(RETURN TO THE TITLE PAGE) 400 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY Vera Foster Lillian E. Gehri Grace M. Gille Wilma P. Glass Nora Hansen Helen Hanson Marguerite Hetzel Ann E. Hillyer Florence F. Hoffman M. Jeanette Holloway Marion E. Juthe Winifred Keirn Antoinette Larson Vesta Leight Martha Lichti May Ludwig Marjorie C. Parks Elizabeth K. Pleasants Ann K. Raynow Lillian Ringler Moffatt Margaret Robinson J. Ruth Sanderson H. Agnes Schall Phillips Cheryl Short Beatrice Snyder Helen Snyder Minnie Ruth Stingel Nora Sullivan Eva P. Warner W. S. Yocom Gladys Irvine Grace School Kathryn M. Andrus Kathryn Bietz Ethel L. Brecht Gertrude S. Carson Jane Cummins Iva Fox Jessie I. France Rose Gilbride Julia Gordon Margaret Irwin Edna K. Limbacher Alice McAuliffe Lillian Madden Helen Miller Grace B. Morgan E. Katherine O'Neil Dorothy G. Ralston Nora E. Randall Emma E. Sloan Lena E. Smith Leona Smith Mildred E. Stebbins Lillian Wolfe Harris School Irene Baumgardner Evelyn Clark E. M. Clemenson Marie Cunningham Vida C. Garman Blanche George Clara Goss Helen E. Griffith Bertha J. Gugler Beulah Hall Correnna L. Harker Adeline A. Hirleman Katherine H. King Georgiana Kirk Myrtle C. Leib Augusta C. Lemmer Marian W. Matherly Ruth Meier Catherine Redinger Effie Russell Ruth I. Schumacher Queen M. Turner Gladys Vick Ellen Wagoner Odas Williamson AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 401 Henry School Mina L. Adams Catherine Cameron Ruth Crow Helen Fairbanks Edith Fraser Wanda A. Gallagher Alice L. Green Ella M. Ingersoll Maude McLallen Ella Rhodes Nelle C. Sharpe Katherine E. Smith Minnie St. John Alberta Waltz Jeannette Watt Hotchkiss School Dorothy Barrett Jennie M. Bickford Esther Crankshaw Lena M. Drake Jessie M. Hanks Ona Henderson Sarah E. Larrabee Anita L. Mason Gertrude Northy Anna L. Morrow Selma Reichenstein Mary K. Schultz Iva J. Towne Cora P. West Bernice Wiles Hazel Austin Jennie Piatt Howe School Bess I. Ballard Florence M. Ballard Achsah Bowen Helen Coleman Muriel Cowdrey May L. Dorman Mary Finney Florence Frederick Margaret Fulton Hazel V. Gable Ethel Hafner Leila E. Hoffman Martha M. Long Anna McDowell Gertrude Meyer Vera I. Morris Margaret M. Prior Bertha Robinson Alice I. Ross Frances Rothschild Marie Russell Helen B. Schnegg Sarah Stanley C. R. Stoudenheimer Jennings School Jennie Amos Gertrude Clark Allie Conley Eleanor J. Darrow Maude E. Flower Ruth Frazier Laura N. Hauck Alpha Ingersoll Alice Irvine Celia M. Kanagy Armetha Lieuellen Edith Martin Emma S. Mitchell Mary E. Schnee Louise Sherman Alice L. Tracy C. H. Wenger Dorothy Witthoeft Erdie R. Wolfe Bertha Wood 14—VOL. 1 402 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY Kent School Louise Berry Grace D. Cole Lillian Crawford Thomas Stella M. Decora Margaret Fitzgerald Clifford Foote Lois J. Portner Mary Porter Lillian Gething Mary Hart Gertrude Hatfield Mildred Knoske Kathryn Lantz Mary McCarthy Gladys Murray Glenna M. Rabe Ora M. Steigner Ida Sutherland Rose C. Tapper Mae Wells Margaret W. Yahl King School Eva D. Ault Laura Barker Blanche Brown Meroe W. Clark Mayme B. Dixon Eunice N. Fackler G. Frances Frost Ella E. Eerz Annabel Kellerman Helen Lambert Mildred Lawrence Hazel Lemmler Viola Smith Marcia J. Lowell Madge McCoy Jessie L. Moore Lillian Wagner Jordan Lane School Lois Barrett Sara C. Compher Mildred Cook Gertrude Davis Hazel V. Easterday Sara E. Elliott Helen Everhart Evelyn Garbett Edith Hollingsworth Edith Kunsman Ellen F. Lawler Pauline Lind Helen J. Love Audrey Lumpe Marion J. Marsh Ida J. Matz Bernice L. Ohl Louise D. Randolph Lorena G. Roberts Edna Seib Myrtle Shields Ailene Slater Adaline Storts Ellen Sullivan Gladys Waldkirch Thomas B. Wood Leggett School Rosanna Alexander Cecile Baldwin Mary K. Beck Mabelle E. Bowden Frances B. Bricker Caroline Motz Ruth M. Myers Orra Redett Olive Roberts Irma A. Robinson 404 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY Elizabeth M. Cave Grace Colman Thelma Crosby Florence Dieckman Alfreda Eastman Mary C. Fasnacht Clara Frank Ellen T. Garvin Florence C. Heer Pauline M. Henry Martha J. Konicek Esther Lind Mary Locke Naomi Rubright Maude E. Rumsey Edith Seiders Jessie G. Smith Katherine Sullivan Margaret Sullivan Sue Sutherland Julia R. Thomas Ethel K. Timmons Frank Wargo Evelyn G. Weston Mae Wiseman Lincoln School Della H. Alexander Margaret Bolanz Barbara Burkhart Erma L. Buseck B. Vynita Collier Elizabeth Feather Mabel Frase Alma V. Frost Susan Gallaher Orpha Harris Mackey Dora B. Hatfield Belle Hendershot Gladys Higgon Elizabeth H. Quayle Bess Householder Matilda G. Hugg Frances C. Hyde Ruth Keifer Lillian G. Krager Goldo Kunkel Laura A. Leeper Loretta A. McClain Rose Martin Amanda Melander Wendell A. Miller Alta T. Moorehead Mabel Pack Elsie Quaintance John C. Quirk L. Blanche Romig Mary Ross Hazel B. Sellers Edith Shields Pressa Welsh McEbright School Alta Albers Isabella R. Boylston Alice Fiegly Nina Freas Ida J. Gilchrist Helen Gron John F. Hagen Gertrude L. Jentsch Marguerite Kistler Florence M. Kubaugh Fay Ledrich Genevieve M. Linscott Esther Lower Berenice Monegan Marjorie Myers Alice A. Phillips Thelma Ritchey M. Louise Hampton Lucy M. Stewart Goldie M. Stone Mabel Wise Emma Wright Alberta Jackson Margaret Scanlon AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 405 Maple Valley School Violet Blazer Elizabeth Kaiser Mildred Ogan Doris L. Riehl Jennie M. Smith Ethie Daily Margaret Park School Maude Baughin Grace Brock Edna Cramer Stella Catty Lillian G. Cunningham Anna E. Davis Violet E. Glass Mildred Graham M. Nevada Graham Harriet H. Hawkins A. Loretta Heilman Ruth Hickox Mary E. Hosler Mildred Houser Blanche I. Keck Vivian Lebold Leah A. Minner Martha Mitchell Janet Morrison Helen G. Osborn J. Walter Parsons Mahala Pees Eunice Reed Pauline Roberts Frances Robinson Clara Schultz Kathryn A. Sexauer Emiline M. Shafer Lulu I. Smith Madge Whigam Margaret F. Wyant Mason School Harold D. Becker Catharine Beil Anna H. Dean Iva P. Dean Margaret Decker Goldie M. Diller Kathryn Driscoll Clara A. Eckert Florence L. Firick Elva Foltz Florence Gibson Wilda T. Graham Pluma Heefele Marjorie Hall Mary Louise Harris Ann Hart Ruth F. Lange Roxanna Ledrich O. T. Ludwigsen Isabella Mackey Carrie McCoy Louise C. Naumer Mareta H. Newbauer Gyda Olsen Ethel M. Pierce Olive Roberts Columbia Robey Helen Fay Robinson Cordelia Roth Mabel Schroeder Hilda Sheedlo Florence Smith Marguerite Snyder Sara Anne Taney Ruth V. Thurston Luella F. Williams Willa Yeager 406 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY Miller School Martha Alspach Martha E. Ball Mabel Barnes Ada Bauman Hanna B. Barnhart Eva Brainard Emma Caldwell Lois Cooper Ethel L. Crites Dorothy Davidson Ida Dyer Boyle Mayme Edwards Mildred Ferguson Emma M. Fritz Nora Furbay Fay B. Harrington Ruby Holcomb Harriette Keeney Mary M. Kirk Rose Mary Kraus Mildred McQuilkin Eunice Marks Ruth J. Palmer Blanche L. Randall Margaret Sanderson Elsie Seiberling Blanche W. Squires Mary D. Stillinger Philippa Treloar Grace Worth Esther Sawdy Old Perkins School H. R. Boedicker Eloise Y. Braley W. F. Delaney Lee Fox E. H. Hummel, Jr. C. W. Johnson Carl W. Long J. S. McCleary J. L. McFarland Helen L. McKeown A. P. Newman Martha L. Pilkey Z. R. Prentiss Edwin O. Stallsmith Frances Welty Florence L. Wilson Wm. H. Simpson Perkins School Helen Blackburn Orpha Bower Augusta Brinkerhoff Nellie Buswell Martha Cooper Ruth Craig S. Charlotte Darragh Bertha R. Frampton Grace Gibeaut Robert J. Jones Hazel Keener Bessie Lizawetsky Eva A. McKee Leora McKee Zella Ruth Moeller Margaret Morar Jane Reece Lula Richardson Marie J. Roetzel Frances Schwindling Maude L. Smith Ethel Wagner Josephine Walsh Mary A. Wesner Amelia Chaney AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 407 Portage Path School Emma Beck Emma Betson Lida A. Botzum Edna W. Bower Marion L. Corbett Marion L. Depp Vera Jane Emmons Sophia G. Gallets Hilda N. Goss Flora C. Gross Bertha A. Rimes Cynthia Hough Roberta J. Huber Helen Johnson Helen Mercer Bernice Olmsted Anna F. Parker Ruth L. Roetzel Martha O. Rylander Anna Simpson Blanche Skaer Erma A. Spence Marie Springer Lucille Stetler Catherine Williams George Wetzel Rankin School Florence Babb Lillian Battles Ruth E. Blank Janice Bowen Harriet T. Callow Helen E. Chenot Rose Crano Esther R. Davis Hazel K. Davis Emma Dunn Anna Fletcher Lois Gore Etha Kamp Olive Keck Mary Frances Pearl Irene T. Poole Frances G. Rodgers Margaret M. Ryan Lulu Shannon Elizabeth Stephenson Martha M. Sykes Irma D. Wilcox Robinson School Gertrude Baechtel Eva M. Blair Bertha Brast Katherine Brown Elaine Bucher Irene Calnon Lila Carey Genevieve Clement Catherine Darling Agnes I. Davidson F. Helen Davison Maude C. Day Elizabeth M. Duffy Nora B. Fry Halcyon Harper Catherine Hennigan Mary Edna Koonig Grace Lybarger Maude Moore Edith Neal Helen Parks Phyllis R. Pollock Dorothy M. Potts Christine Roberts Kathryn C. Saal Wilma V. Schnegg Kathryn Shugert Lucile Sillito Ruth H. Smith Laura A. Trainor Josephine Traverso Ray L. Vandersall 408 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY Helen Herring Elsie H. Jewell Laura E. Joy Achsah Walker Ralph Wiltshire Mary Zeis Seiberling School Rosamon Agniel Doris Arbogast Evelyn Bernard Ada E. Bordner Belle Bowen Mary H. Bowman Helen Boyd Lillian Christenson Edna M. Cozed Margaret Davis Esther Depuy Martha Effinger Helene Fitzgerald Ethel Flickinger Eulalia Frampton Nina H. Frieden May L. Fuller Olive Glanville Elizabeth Hackett Martha L. Hinman Verna Lebold Elizabeth D. Logan Amy L. A. Matz Jessie McCance Rose McDonald E. Lucile Master Florence D. Moore Laura Neiger Myrtle Norman Helen Loise Pardee Mary W. Phelps Stella Potschner Emma F. Powers Elizabeth Price Helen D. Ritchey Rosa W. Schroeder Addie Serfass Ann Snyder M. R. Tedrow Helen Upstill Ruth M. Wells Florence Wooddell Spicer School Verna Ayres Mary R. Barnes Almeda Baumgartner M. Alene Blackburn Rose Blumenstein Frederica Crispin Josephine French Bertha Heiss Lillian R. Henderson Grace E. Ion Helen J. Jackson Helen K. McAcy Grace Naylor Margaret L. Rook Mary Sarlson Dorothy Schorle James R. Seaton Ethel C. Soderstrom Margaret Tragesser Otto K. Vance Fannie Walcott Hortense Whitbeck Special Teachers Louise Boehm Ruth E. Whorl J. M. Campbell Lloyd Haines L. Verner Kelley C. R. Lebo Don Paul McAdoo Bertha Porter Roberts Vesta A. Huntley Harry Chalmers AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 409 Central High School Carrie E. Shriber Mabel Barber Walter M. Bishop Blanche Brady Katharine Calvin Gerald Armstrong Anna B. Chalfant F. A. Chittenden Margaret Conley Ruth Dawson Grace L. Dear John M. Emde Anna Flint Walter Frye Oscar Himebaugh Rupert Jones W. W. Loomis Myrtle McCormick August F. Meyer Gladys Parshall Inez Parshall Hulah Phillips Ruby D. Rentschler Grace J. Richardson E. A. Schwinn Ruth W. Seymour Elsa Shafer Cora D. Smith Mable E. Todd Harold S. Vincent Marion Voris Marie Wakefield Irma M. Weihrauch C. L. Wild J. C. Chenot East High School Ruth P. Andrews Arthur T. Bolt Gladys S. Bowen Myrtle W. Caves Anna M. Corbett Helen I. Duvendeck Hazel R. Geiger Alice L. Green Florence B. Hanna H. A. Heskett Arthur C. Hetrick George F. Hoffman Lela Hoffman Henry James Olga Johnson Dorothy S. Kinsley L. E. Kirtley Mabel I. Marsh J. T. McDougal Russell H. Martin Margaret Nottingham L. D. Ricker Grace Schaefer O. L. Schneyer L. E. Smith C. B. Snodgrass E. R. Stotler Erma I. Swigart W. W. Vannorsdall Elizabeth L. Walker T. P. Webster Lucile Wells Ruth Wheeler Dorothy White Ethel L. Wilson Samuel E. Zook East Elementary School W. E. Bankes John Bunnell Grayce J. Miller Sara M. Mooney Lora I. Naumer Florence Porter Fern N. Swigart Grace Thompson 410 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY Garfield Senior High School Grace I. Batchelor Virginia Bedford Ruth J. Bradley Adaline G. Brown Margaret A. Bryant Earl T. Caves M. Lucille Davison Dorothy Frazier George B. Kirk Rachel Markley Howard V. Matson Esther A. Kietzman B. Howard Peake Bertha Pennington Helen F. Poe Paul R. Pugh E. Pearl Ramsey Luella Schmidt J. M. Shaffer Adelaide F. Thurston I. H. Wessel Corl Zimmerman Garfield Junior High School Mildred L. Carter Freda J. Clause Florence French F. S. Fullerton R. J. Hartwick Vera E. Johnson M. B. Kleckner Ruth V. Kline Daisy F. Lower Lou Delight Mitchell H. H. McCobb H. Omeroid C. R. Shaeffer Wilma E. Schubert John Scott Ernest S. Swanson Lewis C. Turner Ruth G. Waltz Evelyn Sills Wilda B. Ward North High School Adah Smetts C. W. Boehringer Eleanore Bowman Anna C. Burkman M. Lee Crawford Thomas E. Cutler Nellie D. Fisher Arnold F. Gebhart Raymond Givens Arthur H. Goff George Hantelman Edgar M. Houk Edna R. Hunsicker Constance M. Junge Caroline B. Kempel Gladys Leonhard Edna L. Lichti Zoe Mason Mary Plane Mary B. Reed Helen G. Rook Carroll J. Roush Prudence M. Roush Dorothy D. Shank C. M. Snyder T. R. Turney C. W. Vermillion C. H. Vincent John A. Wagner Catherine W. Weinig Marie Weilbrenner Sara B. Wilkinson South High School C. R. Welbaum R. G. Anderson William E. Anderson Frances C. Lind William G. Loeber Martha Maider 412 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY Lois L. Babb Albert P. Bey Jane Botzum E. R. Bumgarner Rilla Bruederlein Lucile Burtis Mary Louise Clossey Lytle W. Cole Bertha D. Crowe Frances N. Curry Eldora Flint Marie R. George Eugene P. Glick Mary E. Hamilton Frances E. Hammitt L. P. Holloway Lena L. Johnson Ethel A. Moore S. B. Moul Dorothy Powell Mary A. Pusateri Bertha M. Rakow Harry E. Reed H. L. Shubert C. E. Shriber C. C. Switzer Miriam J. Tilock Honora Tobin Ruth Wean Edgar P. Weltner John R. White B. V. L. Wilson D. B. Zook South Elementary School E. E. Atwell Margaret Brogan LeVaughn Gunther Mary E. Koontz Blanche S. Stall R. Bertha Steckhan Charlotte Steckhan Elementary School Principals E. P. Lillie W. H. Kopf Minnie J. Spuller Elizabeth Camp Jessie B. Waltz George F. Weber L. C. Noakes Isabel R. Wilson Harriet Jones James A. Dittemore Mame E. Knapp Cora L. Covey M. Iola Williams Carl T. Britton Nellie B. Haymaker Elizabeth Mercer E. D. Bates U. M. McCaughey H. L. Armstrong Dorothea Derrig Neonetta Gladwin Mary E. Myers Bessie Curfman A. J. Dillehay Julia H. Storing Etta McVean H. C. Piehl E. C. Auten Alice N. McArtor John T. Shumaker Catherine B. Caswall West High School Margaret Allen Zeura Allen Claude A. Arnold Marjorie Averell Archie H. Mase J. F. Mearig R. A. Miksch Hettie B. Murdock AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 413 Russell Beichly Cora Bockstahler Glenn L. Boots Paul S. Bryant Persis Buerkle C. E. Butcher Fern Carter Lillian M. Clark Vernon S. Culp Priscilla Dackerman Mary Faye Durr Florence Ehrhardt Madora H. Frederick Helen French A. J. Gerber Josephine Hinsdale H. M. Horst Wm. J. Irwin Winnefred M. Mabry Bess E. Kauffman Geneva McCoid Esther Mangan Paul M. Murphey W. Neuenschwander O. F. Peddicord Helen A. Pfahl Fern L. Raudabaugh Beatrice Rentschler Bessie Rhodes Emma Ritari Robert L. Roose Viva Ruse H. A. Sargent Donald D. Schoner Edythe V. Smeeth A. J. Snearline Elizabeth Stevenson Emma Stuckey G. A. Todd James H. Tucker Anna M. Wagner L. O. Weiss Dorothy Whittington Norma F. Williams High School Principals C. J. Bowman, Central ; Hugh R. Smith, North ; C. E. Bryant, South ; O. C. Hatton, East ; J. W. Flood, West ; A. D. Ladd, Garfield. Attendance Department—George L. Harding, Lida B. McCallum, Inez Baylor, Helen Selden, Dr. H. R. Baremore. Dentist's Office—Dr. D. E. Chase, Grace E. Will. Warehouse—W. A. Campbell. Maintenance Department—C. D. Werstler, J. F. Barnhart. Supervisors—Milton H. Seitz, Mary A. Brandon, Olive G. Carson, Nellie L. Glover. BARBERTON On the 10th day of February, 1893, a notice was posted in Barberton stating that on the 25th day of February, 1893, there would be a meeting of the qualified electors of the village of Barberton for the purpose of establishing a village school district. Then on the 25th day the election was held with 125 votes for a village district, and 3 against. On the 18th of March following, there was held an election for the purpose of electing, according to the notice, "six competent and judicious persons" to serve as members of the Board of Education for the new district. The result of the election was as follows : George Stevens, one year ; A. Welker, one year ; H. A. Fritz and W. P. Welker, two years ; John McNamara and H. B. Frase, three years. 414 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY The first superintendent of the Barberton schools was W. S. Robinson, who served from 1893 to 1897. In 1897 W. M. Glasgow was elected as superintendent of the Barberton schools. His term was from 1897 to 1906. In 1906 J. M. Carr was elected. He served until 1913. Since 1913 U. L. Light has been superintendent. BARBERTON TEACHERS' DIRECTORY Light, U. L., Supt. Pieffer, Harold A. Baughman, Janet Beaver, Marthalee Bell, Carol Boyd, Mary Deane Clark, M. A. Cline, Marguerite Easterling, G. R. Everett, L. L. French, George Gifford, H. J. Hollinger, Ruth Hunt, E. L. Immler, Florence Jacot, Mabel Jeffries, Edna Measell, L. J. Miller, Kermit E. Pratt, Stanley F. Reed, R. L. Seese, C. Adrian Snell, Margaret Spangler, Charles H. Thomas, Helen Thutt, Sylvia Wanda Whitenack, Arthur E. Winstel, Bernice Young, W. B. Central School Chamberlin, Ruth, Prin Broadhurst, Amy F. Bolen Esta Bolin, Lucile Dunlap, Rose Hardten, Vera Ingalls, Edna Justice, Esther Maas, Theresa Martin. Mildred Miller, Mabelle Mills, Albertina Moore, Lena Moore, Sara Rodgers, Monna Schultz, Minnie Skilton, Lucy Stanley, Hilah G. West, Winifred Oakdale School Cormany, H. E. Kirkpatrick, Wilma McGuire, Florence Reed, Ruth Schmid, Faye Van Dyke, Frances West, Mae Wright, Gloria Washington School Dollinger, H. C., Prin. Frampton, Ruth Merrell, Esther Shidaker, Hazel Skilton, Emily Tawney, Ruth Zappolo, Philomena AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 415 Lincoln School McFarlin, Edna, Prin. Camp, Naida Donson, Esther Gaugler, Grace Heuser, Agnes Houseman, Meta Moss, Hayden Nicholson, Laura Pembrook, Beatrice Reed, Edith Schlup, Mildred Shorder, Donna Snyder, Hallie Stine, Glenna Highland School Caskey, Zorah, Prin. Butzer, Esther Cloyd, Ida Good, William Hunter, Helen Jackson, Vera Mills, Marian Ogle, Josephine Peck, Elsie Shaw, Elizabeth Sherman, Lucile Snavely, Floyd Stoll, Ernstine High Street School Sheafer, Grace L., Prin. Ackeret, Iva Bradshaw, Jessie Hall, Bertha Hershey, Ethel High, Geraldine Snyder, Ella Truscott, Elizabeth Windisch, Eva Zuver, Neva May Hazelwood School Kuntzleman, R. A., Prin. Bliler, Mary E. Dorey, Helen Gray, Lenore E. Krueger, Inez Medaugh, Rhea Myers, Harriet Richardson, Ida Romestant, Rose Walker, Althea Rose Street School Santrock, Nora, Prin. Armstrong, Mary Berger, June Black, Margaret Canfield, Imogene Heffelman, Verna Irish, Vera L. James, Catherine Lyon, Aurilla C. McDonough, Pearl Mills, Kathleen Moore, Alice Nellis, Gertrude Phillips, Lennie Rodhe, Dorothy Russell, Florence Smiley, Dorothy 416 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY Special Teachers Bowen, Geo. W.  Eubanks, J. A. Grafton, Elizabeth Simons, Elizabeth KENMORE CITY SCHOOLS The Kenmore schools began in 1903 with Mr. Crites as superintendent. At that time he was called principal and had three teachers under his charge at the old Central Building located at South Eleventh Street and Boulevard. During his three years as head of the Kenmore schools a frame building was built at Lawndale which required a total teaching staff of four teachers. Mr. Crites left the teaching profession in order to enter the banking business. He has been very successful and is now treasurer of the Commercial Savings Bank, Barberton, Ohio. Superintendent Brown, 1906-1907: During Superintendent Brown's administration of one year, another teacher was added, which raised the total number of teachers to five. Little information other than the usual routine of school affairs is known. Superintendent C. E. Benedict, 1907-1909: In 1908, Kenmore was organized as a village. The first Board of Education was organized, and held its first meeting, April 6, 1908. Coventry Township carried suit to the Supreme Court in order to prevent the Kenmore schools from separating from the township. Kenmore won the suit. Local enthusiasm ran high. Much credit and honor was bestowed upon the leaders by the citizens of the village. The Board of Education consisted of the following members : H. E. Shook, president ; John Rettig, Harvey Lautenschlager, J. H. Hecklar, and J. W. Horner, clerk. Superintendent Benedict is a graduate of Mount Union College, A. B. degree. He had several years of successful experience as a teacher and as a superintendent prior to his coming to Kenmore. He left the teaching profession in order to take up newspaper work and printing. He has made Kenmore his permanent home and is one of her leading citizens. Superintendent H. G. Dice, 1909-1915: In 1910, Kenmore High School was registered as a second grade high school. The school population was rapidly increasing which necessitated building a four-room annex to the Central Building in 1911, building the first unit of the Colonial Building in 1912, and building the first unit of the Lawndale Building in 1914. Superintendent Dice was head of the Kenmore schools for six years. He had a teaching staff of fifteen teachers. His work was faithfully done and appreciated by all. He is retired and now living on a farm five or six miles south of Kenmore. Superintendent Russell L. Fouse, 1915-1919: The very rapid growth of Kenmore began under Superintendent Fouse's administration. In 1916, annexes were built to the Colonial Building and to the Lawndale Building. The first unit of the present AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 417 high school building was built in 1917 and a large annex was added in 1918. The teaching staff now consisted of fifty teachers with a school population of more than fifteen hundred pupils. The high school enrollment was approximately two hundred. Superintendent Fouse was instrumental in having Kenmore High 'School receive the high rank of a first grade high school. Superintendent Fouse received his A. B. degree from Mount Union College. His four years of adminstrative work was difficult, varied, and full of many complex school problems, all of which he successfully solved. He is at present principal of the Garfield Junior High School, Akron, Ohio. Superintendent C. E. McCorkle, 1919—: The nine years from 1919 to 1928 have witnessed an almost phenomenal growth in the city schools of Kenmore, and without doubt the greatest percentage of growth in the State of Ohio. It has grown from a village school system in 1919 of fifty teachers and 1,500 pupils to a city system of over 100 teachers and 4,300 pupils and a high school of less than 200 pupils to a high school of more than 700 pupils. In order to provide adequate school facilities for the great increase in school population and to keep pace with the high standards of education established by the Board of Education, the following buildings were constructed : Pfeiffer School - 1919 Fred E. Smith School - 1920 Highland Park School - 1922 Lawndale Annex School - 1923 Gym-Auditorium School - 1926 W. F. Rimer School - 1928 All of the above school buildings are constructed on the unit basis so that twelve, twenty-four or any desired number of room units may be added without extra cost and inconvenience. Furthermore, all buildings are so located that the lives of children going to and from school are not endangered by crossing the Boulevard and congested traffic streets. Dr. C. E. McCorkle is a graduate of Ohio University, A. B.; Clark University, A. M. ; Harvard University, M. A., and Ohio University, Ped. D. His work has been very interesting and marked with unusual success and harmony. The efficiency and high standards of the Kenmore schools are not only recognized locally, but in other sections of Ohio and even other states. The teaching staff both in high school and in the elementary schools is the very best, and, full credit should be given to all of the teachers and Mr. W. F. Rimer, principal of the high school since 1920, for making the Kenmore city schools efficient and outstanding. All the above results, however, have been made possible only through the excellent Board of Education that Kenmore has been so fortunate in having all through its school history. The members of the present board are : A. R. Ritzman, president ; J. H. Stahl, vice president ; Russell Oberlin, J. B. Woodward and W. J. Watters. Mr. M. W. Schramm is clerk and treasurer.   418 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY CUYAHOGA FALLS W. M. Richardson, Superintendent High School Building Gilbert Roberts, Prin. 1. May Templer 2. May Craig DeLong 3. May Smith 4. Kathryn Dickas 5. H. A. Preston 6. C. A. Merrill 7. Mildred Hillyer 8. Gertrude Rix 9. George A. Erf 10. Cora M. Link 11. Carleton Smith 12. May L. Cline 13. D. M. Cruikshank 14. Edna Brown 15. Cassie Harris 16. Gladys Sechrist 17. Howard Saurer Doris Hassley 18. Louise Hencke 19. Dorothy Keck 20. Josephine Long 21. W. A. Joel 22. Harland A. Shaw 23. Miriam Miller 24. Martha Hallenbeck 25. Harriet Shanaberger 26. Jean P. Johnston 27. Myrtle A. Lecky 28. Ruth Drake 29. Ora Zimmerman 30. Wade Moyer 31. Vacancy 32. Vacancy 33. Vacancy East School Clifford Grosvenor, Prin. 1. Mae H. Fric 2. DeEtte Fox 3. Nina Wolcott 4. Jessie Billiter 5. Clara Lindsey 6. Leona Bartlett 7. Anna Hawley 8. Happy Switzer 9. Ruth Robbins 10. Wilhelmina Lang 11. Doris Sidnell 12. James Pittenger 13. Vacancy Broad Street School Marie J. Smith, Prin. 1. Julia Pittenger 2. Ivy Whittington 3. Jessie Jones 4. Mamie Barber 5. Margery Richardson 6. Elene LePrevost 7. Ruth Smith 8. Edith Richardson 9. Mildred Nihousen 10. Emma Bilderback 11. Harriet Sarbach 12. Linnea Anderson 13. S. A. Dort 14. Sadie Mathias 15. Della White 16. Genevieve Hanlin 17. Lillian Searle 18. Vacancy AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 419 Crawford School Elizabeth Price, Prin. 1. Corrinne Grosvenor 2. Naomi Robertson 3. Mabel Wilcox 4. Mary E. Wolcott 5. Alice Klinger 6. Isabel Bucklin 7. Mildred Reiter 8. Florence Cooper 9. Helen Hall 10. Winifred Lewis 11. Ruby Dort 12. Bessie Grant 13. S. A. Schlup Americanization The history of Americanization in Akron begins and ends with the story of men and women to whom "nothing of humanity is alien" and who have exercised their American Idealism in positive service to make our whole city a better place for men and women and little children to live. Such persons as Philip Treash, E. D. Fritch, and L. D. Slusser were pioneer night school teachers at Central High School as early as 1900. Some foreign-born people attended these classes. After a few years this work was discontinued by the Board of Education. Professor 0. E. Olin, sensing a need for work with the non-English speaking people of the city, organized in 1911 the first community Americanization class in a room over a saloon on Furnace Street, and taught the class himself. Associated closely with him in this early development were Dr. E. B. Foltz, Mr. F. A. Seiberling, Mr. J. Q. Ames, and Mr. John Huntoon. In 1913 Mr. F. A. Seiberling bought the old Jewish Synagogue, which stood where the Elks' Club now stands, and gave it to the Akron Settlement House Association, through which much of the early Americanization Service was carried on. In the spring of 1913 a conference was held at the home of Mr. Seiberling to establish a community-wide program of work. As a result of this conference all Americanization classes were placed under the general supervision of Mr. H. T. Waller, who had come to Akron as the general secretary of the Y. M. C. A., and who has been a pioneer in this work in industrial centers since 1905. In 1915 the Akron Chamber of Commerce raised a fund of $10,000 which was turned over to the Board of Education to be used for the instruction of adult immigrants. The following year the Board of Education decided to assume the responsibility for free adult immigrant education. Meanwhile there had developed bureaus of education in the large industries which dealt primarily with the teaching of a working knowledge of English to the non-English speaking employes. This work in the Goodrich, Goodyear, and Firestone companies was developed with the understanding that eventually the responsibility for instruction would rest with the public schools. Mr. E. P. Wiles was brought to Akron in 1917 as assistant superintendent of schools in charge of extension activities. With his coming began a development of adult immigrant education in Akron which has 420 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY given the city a place of respect in the nation wide development of this work. Leaders in adult immigrant education throughout the country have come to look to Akron for progressive leadership in this field. The outstanding recent development has been the work with women with particular emphasis upon the problems of the foreign-born mother making her home and properly raising children in an American community. More than 1,000 mothers have attended classes in Akron during the past five years. In addition to the women's classes are night schools, schools at industries, and special classes conducted for men and women who have filed petition for final naturalization papers. The entire development of Americanization effort in Akron has been particularly characterized by a decided interest on the part of employer, teacher, and social worker in the human side of the foreigner's life. The history of this work is a gradual growth from a "hit or miss" policy to a well understood, well organized, and well defined effort reaching the worker in industry, the child in school, and the mother in the home. German Lutheran School About fifty-five years ago the congregation of the Zion Lutheran Church voted to establish and support a parochial school. At the present time it has an enrollment of 162 boys and girls—with a faculty of four—under the direction of F. B. Miller, principal. The curriculum includes the studies of all grades up to the end of the eighth year. Next year the ninth year grade will be included. Private Schools There were many private or "select" schools in the early days of Akron, for it has always been a matter of great concern to our people that the children should have good training. As early as 1836 a private school was taught by Miss Sarah Carpenter and Miss Blodgett, and in the same year a school in South Akron was opened. Evidently some of these adventures were not successful, (was it financial troubles?) for numerous advertisements of "select schools" are found in the early records. In the list of pupils in a school opened by Mr. and Mrs. Olmstead, we find the names of children of the King and the Spicer families. In 1855 a school at the corner of Brown and East Exchange streets was opened by Miss Sarah King. She announced that she would teach reading, writing, and arithmetic, and would give lessons in embroidery. After the public school system of Akron was ably and thoroughly organized, few private schools were in existence. In the early part of the present century Miss Grace Miller opened a school called "Oak Place School." She had as assistant Miss Weymouth, a Wellesley graduate. The grades taught in this school ranged from kindergarten to a preparatory course for Wellesley. Miss Mary Latham and Miss Grace Manning continued the work of this school after Miss Miller and Miss Weymouth discontinued. AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 421 In 1920, the "Old Trail School" on a distinctly new idea was organized. The moving spirit of this organization was Dr. W. C. Geer and a group of men who had children ready for kindergarten work, and they wanted to provide the very best in education for them. The fundamental idea of self government, of independence in thinking, of the development of the natural characteristics of the child came to be recognized as the distinctive marks of this school. It is frankly progressive in its methods and ideals. The grades now are from kindergarten through the fifth year. The attendance this year has been about sixty children. The school is located at 780 West Market Street. Preparatory Department of Buchtel College September 11, 1872, was the natal day of Buchtel College. One building housed both a collegiate and a preparatory department. In point of numbers, the preparatory was much the stronger, having 171 students (only about forty per cent of whom resided in Akron), out of a total of 217. The student body was decidedly democratic, little distinction being shown at social functions, chapel, or on campus. Only two teachers were assigned strictly to this department, professors from the collegiate assisting where needed. The first year only two courses were offered, a philosophical and a classical, each being for three years. Many students, of necessity, were classed as irregular. In 1874, Miss Jennie Gifford became principal. Her coming brought organization, life, and strength. In 1876 a normal course was established. The decennial year at Buchtel, 1881-82, found the academy not increased in numbers, but advanced in character to a well organized and disciplined school, strong in all lines of work. As the collegiate grew in numbers, the democratic spirit, which was so pronounced at first, lessened to a marked degree. The Buchtel Record of November, 1882, gives an account of a very spirited skirmish between college men and "preps." The battle was the outcome of the initiation of the cap and gown by the senior class of that year. After that date the line of distinction was closely drawn. In 1889, Miss Jennie Gifford resigned as principal after a most faithful and efficient service of twenty-four years. She was succeeded by Prof. 0. E. Olin, an educator of note from Kansas. On December 20, 1899, occurred the great fire, which burned the college to the ground. Through the kindness of Mr. F. W. Albrecht, the rooms above his drug store on Center Street were hastily converted into classrooms and given to the college rent free, for the use of the preparatory department. Soon after the holidays the school again opened. The trustees of Buchtel College made immediate preparations to erect two new buildings, one for the collegiate, on the site of the burned building, and one for the preparatory on a portion of the campus facing Sumner Street. The latter was completed and occupied in 1901, and the name of the school was officially changed to Buchtel Academy. The normal course was dropped and the 422 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY curriculum enlarged from a three-year course to a strict four-year, thus meeting all requirements for entrance to college. In 1904, Principal Olin resigned to become a member of the college faculty. In 1906 Mr. Charles Rundell, '98, Buchtel, became principal. He was assisted by a strong corps of teachers. Principal Rundell spared no effort to make the academy a first-class preparatory school and was rewarded by seeing it upon the accredited list of many of the leading colleges and universities of the country. On December 15, 1913, Buchtel College became the Municipal University of Akron. As a result, the academy had to be discontinued, because to continue would be duplicating the work the city was already supporting in its high schools. Thus passed from existence the preparatory department, which for more than forty years had served its purpose as a strong adjunct to the institution. Buchtel College Municipal University of Akron Buchtel College was a child of the Ohio Universalist Convention. In June, 1867, the members, assembled at their annual meeting, took the first definite step toward the founding of a school in which their children might "receive instruction by these who are fully imbued with the spirit of our faith." At first the thought was to establish only an academy, but as the Akron people were much interested in high school education, the committee of the convention decided to establish a college. John R. Buchtel had become enthusiastic over the project, and devoted a large part of his wealth to the enterprise. At first he subscribed $6,000 toward a building fund, and pledged $25,000 toward an endowment fund. During his lifetime Mr. Buchtel gave almost his entire fortune to Buchtel College,—his gifts amounting to almost half a million dollars. His generosity measured not only in dollars but in time and devotion, was unstinted, and his loyalty to the institution was unfailing. The site selected for the new building was the gift of Avery Spicer—the old Spicer cemetery, a part of the Spicer farm originally owned by Major Miner Spicer, the first settler of Akron. Ground was broken March 15, 1871. By July 4 the foundation walls were completed, and on that day the cornerstone of the building was laid by the Masonic order—the address being delivered by Horace Greeley. September 20, 1872, the formal exercises of dedication, and the installation of the first president, Rev. S. H. McCollester, D. D., took place. The first year the students numbered 217, with a faculty of seven members. The citizens of Akron were interested in the new college, and leading citizens such as Judge E. P. Green, George T. Perkins, Judge N. D. Tibbals, Gen. A. C. Voris, George W. Crouse, served on the board of trustees for many years. 424 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY The first two presidents, Dr. McCollester (1872-78) and Dr. E. L. Rexford (1878-80) were men of varied abilities and great vision and so were peculiarly fitted to organize and develop the work of the college. As to the faculty, that there were "giants in those days," can be proved by mentioning the names of Prof. Carl F. Kolbe, Dr. Charles M. Knight, and Prof. Elias Fraunfelter. The students of old Buchtel count it an honor to have been under their inspiring influence. From 1880-96 the college faced the problems of development—enlarging of the courses of study, increasing its equipment, and putting itself on an adequate financial basis. Dr. 0. Cone was president during this period. During his administration new and valuable assistants were added to the faculty. Dr. E. W. Claypole, Professors Bates and Shipman, Doctor Howe, Prof. H. V. Egbert, Miss Maria Parsons, Miss Jewett, and Miss Merrill are names that are always mentioned with pride. The financial distress of 1893-96 embarrassed the college trustees, and at one time the question of suspending work for one year was greatly discussed, but this radical step was prevented by the loyalty of friends and the devotion of the members of the faculty, who voluntarily asked for substantial reductions of salary. Dr. Cone resigned from the presidency in 1896, and Dean Charles M. Knight acted ad interim until the appointment of Dr. Ira A. Priest in 1897. His administration was made tragic by the fire of mysterious origin which destroyed the whole main building, December 20, 1899. The city pledged cooperation in the work of rebuilding. On January 4, 1900, the new term opened, with full attendance all standing for chapel service in Crouse Gymnasium, which was used as class rooms, library, chapel, and chemical and physical laboratories. A woman's dormitory was established on South Union St., largely through the generosity of Mesdames F. H. Mason and I. C. Alden, and named in their honor "Masaldwar." President Priest resigned in 1901 and Dr. A. B. Church was called to fill the office. This he did finely and strongly until his untimely death in November, 1912. During this time new buildings were constructed ; the largest and finest being Knight Chemical Laboratory, fittingly named in recognition of the long years of splendid service rendered by Dr. Charles M. Knight. The curriculum was in every way enriched. President Church tried to make Buchtel College of the highest service to Akron and its vicinity. His sudden death found it at one of the most critical hours of her history—her very existence was threatened. His successor, Dr. Parke R. Kolbe, was peculiarly fitted to take up the burden. A son of Old Buchtel, keenly sympathetic with its traditions, a successful and popular professor since 1905—he was the fitting choice of the board of trustees. Dr. Kolbe turned for guidance to the successful Municipal University of Cincinnati, and following its example, he proposed April, 1913, to the trustees a program of offering to the City of Akron, upon certain conditions, the entire plant and endowment of Buchtel College, which was to become the nucleus for a municipal university. The trustees, after due consideration, voted unanimously to bring the matter to the attention of AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 425 the city through its charter commission, then engaged in writing a new charter for the city. In August of that year the offer of the college trustees was accepted by the City Council—the ordinance of acceptance became effective September 24, 1913, and "Old Buchtel" began the year 1914 as the Municipal University of Akron. Buchtel College of Liberal Arts went on as usual, but several new schools were organized—the College of Engineering and the School of Home Economics, also a new department cooperating directly with the city work—the Department of City Tests—in which all tests for the city, chemical, bacteriological, and physical are made. In his last report, President Kolbe told the city, of the growth of the university, from 198 students in 1913-14 there were in the first semester of 1924-25, 954 students in the day classes and 878 in the evening classes, and in the summer session of 1924-359, a total of 2191. From a faculty of 23 in 1913-14 to one of 55 members (full time only) in 1924-25. "The Engineering College has established close relations with the industrial activities of the city. The Department of Chemistry has established the only course in rubber chemistry in the United States. The Evening School offers numerous courses each year for the adult population of the community. Other departments are in constant touch with related community interests." During President Kolbe's term of office two new buildings were erected on the campus, the Engineering Laboratory and the Carl F. Kolbe Hall, the library building. The latter was the gift of two citizens of Akron, Mr. Frank H. Mason and Mr. F. A. Seiberling. After President Kolbe's resignation in 1926, he was succeeded by Dr. George F. Zook, of Washington, D. C., and he is now directing the activities of Akron's university. Characterizing the launching of the alumni fund by the alumni and former students of Akron University as the beginning of a new and greater era in the history of the university, Dr. George F. Zook, president, lauded the traditions and ideals of old Buchtel College in an article in the Akron Alumnus in 1928. "Although the history of the University of Akron is relatively brief, its traditions and ideals have been so faithful to those of old Buchtel College and have been so sound, so clearly stated, and so closely followed that its character as a pioneer has been clear and definite," writes Doctor Zook. TRADITION OF COURAGE "When one studies the university, one finds the tradition to be that of courage, of new methods, of a fresh vision. At its very beginning, Buchtel College set a standard of educational excellence among American colleges and as it expanded its effort, and strengthened its position, it brought that same spirit into the University of Akron, and it brought the same ideals of high attainment in creative scholarship. The Uni- 426 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY versity of Akron believes in scholarship for a purpose, and its efforts have always been to educate for deeper insight and to train for practical usefulness. "Fifty-six classes have been graduated and never have alumni and former students of the University of Akron been given an opportunity to demonstrate their loyalty to the university which gave them their training, their prestige, and their position in the world. MOVE IS APPROVED "After four years of consideration, the board of directors of the university voted to move the college to the new site and the city council within a week thereafter unanimously granted sixty acres of land for this purpose. "Immediately, the student body and the faculty showed their loyalty by subscribing a fund of over $26,000 as the nucleus for a building fund for a new gymnasium. Then came the action of the Alumni Association, pledging the former students to the support of an alumni fund as the first step in building the new university. "The tendency of the present day is to center the urban higher educational facilities about a central campus so that all the city may have its cultural wants supplied there and in keeping with this tendency, the University of Akron will become the first unit of a great cultural center which will have a marked effect not only upon cultural life, but upon the commercial and industrial progress of Akron. VISUALIZES FUTURE "Perhaps the very vastness of the project, embracing not only educational buildings for liberal 'arts, engineering, commerce, teachers' training, nurses' training, home economics, secretarial service and science which will be located there but also, eventually, the Akron museum of art, the conservatory of music, the public auditorium and open air theater, the gymnasium about which will center the recreational life of the city and the stadium, masks its significance. "A great educational group plan, such as this for which the alumni of the university are to take the first step with their alumni fund, makes slow but steady development and often the outsider is more keenly aware of the heroic proportions than is the resident who has watched the progress of every forward step. "Unmarked by spectacular show-off, there is planned for Akron a cultural center that may well fire the imagination and fuse community spirit to the point that Akron becomes the cultural center of this section of the state as well as the industrial metropolis. "This is, then, what the alumni fund will make possible. It is worthy of our most earnest support and our most generous help." 428 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS COLLEGES Nearly a half century ago, Peter Hammel established the Hammel Business College. It was the first school of the kind in Akron, and for nearly twenty years it enjoyed a steady, healthy growth under his leadership. Mr. Hammel's successors have been men of vision, keenly interested in training Akron youths to meet the ever-growing demands of business. Competent teachers, correct methods of instruction, use of modern office appliances, careful selection of student body, and infrequent changes of management contribute to the perpetual success of the institution. When the Actual Business College started its new classes in September, 1928, it inaugurated the most eventful semester in its thirty-five years of existence ; during this period over 17,500 young men and women have entered its portals to obtain a business training. The semester also marked the twenty-second year that President E. A. Brown has been in charge of the school, and it will be a memorable period because the college will move into special quarters being prepared for it in the old Beacon Journal Building at East Market and Broadway. ACCOMMODATES 400 In its new quarters the school can accommodate 400 pupils. The former location in the Medford Building had long been inadequate for this growing institution. A part of its class work was conducted in the Nantucket Building because of cramped quarters. ESTABLISHED IN 1893 The Actual College was established in 1893 in a building where the Kresge store now is. Later it was moved to the site of the old Hamilton Building. It was for a time a branch of the Canton Actual College. But with the advent of Mr. Brown it became an Akron enterprise. Brown is assisted by Charles F. Weeks, Miss Ruth Minor and a staff of high-grade teachers. GRADUATES 300 A YEAR The school graduates about 300 students a year. Some of its graduates are Akron's leading executives. The business training offered through the courses prepared many of the city's successful merchants for their career. Others through positions as stenographers, junior clerks and accountants have progressed to high places in business and industry. The college is a member of the National Association of Accredited Commercial Schools. The Akron College of Law, organized in 1920, has had a successful growth under the direction of its president, Judge Charles R. Grant. Many of the younger members of the Summit County bar have secured their early training in law in this institution. AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 429 The Akron College of Chiropractic located on East Market Street was founded by Dr. George E. Lauby, who has since retired as its director. The college provides training for those persons who desire to enter the practice of chiropracty. WESTERN RESERVE AT HUDSON The determination to found a college came to the Western Reserve with its first settlers. In 1801, when there were scarcely more than fifteen hundred inhabitants, a petition was presented to the territorial legislature, praying that steps might be taken to establish a college. This petition was not granted, but in less than two years, when the State of Ohio was only a few weeks old, its legislature passed an act incorporating trustees for the Erie Literary Society, which in 1805 opened an academy in Burton, a village some twenty miles northeast of Hudson. This academy never quite became a college, but in 1820 certain youths studied there under the auspices of a society "for the education of pious indigent young men for the ministry." The arrangement lasted but two years. The trustees of the society for the "education of the pious indigent young men" found the Burton location unhealthful, and in 1822 determined to establish their own college. Hudson was chosen in preference to Euclid, Burton, Aurora, and Cleveland, because of its high and healthful location, and because seven thousand five hundred dollars, the most offered by any community, was subscribed to bring the college there. Of this amount, David Hudson, whose name the village bore, and who had been a trustee of the Erie Literary Society, contributed two thousand one hundred and forty-two dollars, and in addition donated one hundred and sixty acres of land, to bring the campus to its present site. Difficulties were almost tragic, and would have been disastrous to any but the hardy sons of New England who had undertaken the task of raising up a college in the Ohio wilderness. When the first fifty thousand bricks crumbled, they bought a brick-yard and proceeded to manufacture their own brick. The better brick for the chimneys was hauled by ox-cart from Cleveland. When their charter, asking for the establishment of a theological seminary, was so altered by the legislature as to defeat the very purpose of the college, they rode to Columbus in the dead of winter to secure an acceptable one. When the money, which they thought entirely adequate for their purpose, gave out, they raised more. They drew thier own plans for the college building, they planned the campus, and within the short space of two months after they had received their charter, were ready to lay the corner-stone. II On the morning of April 26, 1826, the trustees assembled at the home of David Hudson, and together with the Hudson Masons and citizens, marched in solemn procession down the post-road to the meeting-house, 430 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY which then stood facing the Village Green where the Town Hall stands now. Here they offered prayer and sang hymns. Then the procession followed the Aurora road to the new campus. As president of the trustees, Caleb Pitkin gave an oration in Latin, and the corner stone was laid by Augustus Baldwin, "G. M.," as the lead plate says, "with the assistance of officers and brethren of Hudson Lodge No. 68." In the corner-stone were placed a short account of the rise of the institution, a lead plate bearing the names of the twelve trustees and their secretary, some current newspapers, a copy of a hymn written for the occasion, and some American coins. Most unfortunately, on that very night the corner-stone was robbed of its contents, which were never replaced. When the old Middle College was demolished in 1912, the metal box was found empty. From the campus the procession returned to the meeting-house, where the Rev. Stephen I. Bradstreet, one of the trustees and a minister from Cleveland, addressed the assemblage. First he spoke of the wonderful progress which had been made in the past quarter of a century, how "the forests have yielded their places to cultivated farms ; and those very spots, where but yesterday the fierce sons of nature prowled in all the wanton sports of savage wildness, are now spacious mansions, elegant churches, and seminaries of learning." Speaking of Hudson he said : "The situation is elevated, healthy, retired, and pleasant. The roads and canals now constructing will give access to the College from every part of the country. The Ohio canal is five miles west, and a large State road from Cleveland to the eastern parts of the State runs directly in front of the College ground. Cleveland, a growing village on Lake Erie and already the mart of business for this section of the country, is only twenty-five miles northwest ; affording a delightful retreat for the instructors and students when wishing to relax their minds from study and enjoy the pleasures of social intercourse." Students, he said, would be admitted to the College without question as to their religious beliefs. Provision would be made for them to prepare themselves for the various occupations of life. "But," says he, "whilst we leave the students thus free from every shackle of creeds or opinions, and in granting privileges and bestowing favors make no distinction between believers and infidels, it is obvious that we cannot pursue the same course in appointing guardians and instructors." It was required that instructors be Christians. It may be that the opposition of the legislature to founding a theological seminary prompted the generous attitude toward students.. But the closing paragraph of Rev. Mr. Bradstreet's address leaves no doubt as to the underlying principle on which Western Reserve College was founded : "In thy name, Almighty God, and in humble reliance on thine assistance, we have begun this work ; and to Thee we consecrate all we have done * * * And sooner let thine awful frown blast all our work in promiscuous ruins, than suffer this seminary to become an engine of Satan AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 431 to oppose thy church, and to spread delusion and sin throughout thy moral kingdom." III Public speaking and debating kept the students keenly alive to the stirring times in which they lived. Two of the four College professors and President Storrs were warm abolitionists. An anti-slavery society was formed. The students held debates, gave orations, and even made speeches in the neighboring towns. Some of the trustees, while they opposed slavery, did not entirely agree with the views of the Anti-slavery Society. These trustees favored the colonization plan, which provided for the "colonization of people of color in Africa or elsewhere when they desire it." They objected to students making hot-headed speeches over the countryside, especially as it interfered with their studies, and passed a resolution forbidding their making public speeches in term time. The trustees objected also to the abolition speeches of President Storrs, and Professors Wright and Green. Feeling grew very bitter. In May, 1833, President Storrs and Professor Green spoke at the meeting of the Tallmadge Anti-slavery Society. President Storrs was a powerful orator. He threw his entire strength into this effort in behalf of his oppressed brethren. It cost him his life. He died shortly afterward of consumption. Everywhere he was lamented as a martyr. Whittier commemorated his death in one of his most tender poems : "Thou hast fallen in thine armor, Thou martyred of the Lord ! With thy last breath crying 'Onward I' And thy hand upon thy sword." Professors Green and Wright both felt the unpleasantness of the situation so keenly, that in 1833 they resigned and accepted calls elsewhere. THE COLLEGE MOVES TO CLEVELAND A picture of the Academy in the years immediately following the removal of the College comes best from the pen of its old principal, Newton B. Hobart : "During the years from 1882 to 1892, the total enrollment was seven hundred and thirty-nine, comprising four hundred and fifty-four different students, from fourteen states and three foreign countries, Ohio of course furnishing by far the larger number. The large majority were from the country or small towns. Many were much older than the average generally found in secondary schools, and they knew what they had come for. They had not been sent to school. It is to the great credit of the school that it furnished the incentive and the opportunity for college preparation to so many who had supposed that their time for a college education had passed. Such men and women set a standard of earnestness and application for the whole student body, toward which all except the hopelessly 432 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY indolent were impelled to strive. Such students unconsciously were a source of strength to the school. * * * "There was spirit. It was refreshingly democratic. Never in any school did a boy stand more absolutely on his own merits. Money did not count for a boy, nor poverty against him. The boy that paid his tuition by sweeping the Athenaeum or ringing the chapel bell, had the respect of his fellow students, if he had the man in him. Alfred Mandan, a full-blood Indian, never had occasion to feel that he was not on a level with the white man. Two boys on different occasions asked to room with him, The spirit was earnest. We had our drones, but they did not set the pace. The pull was upward, and they could not resist it. Work was in the air. The spirit was self-reliant, principally because many had only self to rely on. "Another strong impression left on my mind is the loyalty of the students for the school. They were jealous of its reputation. They remained in the school till they were ready for college, or till for them school days were over. I can recall but one instance of a student leaving the Academy to go to another school, and that was not because of any dissatisfaction. "This is the picture impressed upon my mind. Has time mellowed it? Yes, blessed time! At this distance, the coal carried itself up to the fourth floor of North College ; 'Professor' Branch always kept the building clean; the water never froze in the pitchers in the morning ; the boys were all ideal students, and we teachers were always interesting. No one went into other student's rooms during study-hours ; everybody liked to go to Bible class. Ah! but I am in my fortieth year of teaching and know better. Yet those were good days." In 1907 Mr. Ellsworth returned to his boyhood home at Hudson, and for love of the place, began to improve it. He gave the village an electric-lighting plant, waterworks, and sewage system. He bought the old Pentagon corner, and built the Congregational parsonage. He converted the one-time cheese warehouse and erstwhile gristmill into a club-house for the village. He began planting trees. In turn the village voted out the saloons, placed its electric wires underground, and interested itself in planting trees. In 1912 Mr. Ellsworth and the former Trustees of the Academy gained control of the old college plant, which since 1903 had been crumbling in idleness. He razed old Middle College, which was beyond all hope of restoration, and erected upon its site and that of old South, which had been demolished in 1884, the building now known as Seymour Hall. The other college buildings were renovated, the hedge planted, and general improvement instituted all over the campus. An endowment fund of $200,000 was provided, making the entire value of the property then about $500,000. In 1916 the title of the property and the control of an Academy to be operated on the campus, was accepted by the College Board of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, with the condition that a domestic science and agricultural department should be operated in con- AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 433 nection with it. In September of that year Western Reserve Academy reopened. LOOKING FORWARD The period following 1916, including the period of American participation in the World war and the social and economic reorganization following, was marked by varying policies, adapted to meet changing social needs, and resulting in the present organization of the Academy. At the outset of the period the Academy was coeducational, and accepted both boarding and day scholars. It served, too, as high school for the town of Hudson. In 1922 the acceptance of girls for the boarding department was discontinued, and the town of Hudson began to provide for its own high school classes. It was realized that local and general problems were inevitably different. In 1923 the College Board of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America turned its title over to an independent board of trustees. All these changes were necessary steps in its evolution if the Academy was to develop chiefly as a boarding school with wider than local clientele. This more specialized aim allowed the internal organization to be built about the twenty-four hour day of the boarding boys. It resulted also in simplifying curriculum by the elimination of directly vocational studies. For example, classroom instruction in various branches of Agriculture was discontinued. Preparation for college became a major objective, and participation in the work of shop, laboratory, farm, and musical and literary organizations had new meaning as experience to round out academic study with training useful for the social group enterprises of later life. All these semi-curricular activities were reorganized with purely cultural aim. Preparation of boys for college and for the later life of college-trained leaders carries with it at the outset of the training period the problem of selecting only boys who have the basic mental and social qualifications that make it likely that they will succeed as leaders in the world. A technique for such selection is now in operation and is being refined as experience with it grows. Central in these developments was the search for the best service which the Academy's special resources equipped it to render. At just about the time when the obligation to determine this was fully realized, Mr. Ellsworth's death revealed that years earlier he had had a vision of the Academy's potential service and had expressed his faith in its future by establishing trust funds for its development and maintenance, aggregating, together with the value of the buildings and real estate, over four million dollars. On February 11, 1926, the board of trustees took action to recognize appropriately this, perhaps the largest gift yet made for promoting strictly secondary education, by creating The James W. Ellsworth Foundation, for the purpose of assisting in the problems of secondary education 15-VOL. 1 434 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY through conducting Western Reserve Academy as an independent school, privately controlled but with broad ideals of public service. In working out the details of developmental procedure, the counsel of leading educators in America has been sought. Special consultants are called in from time to time to advise on particular phases of the work. The Academy has unusual resources of location and environment, all of which are being mobilized for educational purposes. The multifarious activities of its group life, farm, and daily routine of school operation. and the industrial life in the surroundng districts, are beng increasingly utilized as a "real life laboratory." Such contacts make concretely significant much that is ordinarily matter for class-room and text-book instruction only. The work, moreover, reflects the realization that education is a changing science, and that along with the best established current practise must go a constant looking toward the future. Whatever knowledge of facts may be of greatest future worth, there will be increasing future emphasis on those character traits that assist in successful group living. Academy boys are being trained for a leadership that will function fifteen or more years hence. Constant endeavor is made especially to foster such present acts and interests as will determine and forecast both worthy attitudes and adequate capacity in later life. The present and future Western Reserve Academy, then, built on the cornerstone of Middle College in April, 1826, arises from the victorious struggles of the early pioneers in the frontier Western Reserve, the contributions of great minds like Loomis and Morley, the tradition of a century of academic endeavor, the loyalty of many alumni, and the large faith expressed in the generous gift of its late benefactor. Committed to forward-looking study of the needs of youth and to the search for the best training to fit able boys for leadership, it enters the second hundred years. CHAPTER X EDUCATION FOR YOUTH OF COUNTY By C. A. Flickinger, Superintendent of Summit County Schools Fourteen years have passed since the so-called new School Code went into effect. It is proper to take a survey and by means of comparison note some of the achievements and progress of the Summit County schools in this fourteen year period, under the leadership of its county superintendent, C. A. Flickinger. It is impossible to picture accurately or in detail the most essential elements of school progress, namely, the improvement in class-room, and the enriched curriculum. This improvement can be illustrated in a typical way if the subject of reading is considered. Reading has been taught so much more efficiently that instead of pupils spending the whole of the first year in reading one or two books, it is not uncommon for first grade pupils to read in class eight or ten books. They not only read them but are able to tell the stories or content, and they dramatize many of the stories. In these days when extra-curriculum activities are given so much attention, it is to be observed that Summit County schools have promoted such activities. The oratorical contest has been an annual affair since 1914 ; the county field meet was inaugurated in the spring of 1915, promotion of boys' and girls' club work, a complete school exhibit filling one of the large halls at the Summit County Fair was initiated in 1919, and now it has become one of the big display places of the fair. A program of thrift culminating in a banking system was started during the school year 1920-21 with the result that a very large number of pupils are saving their money and banking regularly each week. In April, 1922, a county spelling contest was held in Akron and this annual event is looked forward to with much interest by pupils and teachers. Prizes are given to the winners in both the grade and high school contest. Supervision by the county superintendent's office of the inter-school athletic activities, including the scheduling of games, furnishing referees, rules of eligibility and conduct was begun in 1921. The oratorical contests have attracted a great deal of attention throughout the county and are looked forward to with great interest, as has also the Music Festival in which large groups of children throughout the entire county participate. Clean athletics, good sportsmanship and efficient scholarship is the program required by the County Office. - 435 - 436 - AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY The county schools have been awake to the new ideas in education and in 1920-21 a county-wide testing program was begun, using standardized tests by Pinter. These were followed a year later by the Terman tests ; in 1922-23 the Illinois Intelligence and Achievement Tests were given and in 1923-24 the Otis tests and place-geography test. Since then standardized tests together with county-wide tests have been conducted throughout the county each year. The tests, results and remedial measures are studied in teachers' meetings under the leadership of the county superintendent. School attendance and punctuality has been stimulated by the use of the "perfect attendance" plan, which has been in use since 1918. By this plan each pupil who is neither absent nor tardy for the school month is given a perfect attendance certificate signed by the county superintendent and by the teacher. At the end of the school year each pupil who has a perfect attendance certificate for each month of the year is granted a fine steel engraved "certificate of award" signed by the county superintendent, certifying that the pupil has been neither absent nor tardy during the term. In order to standardize pupils' records, uniform grade cards, registers, daily grade books, plan books, permanent record books and the like were adopted and are now furnished the schools through the County Board of Education. The law provides that the county superintendent recommend text books to the county board of education and the result has been that grade text books have been uniform since 1915 and high school texts since 1921. Uniform texts were followed by an assignment sheet which provided each teacher with a definite outline of work to be taught month by month, and this brought about uniform grade examinations in the county since 1915, and in the high school since 1923. A county course of study in the grades and high school makes it possible for teachers and pupils to know the kind and extent of work to be taught. This enables the superintendents to assist teachers in presenting and teaching the subjects so that pupils may progress through the school in an efficient manner. The four assistant superintendents spend practically all their time in class-room supervision, keeping a time card showing exact time in each school and type of work. This cross check system provides a definite check on each superintendent and gives the county superintendent, through the written reports, an intimate knowledge of the teacher and the school. A superintendent's time card for almost any month will show two hundred or more hours of supervision, both class-room and general, exclusive of time spent on the road. Monthly teachers' meetings are held to discuss school matters. All high school teachers of the county meet a few times during the year to exchange ideas, and to promote the interests of the school by cooperating more thoroughly. A county school board members' association has been organized to discuss problems of interest to them. Board members and public are interested in their schools as is evidenced by the fact that nineteen districts voted in November, 1926, on the three-mill levy and it carried in all districts by a county average of more than four to one. AKRON AND SUMMIT COUNTY - 437 The county superintendent, besides being a very busy man, has found time to attend more than one hundred sixty board meetings in a year and still spend one-half of the time in actual class-room supervision as the law provides. Much time and effort is given by the superintendents to the selection of teachers so that boards of education may have at hand recommendations from several people who know of the teacher and her work. In this way boards can elect teachers intelligently as they know of their training and past experience from written recommendations which the county office has obtained. Nearly all the schools have Parent-Teacher Associations or Home and School Leagues which help to promote interest of the community in their school. These organizations have cooperated with the schools in enlarging the equipment, such as playground apparatus, so that only a few of the consolidated schools are without playground equipment ; warm lunches have been fostered to such an extent that several schools serve a complete lunch to the pupils at cost, and others serve one or two hot dishes ; additional library facilities have been promoted. There has been no attempt whatever to stage the spectacular. The superintendents in Summit County regard it as their chief business to help the class-room teacher do such effective work that thoroughness of instruction might be an outstanding feature. TABLE OF COMPARISONS