Mrs. Mollie Marrock, Mrs. Mary Musson, Mrs. John Munson Mrs. Bessie Moreland, Mrs. Laura Mottinger, Mrs. E. J. McKee, Mrs. L. C. McClelland, M. C.	Samuels, Miss Virginia Schofe, Mrs. R. A. Shaw, Mrs. Roy Stebbins, Mrs. A. Strassler, Mrs. J. P. Singleton, Mrs. Roy Snyder, Mrs. Geo. Snyder, Mrs. Wm. Squires, Mrs. Alice Saterfield Shively, Mrs. E. O. Sooy, Mrs. Edith
256 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY
Stamm, Mrs. S. Stucker, Mrs. M. S. Swartz, Mrs. Geo. Surber, Miss Carrie Schofield, Mrs. Ellen Smith, Mrs. Viola Spanton, Mrs. Wm. Shattuck, Mrs. 0. Stanfield, Mrs. F. J. Staub, Mrs. J. W. Shaffer, Mrs. Ida Simms, Mrs. Clara Shorder, Mrs. J. F. Teeple, Mrs. John H. Teeple, Mrs. A. G. Teeple, Mrs. H. D. Teeple, Mrs. Anna Thomas, Mrs. S. F.	Tinkham, Mrs. Alaida Tinkham, Mrs. Mary Titus, Mrs. M. Tracy, Miss Viola Tuttle, Mrs. W. G. Thome, Mrs. C. F. Thomas, Miss Ellen Tait, Mrs. Freda Taylor, Mrs. M. E. Willard, Miss Elinor Willard, Mrs. J. M. Weaver, Mrs. Geo. Workman,, Mrs. Jesse Welker, Mrs. Mary Wilson, Mrs. Maggie Wadhams, Miss Ella Wagner, Mrs. J. T. Weber, Mrs. L. R.	Wellock, Mrs. H. T. Welker, Mrs. D. B. Wilkins, Mrs. Alice Wilson, Mrs. Geo. Williams, Mrs. S. Wells, Mrs. E. D. Welton, Mrs. F. E. Walter, Mrs. Susie Wyant, Mrs. J. T. Wheeler, Mrs. J. F. Wilson, Mrs. S. R. Williams, Mrs. J. Yerrick, Mrs. O. Young, Mrs. F. J. Young, Mrs. H. C. Young, Mrs. M. D. Zscheck, Mrs. Lydia

Class socials are held the third Friday of the month at the church. Business meetings first Tuesday of the month. In the past six months we have raised over $600, over half of it going to missionary work. LADIES AID SOCIETY FIRST METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH Officers President, Mrs. Carl O. Williams 1st Vice Pres., Mrs. Sherman S. Jackson 2nd Vice Pres., Mrs. Wilber V. Mallalieu Recording Sec., Mrs. A. D. Seawright Treas. and Cor. Sec., Mrs. Wm. M. Zellars Membership 150. Meetings held the last Friday of each month from September to June inclusive, in the church parlors. The purpose of the organization is philanthropic and social. To aid the various departments of church work with personal service or financial aid. NATIONAL COUNCIL OF JEWISH WOMEN—AKRON SECTION Officers Hon. President, Mrs. Louis Loeb President, Mrs. Joy Loeb 1st Vice Pres., Mrs. Harry 0. Polsky 2nd Vice Pres., Mrs. B. Mack 3rd Vice Pres., Mrs. Max Bear, Rec. Sec., Mrs. S. Bernard Beck Cor. Sec., Mrs. Harry Ferbstein Treas., Mrs. Max Freedman Asst. Treas., Mrs. Gilbert Wolin Directors, Mrs. A. L. Morgenroth Mrs. J. H. Wiener Mrs. M. Nobil Auditor, Mrs. Jeannette Meyer Membership 203. Members

Alexander, Mrs. D. Adler, Mrs. M. Arenson, Mrs. M. Arenson, Mrs. L. Attleson, Mrs. C. Artley, Mrs. John Alpern, Mrs. A. H. Abramson, Mrs. P. Aidman, Mrs. D.	Bernstein, Mrs. M. A. Birnbaum, Mrs. I. H. Bear, Mrs. Max Beckenstein, Mrs. M. Buxbaum, Mrs. A. Berk, Mrs. N. M. Belensky, Mrs. H. Berk, Mrs. B. Baumoel, Mrs. A.	Bear, Mrs. J. S. Borinstein, Mrs. L. C. Backer, Mrs. K. Beck, Mrs. J. Beyer, Mrs. H. Bear, Mrs. D. Benjamin, Mrs. A. Bear, Mrs. S. Barnett, Mrs. A.
AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 257
Bass, Mrs. L. Bryar, Mrs. M. H. Cosow, Mrs. J. Cutler, Mrs. A. Cohen, Mrs. P. Cohen, Mrs. A. Cohen, Mrs. S. Cook, Mrs. M. S. Dauby, Mrs. J. DeBear, Mrs. L. Dobkin, Mrs. M. Desure, Mrs. Phil Epstein, Mrs. M. E. Epstein, Mrs. G. Emmerman, Mrs. J. Edelson, Mrs. M. H. Freeman, Mrs. Sidney Frieberg, Mrs. L. D. Frank, Mrs. J. J. Ferbstein, Mrs. Harry Ferbstein, Mrs. H. Feldman, Mrs. L. H. Friedman, Mrs. S. P. Fuerst, Mrs. Henry D. Furtos, Mrs. J. Freeman, Mrs. S. J. Franklin, Mrs. A. Freiberg, Mrs. Ben Ferbstein, Mrs. Sidney Friedman, Mrs. M. S. Feerer, Mrs. M. Friedman, Mrs. W. B. Friedman, Mrs. L. Federman, Mrs. L. G. Friedman, Mrs. M. Friedman, Mrs. S. Freeman, Miss Myrtle Firestone, Mrs. Theo. Friedman, Mrs. M. Freedman, Mrs. Max Guren, Mrs. S. B. Greenwood, Mrs. J. H. Goldsmith, Mrs. Sol Gordon, Miss A. Gordon, Mrs. J. C. Gertz, Mrs. A. Gibbons, Mrs. A. Goldberg, Mrs. J. Greenwood, Mrs. M. Greenberger, Mrs. N. M.	Goodman, Mrs. Greenberg, Mrs. A. Greenfield, Mrs. S. Glass, Mrs. M. Gordon, Mrs. A. Goldstein, Mrs. Marcus Hafner, Mrs. C. Harris, Mrs. H. B. Harve, Mrs. Ed. Haber, Mrs. J. Havre, Mrs. S. Hirsh, Mrs. Carrie Holub, Mrs. Harry Hirsh, Mrs. Ed. Holub, Mrs. Dave Herman, Mrs. Geo. Heineman, Mrs. J. Hose, Mrs. P. J. Hoffman, Mrs. Hirsh, Miss Sylva Hart, Mrs. P. E. Hirsch, Mrs. A. Holub, Mrs. Ben Hirsch, Mrs. F. H. Hirsch, Mrs. I. Isroff, Mrs. B. Jacobs, Mrs. B. Jacobs, Mrs. S. Just, Mrs. Emma Jaffee, Mrs. S. Jacobs, Mrs. M. H. Jacobs, Mrs. I. Kahn, Mrs. L. Kojinsky, Dr. E. Kazan, Mrs. S. Klemperer, Mrs. Otto Klein, Mrs. S. Korach, Mrs. S. Kraus, Mrs. Chas. Klein, Mrs. Irving Kram, Mrs. E. Klein, Mrs. A. Koplin, Mrs. L. B. Koplin, Mrs. A. Kerpel, Mrs. E. Kamin, Mrs. M. Kay, Mrs. L. Krakover, Mrs. A. Koplin, Mrs. S. B. Klivans, Mrs. Bert	Lichman, Mrs. A. J. Lowen, Mrs. A. Livingston, Mrs. I. Morgenroth, Mrs. S. Medvinsky, Mrs. H. Mirman, Mrs. Carl Malberg, Mrs. T. Mitchel, Mrs. R. Mack, Mrs. B. Moskovitz, Mrs. M. Morgenroth, Mrs. A. L. Mermeistein, Mrs. C. Marks, Mrs. S. Marks, Mrs. B. Margolis, Mrs. E. H. Morris, Mrs. M. A. Mandelkorn, Mrs. Morris, Mrs. S. Mazur, Mrs. H. Moskovitz, Mrs. H. Magilavy, Mrs. D. Margolis, Mrs. Ed. Mirman, Mrs. A. Neuman, Mrs. M. N. Nobil, Mrs. M. Nobil, Mrs. Geo. Nobil, Mrs. E. Neuman, Miss Miriam Nobil, Mrs. I. B. Newman, Mrs. C. Nobil, Mrs. J. Ostruff, Mrs. Sam Osterman, Mrs. W. N. Ostrov, Mrs. Louis Olson, Mrs. F. Polsky, Mrs. Ralph Polsky, Mrs. B. A. Polsky, Mrs. H. O. Plotkin, Mrs. Sam Polshek, Mrs. Alex Reder, Mrs. I. Rosenblatt, Mrs. M. Rotschild, Mrs. J. J. Rudolph, Mrs. Jos. Rose, Mrs. M. J. Rosenfeld, Mrs. A. Roth, Mrs. Henry Rudick, Mrs. Jos. Richenstein, Mrs. S. Richenstein, Mrs. M.
Gerson, Mrs. J. Greenblum, Mrs. L. Greenbaum, Mrs. H. Goldstone, Mrs. I. Greenfield, Mrs. J. Goldman, Mrs. M. Gardner, Mrs. M. Geiger, Mrs. M. Gross, Mrs. C. Golden, Mrs. L. O. Galvin, Mrs. L. M. Goodwin, Mrs. H.	Kondritzer, Mrs. J. Lyman, Mrs. Louis Loeb, Mrs. Louis Loeb, Mrs. Joy T. Leeper, Mrs. Wm. Leeper, Mrs. Sam Leeper, Mrs. J. Lichtig, Mrs. S. Lowey, Miss Harriet Levinson, Mrs. S. Lerner, Mrs. A. C. Levin, Mrs. B.	Recht, Mrs. M. Reich, Mrs. L. Rab, Mrs. D. Rudner, Mrs. L. Rosen, Mrs. M. A. Roth, Mrs. H. A. Rudiminsky, Mrs. L. Rothman, Mrs. Rosen, Mrs. I. J. Rosenzweig, Mrs. Adolph Rivitz, Mrs. Mathew Swerdlin, Mrs. Jack
258 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY
Schwartz, Mrs. Chas. Steinhauser, Mrs. E. Schwartz, Miss Selma Sogg, Mrs. W. Lake Shulan, Mrs. D. Shapiro, Mrs. H. Schorin, Mrs. John Sheinen, Mrs. M. Steiner, Mrs. F. W. Sarlson, Mrs. J. Snyder, Mrs. A. Schneir, Mrs. M. Shapiro, Mrs. P. N. Schneir, Mrs. Geo. Savage, Mrs. A. Steiner, Mrs. F. W. Savage, Mrs. S. Sacks, Mrs. H. Segal, Mrs. Sacks, Mrs. Chas. Schlitt, Mrs. A. Schlitt, Mrs. Freda Sap, Mrs. J. Saslaw, Mrs. M. Schnecter, Mrs. B. Schulman, Mrs. A.	Schulman, Mrs. M. S. Schwartz, Mrs. Henry Segal, Mrs. B. Shulansky, Mrs. J. Shapiro, Mrs. H. Sickerman, Mrs. A. Sokol, Mrs. I. Schwalb, Mrs. Walter Shaw, Mrs. Henry Sands, Mrs. D. Sigel, Mrs. C. S. Salzberg, Mrs. E. W. Sobel, Mrs. F. S. Snyder, Mrs. Chas. Solomon, Mrs. J. M. Sarbinsky, Mrs. L. Silverman, Mrs. J. Stan, Mrs. M. G. Sobel, Mrs. Louis Siff, Mrs. D. Tuholske, Mrs. M. C. Tuholske, Mrs. Leon Union, Mrs. A. Union, Mrs. I. Vineberg, Mrs. J. H. Weil, Mrs, M.	Weisberger, Mrs. Wm. Weiner, Mrs. J. H. Weiner, Mrs. A. Wise, Mrs. Harry Wise, Mrs. Meyer Wiener, Mrs. C. H. Whitelaw, Mrs. Maurice Wachner, Mrs. S. Whitelaw, Mrs. Merrill Wainer, Mrs. A. K. Weisberger, Mrs. H. Weiss, Mrs. B. Wachner, Miss M. Wollins, Mrs. N. Wein, Mrs. M. Wiener, Mrs. E. H. Whitelaw, Mrs. S. Wiener, Mrs. B. Wohl, Mrs. Wolf, Mrs. Wiener, Mrs. Rebecca Wiener, Mrs. M. Wolin, Mrs. Gilbert Zipper, Mrs. Wm. Zoob, Mrs. M.

Meetings third Tuesday of each month from October to May inclusive at Temple Israel Social Hall, Merriman Rd. Purpose—To further the best and highest interest of humanity in fields religious, philanthropic, civic and educational. WOMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF THE FIRST CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH Honorary Pres., Mrs. F. H. Mason President, Mrs. R. S. Grant 1st Vice Pres., Mrs. A. H. Hibbard 2nd Vice Pres., Mrs. R. G. Yeager 3rd Vice Pres., Mrs. C. H. Case Rec. Sec., Mrs. W. T. Thomas Cor. Sec., Mrs. I. E. Claflin Treasurer, Mrs. Walter Crumrine Registrar, Mrs. H. W. Barton Membership 332. Meetings are held second and fourth Fridays from September to June at the church. The purpose of this organization is to cooperate in joyful service with all other departments of the church organization, to promote friendly acquaintance among the women of the church, and to increase their interest in all matters social, missionary and spiritual, to the end that its members may have "more abundant life" and thus advance the interests of the church and the Kingdom of God. TEMPLE. OF ISRAEL SISTERHOOD Officers President, Mrs. Maurice Whitelaw Vice Pres., Mrs. Harry Wiener Secretary, Mrs. Sydney Ferbstein Cor. Sec., Mrs. Myer Wise TRAVELERS' AID SOCIETY Officers President, Mr. Fred Climer Vice Pres., Mrs. C. H. Case Secretary, Miss Anita Bauman Treasurer, Mr. W. W. Thornton AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 259 PENINSULA PARENT-TEACHER ASSOCIATION Officers President, Mrs. M. S. Payne Vice Pres., Mrs. Elmer Conger Secretary, Mrs. Whilemina Groff Treasurer, Mrs. Alice Radcliff Membership 70. Members

Groff, Paul Groff, Mrs. Paul Dickerson, Mrs. R. Dickerson, Mr. R. Conger, Mrs. Edith Bigelow, Mr. H. F. Everett, Mrs. Nolan, Mr. W. Ruppett, Mrs. J. Shuey, Mrs. N. Shuey, Mr. N. Payne, Mr. M. S. Payne, Mrs. M. S. Morris, Mr. Jim Morris, Mrs. Jim Shuey, Mrs. Katie Morris, Mrs. Martha Conger, Mrs. Elmer Mead, Miss White, Mrs. Henry, Miss Helen Savocool, Mrs. B.

Pardee, Mrs. L. Tellings, Mrs. Geo. Stebbins, Mrs. Lula Herr, Mr. Henry Fitch, Mrs. Melissa Rogatt, Mr. Rogatt, Mrs. Radcliffe, Mrs. Alice Steele, Miss J. O'Brian, Mrs. Beers, Mrs. A. Crites, Mrs. Wood, Mr. Emmon Wood, Mrs. Emmon Kennedy, Mrs. Mary Broughton, Mr. Jack Broughton, Mrs. Jack Harsbarger, Mr. Glen Stanford, Mr. C. Phillips, Mrs. Blanche Baker, Rev. J. L. Jolly, Mrs. Mabel

Jolly, Mr. W. Roswell, Mrs. Wing, Mrs. L. Gustavison, Mrs. L. Boody, Miss Mabel Chamberlain, Mrs. J. Lee, Mr. Chester Lee, Mrs. Chester Bell, Mrs. Albert Lee, Mrs. Bert Starr, Mr. O. Starr, Mrs. O. Roth, Mr. F. Roth, Mrs. F. Harrington, Mr. P. Harrington, Mrs. P. Barber, Mrs. P. Fugerton, Miss Ella Ames, Mrs. Inez Hedrick, Mr. Hartman, Mrs. John (Addresses all Peninsula, 0.)

Our meetings are held as near the first Tuesday of each month as possible, depending on dates our speakers can give us. The purpose of the organization is educational and philanthropic. Our work has been all on obtaining new playground enjoyment for our school, such as teeter boards, slides and swings. SERVICE STAR LEGION Officers President, Mrs. Frank Owen  Secretary, Mrs. M. K. Yost Treasurer, Leonore Farnbaugh Membership 35. STOW COMMUNITY CHURCH WORKERS—CUYAHOGA FALLS Mrs. Winifred Wirts Dague, Pastor Officers President President, Mrs. Sherman Zink Vice President. Mrs. H. V. Putt Secretary, Mrs. I. G. Oyler Treasurer, Mrs. F. G. Moulton Membership 52. Business meetings are held at church fourth Tuesday of the month. Luncheon and social meetings at homes first Tuesday of the month. Purpose of the organization, Bible study, Christian culture, social interests, friendly service, and aggressive efforts to bring others into the Sunday School and Church. 260 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY OSTEOPATHIC LUNCHEON CLUB Officers President, Dr. Charlotte Weaver. Vice Pres., Mrs. John Brady Secretary, Mrs. Merril R. Randall Treasurer, Mrs. C. A. Shaffer Meetings are called by president. Meeting place at choice of members. Purpose, altruistic. The organization originally was an aid to the Osteopathic Polyclinic of Akron and was called the Women's Auxiliary of the Osteopathic Polyclinic. The name later was changed to the Osteopathic Luncheon Club. The purpose of the Society remaining purely altruistic. TREE PLANTING CLUB Officers President, Mrs. W. W. Milar  Sec.-Treas., Mrs. Jessie M. Warden Membership 300. Meetings are held upon call, and wherever designated in call. The object is to promote the general subject of Conservation, and to interest others to plant trees and to plant at least one tree each year ourselves. DORCAS BAND—FIRST UNITED BRETHREN CHURCH Teacher, Mrs. Julia Walker Officers President, Mrs. Gertrude Ebert Vice Pres., Mrs. Alice Borland Secretary, Miss Sadie Constable Treasurer, Mrs. Emma Hudson Members

Arnold, Mrs. Effie Anderson, Mrs. Maggie Barron, Mrs. Luella Bensinger, Mrs. Minnie Bittecuffer, Mrs. Emma Blower, Mrs. Maria Bowsher, Mrs. Alice Borland, Mrs. O. V. Borland, Mrs. Alice Butler, Mrs. Elizabeth Carson, Mrs. Anna Constable; Miss Sarah Ebert, Mrs. Gertrude Edwards, Mrs. Sarah Evans, Mrs. Elizabeth	Fay, Mrs. Lizzie Foltz, Mrs. Clara Frederick, Mrs. Emma Hinds, Mrs. Martha Hill, Mrs. Emma Hinton, Mrs. C. W. Houts, Mrs. Nettie Killinger, Mrs. Ellen Markwood, Mrs. H. B. Mumaugh, Mrs. Geo. Olson, Mrs. Mollie Overmier, Mrs. Adah Overton, Mrs. Sarah Pfeiffer, Mrs. Louis Pooreman, Mrs. Emma	Priest, Mrs. P. Pinney, Mrs. Ella Reilley, Mrs. Martha Roebuck, Mrs. Clara B. Scott, Mrs. Alice Smith, Mrs. Catherine Smith, Mrs. Sarah Stough, Mrs. Susie Theiss, Mrs. Mary Vial, Mrs. Rebecca Walker, Mrs. Julia Wright, Mrs. Florence M. Wyant, Mrs. Jennie Whitmyer, Mrs. O. J.
Associate Members
Corson, Mrs. Mary Snyder, Sophia Cary, Mrs. C. M.	Anderson, Mrs. Emma Hosfield, Mrs. Mary Ruckel, Mrs. Ida	Snyder, Mrs. Lida Smith, Mrs. Anna

The Dorcas Band is a Sunday School Class which has monthly social gatherings. AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 261 THE FLORENCE CRITTENTON RESCUE LEAGUE 51 Cotter Avenue Officers President, Miss Edith Bolender Vice Pres., Mr. W. H. Anderson Secretary, Miss Garnet Delaney Treasurer, Mrs. Charles Lahr Cor. Sec., Mrs. E. F. Voris Members of Board of Directors Mrs. E. F. Voris Mrs. Lizzie Andrews Mrs. W. S. Voris Dr. E. M. Weaver Mrs. Charles Lahr Miss Clara Bingham Miss Lena C. Wright Miss Edith Bolender Miss Garnett Delaney Mr. Charles Esselburn Mr. W. H. Anderson Mr. J. J. Feudner Dr. E. B. Foltz Days meetings held: Second Tuesday in month at 7:30 P. M. Place of meeting: At the Home, 51 Cotter Avenue. Number of members: 15. Purpose of Organization, Philanthropic. HADASSAH—SENIOR Officers President, Mrs. M. Levy 1st Vice Pres., Mrs. Belle Arenson 2nd Vice Pres., Mrs. M. E. Epstein Cor. Sec., Mrs. Myer Wise Rec. Sec., Mrs. Jack Goldberg Fin. Sec., Mrs. I. Denis Treasurer, Mrs. A. H. Raipstein Membership 125. LADIES AUXILIARY OF UNITED COMMERCIAL TRAVELERS OF AMERICA— AKRON COUNCIL NO. 87 Officers President, Mrs. Laura Newbauer Vice Pres., Mrs. H. A. Palmer Sec.-Treas., Mrs. W. A. Putt Cor. Sec. and Press Reporter, Mrs. E. A. Cramer Sergt.-at-Arms, Mrs. A. E. Trafford Page, Mrs. G. R. Tyler Membership 54. Members Baughman, Mrs. Lelia Burdick, Mrs. Frank Brown, Mrs. W. G. Collette, Mrs. Eltina Cramer, Mrs. E. A. Eckard, Mrs. Gladys Fankbonner, Mrs. 0. J. Fahrer, Mrs. Henry E. Galloway, Mrs. Anna Graves, Mrs. Chas. Hauenstein, Mrs. Katherine Hadfield, Mrs. John Heintzman, Mrs. Olive Haas, Mrs. George Hammond, Mrs. C. C. Hoover, Mrs. H. C. Heller, Mrs. S. G. Hutchison, Mrs. Lola A. Kennedy, Miss Mayme Krenrick, Mrs. C. A. Keating, Mrs. Kathryn Kolb, Mrs. Pearl Kiger, Mrs. Thomas E. Laskaris, Mrs. E. Moffett, Mrs. James McKeal, Mrs. James McKeever, Mrs. A. A. Newbauer, Mrs. Laura Putt, Mrs. W. A. Pillmore, Mrs. F. F. Palmer, Mrs. H. A. Reis, Mrs. H. C. Rasor, Mrs. H. Shutt, Mrs. Nettie Shreffler, Mrs. Edith Tyler, Mrs. G. R. Taggert, Mrs. Major Trafford, Mrs. A. E. Tremlin, Mrs. Pearl Toby, Mrs. Arletta Wageman, Mrs. S. C. Witmer, Mrs. E. G. Weaver, Mrs. Lydia Walton, Mrs. Emma Werling, Mrs. Lillian Willy, Mrs. H. Young, Mrs. Agnes M.

262 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY Regular business meetings are held the third Saturday of each month at A. I. W. Hall, 60 South High Street. Tuesday preceding the third Saturday is luncheon day, usually a picnic affair with one or more ladies entertaining. Memorial Day of the order is the Sunday nearest to the 9th of April. The Ladies Auxiliary of United Commercial Travelers was organized to advance the social and fraternal relations of the wives, daughters, mothers and sisters of the United Commercial Travelers. LOUISE TEMPLE NO. 310 PYTHIAN SISTERS Officers Most Excellent Chief, Mary Fouse Excellent Senior, Elizabeth Ingham Excellent Junior, Ruth Sherbarth Mistress of Rec., and Cor., Mabel Berry Mistress of Finance, Iva Raasch Manager, Anna Kee Protector, Helen Fink Guard, Mary Fassnacht Membership 217. MEMBERS

Acker, Edith Allen, Florence Austin, Florence Austin, Ida Baer. Kitty Bailey, Alma Baker, Ada Beck, Eva Bee, Iva Begeret, Grace Bell, Florence Bell, Grace Berry, Louise Berry, Mabel Bielefeldt, Louise Bielefeldt, Miss Mabel Blackie, Clara Blackshere, Cora Billow, Mary Bower, Emma Brand, Miss Inez Brand, Jennie Brandon, Nora Brannan, Terressa Brewer, Cora Broadbent, Elizabeth Broun, Elizabeth Brown, Mame Brubaker, Pearl Buck, Eva Bulman, Eva Calbetzor, Edith Caswell, Orpha Chapin, Mary Christie, Lottie Cochran, Florence Cole, Leta Cowie, Ruth Crowl, Viola Crumbaugh, Myrtle Culver, Mary Currie, Linda	Curtis, Isadora Dando, Kate Davis, Lulu Dayhuff, Lena Denaple, Mary Dewey, Mary Doak, Bessie Dobbs, Amy Durand, Mary Eberhard, Catherine Ehrman, Mildred Esgate, Alma Etter, Nellie Holm Fassnacht, Miss Mary Fink, Ellen Forsey, Evelyn Fouse, Mary Frase, Dot Frase, Odessa Gale, Arwilda Gerstenmaier, Ida Giauque, Sadie Gilbert, Lou Gill, Sadie Glessner, Clara Graber, Clara Graham, Sarah Gray, Mary Greenwald, Anna Hanley, Edith Harkins, Charlotte Ham, Margaret Harner, Edith Harmon, Emma Huber, Jennie Harner, Helen Harris, Celia Harris, Iva Harris, Minnie Hartman, Blanche Heddesheimer, Anna Hegensdorf, Alice	Hinzman, Rue Holbrook, Pansy Marie Holton, Margaret Hoover, Nellie Hosfield, Caroline A. Hoskin, Harriet Hummel, Lizzie Humphrey, Bessie Harden, Delta Mae Hutchinson, Jeannette Hyer, Susie Ingham, Elizabeth James, Helen Jenks, Anna Kee, Miss Anna Kellogg, May Kepler, Ora Kerr, Elizabeth Kimball, Ruth Kim, Miss Mary Kleckner, Minnie Knupp, Carrie Koplin, Elizabeth Lantz, Laura Lassen, Blanche Leiner, Clara Lewis, Golda Limes, Mary Line, Anna Lacey, Madeline Logan, Maud Loomis, Sarah Lossner, Marie Markell, Pearl Markell, Rubie Marks, Laura Mason, Lottie Matteson, Dell McClister, Odessa McDavis, Flora McGiffen, Pearl McKibbon, Ethel
AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 263
Mellinger, Emma Melton, Velma Miller, Martha Moeller, Mollie Moore, Daisy Moore, Elizabeth Myers, Adeline Myers, Lucy Nansteil, Ida Nelson, Laiga Newcome, Marie O'Brine, Malinda Oliver, Ada Osman, Lena Oxley, Nellie Packer, Sarah Patterson, Florence Penrose, Anna Perry, Flora Pollock, Carrie Porter, Flossie Powell, Georgia Raasch, Iva Rees, Ruth Rhoades, Miss May Belle Rhoades, Pearl Robinette, Faith Roop, Martha Ross, Bertha	Rowe, Phoebe Ruckel, Ida Ruckel, Myra Scheck, Jennie Scherbarth, Miss Ruth Seavers, Clara Sell, Mary Semler, Ethel Severns, Elizabeth Shackler, Bessie Shaffer, Lillie Shaeffer, Sadie Sharr, Myrtle Sheffer, Elsie Shoemaker, May Shook, Viola Shuman, Mae Smith, Elsie Smith, Violet Smith, Leona Smetts, Margaret Stabb, Amanda Stabb, Ethel Steffee, Edith Steigner, Miss Irene Steigner, Katherine Steinfeldt, Martha Stowe, Bell Sutters, Effie	Sullivan, Marie Swain, Bessie Swainson, Maybelle Thompson, Carrie Toomey, Martha Troutman, Ida Tryon, Addie Kim, Miss Iona Turner, Elizabeth Thompson, Dorothy Uhl, Peri Vernon, Helen E. Vernotzy, Emma Wagner, Harriet Walters, Elizabeth Warner, Elizabeth Wasley, May Frances Weaver, Mabel Wertz, Maud Whyler, Mary Willets, Muriel Willits, Gertrude Wileman, Elizabeth Williams, Catherine Williams, Sue Woods, Gladys Zimmerman, Cora Yohey, Tillie

Meetings, alternate Saturday evenings at 7:15 at Pythian Temple, 30 South High Street.

Our order stands for the uplifting of womanhood and our special aim is to do altruistic work among the unfortunate.

WOMAN'S BENEFIT ASSOCIATION OF THE MACCABEES

By Mrs. Grace L. Twynham

Toward the close of the year 1892, a movement was started in several sections of the country tending to promote interest among women in protection for the home, together with educational features and philanthropic work carried out through a lodge form, with ritualistic exercises.

Miss Bina M. West, a young school teacher of the State of Michigan, endowed with a keen intellect and unusual foresight, became the leader of this movement and succeeded in this early period to get women to take on new responsibilities in overcoming many obstacles where others with less courage and vision might have failed.

One of the earliest branches of this society, then named "The Ladies of the Maccabees," was organized in Akron June 6, 1893, with forty-five charter members called "Busy Bee Hive." These pioneers endeavored to carry on faithfully and instilled into others the spirit of unselfishness and a desire to give at least a part of their leisure time to wholesome and constructive work. From a small beginning, the society grew in numbers and strength. This body of women helped to pioneer insurance among women—in those days commercial concerns gave no attention to writing women—and through this cooperative plan thousands of women have been

264 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY

taught the value of protection. Thrift and prudence are combined in the plans of the W. B. A.

Today four branches in Akron and one in each of the immediate suburbs, Cuyahoga Falls, Kenmore and Barberton, represent a membership of over three thousand women. Into the homes of those called away by death, many thousands of dollars have been paid.

From year to year the work has broadened and new and interesting features have been added. Thought for the needs of our youth suggested "Girls' Clubs" with special activities outlined ; health talks ; out-door life in our W. B. A. camps, etc. The Junior Department with many bright women giving attention to the little ones, and "The Order of the Rose" designed especially for them, helps to inculcate a love for kindly deeds and the beautiful things of life. The W. B. A. health service, under the immediate direction of the medical department of the Order, is imparting knowledge to members in preventative measures against disease. Trained nurses give health advice and teach the value of temperate eating, proper diet, exercise, work, rest, etc., instruct young mothers and watch the babies.

The Cradle Roll Department for the children of members, under the age of one year, makes the association interests in the home complete. On the organization of Busy Bee Hive, Mrs. Nellie C. V. Heppert, then a new resident of Akron, became identified with the studious side of the work and was chosen state secretary, soon after accepting the national office of treasurer and has served continuously, at present being a member of the supreme board of trustees.

First set of officers in 1893 were :

Past Commander, Rose Mershon.

Commander, Alice S. Worron.

Lieutenant Commander, Almira Miller.

Record Keeper, Susie A. Grover.

Assistant Record Keeper, Mary Eberhard.

Chaplain, Mary Griswold.

Sergeant, Katie Doerler.

Finance Keeper, Celesta Woods.

Assistant Finance Keeper, Amanda Pontius.

Physician, Katie Cory.

Mistress-at-Arms, Maude Snyder.

Sentinel, Ella Groesel.

Picket, Maggie Worron.

Banner Bearer No. 1, Linnie Jones.

Banner Bearer No. 2, Lillie Waggoner.

Banner Bearer No. 3, Emma E. Hilbish.

Mrs. Addie Brown supervises the work of our city and district. One of the gratifying features in the development under her able leadership is the ever increasing pride of the membership in our civic affairs, each review being ready to respond to the needs of the city in cooperative movements. The Health Center and Club House located at 507 West Market Street, was purchased August 1, 1923, by the four Akron Reviews, namely : Busy Bee, Protection, Independent and Favorite.

AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 265

Officers of the Building Board Are:

President, Mrs. Anna Lehman.

Vice President, Mrs. Mary Adley.

Financial Secretary and Treasurer, Mrs. Dora E. Zook.

Recording Secretary, Mrs. Nellie Oxley.

Trustees, Mrs. Anna Lehman, Mrs. Dora Zook, Mrs. Grace L. Twynham, Mrs. Katie Doerler and Miss Ella Tousley.

WOMAN'S BENEFIT ASSOCIATION, GHENT REVIEW NO. 475

Officers of the Woman's Benefit Association, Ghent Review No. 475, are:

Commander, Mrs. Ella Barker

Lieut. Commander, Mrs. Genevieve Adair

Past Commander, Mrs. Carrie Haaf

Junior Commander, Mrs. Katheryn Davis

Collector, Mrs. Anna Smith

Record Keeper, Mrs. Pearl Halderman

Chaplain, Mrs. Hattie Alexander

Lady-at-Arms, Mrs. Abbie Crile

Sergeant, Mrs. Katherine McFarlin

Sentinel, Mrs. Margaret Hellar

Picket, Mrs. Gertrude Stark

Captain of Guards, Mrs. Verna McCoy

Color Bearer No. 1, Mrs. Eva

Crosier Color. Bearer No. 2, Mrs. Nellie App

Musician, Mrs. Ossie Hopkins

Membership-103.

Members

Alexander, Mrs. Hattie Arnold, Mrs. Elto Andrews, Mrs. Ava App, Mrs. Nellie Andrews, Mrs. Devonia Arnold, Mrs. Viola Arnold, Mrs. Pearl Averill, Mrs. Maude Barker, Mrs. Ella Bevington, Mrs. Martha Bair, Mrs. Minnie Bishop, Mrs. Minnie Boltz, Mrs. Lillie Boughton, Mrs. Daisy Brophy, Mrs. Sybil Billings, Mrs. Helen Brown, Miss Cecil Campbell, Mrs. Helen Cook, Mrs. George Crile, Mrs. Abbie Crosier, Mrs. Eva Cochran, Mrs. Melda Davies, Mrs. Mary Davis, Mrs. Katheryn Donley, Mrs. Elda Duyrse, Mrs. Leora Edgar, Mrs. Ida Evans, Mrs. Anna Fain, Mrs. Fannie Fenton, Mrs. Clara Fogleson, Mrs. Allie Fryman, Mrs. Lena Fryman, Mrs. Allie Grabill, Mrs. Lena

Gottshall, Mrs. Frances Ganyard, Mrs. Hattie Hafienbaugh, Mrs. Anna Halliwell, Mrs. Cora Haaf, Mrs. Carrie Hagenbaugh, Mrs. Mary Halderman, Mrs. Pearl Heller, Mrs. Margaret Huffman, Mrs. Viva Harpley, Grace Hershey, Mrs. Katie Hershey, Mrs. Irene Houck, Mrs. Addie Hopkins, Mrs. Ossie Hutchison, Mrs. Sadie Horn, Mrs. Mae Ingersoll, Mrs. Stella Johnson, Mrs. Adilda Johnson, Mrs. H. B. Krohn, Mrs. Hannah Lytle, Mrs. Emily Laubaugh, Mrs. Harriet Lorson, Mrs. Ruth McCoy, Mrs. Verna Miles, Mrs. Sophrona Mottinger, Mrs. Iva Marshall, Mrs. Molly McManns, Mrs. Vergil McKisson, Mrs. Maud McFarlin, Mrs. Katherine McPherson, Mrs. Bernice Marvin, Mrs. Edith Painter, Mrs. Eunice

Porter, Mrs. Ruth Pierson, Mrs. Ethlyn Rhoades, Mrs. Oliver Ritz, Mrs. Helen Renner, Mrs. Dora Richardson, Mrs. Clara A. Richardson, Mrs. Clara V. Richardson, Miss Florence Roberts, Mrs. Mae Robinson, Miss Thelma Ruckel, Mrs. Gertrude Rooy, Mrs. Myra Shumacher, Mrs. Howard Stark, Mrs. Gertrude Spitzer, Mrs. Florence Straw, Mrs. Grace Shaw, Mrs. Laverna Scott, Mrs. Bessie Smith, Mrs. Viola Spitzer, Mrs. Marie Spitzer, Mrs. Florence Shaw, Mrs. Gertrude Taylor, Mrs. Edith Theiss, Mrs. Ella Theiss, Miss Irene Theiss, Miss Alice Tomkins, Mrs. Marian Thrasher, Mrs. Blanche Young, Mrs. Edna Wilson, Mrs. Rodney Wallis, Mrs. Agnes Wiley, Mrs. Mabel Weiland, Mrs. Julia

266 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY Meetings every two weeks on Thursday evening at Ghent Hall. Our work is to give cheer and help whenever and however we can. The purpose of the organization is insurance protection. WOMAN'S BENEFIT ASSOCIATION, BUSY BEE REVIEW NO. 15 Officers of Woman's Benefit Association, Busy Bee Review No. 15, are as follows: Commander, Mrs. Mary A. Crow Record Keeper, Mrs. Mary Adley Collector, Mrs. Grace Twynham Membership-400. WOMAN'S BENEFIT ASSOCIATION, PROTECTION REVIEW NO. 60 Officers of the Woman's Benefit Association, Protection Review No. 60, are: Commander, Mrs. Euria Dietz Lieut. Corn., Mrs. Georgina Eberhardt Past Commander, Mrs. Dora Seebach Jr. Commander, Mrs. Hettie Beckwith Summer Camp Supervisor, Mrs. Rose Martin Record Keeper, Mrs. L. Taylor Publicity Reporter, Mrs. Gertrude Wilson Finance Keeper, Mrs. Zelpha Watts Collector, Mrs. Nellie Oxley Chaplain, Mrs. Eva Fields Lady-at-Arms, Miss Beatrice Wilson Sergeant, Mrs. Gladys Long Sentinel, Mrs. Elizabeth Leffler Picket, Mrs. Minnie Maxwell Musician, Miss Amanda Simmons WOMEN'S AUXILIARY CITY HOSPITAL President, Mrs. Fred Harpham 1st Vice Pres., Mrs. C. L. Knight 2nd Vice Pres., Miss Anna McFarlin Secretary, Mrs. L. G. Fairbank Treasurer, Mrs. A. B. Rinehart Meetings are held the first Wednesday of each month. Object of the Women's Auxiliary is to assist generally the main Board of Trustees of the City Hospital, and to care for the comfort and welfare of the nurses. WOMEN'S AUXILIARY OF THE FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH Officers President, Mrs. W. H. Spicer Vice President, Mrs. Frank Willis Secretary, Mrs. J. H. Zimmerman Treasurer, Mrs. J. W. Williamson Average attendance-75. Meetings held each month on the second Friday with the exception of July and August, at the church. WOMEN'S GUILD TRINITY LUTHERAN CHURCH OF AKRON Officers President, Mrs. H. B. Ruch Vice President, H. J. Shaffer Secretary, Mrs. A. H. Klesa Asst. Secretary, Mrs. L. R. Wolford Treasurer, Mrs. H. H. Knarr Membership-141. WOMEN'S MISSIONARY SOCIETY OF GRACE REFORMED CHURCH Officers Honorary President, Mrs. W. J. Frank President, Mrs. A. J. Gerber Vice President, Mrs. Cora M. Carter Treasurer, Mrs. L. C. Koplin Rec. Secretary, Mrs. G. A. Laudenslager Cor. Secretary, Mrs. O. W. Haulman AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 267 Members

Abenshine, Miss Irene Allman, Mrs. B. C. Anderson, Mrs. W. H. Andrews, Mrs. B. F. Andrews, Miss Amanda Albright, Mrs. George Bacher, Mrs. G. W. Baker, Mrs. Bernard Baskey, Mrs. Edna Bauer, Miss Mary Baum, Mrs. R. J. Baughman, Mrs. C. A. Beatty, Mrs. Daniel Berry, Mrs. Chas. Better, Mrs. Louis Bessey, Mrs. Robt. Bixler, Mrs. A. R. Bollinger, Mrs. Allen Boyer, Mrs. Anna Brownless, Miss Alice Boigegrain, Mrs. H. W. Butcher, Mrs. W. J., Sr. Butcher, Mrs. W. J., Jr. Buetsch, Mrs. Jane Bunts, Mrs. C. C. Beckwith, Mrs. Ella Bonstedt, Mrs. Harry Butler, Mrs. Esther Brittain, Mrs. Carl Broers, Mrs. Sam Carter, Mrs. Cora M. Carter, Miss Dawn Carter, Miss Bernice Carter, Miss Naomi Carter, Mrs. Emmerson Casperi, Mrs. R. E. Casselman, Mrs. Willard	Gerber, Mrs. A. J. Gerst, Mrs. E. F. Gilbert, Mrs. Leland Graham, Mrs. Ethel Grimm, Mrs. Louis Guiley, Mrs. Elma Grubb, Mrs. Paul Grubb, Mrs. Elma Haslet, Mrs. Cloyd Haulman, Mrs. O. W. Haulman, Mrs. J. Haury, Mrs. Chas. Haurey, Mrs. Ed. Hay, Mrs. F. G. Hay, Mrs. R. W. Hay, Mrs. Emma Hayes, Mrs. C. J. Heimbaugh, Mrs. O. Heller, Mrs. Robt. Hilbish, Mrs. George Herbst, Mrs. E. F. Hobach, Mrs. Katherine Hobach, Mrs. Frank Hoffmeyer, Mrs. J. H. Holloway, Mrs. L. P. Holtom, Mrs. Perry Hoover, Mrs. Web. Hunsicker, Mrs. Carl Higley, Mrs. E. L. Higley, Mrs. Ford Hartenstine, Mrs. Albert L Kent, Mrs. H. Klahr, Mrs. Anna Kline, Mrs. Arthur Knecht, Mrs. H. C. Koplin, Mrs. L. C. Kreinberg, Mrs. W. C.	Newenschwander, Mrs. E. Newbauer, Mrs. E. Patterson, Mrs. Paul Petrie, Mrs. E. L. Pfahl, Mrs. Frank Pope, Mrs. Raymond Probst, Mrs. F. W. Paige, Mrs. Harry Phenice, Mrs. Harry Prior, Mrs. Car. Rank, Miss Sadie Renner, Mrs. Lester Ruegsegger, Mrs. D. U. Rhodes, Miss Marguerite Riley, Miss Marie Riley, Mrs. John Rose, Mrs. Arthur Rubright, Mrs. H. Saum, Mrs. C. E. Schaffer, Mrs. Sadie Sell, Mrs. Henry Seigrist, Mrs. H. Smith, Mrs. Marion Smith, Mrs. Jennie Smith, Mrs. F. Smoyer, Mrs. Chas. Smoyer, Mrs. Fred Smoyer, Sevilla Spredbury, Mrs. Stalder, Mrs. C. Stuber, Mrs. Flora Swinehart, Mrs. C. Swinehart, Mrs. Vern Sorrick, Miss Anna Sorrick, Miss Emma Sailers, Mrs. Temple, Mrs. B. C.
Corey, Mrs. Rosamond Cramer, Mrs. I. J. Cramer, Miss Edna Cramer, Mrs. Walter Cramer, Mrs. C. O. Cramer, Mrs. W. H. Cribbs, Mrs. H. W. Cromley, Mrs. Russel Coffman, Mrs. C. D. Deem, Mrs. O. L. Dern, Mrs. Carl Dreese, Mrs. Joseph Dreese, Mrs. R. J. Dreese, Mrs. Mark Durand, Mrs. Sarah Evans, Mrs. Sadie Falor, Mrs. E. Farst, Mrs. Bertha Fender, Mrs. J. B. Fiches, Mrs. W. E. Fisher, Mrs. E. F. Frank, Mrs. W. J. Frese, Miss Martha Fulmer, Mrs. Mary Garman, Mrs. H. V.	Krenrick, Mrs. W. Kromer, Mrs. Jacob Laudenslager, Mrs. G. A. Laubach, Mrs. I. H. Laquear, Mrs. H. Lotz, Mrs. M. C. Loomis, Miss Elta Mantz, Mrs. Ada Manbeck, Mrs. C. D. Mangold, Mrs. H. Marxen, Miss Helen McCready. Mrs. H. M. Michel, Miss Mae Miller, Mrs. L. R. Miller, Miss Elizabeth Miller, Mrs. Minnie Moore, Mrs. Chas. Moore, Mrs. R. V. Mosser, Mrs. Geo. Motz, Miss Carrie Moyer, Miss Anna Myers, Mrs. H. E. Miswanger. Mrs. H. K. Miswanger, Miss Ruth	Trun, Mrs. Clara Venner, Mrs. H. Wagner, Mrs. W. E. Wall, Mrs. Claude Wallace, Mrs. Loyde Waltz, Miss Grace Warden, Mrs. Ida Washer, Mrs. Geo. R. Weiss, Mrs. Chas. Wright, Mrs. J. Fred Wright, Mrs. W. G. White, Mrs. L. H. Whitney, Mrs. M. H. Willems, Mrs. Robt. Wilson, Mrs. J. W. Wilson, Mrs. W. D. Wirth, Mrs. Chas. Wise, Mrs. S. E. Wise, Miss Edith Wise, Mrs. W. A. Willhelm, Mrs. R. E. Willems, Miss Margaret E, Wexcey, Mrs. Olive Wachter, Mrs.

268 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY The meetings of the society are held the second Thursday of every month at the homes of the members. The purpose of the organization is educational, philanthropic and social. YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION October 1, 1926, to June 1, 1927 Officers and Board of Directors President, Mrs. W. S. Voris 1st Vice Pres., Mrs. W. S. Chase 2nd Vice Pres., Mrs. J. B. Wright 3rd Vice Pres., Mrs. E. S. Babcox Rec. Secretary, Mrs. R. S. Leonard Cor. Secretary, Mrs. J. A. Kendall Treasurer, Mrs. B. F. Andrews General Secretary, Miss Edith Nash Mrs. C. B. Akers Mrs. O. C. Barber Miss Clara Bingham Mrs. C. J. Bowman Mrs. A. T. Carnahan Mrs. Sidney Conger Mrs. George Crouse Mrs. LeRoy Garver Mrs. F. G. Hay Mrs. Chas. Herbrich Mrs. W. A. Hoyt Miss Bessie Huber Miss Marion Huber Miss Alma Hunter Mrs. J. P. Loomis Mrs. Ralph Raymond Mrs. C. E. Ritchie Mrs. J. W. Schade Mrs. J. H. Shreflier Mrs. Chas. Sorrick Mrs. W. H. Stoner Mrs. W. F. Voges Mrs. W. F. Warden Membership-2,334. The Board of Directors meets the second Monday of the month at 2:30 P. M. The Young Women's Christian Association is a great fellowship of women and girls, old and young, of all classes, all races, all nationalities and all faiths. The fundamental principles upon which the program of the Young Women's Christian Association is based are: (1) To share life in all its richness and beauty, freedom and joy as found in Christ, the Lord of every side of human life. (2) To afford young women opportunities for all-round development, self-expression and training in service and citizenship. (3) To be a tangible expression of the love of Christ, and by revealing Him as He is, to lead to a personal allegiance to Him. (4) To enlarge the sphere and influence of the Association by meeting the needs of all types of girls and young women. The Membership Committee of 25 women represents the various churches and civic organizations of the city. The committee sponsors each year several meetings and parties of interest to the general membership, and which are productive of association fellowship. The Blue Triangle Dormitory at 149 South Union Street gives accommodations for young women who wish to live in the dormitory for an extended period and for those who are transients in the city, in the three houses located in this pleasant, residential part of Akron. The comfortable rooms, wholesome meals and home atmosphere of the dormitory are within cost reach of the young girl of limited salary. The dormitory cooperates with the Travelers' Aid Society, Catholic Service League, Jewish Social Service Federation, Family Service Society, Salvation Army, Attendance Department of the Board of Education, and Juvenile Court. Number of girls cared for, 554. Number transients, night's lodgings, 1,424. Meals served, 8,650. In addition to the regular service of this department, the cafeteria serves special club suppers, luncheons and banquets, to various organizations. Statistics for the cafeteria are: Noon meals, 108,131; evening meals, 83,847; club suppers, 4,284; luncheons, 6,530; total meals served, 202,792. The Y. W. C. A. Camp is situated on the shore of Lake Erie, near Conneaut, Ohio. A fifty-foot pier, a tennis court, and a permanent water and sewage system were constructed previous to the opening of the camp. Activities include swimming, hiking, baseball, field hockey, dramatics, handcraft and nature study in charge of the camp director, secretaries and college girl counsellors. Camp life, in addition to the freshness of open air living, fosters democracy, simplicity and a spirit of comradeship among the girls, which is especially wholesome and desirable. AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 269 Classes in swimming and gymnasium work constitute the principal work of the Health Education Department. In addition to the regular curriculum, the Health Education Department organized several Red Cross life saving classes; held a basket ball tournament and cooperated with the General Education Department in a Christmas party for children from the Salvation Army. The Girl Reserve Department represents the "teen-age" membership of the association. The purpose of this department is to help girls "to face life squarely and to find and give the best." This is done through the development of adult guidance and girl initiative in the right proportion, one to the other. Through its well-rounded program, based on the interests and needs of the girls, every member has an opportunity for self-expression. Within the department there are three distinct divisions based upon the experience and psychology of the girls concerned. The divisions are: Senior High School, Freshmen High School and Grade School. This grouping is distinctly community-wide. The department has a membership of 825 high school and 675 grade school girls. Total, 1,500. The Akron Association considers it a privilege to be responsible for the salary of Miss Faith Parmelee, general secretary of the Y. W. C. A. in Colombo, Ceylon. The Colombo Association operates a guest house and hostel, the Blue Triangle Tea and Rest Rooms and a Travelers' Aid Department. The work carried on is similar to that done here: Educational and club work with business, industrial girls, and students of many nationalities; employment, camp and social activities. Due to the fact that Colombo is an important seaport, situated at the "cross-roads of the world," a great deal of work is done by the Travelers' Aid Department. An average of 1,000 have used the rooms each month. The Employment Department works in cooperation with all the social service organizations of the city in helping to solve the personal problems, rooming and employment needs of women applying. Positions listed, 2,587; applicants for work, 4,450; reported placed, 1,445; day work, 795; general housework, 333; institutions and restaurants, 124; business and office, 116; miscellaneous, 79. In the fall of 1926 the International Institute was made a branch instead of a department of the association. The institute is maintained for the foreign-born women and girls of the city. The work is sub-divided---Girls' Department, Women's Department and Case Work. Two American secretaries and five nationality workers speaking the following languages are in charge of the institute: French, Turkish, German, Greek, Armenian, Czech, Slovak, Polish, Russian, Servian, Bulgarian, Italian, Hungarian and English. Forty-one nationalities were served last year. Total number of individual young women served, 1,807. Total visits to young women - 1,198 Total visits made on behalf of young women - 692 Total number of office interviews - 2,306 Young women for whom medical and legal aid was obtained - 293 Internation Migration Service cases - 87 Miscellaneous service (advice, affidavits, etc.) - 1,100 Young women placed in employment - 152 Aggregate attendance at classes - 3,089 Aggregate attendance at clubs - 2,396 Aggregate attendance at special meetings - 1,514 Total - 14,634 Industrial Clubs The main emphasis in the Industrial Club programs this year was put upon bringing about a greater unity in industry. This gives three main headings for our progress: Better understanding of races. 270 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY Better understanding and tolerance of other creeds. Better understanding of the contribution of industrial workers. These programs are worked out on a basis of group discussions, speakers, classes, summer conferences, service work, pageants, industrial exhibits, music and poetry. Business Clubs In the program of the Business Girls Department, special emphasis was placed on World Fellowship, discussions of various modern problems, a better understanding of the National Business and Professional Women's Department, and the place of the Business Girl in the Community. Total membership, 377. Total attendance, 9,818. Department totals: Clubs, 9; Membership, 527; Attendance, 12,943. Volunteer workers, i. e., board and committee members, club advisers, musicians and speakers and others take an active part in carrying on the work of all departments of the association. Florence M. Chancellor, Publicity Secretary, Y. W. C. A. CHAPTER V THE ROMANCE OF INDUSTRY Whenever, all the world 'round, one now hears the name of Akron, instinctively one thinks of rubber and the many varied products that have developed from it, just as when one hears of Gary, Ind., or Pittsburgh, one thinks of steel, or of Hollywood, moving pictures. Akron, however, has developed to its present greatness not by merely the production of rubber, but by a variety of products, which have carried its name all over the world. Although the rubber industry here is about 60 years old, the name of this city was blazoned around the hemisphere by cereal products, sewer pipe products, mowers and reapers and a score of other things. Rubber had not then come into the universal use that it has since been developed into by the use of the automobile, nor had the wide variety of products that can be made from it yet been imagined by those who worked with it. So, today, we have with us, not only our dominant rubber industry, but manufacturers of butter, ice, fish hooks, tackle and all other supplies for the fisherman, soap, grease, tallow, hides and other products of the rendering plants, mattresses and bedding, meat and slaughter house products, tents and awnings, brushes, hot air furnaces, electric motors and other electrical machinery, oil filters, exhaust heads and similar sheet metal products, paper boxes of all kinds, gasoline products refine for automobile use, movable stairways, gasoline products for automobile use, paper bags, wooden handles, leather belting, oil drilling machines, mirrors and a multitude of other products. Commenting on the progress of Akron industrial institutions the Beacon Journal, in its issue of August 22, 1928, printed the following editorial : "Akron within the year has heard many interesting prophecies of its bright future. By every standard by which the progress of a city is measured it has stood the test. In percentage of new building projects, postal receipts, bank clearings, industrial production and population gain it has ranked far ahead of its most progressive neighbors. For output and productivity Akron ranks in importance and prosperity with any city three times its quoted population. Indeed, every element of current local growth has been in line with the survey recently made by the Bell Telephone Company, which gave a forecast of a Greater Akron in such a way as to be a source of pride to every resident. "A hint of this Akron progress has reached the office of the Wall Street Journal, which devotes almost daily a large section of its space to recording - 271 - 272 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY the advance of Akron trade and enterprise. For several days Mr. C. D. Ellenby, a Journal representative, has been here looking over the city, and he is pleased to note the organized effort Akron commerce and industry are making to continue the upbuilding of a great city. "In his comparison of Akron with other cities of the east and middle west Mr. Ellenby is glad to note that Akron is the busiest place he has been in. He has interviewed a number of executives connected with the leading local rubber concerns and finds that in an always dull midsummer tire production is from 75 to 100 per cent of capacity. He finds a very optimistic spirit and less complaining among the business men of Akron than in any other city he has visited. Best of all the influences he finds is the Akron Industrial Foundation, which has been organized to bring diversified industries here that Akron may be given a proper outlet for its ever growing productive capacity. "Now if Akron looks so good to this Wall Street Journal man, by the same token it should look good to the people of Akron. Too many of the latter have failed to realize the way in which their city has been growing. As the saying goes, the grass is always greener on the other side of the fence, but with so many big developments in home building, factory extensions, and the drive for new industries, it is both easy and pleasant to visualize what the future of Akron is to be. "Mr. Ellenby says that on the basis of the idea that everything in the world is relative, we naturally do everything by comparison. Even though comparison may be odious, this does not apply to Akron at this time because the city from all observations seems to be a proverbial beehive of industry whose basic economic conditions are of the soundest type. "The Beacon Journal is glad to commend this good opinion of its home city from Wall Street. That community is in a situation to judge. The time is quickly going by when it lived in the popular mind only as a hard and fast money-changing institution. Soap box and vaudeville skit joined in a common effort to have it appear that it was a cold and dreary place, and almost hopeless, with a deep river on one side and an ancient burying ground on the other. The modern Wall Street has lost this character. And every Akron citizen will be glad to note that in the highly organized listening post it maintains it has heard some excellent reports of Akron, a city that more than a half century ago was acclaimed as "the mighty Lowell of the West," and one that has exceeded even the prophecy. The present day Lowell and all its population and industry could be housed in two or three wards of the Akron of 1928." More than a half century ago they had this to say regarding the agricultural implement industry : "There are seven establishments in Akron engaged in this line of industry, two of which are known throughout every section of the United States. The rapid growth of the industry of this city, however, is not surprising when we consider the superb advantages found here for such manufactures. There is no lack of raw material. The iron is abundant and close at hand. The woods used are at our doors in immense quantities. Steam power is exceedingly cheap—and AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 273 skilled labor is also plentiful. It is in consequence of this rare combination of all the prime facilities, that Akron has become the chief manufacturing city of farming implements and farm labor-saving machinery in this section. Nor does the industry here thrive by simply making articles which 'Tom, Dick and Harry' have a perfect right to make, or the articles for which the privilege of manufacturing is purchased from parties abroad. Its success comes very largely from the inventive genius that is interested directly in the Akron manufacturers. The inventions in this line, upon which patents have been granted to Akron makers, are innumerable, and deservedly rank among the most valuable now made subservient to the wants of the agriculturists in this country or any section of the world. And that they are appreciated is fully demonstrated by the fact that the highest awards of merit have been bestowed upon them." The first reference to the manufacturing of an agricultural implement was in 1825 when Dr. Eliakin Crosby purchased a defunct furnace operated on the site now occupied by the general office of the Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. In a crude way he manufactured plows, hoes and other agricultural implements for a period of two years, when the business being found unprofitable, he sold the property. A lapse of thirty-five years followed before the inception and creation of those agricultural implement works which were to become the foundation of Akron's industrial reputation. Two prominent companies were organized and started operations within a year of each other. The Buckeye Reaper & Mower Works. —This was an outgrowth of the C. Aultman & Co., of Canton, Ohio, and was established in Akron in 1864, but under the separate and distinct corporation title of Aultman, Miller & Co., with Hon. George W. Crouse as president, Hon. Lewis Miller, general superintendent, Ira Miller, secretary, and R. H. Wright, treasurer. Mr. Ira Miller is today the only surviving member of that official group. Among other men, in their day, prominently identified with the up-building and progress of this company, were : J. Asa Palmer, Josiah Hartzell, Neri Newcomb, W. A. Means, S. S. Miller, Maurice Snyder, Asa Hanscom, J. D. Palmer, John Grad, E. R. Harper, O. L. Sadler, Ralph P. Burnett, W. K. Means, J. P. Frisby, H. H. Crowther, R. B. Walker, John Shafer, N. N. Lerhner, S. P. Wallace, C. O. Baughman, Tom Marshall, Al. Young, Wallace Carlton, A. D. Power, Dan Cameron. The Buckeye factory, the Akron branch of the International Harvester Company, was located east of the old C. A. & C. Railroad, in the block between Center Street and Buchtel Avenue. An average of 800 men were employed during its existence and the products—self-binders, harvesters, self rakes, droppers and mowing machines—were marketed in this and foreign countries. It continued to do a prosperous business until 1902 when the International Harvester Company was organized. Competition in the agricultural implement line became very keen to the advantage of the larger organization. In 1905 a receiver was appointed for the, "Buckeye" Company and its entire assets were sold to the International Harvester Company. The plant was moved from Akron in 1927. 10-VOL. 1 274 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY Empire Reaper & Mower Works.—In 1865 J. F. Seiberling organized the J. F. Seiberling Company, and built his factory opposite the old Union Depot, west of the C. A. & C. Railroad, and north of Center Street, and the "Buckeye" works. The office building faced Mill Street. Mr. Seiberling was an inventive genius. The "Empire" Mower and Reaper with dropper attachment, was invented by him in 1858 and first manufactured at Doylestown in 1861, under the name of "Excelsior." In 1864 he began their manufacture in Massillon, but in 1865 brought the industry to Akron. Associated with him in the successful conduct of this business were his two sons, F. A. Seiberling, secretary and treasurer, and Chas. W. Seiberling, superintendent. Father and sons conducted the business until 1900 when the general depression of the implement business brought reverses. An assignee was appointed and the business liquidated just four years prior to the similar fate of the "Buckeye" Company. Identified with the progressive upbuilding and activities of this company, is brought to mind the name of W. H. Carter, who was with the old Excelsior Mower and Reaper works in 1868 to 1874, afterward with J. F. Seiberling & Co., until 1895. E. R. Harper was with J. F. Seiberling & Co., 1883-84; afterward he became mayor of Akron, and later, lieutenant-governor of Colorado. J. S. Benner, W. G. Wise and Horace Houser were three men well known in this organization. Prominent among the factory personnel were John Rawlings, John Heffelman, Jacob Carpenter, H. K. Austin, Jonas Nice, and Wm. Eardley. L. K. Miles, originally connected with the Whitman & Miles Mfg. Co., was general sales agent. Howard Sears, a young attorney, was in charge of collections, and later became a city commissioner. He was succeeded by J. A. Bradley, afterward a member of the law firm of Rogers, Rowley & Bradley. Prominent here, also, was Wm. Carter, who became identified with the J. F. Seiberling Company about 1880, and was with the company during its entire life as an expert accountant. Wm. Eardley also was a member of the original force. Akron Knife Works.—In 1848 the predecessors and founders of the present corporation, The Whitman & Barnes Mfg. Co., commenced in a very small way to make knives and sickles for mowing and reaping machines at Fitchburg, Mass. The manufacture of mowers and reapers was at that time in its infancy and the knives and sickles then used were crude and imperfect. In cooperation with the original McCormicks, satisfactory knives were produced for the first McCormick mowers. In 1854 a company was established by these founders of the original machine shop, under the name of the Whitman & Miles Mfg. Co. Gradually improvements were made in both branches of manufacture and the small knife works grew and furnished their cutting products to all the manufacturers then in existence in the implement line. As the production of mowers, binders and agricultural implements became a leading industry, the inducements were sufficiently attractive to establish a plant in Akron to supply knives, sickles, guard plates, sections, AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 275 spring keys, etc., to the "Buckeye" and "Empire" works and the Deering and McCormick interests in Chicago. The shops were constructed east of the C. A. & C. Railroad, on the site occupying the block between Buchtel Avenue and Carroll Street, south of the International Harvester Company, under the corporate name of the Whitman & Miles Mfg. Co. In September, 1877, Whitman & Barnes Mfg. Co. was incorporated and purchased the property and business of the Whitman & Miles Mfg. Co., at Akron, Ohio, and Fitchburg, Mass., and that of George Barnes & Co., of Syracuse, N. Y. The Fitchburg plant was closed and the business conducted at Akron, Ohio, and Syracuse, N. Y. Augustus Whitman was president of the company from the incorporation in 1877 to 1879 ; George Barnes, 1879-1885 ; Col. A. L. Conger, 1885- 1897 ; I. C. Alden, 1897-1899 ; Geo. E. Dana, 1899-1902 ; C. E. Sheldon, 1902-1915. These presidents presided over the affairs of The Whitman & Barnes Mfg. Co., during the period when the implement business was at its height. In May, 1880, the company purchased the properties of Collinson, Burch & Co., of St. Catharines, Canada, and established the Canadian branch of The Whitman & Barnes Mfg. Co., at that point, where cutting parts were manufactured for the Canadian trade. As the demand for cutting and kindred parts declined with the passing of the "Buckeye" and "Empire" works, and the market passed to the westward, the company established other lines. In 1891 the Diamond Drill & Tool Co., a small concern operating at 226 S. Howard Street, was purchased and the manufacture of twist drills and reamers was transferred to a section of the Akron plant. In May, 1893, the company began the building of a plant at Chicago, West Pullman, Ill., for the purpose of manufacturing cutting parts for Deering, McCormick and other western implement manufacturers. This line manufactured at Akron, was transferred to West Pullman, and the Akron plant was given over exclusively to the manufacture of twist drills and reamers. Gradually the western implement manufacturers began to produce their own cutting parts and the line was supplanted at the West Pullman factory by the manufacture of drop forgings, wrenches, spring cotters, lawn mowers and haying tools. During the year 1902 the company sold its properties in Canada and West Pullman to J. H. Williams & Co., of New York, retaining the Akron, Ohio, plant, where twist drills and reamers were manufactured. The Whitman & Barnes Mfg. Co. is the only surviving corporation of the group that was originally identified with the agricultural implement business at Akron, with its production of twist drills and reamers, radically different from the original output of seventy-one years ago. The plant was moved from Akron to Detroit in 1927. The Akron Rolling Mill.—During the first flourishing years of the agricultural implement business, the "Buckeye" officials looked to the establishment of a rolling mill to furnish their steel requirements, and formed this company in 1866. The mills were built west of the Erie railroad 276 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY tracks on the site now occupied by the Akron Selle Company, and the Erie yards. The president was Hon. Lewis Miller, Jeremiah A. Long, secretary and treasurer, Capt. Aaron P. Baldwin, general superintendent, and Edward B. Miller, assistant superintendent. It was re-organized in 1900 under the title of the Akron Iron & Steel Co. Stress of competition and the declining demand for its products, due to the falling off of the agricultural implement business, forced a liquidation and the winding up of the business. In the active days of this corporation, a number of Akron men held prominent positions, among them: A. B. Rinehart, W. A. Pardee, J. G. Raymond, E. W. Hull, Harry Holloway, Frank Dodge, Fred Dodge and Will McCarthy. The Akron Twine & Cordage Co. — In 1885 this company was organized and located at 110-116 Hill Street, in close proximity to the "Buckeye." The line manufactured included all kinds of Manila and sisal twine and rope. The leading specialty was binder twine to supply the binders manufactured by the "Buckeye" and "Empire" companies. The officers were: President, Hon. Geo. W. Crouse ; vice president, F. A. Seiberling ; secretary and treasurer, Dr. A. M. Cole. The company, closely allied with the "Buckeye" was involved in its financial difficulties and passed to The International Harvester Company, who dismantled the plant. The Akron Cultivator Co .—This corporation was originally formed under the name of The Akron Tool Company, September 21, 1899, and located its factory at 238 North Union Street. Hiram Kendal was president, Geo. W. Crouse, vice president, Horace M. Houser, secretary, and Chas. A. Bowen, treasurer and superintendent. In 1920 the business was sold to The Empire Plow Company, Cleveland, Ohio, and in this transaction the last of the agricultural implement manufacturing corporations connected with Akron's past history, ceased to exist, by removal to Cleveland. Reference is made to the Akron Iron Company, the Akron Twine & Cordage Company, and the Akron Cultivator Company, as organizations closely allied to the agricultural implement manufacturing business. They were links in the chain, some of them supplying materials and accessories to round out the completed line. The heart of Akron's industrial life was grouped in these industries in the territory adjoining the railroad between Mill and Iron streets. It was the artery of the industrial life, and the products receiving worldwide recognition for their merits, were the first mediums for spreading Akron's fame. These industries were neighbors and competitors, operating side by side, guided by a group of men of keen judgment and broad vision. Not only did they conduct their industrial affairs successfully, but they found time to participate in the municipal life of the community. They fostered and invested in infant industries, rubber and other lines, which have survived as monuments to them. These pioneers have passed, likewise the evidences of their industrial building, but their descendants remain to carry on. The sons of the fami- AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 277 lies, particularly the Seiberlings, F. A. and C. W., inheritors of their father's business. RUBBER More than half of Akron's century span of existence has revolved principally around the rubber manufacturing business and its development. Fifty-five years ago, when the rubber industry was embryonic and unknown west of the Allegheny Mountains, Akron was a smug little municipality of less than ten thousand inhabitants, nestling cozily in the then rather sparsely settled hills of Northern Ohio. That Akron of fifty-five years ago contrasts strikingly with the Akron of today—the city pre-eminent as the rubber manufacturing headquarters of the world—a city of more than 200,000 population—a city pulsative with industrial energy and bristling with business vigor—a city whose rubber and tire factories have a combined acreage of factory floor space today far greater than was the total ground area covered by the entire originl city of Akron—a city which, as the mainspring of one of the mightiest and fastest growing industrial giants known to mankind, girdles the civilized world with its products. Today more than half of the world's total production of tires and rubber goods comes from Akron's mighty industrial institutions where more than 50,000 men and women obtain their livelihood. In Akron's rubber factories tens of thousands of light bulbs sparkle as men toil late into the hours of the night, and often all night through, in order to meet the world's growing demand for Akron's rubber products. In these factories more than half a million horse power of steam and electrical energy are consumed every 24 hours. Here thousands of massive machines grumble and throb, turning out every 24 hours more than 100,000 pneumatic automobile tires and 150,000 inner tubes, fully 150 tons of solid tires for trucks, 15 miles or more of rubberized conveyor and transmission belting, 400 miles of rubber bands, 20 miles of garden and fire hose, miles of railroad air brake and steam hose, tons of rubber couplings, nearly a million rubber heels and rubber boots and shoes for fully 25,000 people in addition to hundreds of tons of more than 30,000 different rubber commodities and novelties. Here the yawning maws of industry are fed more than 150,000 tons of crude rubber and over 300,000 bales of cotton annually, in addition to millions of pounds of chemicals and other supplies. Here employees' payrolls reach $75,000,000 a year and the revenues from the sales of finished rubber products approximate more than $380,000,000 a year. As the list of Akron-made rubber articles numbers up into the 30,000 it is of course impossible to enumerate them. Let it suffice, therefore, that every rubber article known to the civilized world is made in Akron, from the tiniest rubber washer to the mammoth rubberized silken hulls of the Leviathan of the air—the dirigible Los Angeles ; from rubber bands to conveyor and transmission belts 2,000 feet long, which when rolled for shipment weigh thousands of pounds and stand 8 feet high ; from toy 278 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY balloons to hot water bottles, druggists' rubber sundries and surgical supplies ; and from tire repair patches the size of a quarter to giant pneumatic and solid tires. It was in 1870 that Destiny, aided by a few of Akron's progressive citizens, principal among whom was Col. George T. Perkins (1836-1910), oldest son of Col. Simon Perkins, first began to shape Akron as a mighty city of industry. THE HISTORY OF GOODRICH It has been said that the true test of an institution's worth is not in how long it has lived, but how long it has grown and how much it has written into the progress of the world. To go back to the beginning of the rubber industry in Akron is to go back to the founding of the B. F. Goodrich Company. This was before Akron had attained its fiftieth birthday, yet the pioneering spirit of honest purpose and conscientious effort laid the foundation then of an industry that has since led the world in rubber production. Dr. B. F. Goodrich, who started the Goodrich Company and directed its affairs until his death in 1888 had a sound philosophy about business. He believed that to grow and prosper the company should build goods destined to serve in a way that would always reflect credit upon the builders. And as Ralph Waldo Emerson said, "an institution is the lengthened shadow of one man," the Goodrich Company has continued under the original policy of Doctor Goodrich, progressing in research, growing larger, contributing to the economic needs of the world. When Doctor Goodrich built his plant in Akron, the field for the use of rubber products was limited. The growth of the Goodrich organization is therefore a story of pioneering—the kind of pioneering which established a reputation and inspired confidence. The first product Goodrich ever made was fire hose. This was directly due to the Doctor's having seen the house of a friend burn t3 the ground. He was standing near the pump of the old fashioned fire-fighting apparatus. He had seen the volunteer fighters run their hose line to the friend's house. The pump was started and as the pressure filled the old patched and weakened hose Doctor Goodrich saw the hose open at a seam and spray its contents over the ground a half block from the fire. He resolved then to build a fire hose that would be dependable. When he came to Akron and met Col. George T. Perkins he outlined his plans for starting a rubber factory. The idea at once appealed to Colonel Perkins, who called a meeting of business men and Goodrich received the needed assistance to put over his project. A short time later the original Goodrich plant was completed and the manufacture of "White Anchor" fire fighting hose was started. Many people think of Goodrich in terms of tires, yet tires are only one division of the work. Goodrich has added article after article until today approximately 30,000 different rubber products are made. 280 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY It is a tribute to the personality of Doctor Goodrich to know that nineteen business men of Akron lent one thousand dollars each to get the original Goodrich plant started. This amount of money plus a small sum secured by Doctor Goodrich represented the total capital of the new company which was first known as Goodrich, Tew & Co. The articles of copartnership for this enterprise were drawn up on the 31st of December, 1870. Four years later, when the original articles of partnership were terminated, the company was reorganized as Goodrich & Company. George W. Crouse was interested and contributed his financial support. This assistance provided the means whereby the Goodrich Company made its start toward progress and prosperity. On May 1, 1880, The B. F. Goodrich Company applied for incorporation, and the charter was granted on May 10 by the State of Ohio. The incorporators were B. F. Goodrich, G. T. Perkins, G. W. Crouse, Alanson Work, father of B. G. Work, who later became president, and R. P. Marvin, Jr., all of whom met on June 16, 1880, and adopted the constitution and by-laws. These five men constituted the first board of directors, with Doctor Goodrich as president, Mr. Work as vice president, in charge of production, and Mr. Perkins as secretary and treasurer. The Goodrich plant was the first rubber factory west of the Alleghenies. It was housed in a small brick building on the site of the present great factory, along the banks of the old Ohio canal. Several such plants as that original factory could be placed in one of the present factory's mill rooms—but small as that original plant was, it was the start of a business which was the direct cause of the growth of Akron from less than ten thousand inhabitants to the present city of nearly a quarter of a million. Beginning as the company did with the making of fire hose and mechanical goods, the next step came with the development of the bicycle. When the high wheel gave way to the "safety" bicycle, pneumatic tires were introduced, and Goodrich speedily became a most important source of supply for these. Before this period, however, Goodrich had taken the initial step in the evolution of rubber-shod wheels by perfecting the solid rubber tire for carriages. The success of this tire, followed by that of the pneumatic tire for bicycles, naturally led to consideration being given to tires for automobiles. With the universal use of motor cars today it is hard to realize that it was only a short time ago—namely, 1896—that Goodrich produced the first pneumatic tire made expressly for the automobile. The sizes made then were 34x4 and 36x4. Year after year showed steady improvement in methods of manufacture as well as in service of the tires, and this led up to the actual pioneering of the cord tire in America. The progress of the Goodrich Company, from the beginning, has been influenced by the loyal belief of every member of the organization in the plans, policies, and purposes as well as the products of Goodrich. It is AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 281 this that has helped the Company in its growth. A number of the men who worked originally with Dr. Goodrich are still active in the affairs of the Company. These men have all helped to perpetuate the business philosophy and purpose of the company's founder. Dr. Goodrich lived to see the Goodrich Company a world leader in its line. He lived to see the work being carried on to greater success, to see men educated and trained to Goodrich standards going out and building up the rubber industry of the world. Permanence in business can only be achieved by service. Planning, preparing and taking care of business is more than the work of a lifetime. It means the establishing of principles, the perfecting of methods and the building up of a system that may be passed on to well-chosen successors, that the institution may live and grow. On such a foundation as this Bertram G. Work took the helm of the Goodrich Company on January 10, 1907, succeeding Col. Geo. T. Perkins who had died a short time before. During his administration the consolidation of the Goodrich Company and the Diamond Rubber Company was brought about and Goodrich entered the international field to become a leading factor in world-wide rubber trade. Factories in England, France and Canada marked the expanding progress of the Goodrich Company under Mr. Work's administration. Up to the time of Mr. Work's death—August 30, 1927, the Goodrich Company had developed into a world leader in diversified rubber goods manufacture. He was succeeded by Mr. Harry Hough. Mr. Hough resigned as president early in 1928 and Mr. J. D. Tew was elected to the presidency. Fifty-five years background for the Goodrich Company has made a fitting foundation for the future and Akron, through the medium of this industry, has written into the history of world progress vital chapters that touch upon the lives of all civilized races. GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER CO. Late in the autumn of 1898 a young man rather short of stature and wiry of physique, purchased 12 acres of ground and a ramshackle straw-board box factory in East Akron. He borrowed $3,500 and gave his personal notes for $9,000 more. Thus with capital of $12,500, F. A. Seiberling, one of the foremost and most romantic figures in the industry, launched the company to which he gave the name of Goodyear, to perpetuate the name and fame of Charles Goodyear, the Yankee inventor who had given to the world the discovery of the process of vulcanization. It was December 8, 1898, that the boilers were fired and the Goodyear Company began to make solid carriage tires and pneumatic bicycle tires. Mr. Seiberling had been associated, prior to his entry into the rubber business, with his father, J. F. Seiberling, in the J. F. Seiberling Company, owners of the Empire Mower and Reaper Works in Akron. Associated with him from the start in the Goodyear Company was his brother, Charles W. Seiberling. P. W. Litchfield, a New Englander, joined Goodyear in 282 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY 1901 and built the company's first pneumatic automobile tire. He has since directed the construction of more than 70,000,000 Goodyear tires. In 1903 G. M. Stadelman joined the Goodyear as manager of carriage tire sales, and later became sales manager. Still later he succeeded Mr. Seiberling as president of the company. Mr. Litchfield climbed rapidly in the organization to his present position having succeeded Mr. Stadelman, following the latter's death as president. After the actual production start of the little company on December 8, 1898, the clear sailing was short lived. On Christmas day of the same year, Mr. Seiberling was notified that a decision of the United States District Court completely validated solid tire patent claims of a firm which had been making solid tires long before Seiberling entered the business. Seiberling immediately sought to secure manufacturing rights under the patent, but before this could be done the patentee had instituted infringement proceedings against him. Undaunted, the "Little Napoleon of the Rubber Industry"—for it was then that he first gained that appellation—launched into production of solid tires as vigorously as possible, and in four months had made such inroads into the business of the million dollar patentee concern that the latter suggested withdrawal of its suit if Seiberling would limit his production to $50,000 worth of tires annually and confine sales to orders from the patent owners. Mr. Seiberling refused to sign the armistice, rejecting the compromise offer and redoubling his production effort. Soon he had a contract for $600,000 worth of solid tires. Finally the litigation came to a head and after tedious days of court hearing, the patent involved was declared null and void. Seiberling and Goodyear had won a notable victory—one of the most notable patent victories in the history of the rubber industry, and a victory that spelled expansion and prosperity for all Akron makers of solid tires. The victory created one of the memorable events in Akron's history. All Akron rejoiced over Seiberling's successful resistance of the infringement suit. Bells were rung throughout the city. Whistles were tooted. It was not only a Goodyear victory—but an Akron victory and Akron citizens turned out enmasse to celebrate. Goodyear subsequently weathered other financial storms and patent infringement suits, and the world Goodyear sales under Mr. Seiberling's leadership climbed to more than $168,000,000 in 1919 when Goodyear factories turned out 6,800,000 tires for automobiles, bicycles, motorcycles and trucks. Mr. Seiberling continued as the company's president until 1921 when control of the company passed into the hands of financial interests. In 1921 F. A. Seiberling and C. W. Seiberling stepped out and E. G. Wilmer of Milwaukee became the Goodyear president. Mr. Seiberling organized the Seiberling Rubber Company, many of his old Goodyear associates going with him in the new venture. Principal among these was I. R. Bailey, for years with the Diamond Company and also with Goodyear who became the Seiberling vice president in charge of sales. He succumbed in 1923. In 1923 Mr. Wilmer became the Goodyear chairman and Mr. Stadel- 284 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY man was elevated to the presidency with Mr. Litchfield as first vice president and factory manager, F. K. Espenhain as vice president. Prominent in Goodyear affairs for years have been L. C. Rockhill, sales manager; C. A. Stillman, secretary; W. D. Shilts, assistant secretary ; R. H. Hart, treasurer ; William Stephens, general superintendent ; and C. C. Slusser, factory staff manager. Following Mr. Stadelman's death in 1926 Mr. Litchfield was elected to the presidency. Other officers and directors of Goodyear in the year 1923 are : Officers C. F. Stone, Vice President F. K. Espenhain, Vice President C. C. Slusser, Vice President C. A. Stillman, Vice President W. D. Shifts, Secretary F. R. Wahl, Counsel and Asst. Secretary. W. M. Mettler, Assistant Secretary P. H. Hart, Treasurer P. E. H. Leroy, Assistant Treasurer C. H. Brook, Comptroller C. L. Weberg, Assistant Comptroller H. D. Hoskin, Assistant Comptroller Directors G. A. Tomlinson R. C. Schaffner John Sherwin P. W. Litchfield H. B. Manton Walter B. Mahoney R. L. Robinson George B. Durell Francis Seiberling Fayette Brown S. L. Smith E. B. Green Dr. Robert H. Bishop, Jr. Grayson M. P. Murphy Elton Hoyt II Clarence Dillon J. Arthur House The Goodyear factories in Akron consist of eighty buildings with over 100 acres of floor space. Goodyear was the first Akron rubber company to enter the rubber plantation business, penetrating the jungles on the Island of Sumatra in the Far East in 1916 and establishing a 20,000 acre plantation which now has more than a million rubber trees under cultivation. Goodyear also transformed the sand dunes of the Salt River valley in Arizona into a fertile cotton plantation of 56,000 acres. Goodyear subsidiary and allied companies include the Goodyear Tire & Rubber Export Co.; the Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company of California, operating at Los Angeles the largest tire factory on the Pacific Coast ; the Goodyear Cotton Mills, Inc., operating cotton mills at Killingly, Conn.; Devon Mills, a big fabric plant at New Bedford, Mass.; The South West Cotton Company; the Goodyear-Zeppelin Corporation, and the Goodyear Rubber Plantations Company, in Sumatra. THE STORY OF FIRESTONE The story of Firestone is inevitably the story of the American tire industry as a whole. Founded almost at the introduction of the pneumatic tire in this country, the Firestone Tire & Rubber Company not only is the largest exclusive producer of tires, but is the only big tire company which still bears the name of the man who founded it and who remains its active head and guiding spirit. In August, 1900, a young carriage tire maker established himself in Akron fresh from the sale of his interest in a small rubber plant in Chicago which he had successfully managed several years. This man—Har- 286 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY vey S. Firestone—was born on a farm in Columbiana County, Ohio, singularly enough but a few miles from the city whose tremendous future growth came solely as a result of the demand for tires. Young Firestone's people had been successful farmers for years, but this son determined on a commercial career and while still in his 'teens secured a position as bookkeeper with a Columbus coal concern. Months of hard work at a business college qualified him for the position. But the old trader instinct asserted itself and soon young Firestone climbed down from his accountant's stool and went on the road for a drug and extract concern. Successful as a salesman, he soon was graduated into a managerial position with the Columbus Buggy Company. As its Michigan representative he drove into Detroit the first rubber tired tandem ever seen there. The vast improvement of such tires over the iron band variety, and his great success in the sale of them, urged Mr. Firestone to go into business for himself. This was actually his first step in the eventual founding of the Firestone Tire & Rubber Company, which was started in 1900 with a capital of but $20,000 cash, and $30,000 in patents and goodwill. In 1902 the young company employed a force of twelve men in a small South Akron one-time foundry, 75x150 feet. At first, of course, only carriage tires were produced, the automobile or motor truck not yet having come into general use. The Firestone company almost immediately introduced the first of a series of revolutionary changes or developments, characteristic of Mr. Firestone's genius and foresight. Instead of following the old carriage tire trade practice of cutting each tire to exact length to fit many different types of wheels, Mr. Firestone worked out a method of manufacturing the tires in continuous lengths, wound on reels. Soon the Firestone company was making and marketing the cushion tire, the internal-wire carriage tire and the special patented side-wide tire for heavier vehicles. It was the development of this type, always with an eye to the future, which started Mr. Firestone on the road to leadership in the truck tire field. In 1904, as motor cars came on the market in larger numbers, the Firestone Company brought out the straight-side pneumatic tire. It is a great testimonial to the fundamental of this idea that the straight-side tire of today is practically of the same design. The rim, of course, has been greatly developed. As a large proportion of the automobiles of that time required the clincher type pneumatic, and as most other tire manufacturers were producing it, it was necessary for Mr. Firestone to do so, to care for the replacement market. But the patents were controlled by one company, and that concern would issue no more licenses. Mr. Firestone, therefore, determined to make clincher tires regardless of the existing claims and in the same year the courts declared the clincher tire patents then in force were invalid. A somewhat similar situation developed in the manufacture of rims. Tire manufacturers, who had been forced to produce rims to take the straight-side tire, pooled their interests and formed the United Rim Corn- AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 287 pany. The Firestone company did not become associated with this organization but entered the rim business for itself. In later years the company was successful in all rim patent suits in which it was made defendant. The Firestone rim plant today is the largest in the world. Three years following the organization of the Firestone Company the force was more than tripled and additions to the little factory were necessary. By 1908 floor space had been increased to more than 100,000 square feet, with total sales in that year of $2,200,000. A year later expansion of the business demanded still greater production capacity and it was decided to issue a million dollars of 7 per cent preferred stock, and to erect a modern plant. The first unit had a capacity of 5,000 tires daily. It was completed in 1911 and recognized as the last word in tire factories, engineers from all over the country coming to study its design and system of operation. But even this great unit soon had to be extended and by 1911 the floor space of the new buildings totalled 1,462,000 square feet, sales amounting to nearly $8,000,000. Other plants were erected : Plant Two, Mechanical Building, Reclaiming and Gum-Dipping Plants. The growth of the business naturally called for a corresponding increase in man power. It was becoming difficult, however, for Mr. Firestone to maintain the personal contact with the employes which had always been a source of enthusiasm and cooperation. Therefore to maintain this relationship a personnel department was established to keep in touch with all members of the organization. In 1915 the company erected a large clubhouse and recreational center for its employes. Here are restaurants, where meals can be secured at surprisingly low prices ; a gymnasium, swimming pool, bowling alleys, a library, auditorium, etc. Throughout the year the clubhouse is used as a social center for all employes and their families. Not far from the clubhouse is Firestone Field, one of the finest baseball stadiums among the larger industrial concerns of the country. The company also maintains a modern and properly equipped factory hospital, with dressing stations at all plants. A well-appointed dental department is in connection. For employes of foreign birth, space is given in the clubhouse to Americanization classes under the auspices of the city board of education. With the population of Akron in 1916 far outstripping the existing housing facilities, the Firestone Company established a home colony for its employes on a healthful, suburban site near the factories. It was platted with boulevards and parks, with every modern improvement installed. Hundreds of homes were sold on the easy payment plan. To provide convenient banking and trust facilities, and to encourage thrift, the Firestone Park Trust & Savings Bank was established, becoming within a few years one of the largest institutions of the kind in the city. Also, on the principle that every employe should have a financial interest in the business, a plan was perfected early in the company's history whereby all members of the organization were enabled to purchase the common stock of the company on an easy payment plan. As far as is 288 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY known, the Firestone Company is the largest industrial concern in the country where all employes are stockholders. The Firestone sales organization reaches to every civilized part of the world. There are Firestone branches, warehouses and other distributing points wherever tires are used. In Hamilton, Ontario, is a branch factory, and a $7,000,000 plant is to be erected in Los Angeles. Firestone also largely controls the sources of its raw materials. The Firestone Cotton Mills are in Fall River, Mass., while the company owns a large rubber footwear subsidiary in Hudson, Mass. In Liberia, West Africa, the Firestone Company has under lease 1,000,000 acres of rubber growing land, and already 20,000 acres are under cultivation. At Singapore are the Firestone rubber-buying headquarters, with extensive preparation mills and shipping plants. With sales reaching the unprecedented total of $145,000,000 in 1926, the Firestone Tire & Rubber Company continues on its march of progress. Pioneers in every significant development in the industry, it is the Firestone ideal to make its leadership symbolic of the highest public service. MILLER RUBBER COMPANY Founded on an ideal and never forsaking it. The Miller Rubber Company has grown in one generation, from a small concern of a few hundred dollars in capital to one of the largest rubber manufacturing corporations in the world. About 35 years ago, a few men headed by Jacob Pfeiffer began to manufacture rubber gloves and druggists' sundries in a frame building of about 1,000 feet of floor space. Their capital was less than $1,000 and the scope of their distributing territory was confined to towns and cities within a radius of a few miles of Akron. These founders of The Miller Rubber Company were industrial idealists, in that the quality of the goods they manufactured were always the best they knew how to make. Building upon such a strong foundation it is not strange that the firm should prosper. Today the Miller Rubber Company occupies a factory of 23 buildings with more than a million and a quarter square feet of floor space. Its radius of distribution expanded each year until its products are marketed in every corner of the earth where civilization has penetrated. About 6,000 employes are on the payroll of this great concern and its capital is in excess of $20,000,000. Only two other rubber manufacturing companies produce a greater variety of rubber products, and, during the year of 1926, this company made and marketed a total of 165,000,000 pieces of rubber products. The capacity at this time is about 1,000,000 pieces of rubber goods each day. Jacob Pfeiffer, the leading spirit in the founding of the company and the only president the company has ever had is an Akron man. His brother William F. Pfeiffer joined the company a few years after its founding and 290 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY is general manager, secretary and treasurer. He is also an Akron man and has lived in Akron nearly all his life. The Miller Rubber Company is essentially an Akron institution and has contributed greatly to making Akron "The Rubber Capital of the World." The company manufactures automobile tires, tubes, and tire accessories, as well as druggists' sundries, rubber surgical supplies, bathing caps and bathing accessories. Rubber toys and other rubber novelties are included in the vast catalog of its varied rubber products. GENERAL TIRE AND RUBBER COMPANY The modest announcement, late in 1915, of the establishment of the General Tire and Rubber Company at Akron, Ohio, attracted little attention. The tire industry was in full swing upward, and the rubber world was thinking only in "big figures" as it watched the rapid growth of several rubber companies that had been earlier established. To the public, the General was "just another of those rubber companies" that seemed to be springing up on every hand in the wake of the earlier successes. No one then foresaw that this new company, the birth of which attracted so little attention, was destined, in a few years, to become such an important factor in the tire world. No one dreamed that the General Tire and Rubber Company could start from "scratch" at that comparatively late date and come along so rapidly that within a half dozen years it would be among the "big five" of the industry and be recognized as one of the strongest financially, and yet one of the most conservatively managed tire companies in the world. When the whistle first blew at the little factory which was the start of the present substantial plant no prophet visioned that in the hard days of the depression that followed the post-war boom the General would attain the distinction of being one of the very few rubber companies in the United States able to "carry on" successfully and would today hold the proud record as the only rubber company in the world that has never failed to pay in cash the regular dividends on both common and preferred stocks. During the dark days of the country-wide industrial depression of 1920 and 1921, the General Tire and Rubber Company became one of the very few bright spots in an industry sorely afflicted, and it was largely because of the stanchness of General that many persons who otherwise would have despaired, retained their faith in rubber and the tire industry. Happily for the industry those days are gone : rubber is more firmly established than ever as one of the country's greatest industries. The story of General's success and growth reads differently than the story of the development of most of the other tire companies. The founders of General had had a slightly different experience than their tire-making neighbors and out of that experience they formulated a manufacturing and selling policy that also was different, but which has been vindicated by time and practice. William O'Neil and W. E. Fouse, now president and vice president of AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 291 General, went to Kansas City in 1907 as tire jobbers and dealers for an Akron company. Practically the whole Southwest was their territory. They succeeded. It was also a time when the large tire manufacturers were extending their branch systems throughout the country, and O'Neil and Fouse found their territory curtailed by the fact that their manufacturer, as was the custom, would establish a branch in a good city about as soon as they had a business built up there. They were getting a thorough education in the dealers' side of the tire business—an education that was later to be expressed in their policy when they became tire manufacturers on their own account. Kansas City alone finally remained to them as territory, and as they were young and ambitious, they chafed at restraint and began to devise ways and means for larger opportunity. That was really the beginning of the General Tire and Rubber Company. O'Neil and Fouse became manufacturers in Kansas City, under their tire-selling name of the Western Tire & Rubber Company. They made repair material, patches, boots and various other accessories for which there was a large market when tires cost so much more and contained so much less mileage than now. The last year the company was in business in Kansas City the manufacturing end ran $500,000—not 'an insignificant item as a side line for two young tire dealers. At this point O'Neil and Fouse decided that they might as well manufacture tires. They were well known in Kansas City and the Southwest; they had the substantial beginning of a factory and they concluded at first that they would stay where they were and manufacture tires in Kansas City. O'Neil often tells the story of how Kansas City lost a tire factory. One day he met a friend and confided that he and his partner were going to make tires, and make them in Kansas City. The friend was enthusiastic. "Just think of the home town demand you will have !" he exclaimed. "It's sure to be a big success with that to start you off." "It was that remark about 'home town demand' that set me thinking," he says. "I visioned the quality of home town minstrel shows, home town talent at church entertainments, etc., and decided that rather than run into danger of becoming a mere amateur, I would abandon manufacturing. Then I thought of Akron, already the center of the tire industry and growing, the professional town as against the amateur. So we decided to come to Akron to establish our tire factory. Akron offered no bonus and none was asked. There was no invitation from the Chamber of Commerce and none was expected. There were no subsidies; no special financing. The, young men who had done what tire dealers had never done before, in the West, by building up a substantial manufacturing business along with the sale of tires, came to Akron, organized and went to work, with the result that they have since done what few other tire manufacturers have done, in the way of substantial, conservative and consistent progress. The Akron site selected for the factory was "way out in the country." The streets leading to it were not paved ; there was no city water ; the plant was half a mile from the end of the street car line. The founders of the company proceeded to surround themselves 292 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY with the best executives who could be found in the tire center—Akron. Charles J. Jahant, still superintendent and now a vice president of the company, was chosen production manager. He helped in laying out of the plant and has been identified with its every advance and growth. Jahant had been superintendent of a large tire plant and is a product of Akron schools and colleges and Akron rubber factories. R. S. Iredell, chief engineer, was identified with the development work of another Akron tire company and known as a "comer." H. B. Pushee, chief chemist, was prominent in experimental and development work with another large Akron tire company. He cast his fortunes with General, and has been in the forefront in the technical advances in tire making ever since. The advertising manager, A. B. Stiller, came from Kansas City, where he had been engaged in advertising and promotion work for the parent company. The same is true of J. G. Stoller, purchasing agent. It is significant that there have been no changes among the key men of the organization since the beginning. In manufacturing and sales, General launched policies that were strange to the industry in 1915, and were laughed at by competitors. It was decided to make only one brand of tire—The General—and to make it for quality and not price. It was expected that Generals would cost more money in first cost than other tires, and that popularity and sales volume would come from superior lasting qualities. This policy has been adhered to from the first day. The sales policy was unique when announced, though more and more tire companies have swung in its direction in late years. The manufacturing policy making better and higher priced tires than had ever been made before, prevented the company from competing for business of car manufacturers with whom price is a prime consideration. General decided to rely on the tire dealer, and through him, in a retail business for the distribution of its goods to the car, truck and bus owner. When General started, the cry among tire manufacturers was for volume. To equip new cars was considered exceptionally good business, because the equipment business meant volume, and the advertising value of the contracts and distribution were considered desirable. General took its stand against both practices. The company stood for quality production, as against mass production for the car manufacturer, and it also stood for the establishment of large tire merchants as dealers—one to a town if possible, thus making the General dealer a real specialist and tire merchant, and not a man who made tires a side line, and carried several makes of tires. Those were revolutionary things to do but the management attributes much of the success of the company to the fact that it did them and has not deviated. General has never passed up a dividend. In production, not an employe has been "laid off" since the dark days of 1920. Its factory production has no peaks and valleys, but is continuously on the up grade. Almost every year new additions are made to the factory, to keep up with the growth of demand for General tires. The officers are : William O'Neil, AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 293 president and general manager ; W. E. Fouse, vice president ; C. J. Jahant, vice president and superintendent ; T. F. O'Neil, secretary ; Charles Herberich, treasurer. Mr. M. O'Neil, the former chairman of the board and a veteran Akron merchant, died in 1928. SEIBERLING RUBBER COMPANY, AKRON, OHIO The Seiberling Rubber Co. of Akron, Ohio, was founded on November 21, 1921, by Frank A. Seiberling—the firm being incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware. Seiberling products are tires, tubes and rubber heels—the Seiberling All-Tread tire being made in both passenger and truck tire sizes and being distinguished by unique design—protective side bars of rubber extending down the sides of the tire giving extra protection against abrasive curbs and ruts. Seiberling sales for 1926 were $17,097,525.74—maintaining an average annual 41 per cent increase during the years since the company was founded. There are 5,000 Seiberling dealers operating under exclusive dealerships, retailing the Seiberling product throughout the nation and in thirty-eight foreign countries. Seiberling tires are chosen as original equipment by such distinctive cars as Packard, Marmon, Peerless, Chrysler 80, Stearns Knight and Willys Knight. Over one thousand large commercial fleets throughout the country use Seiberlings 100 per cent. Recent large factory additions give Seiberling Rubber Company a factory capactiy of 6,000 tires and 7,500 tubes a day. Substantial national advertising is a fundamental part of the Seiberling program—the striking Seiberling advertisements being familiar to all readers of all great nationally known magazines. The Seiberling Rubber Company has initiated many of the innovations in tire design and merchandising of the past few years. Mr. Frank A. Seiberling, who invented the straight side tire, the tire building machine, the quick detachable rim and who sponsored today's cord tire, continued his contributions to the tire building art by introducing a unit tread and sidewall construction, Seiberling water-bag cure and the all-tread barred design, several of which features have been widely imitated by competitors. The Seiberling Rubber Company initiated the plan of exclusive dealership, local cooperative advertising with dealers and other plans which are now an established part of the entire industry. On April 1, 1927, Seiberling acquired the large factories of the K. & S. Rubber Goods Company in Toronto and the Seiberling Rubber Company of Canada, Ltd., was founded —which is now doing a substantial business in the Dominion. Mr. C. A. Jones is vice president and managing director of the Canadian Seiberling. Seiberling profits in 1926 in percentage exceeded the profits of any other Akron rubber company. Seiberling stocks are listed on the Cleveland exchange. Officers of the Seiberling Rubber Company are—F. A. Seiberling, president ; C. W. Seiberling, vice president and treasurer ; W. E. Palmer, secretary ; H. L. Post, vice president in charge of sales ; William S. Wolfe, vice president in charge of production. 294 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY THE HISTORY OF THE INDIA TIRE & RUBBER CO. A fire which wrecked his factory and burned practically all his records and files, and which resulted in a loss of $85,000 with only $4,000 insurance, was the last of a series of events which prompted J. M. Alderfer to organize the India Tire & Rubber Company of Akron in 1916. The factory which burned was known as the Alderfer Crate Company at Sharon Center, Ohio, a small town not far from Akron. The crate company was the outgrowth of a sawmill which Mr. Alderfer and his, brother purchased from their father a year after Mr. Alderfer was married. The crate company history goes back to the days before there were automobiles. Mr. Alderfer had considerable business in Akron in those days and frequently visited the few rubber companies which were manufacturing only bicycle tires. Impressed by the fact that bicycle tires were shipped in pine boxes, Mr. Alderfer conceived the idea of building a circular slat crate which would serve the purpose just as satisfactorily for shipping and at the same time would not be so bulky nor so hard to handle, and less expensive. He went back to the sawmill and built a crate which he believed would serve the purpose. This he brought to Akron and showed to officials in two or three of the rubber companies, but was told that it was impractical and unsatisfactory. However, one man saw possibilities in the crate, so Mr. Alderfer prevailed upon him to take fifty and send them out with letters, asking for comments and suggestions about them. These fifty crates were delivered, no charge, with the understanding that the letters would go out. Replies were so satisfactory that it was not difficult thereafter to get crate business from all the rubber companies. During the panic of 1907, however, he found it somewhat difficult to get any cash for the crates which he delivered, so he struck upon the idea of accepting half cash and half in stock in the company which purchased them. Without this sort of an arrangement, he says, it would have been difficult to maintain the plant. His close association with the rubber industry through his crate business started him looking into the future of the rubber business as against that in which he was engaged. He realized that the rubber business was virtually in its infancy and had his heart set upon getting into it some day. On March 5, 1915, Mr. Alderfer was having dinner with Mrs. Alderfer when the telephone operator called to inform him that the factory was in flames. By the time he reached it the plant was doomed and soon had burned to the ground. His family attempted to persuade him to retire but since he was on the near-side of fifty and possessed of great energy, he made up his mind to embark in the rubber business. His business ability having made itself manifest to those interested in the rubber industry in Akron, Mr. Alderfer and his associates did not find it difficult to raise enough money in remarkably short time to proceed with the erection of the first unit of the India Tire & Rubber Co. The first tires 296 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY, were produced in 1916. The following year when the United States entered the World War, the company's progress was temporarily halted when it was just beginning to gain momentum. The onward march was resumed after the signing of the Armistice and has been constantly upward since that time. Mr. Alderfer has only two hobbies—his business and boys. He has taught a Sunday School class of boys ever since he was a young man and at present has a class of some seventy young men. He has been a member of the board of directors of the State Y. M. C. A. for seventeen years, and at present is chairman of the Summit County Y. M. C. A. Board. RUBBER JOURNAL ESTABLISHED Akron's rubber companies began to expand their ramifications, several of them establishing subsidiary manufacturing companies in foreign countries and in Canada, and locating branches throughout the entire world. In 1901 Theodore E. Smith founded India Rubber Review, the only rubber journal ever published in Akron and today the recognized tire and rubber authority with world wide circulation. Mr. Smith transferred editorial and publishing offices to Akron, from Chicago, shortly after founding the magazine, and continued at its helm until 1920 when its control was acquired by Edward S. Babcox. The magazine is published monthly, going to all parts of the world. Mr. Babcox now is president and publisher of the India Rubber Review, with Ralph C. Busbey as vice president and editor ; H. H. Harriman as associate editor ; W. C. Doerler as secretary and business manager, and Miss H. L. Sanders, circulation manager. F. A. Seiberling gave the tire industry the first practical tire building machinery which eliminated the hand method of building tires and greatly accelerated production. A. H. Marks developed one of the first, successful methods of reclaiming rubber. There are countless contributions to the industry such as the work of Dr. W. C. Geer, vice president of the Goodrich Company, in figuring prominently in the development of gas masks for use by the American Expeditionary Forces during the World War ; the many tire inventions of J. A. Swinehart ; the development of the modern day golf ball and the valuable contributions in this direction of John R. Gammeter of the B. F. Goodrich Company ; the pioneering in aeronautics and the construction of lighter-than-air craft in Akron under the leadership of F. A. Seiberling and P. W. Litchfield of the Goodyear Company ; the work of John F. Palmer, inventor of one of the first pneumatic bicycle tires ever produced, and inventor also of the cord tire ; the pioneering work of Akron tire technicians in developing the first pneumatic tire for buses and trucks and the latest improvement in tire construction—the low air pressure or balloon tire. Akron owes its prestige as the home of "Silvertown" tires to the work of A. H. Marks during the days when the Diamond Rubber Company was at its peak, prior to its consolidation with Goodrich, for it was largely through the efforts of Mr. AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 297 Marks that the Silvertown cord tire manufacturing rights were secured for $750,000 cash, by the Diamond Company. The history of the cord tire, about which most of Akron's development has centered, is indeed interesting. At a bicycle show held in Philadelphia more than thirty-five years ago, J. F. Palmer, who later became famous in connection with tire construction, exhibited what then was called a puncture-proof bicycle tire. It was crude in construction but interesting in theory and Goodrich representatives became so impressed with it that they persuaded Mr. Palmer to come to Akron to further develop the tire. After a series of experiments the new tire finally was brought out but the real success of the Palmer bicycle tire, however, was only achieved when Mr. Palmer conceived the idea of using parallel threads or cords in place of a woven fabric. Patents on this method were obtained early in 1893. The B. F. Goodrich Company was the exclusive manufacturer in the United States for this new Palmer tire but Mr. Palmer issued his patents in a number of foreign countries. In later years Mr. Palmer used the same cord principle in developing the first cord pneumatic tire for automobiles, a tire which rapidly is replacing the fabric tire. With the advent of the automobile Christian Gray, then technical director of the India Rubber Company, and Thomas Sloper undertook to pro, duce a clincher automobile tire, embodying the Palmer bicycle cord principle. Over a dozen patents were taken out by them on this construction, between 1904 and 1911. In 1909 the Diamond Rubber Company of Akron purchased the American rights under the patents, and the B. F. Goodrich Company acquired the same rights in 1912 by purchase of the Diamond Rubber Company. One of the earlier rubber companies was the Star Rubber Company, founded in 1907 by S. E. Duff, its first president ; Homer A. Hine, its first secretary, and J. W. Miller, the first treasurer. L. H. Firey became president in 1916 when the company launched actively in the tire manufacturing business, having previously made druggists' rubber sundries. The Mohawk Rubber Company, of Akron, was founded in 1913 by S. S. Miller, Francis Seiberling, J. K. Williams, C. S. MacLaughlin, R. M. Pilmore and F. J. Mishler, with capital stock of $350,000. It took over the plant of the Stein Double Cushion Tire Company, and from the original production of twenty tires a day has built its output to 1,500 tires and 2,200 inner tubes daily. Sales in 1924 exceeded $3,413,000. Two years before the founding of the Mohawk Company, Adam Duncan formed the American Tire & Rubber Company which was reorganized in 1916 as the American Rubber and Tire Company, with Fred H. Snyder as president. Upon Mr. Snyder's death early in 1924, his son Floyd C. Snyder succeeded to the presidency. The Kelly-Springfield Tire Company, whose main factory was for many years in Akron, was the outgrowth of the Rubber Tire Wheel Company, organized in 1895 by Edwin S. Kelly of Springfield, Ohio. In 1899 this company was taken over by the Consolidated Rubber Tire Company and in 1914 the name was changed to the Kelly-Springfield Tire Com- 298 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY pany. Although the company's main plant now is at Cumberland, Md., it operates its original Akron factory as its principal branch production center. Emerson McMillen was the first president, followed by Isaac L. Rice in 1900 and Van H. Cartmell in 1902. Mr. Cartmell was succeeded by A. B. Jones in 1921 and in 1923 Arnold L. Scheuer became president. The Swinehart Tire & Rubber Company, organized in 1904 by J. A. Swinehart, E. C. Swinehart, H. F. Siecrist, F. E. Ream and Henry Feuchter started with capital of $100,000, manufacturing solid tires. Mr. Swine-hart served as president and in 1905 sold to the company the property of the Rubber Specialty Company, on North Howard Street, which he owned. The company expanded to handle the production of pneumatic tires and in 1909 W. W. Wuchter became president and manager. T. F. Walsh assumed the presidency in 1921, the company adding a cushion tire line in that year. From sales of $115,000 in 1909 the company has grown rapidly. In contiguous districts, in what is known as the- Greater Akron Industrial Zone, are numerous rubber and tire companies that have helped to make Akron the "Rubber Metropolis." One of the older of these is the Rubber Products at Barberton, incorporated in 1906 by William A. Johnston as president and treasurer ; B. F. Tracy as vice president and G. C. Kohler as secretary. In 1915 O. M. Mason and D. M. Mason formed the Mason Tire & Rubber Company at Kent. The former became president and the latter treasurer and general manager. In 1924 these two officers retired, W. A. Cluff becoming president and treasurer, with J. H. Diehl and C. H. Williams as vice presidents; and T. G. Graham as factory manager. In 1919 the Lambert Tire & Rubber Company, formed five years before in Portland, Oregon, by H. M. Lambert, inventor of the special Lambert cushion tire, established its factory between Kenmore and Barberton. At Cuyahoga Falls, several rubber companies have sprung up. Principal among them is the Falls Rubber Company, organized in 1909 by William Sherbondy and Frank Nolte. M. J. O'Donnell joined the company in 1914 and became president the succeeding year, retiring from the presidency in May, 1925, when he was succeeded as president and treasurer by J. O. King. The American Hard Rubber Company came into being in 1898 through consolidation of the India Rubber Comb Company, the Butler Hard Rubber Company, and the Goodrich Hard Rubber Company, establishing its factory in East Akron. Fritz Achelis was president from 1898 until his death in December, 1924, when he was succeeded by Frederic G. Achelis. The Philadelphia Rubber Works Company was formed in 1910 as a merger of the Philadelphia Rubber Works which had been organized in 1880, and the Alkali Rubber Company, which was started in 1904 with other present officers including J. S. Lowman, first vice president and E. K. Monnington, secretary and treasurer. The company manufactures reclaimed rubber. Data available on other rubber companies in the Akron district follow: AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 299 Good Rubber Company, formed 1923 ; manufacturers of toy balloons and rubber novelties. Independent Rubber Company, incorporated 1911 by S. G. Rogers, A. J. Rowley, G. A. Sirdefield and R. H. Nesbitt to manufacture rubber goods. Summit Rubber Company, incorporated in 1922 for $125,000, although established in 1917 by M. Nobil and Charles Schwartz, treasurer and general manager ; G. B. Nobil, secretary. The Western Reserve Rubber Company, manufacturers of rubber toy balloons, was incorporated in 1915 with Arthur P. Witten as president. The Sun Rubber Company, of Barberton, manufacturers of rubber sundries, represents the merger of the Marlanite Company, of Barberton, and the Sumatra Rubber Company, of Salem. The Marathon Rubber Company, of Akron, represents a recent reorganization of the original Marathon Company. The Eclat Rubber Company, of Cuyahoga Falls, was started in 1919 by W. H. Stilwell, now president, to manufacture mechanical rubber goods. The Trump Bros. Rubber Company, tire and mechanical goods manufacturers, started in 1921 with $200,000 capital stock. Anderson Rubber Company (not incorporated), was established by S. W. Anderson in 1910, as manufacturer and distributor of balloon toys and rubber novelties. The Lincoln Rubber Company, organized in 1914 at Barberton, for the manufacture of rubber sundries, surgeons' supplies, etc. The Pyramid Rubber Specialty Company ; founded in 1920 and capitalized at $25,000 for the manufacture of rubber sundries and surgical supplies. L. N. Oberlin and R. C. Shaw were the first executives. The Northern Rubber Co. of Barberton was organized in 1924 and occupies the old Biltwell plant at Barberton. The Clinton Rubber Company, organized in February, 1925, to make rubber products. The Miles Tire & Rubber Company, formed in 1923 to act as a selling organization handling products of the Amazon and Monarch Rubber Companies. The Akron Rubber Reclaiming Company, formed in 1925 with B. 0. Etling as president. The Akron Rapatire Company, organized in 1924 with Fred F. Feldhaus as president and R. H. Noah as secretary and treasurer, manufacturers of tire wrapping machines. Mention should be made of companies, not essentially rubber manufacturers, who supply the industry either with materials, technical service or machinery. Among these are the following: The Rubber Service Laboratories Company, incorporated in 1921 for $100,500 as manufacturers of products connected with the rubber industry accelerator specialists, laboratory experts, etc. R. C. Hartong was the first president. The company maintains laboratories in Akron while its manufacturing site is at Nitro, W. Va.