300 - HISTORY OF TRUMBULL COUNTY to the community, especially to one man, who waited at least twenty years for her to be his wife. He was one of her pupils. As Boxy Wilcox she had hosts of friends, and as Mrs. George Tayler she retained her old friends and has made and held many new ones. The breaking out of the war had its effect upon the schools, as well as upon the business and home life. In Trumbull County it was hardly thought worth while to hold certain district schools in winter, because the attendance was so small. The older boys went to war, and for that reason the older girls had to do double duty at home and had no time for study. On June 11, 1862, thirty young men were drawn from the classes of the city schools to go to war. The wooden buildings on Prospect street, High street and Park avenue (then Liberty street), having become a disgrace to the growing town, and the board of education apparently being dilatory, if not negligent in regard to them, a spirited election took place in the summer of 1869, four new members being elected. Almost immediately a new brick schoolhouse was erected on the Park avenue lot. The entire cost of completing and finishing this building was $8,000. Dr. Julian Harmon and M. B. Tayler were the building committee ; the superintendent, I. N. Dawson. Early the next spring the High street lot was disposed of. the lot where the present Market street building stands was purchased, and a building erected thereon. William Ernst and Joshua R. Seely were the contractors. The building committee was Dawson and Harmon, Mr. Dawson acting as superintendent, also. The funds which had been voted were exhausted and another bond issue was made for $20,000. With this, new land was added to the Prospect street lot, and a brick house erected, being finished in 1872. Messrs. Downs, Elliott & Co. and Wilkins & Sidells were the builders. T. J. McLain and Julian Harmon were the building committee. The next year the same committee and the same contractors erected the building on Fulton street. During Mr. Caldwell's time an intermediate department was started in the high school building, third floor, and in 1874 $3,000 were expended in repairs and improvements on the high school building. HISTORY OF TRUMBULL COUNTY - 301 Although the term of service of the first three superintendents was long, the fourth, Mr. Caldwell's, rather short, the next three superintendents served altogether only four years—J. J. Childs, in 1867 William H. Pitt followed with a term of two years and H. B. Furnass began his services on September 1, 1869, staying only one year. Mr. Furnass was a strong man, and introduced some new systems into the school. He is remembered by the pupils of '69 and '70 by the slippers which he wore often in the school room, rather than by his work. In 1870 J. C. Barney became superintendent of the schools and served until 1876. He was an excellent superintendent. His wife was principal of the high school. She was an exceptional woman. She taught faithfully and carefully and endeared her pupils to her as she taught. The children of the '70s who were in the high school can see her now as she sat in her chair behind the table on the elevated platform, or as she walked back and forth with her delicate fingers handling her watch chain, while they parrotted, "The moral quality of an action resides in the intention," and additional pages of Wayland's Moral Philosophy, which meant nothing in the world to them. In those days the pupil who had the best memory was considered the best pupil. No child was ever asked to tell the story in his own words. That they 'did not rebel against some of the things in that course of study was due largely to the influence of Mr. and Mrs. Barney. We can see her now, with her soft yellow hair, braided so carefully that not a. strand was out of place all day, and her light brown dress, trimmed with darker velvet, with snow-white ruching at the neck and hands. This careful detail as to dress was carried out as to pedagogy. It was during the administration of Mr. and Mrs. Barney that Lafayette Herzog, a Warren attorney, took a course in German, stood at the head of his class, received almost daily the commendation of his teacher, while some of the pupils jealously wiped their eyes because they could not put a whole sentence between the auxiliary and the verb or could not get the umlaut properly. His teachers did not know, neither did his fellow pupils, until the end of the course, that he spoke German at home and that his educated German mother was his real teacher. Mr. and Mrs. Barney have devoted their whole life to teaching. They are both still living. 302 - HISTORY OF TRUMBULL COUNTY In 1875 a lot on First street was purchased at the cost of $800, and in 1876-77 the present building was erected on this lot. In 1879 fifty-four pupils were crowded out of the Prospect and East Market Street schools and a building belonging to Mrs. W. T. Van Gorder, on Pine street, was rented for their accommodation and Mrs. Dorcas Gaskill, who had taught a select school in that building, was elected teacher. The following year, 1880, 148 scholars were enrolled in the intermediate school. This was entirely too many for every reason, and the upper room in the First street building was fitted up as an intermediate school and in the spring forty pupils were transferred to that building. In 1880 the school room on Pine street was not very satisfactory because it was on the street, with no playgrounds, and several suggestions for enlarging Market Street or some of the schools were made. The board was not satisfied with any of these suggestions, and the thought became general that a central grammar school would better be erected instead. During the year 1882-83 a high school building was erected on Monroe street. The citizens took a great pride in this building. It was heated by steam, had grates in every room, the furniture was of approved order, and it was well lighted. It cost nearly $40,000. The contractors were Joshua R. Seely and Robert Wilkins, and Henry Ernst was the superintendent. In the report which Samuel F. Dickey, as president of the board of education for the year 1884-85, presented he says : "There is still need of a new building." This has been the experience of every board of education from the beginning of the Warren schools. As soon as one building is completed it is seen that it is insufficient. There was at that time a primary school of fifty or sixty pupils in a house on High street, the primary school at East Market was crowded, therefore the board of education purchased a lot at the corner of Elm and Scott streets, and Mr. Dickey says : "When this house is built our city will be well provided with school accommodations for many years." Just as every board of education has made the statement given in the paragraph above, so has every board believed with Mr. Dickey, to find itself mistaken. HISTORY OF TRUMBULL COUNTY - 303 The Elm street schoolhouse was built in 1885. It stands on the corner of Scott and Elm streets. The soil of the grounds is of a very clayey nature, and here the bricks for the first court house were made. The plans for this building were made by John Eikerman and it was designed for a four-room building. The hall and two rooms on the north were built. The town did not grow in that direction and the other two rooms have never been added. The erection of the grammar school on Harmon street relieved the. congestion in that part of town. The Elm street schoolhouse is in nice repair, having been lately supplied with a new furnace. It cost $12,000, and the building committee were Messrs. Spear, Angstadt and Dickey. A lot was purchased on the corner of Mercer and Belmont in 1890 from Jacob B. Perkins for $2,600. A temporary frame school was erected, which was occupied until the Central Grammar building was finished. It was then used for a dwelling, for the Grace Evangelical church, and finally sold to Mr. Stewart, who removed it to Olive street, where it now stands. In 1892 some land was bought of A. E. Andrews for $1,700, another portion from the estate of Turhand K. Hall for $900, another portion from Dr. Julian Harmon for $2,300. This, together with a portion from the high school ground, furnished the land upon which the Central Grammar school was erected. The work was begun in 1892. The bond issue for this was $30,000, but before it was completed the board of education realized that the school was not going to furnish the relief expected, and they added a third story. This story has been occupied by one or more schools every year since the building was erected, save one. There has always been objection on the part of the board, and of the patrons of the school as well, to the use of this as a school room (it was intended for a hall), but the constant increase of the schools makes it compulsory. The building committee for the Central Grammar school was C. H. Angstadt, Kennedy Andrews and S. F. Dickey. John L. Smith was superintendent of construction. A new building was erected on the Tod avenue lot in 1897. This cost $20,000 and was at its time the finest public building in the way of heating and sanitation in the city. The architects were Ousley & Boucherle, of Youngstown. Among the contractors were Wentz, and Bartlett Brothers Company. The building committee was composed of Messrs. Craig, Angstadt 304 - HISTORY OF TRUMBULL COUNTY and Mitchell. This building had six school rooms and two smaller rooms, one for superintendent's office. It was not long before the six school rooms were crowded, and one of the small rooms has been occupied by a school for some years. Before the erection of this building there was a great deal of talk among the patrons of the school as to the unruly behavior of the children of that portion of the city. In certain parts of that school district there were many children who had little or no discipline at home and few advantages. This new building produced the most wondrous effect on the children. They took great pride in it and were elevated by their surroundings. The writer cannot pass the Tod Avenue school without paying a slight tribute to Mrs. Gertrude Alderman, who has been the only woman principal of grammar grades in Warren since the separate grammar schools were erected. She has more influence over her pupils than any other principal we ever have had, and the teachers under her love her to such a degree that they rebel against any thought of transference to other buildings. In 1899 a bond issue of $30,000 was approved by the voters for the erection of the Market Street school building. The old brick schoolhouse was torn down and one of the finest buildings in the city erected. It has nine rooms, wide hall, plenty of light, best of ventilation. This building was intended as an eight room building, but was finally constructed with nine rooms, and before the end of the first year every seat was filled. In 1898 two women were elected to the school board under the new school law. There had been two vacancies on the board. Mr. B. F. Craig had died, and the board was asked to fill the vacancy by appointing a woman. It considered the matter and decided not to do it. One of the men on the board who was favorable to the appointment of women was George Mitchell, the president. However, he was in the minority. A little time thereafter he was seized with an acute illness and died. Again the hoard was asked to appoint a woman. Again it refused. The women making this request had no bitterness of feeling at the refusal, candidly saying if they were men and did not believe in woman suffrage they would have done the same thing. However, they determined to have two candidates at the next regular election. Mr. Jules Vautrot and Walter D. Campbell had been appointed to these vacancies. Four of the men stood for re-elec- HISTORY OF TRUMBULL COUNTY - 305 tion, and two women, Carrie P. Harrington and Harriet T. Upton, went before the primaries as candidates. Mr. Gilimer had been in the position of president, and Mr. Weir treasurer, for many years. The two women received the highest votes, Mr. Gilimer and Mr. Weir the next, Mr. Vautrot and Mr. Campbell being defeated. Although the men had opposed women going onto the board, when they really were elected they treated them with the greatest courtesy and equality. This cannot be said of some boards in other parts of the state, but it is true of the Warren board. When the Market Street school was constructed the committee consisted of two men and two women. This was the first time that women had been connected with the construction of any large public building in Trumbull County. The architect of this building was George F. Hammond, of Cleveland, and the contractors were Bartlett Brothers, Wentz & Co., Peck-Williamson Company. The superintendent of construction was Mr. Charles H. Craig. In 1902 bonds for $30,000 were issued for repairing the high school building. The front part of the building was used, and about a third added to it in the rear. The lower floor was used for the science department and the upper floor for the assembly room. This assembly room seated about three hundred and fifty and at the end of the first year all were filled. In proportion to the population, more children attend the Warren schools than attend the schools of other cities in the state. Warren is unlike many other county seats in that it is not a school center. The larger towns, Newton Falls, Niles, Cortland, Girard, have good schools, and a large number of the townships have centralized schools. The Warren Tribune is the authority for the statement that in recent years 52 per cent of the high school graduates have entered universities, colleges, or other institutions of learning. Of the forty-four graduates in 1906, nineteen began courses in these institutions; of the thirty-eight in 1907, twenty-four; of the thirty-four in 1908, sixteen. There are about 3,000 children of school age in the town of Warren. Charles E. Carey is the superintendent, and the following is a list of the teachers : Vol. I-20 306 -HISTORY OF TRUMBULL COUNTY High School. F. E. Ostrander, Principal. Virginia Reid, Latin-Greek. Jennie Delin, English-Mathematics. Alice Bowen, German. Ethel Crandall, History-English. Edna Perry, English. Helen E. Sweet, Latin. M. N. Fitzgerald, Commercial. Evan L. Mahaffey, Chemistry-Physiology. Harley Miner, Mathematics. A. B. Frost, Physics. Elizabeth Gillmer. Alice Hall. Mabel Truesdell. Inez White. Central Grammar. Daniel Guiney, Principal. Anna Spear. Clara Chase. Mary Wilcox. Myrta Keeler. Mattie Gillmer. Mabel Reid. Mary Izant. Zilla Spear. Mildred Heppell. First Street. Alice Baldwin. Mary Wark. Emma Ripley. Market Street. Wm. S. Gledhill, Principal Nettie B. Mathews. Bernice Gilmore. Grace Nichols. Madge Whitney. Addie Swisher. Lulu Newton. Maude Fox. Gertrude E. Miller. Tod Avenue. Gertrude Alderman, Principal. Harriett Fletcher. Anna Horton. Georgia Lee Robinson. May Holloway. Grace Somerwill. Minnie Bishop. Fulton Street. Mary Kearney. Kittie Howard. Ella Street. Carolyn Taggart. Lucy Beach. Prospect Street. Lillian Meeker. Melda Morgan. Music. Olney Manville. Drawing. Maybella A. Chapman. List of Members of Board of Education Since Its Organization. Mathew Birchard. Rufus P. Ranney. Joseph Perkins. George Tayler. B. P. Jameson. John Hutchins. Azor Abell. Zalmon Fitch. Mathew B. Tayler. Ira L. Fuller. Henry B. Perkins. Julian Harmon. T. E. Webb. Wm. Ritezel. J. H. McCombs. John L. Weeks. Charles A. Harrington. Thomas J. McLain, Jr. I. N. Dawson. John S. Edwards. O. H. Patch. J. J. Gillmer. Julius King. Charles C. Adams. George B. Kennedy. Seth M. Laird. S. F. Dickey. A. F. Spear. Wm. M. Lane. Dr. I. A. Thayer. Kennedy Andrews. C. H. Angstadt. H. C. Christy. Henry Bold. W. C. Caldwell. T. Kinsman. L. C. Jones. S. B. Craig. Marshall Woodford. George Mitchell. B. F. Craig. Henry B. Weir. H. J. Barnes. T. H. Gillmer. HISTORY OF TRUMBULL COUNTY - 307 W. D. Campbell. Carrie P. Harrington. Harriet T. Upton. B. F. Wonders. Edward A. Voit. Wm. C. Ward. H. H. Sutherland. S. C. Iddings. Charles" H. Angstadt has the honor of serving the longest term as member of the Warren school board. He was a member of that body twenty-two years. He was a member of the building committee which constructed all of the later buildings. He refused to serve longer and in 1903 was succeeded by S. C. Iddings. List of Superintendents of Warren Schools Since 1849. Salary. 1849, M. D. Leggett, 1 yr - $ 700 1850, Jacob D. Cox, 3 yrs - 600 1853, James Marvin, 8 yrs - 1,200 1861, Hugh J. Caldwell, 4 yrs - 1,300 1865, J. J. Childs, 1 yr - 1,900 1866, W. H. Pitt, 2 yrs - 1,900 1868, Henry B. Furnass, 1 yr. - 2,060 1869, J. C. Barney, 6 yrs - 1,800 1875, Edwin F. Moulton, 13 yrs - 1,900 1888, Jas. Lasley, 3 yrs - 1,500 1891, R. S. Thomas, 6 yrs - 2,000 1897, C. E. Carey, 12 yrs - 2,500 The preamble to the constitution of the Warren High School Alumni Association reads as follows : " We, the graduates of Warren High School—to perfect and cement more certainly friendship and comity worthy of descendants of the same Alma Mater—to secure and preserve by full minutes of our proceedings faithful records of the progress of the institution and the alumni to a degree not attainable so easily and surely by any other means, to effect by literary and other exercises our mutual improvement, do adopt for the basis of our government the following Constitution : This stilted style strikes us, of this day of short sentences, as being almost ludicrous. List of Graduates Since the Organization of the Public Schools. Class of 1857. Eliza M. Smith. Mary McEwen. Harvey C. Clark. Class of 1858. Mary E. Doud. Sarah H. Douglass. Eliza S. Smith. Edward W. Hoyt. Mary McQuiston. Class of 1859. John C. Hutchins. Kate McQuiston. Mary J. Hutchins. Ophelia E. Carrier. Artelissa, H. Hull. Rachel Ross. Ella Reeves. Sarah J. Allison. Maggie K. Harmon. George Baldwin. John S. Ewalt. Charles S. Abell. Class of 1860. George W. Millikin. Welty Wilson. Henry Woodruff. 308 - HISTORY OF TRUMBULL COUNTY |
Class of 1861. Cornelia M. Fuller. Louisa A. Brown. Mary Bascom. Julia Baldwin. Laura Bell. Henry H. Townsend. Charles H. Frazier. Class of 1862. Horace L. Fuller. Lizzie Baldwin. Jennie Birchard. Jennie E. Clark. Franc P. Harmon. Justine L. Iddings. Maria Robbins. Amelia D. Webb. Class of 1863. Emma S. Sutliff. Helen F. Sutliff. Jennie Smith. Carrie L. Shaler. Florence Townsend. Carrie M. Carter. Olive A. Allison. Emma Frazier. Gertrude O. Tayler. Susan R. McLain. Anna Hoisengton. Edwin C. Andrews. William Cochrin. Class of 1864. Charles G. Burton. Clara E. Soule. Maria R. Black. Nellie King. Louisa Marvin. Class of 1864 Class of 1865 Sarah Reeves Helen A. Tayler Frances Soule George H. Taylor |
Class of 1867. Olive Graeter. Mary Bradford. Edward Dickey. Charles S. Freer. Class of 1868. Alice E. Briscoe. Ada S. Noble. Minnie E. Richmond. Mary Ensign. Louise A. Andrews. Class of 1869. Flora Forbis. Belle H. Sutliff. Ella P. Fuller. Jerusha Webb. Mary E. Patch. Class of 1870. Ella Van Gorder. Frederika R. Graeter. Eugene L. Weeks. Emma Min Young. Benjamin L. Millikin. Kittie E. Howard. Maria L. Tayler. Fannie M. Dickey. Mary V. Brett. Class of 1871. Albert H. Van Gorder.
Clarence L. Ward. Frank M. Ritezel. Mary E. Jameson. Martha J. Fox. Addie B. Parish. Jennie E. Homan. Hattie L. Abell. Class of 1872. Lucius E. Fuller. Olive B. Van Gorder. Nellie K. Austin. |
Class of 1866 Olive Smith Charlotte McCombs Maria Smith Mattie A. Harmon Elizabeth L. Iddings Mary Fitch Lizzie S. Fuller Henera McQuiston Clara Harmon Emma Brooks Charles F. Harrington George L. Jameson David B. Estabrook Roscoe O. Hawkins |
Class of 1873. Frank D. McLain. David Jameson. Hattie A. Taylor. Nellie G. Brooks. Mary E. Field. Emma Christianar. Class of 1874. R. Buel Love. Louis R. Dawson. Mary C. McNutt. Anna G. Wheeler. Alice M. Thompson. Jennie Tyler. Belle Graeter. Class of 1875. J. LaFayette Herzog. Frank F. Reed. |
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Hal. K. Taylor. Almon D. Webb. Frederick K. Smith. Edward J. Wheeler. Lottie J. Tayler. Marion Davidson. Mary S. Tuttle. Class of 1876. Ida J. Brett. M. Libbie Brown. Alice H. Lattin. Mary B. Perkins. Olive D. Perkins. Charles B. Ball. Florence F. Rawdon. Mary L. Selkirk. Phebe T. Sutliff. Class of 1877. Grace H. Adams. Minnie C. Foote. Minnie M. Howard. Mary F. Kinney. Mary E. Messerschmidt.
Julia L. Pratt. Hattie L. Pratt. Florence Tayler. Class of 1878. Alice Christianar. Addie J. Reid. Lucy B. Tayler. Addie M. VanGorden Robert S. VanGorden |
Doll M. Richards. Lydia B. Sutliff. Class of 1881. Mary E. Andrews. Grant Byard. Nellie C. Darling. Charles E. Clapp. Robert Hoag. Maude L. Moulton. Anna C. Sidels. Will E. Tuttle. Lillian M. Tyler. Class of 1882. Benjamin Anderson. Lizzie Biggers. Louis Spear. Charles Smith. Class of 1883. Mabel Adams. Olive Brown. Mary Carney. Addison Pee. Jennie Geuss. Charles Gibbons. Ella Harwood. Anna Jameson. Rosa Miller. Nettie Thayer. Cloyde Smith. Charles Wilkins. |
Class of 1879. Jeannie D. Brown. Gertie A. Campbell. Maggie Clement. Cornelia M. Harmon. Agnes E. Hazen. Carrie J. Hummel. Mabel L. King. Jennie M. Landers. Alice M. Lucas. Carrie L. Park. Lizzie Reid. Laura P. Smith. Olive S. Tayler. Edwin S. Yeomans. Anna L. Wolcott. Class of 1880. Nellie Brady. Grace C. Brown. Maggie E. Fox. Jessie F. Freer. Frank F. Fuller. Allie I. Hall. Nellie F. Hull. Mary Izant. Mame S. Jones. Carrie L. Pond. |
Class of 1884. Josie C. DeForest. Tryon G. Dunham. Rita E. Hucke. Frank B. Minor. Angie Peck. Grace H. Reid. Sally H. Woods. Class of 1885. Eleonore B. Gibson. Louise P. Senior. Will C. Ward. Helen R. Adams. Grace E. Brierly. Agnes M. Hamilton. Anna M. Spear. Class of 1886. Charles Adams. Jennie Dillert. Allison Gibbons. Frank Lengmore. Franc Matthews. Prank McBerty. Emerson VanGorder. Jennie M. Adams. Etta S. Adams. Rosa A. Barringer. Clara J. Biggers. |
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John S. Cadawalder. Mabel Carlton. Louise M. Deitz. Bert B. Downs. Class of 1887. Lillian I. Damon. Fred W. Adams. Kate M. Clapp. Grace Carlton. Mattie L. Gillmer. Lucy A. Hapgood. Martha C. Hoyt. Frank P. Bartholomew.
Isabel Palmer. Olive M. Palmiter. Cornelia G. Smith. Zell P. Smith. Stella M. Roberts. Mabelle A. Ross. Julia A. Smith. Gertrude Wilkins. Mary C. Wheeler. Benjamin C. VanWye. Class of 1888. Alice Brooks. Lulu Conzett. Laura Christianar. Susie Cordell. C. W. Foulk. Anna Parker. Amelia Gross. Clara Hunt. Vinona Printz. John McClelland. Cora Lampson. Zilla Spear. Lucy VanWye. |
Gertrude R. Ricksecker. R. Burt Kernohan. Mary F. Estabrook. James D. Brooks. Etta Alice Lewis. Carrie Dora Gloeckle. Ella Van Tuyl. Della Craft. Class of 1891. George Baehr. Minnie Bishop. Clara Briscoe. Minnie Dray. Edward Gibbons. Susie Ingersoll. Esther Jones. Bertha Kirkpatrick. Mabel Long. Ida Warren. Glenn C. Webster. Class of 1892. Amarilla Dawson. Mary Andrews. Matilda Gloeekle. John Leslie. Ella P. Harmon. Maud Crawford. Gertrude Drennen. Nina Trunkey. George Klein. Tayler McCurdy. Luther D. Harper. Class of 1893. Grace Daugherty. Edith Bartholomew. Clara Waldeck. Carrie Warren. Anna Davis. Margaret 'Watson. Margaret McGunnigal. Effie Mae Rowe. Anna Hanson. John Estabrook. Harry Angstadt. |
Class of 1889. Mary Babbitt. Minnie Beek. Jennie McCracken. Fannie. Cline. Maude Long. Blanche Baldwin. William Voit. Almon G. Ward. Carrie Christianar. May Kirkpatrick. Frank Parks. Virginia Reid. Ward McKee. Class of 1890. William L. Woodrow.
Georgia A. Palmer. Homer A. Reid. Annie C. Mackey. David W. Drennen. Lillian B. McKee. Amasa Day Cook |
Class of 1894. Charlotte Sutliff. Grace R. Vautrot. Alice L. Sager. Frances S. Hanson. Olive M. Love. Minnie E. Waldeck. Mary L. Gibbons. Mary C. Wallace. Jennie A. Delin. Edith A. Kirkpatrick.
Clarence A. Dietz. Edwin B. Andrews. John A. Cline. Will H. Clawson. Elmo B. Herbert. |
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Charles H. Fresher. Will A. Spill. Halbert G. Reid. Harvey J. Wilson. Milton S. Stewart. Class of 1895. Sallie A. Babbitt. Charles C. Bubb. Mary L. Beardsley. Mary L. Ewalt. Clara L. Ewalt. Gertrude S. Fowler. Grace E. Little. Pearle M. Long. Deborah H. Owen. Minnie M. Schneider. Helen D. Stewart. Blanche H. Angstadt. Lucy M. Beach. May E. Butler. Alice B. Craig. Mary L. Downs. David Reed Estabrook. Clara M. Fax. Charlotte McKinney. Florence M. Morey. Grace T. McCurdy. Stanley H. McKee. Mary M. Mackay. Lillian W. Sloan. Nellie S. Shook. Albert J. Sutliff. Gertrude M. Walker. Gladys S. Whitney. Blanche E. Wise. |
Class of 1897. Francis Bailey. Laura Beach. Ruth Beach. Josephine Burnett. Amy Caldwell. Ella Craig. Elsie Dennison. May Dray. Laura Hapgood. Olive Howard. Jessie Hyde. Mabel Izant. Jessie Isles. Gertrude Koonse. Ella Murray. Fred Messer. Harry Mackey. William Pew. Irwin Southwick. Florence Kennedy. Mabel Truesdell. Mabel VanWye. Daisy Thatcher. Grace Weir. Minnie Biggers. Mark Gunlefinger. Letitia Clark. Class of 1898. Gertrude Andrews. Warren Bailey. Arthur Bartholomew. Edith Boyles. Eugene Chase. E. Clare Caldwell. Marian Craig. Myrtle Daugherty. Susie Fulk. Isaac Hill. Kate Harrington. Lewis Kennedy. Clara McClelland. Sallie Tod Smith. Mattie Spill. Marjorie Stonier. Myrtle Willard. Blanche Williams. Alice Moon |
Class of 1896. Jennie Rose Cline. Birdell F. Barnes. Maude B. Clawson. Grace Conzett. Helen E. Russell. Alice L. Andrews. Jessie M. Biggers. Nellie G. Clinite. Leroy L. Crawford. Edith May Dray. Clara Mae Koch. W. B. Kilpatrick. Margaret Meneely. Charlotte B. Watson. Fanny Burnett. Blanche Churchill. Blanche Dray. Josephine Daugherty. Hazel E. Foote. Etta B. Kennedy. M. E. Murray. Emma C. Ripley. Adelbert E. Wonders. |
Class of 1899. Jessie McKee. Arthur Boyes. Carolyn Clawson. Anna Crowe. Jessie Clark. Eugene Craig. Blanche Dea. Clark Funk. Addie Howard. Edith Izant. Margaret Kelly. |
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Alice Leonard. Mary Rice. Lomary Slater. Mary Southwick. Eugene Sabin. Miriam Braden. Harry Strong. Dean Taylor. Philip Vautrot. Virgil Weir. Florence Wonders. Minnie Webster. May Van Houter. Bessie Woodward. Class of 1900. Ruth Hapgood. Frances L. Hapgood. Rubie E. Swager. Mary McNutt. Eleanor Hatfield. Mignon B. Moyer. Mabel R. Murray. Edith Brobst. Helen J. Spangenberg. Bessie J. Gillmer. Helen C. Pond. Clayton J. McCorkle.
Raymond McCorkle. Frank Craft. Curtis J. Bailey. Ferris D. Templeton. George Fillius. J. W. Love. Byron Bartholomew. Roy Barringer. Roscoe Olmstead. |
Class of 1902. J. H. Marshall. Anna Wallace. Hazel McKee. George W. Truxal. Frank I. Truxal. Robert Wadsworth. Mary E. Day. Lillian Koehler. Frank Daugherty. Alfred Tayler. Eugene Skinner. Florence Spear. Adaline VanWye. Frances Dunn. Elizabeth Cobb. Anna Wonders. Leon Ernest. Albert Koehler. Homer F. Pierce. Dora A. Kale. Ethel Wanamaker. Bessie L. Jamison. Blanche Love. Maude Wright. Blanche Jeffery. William G. Watson. Jessie Wright. Pearl Nesbit. Homer E. Stewart, Jr.
Charles W. Hyde. James C. Hunter. Ray P. Barber. Carlton Lovejoy |
Class of 1901. Lucy Hoyt. Mary Newhard. Grace Potter. Dillie Slater. Mabel Reid. Clara Ripper. Emma Quinn. Jessie Kilpatrick. Mary Geiger. Clare Strong. William Cobb. Roy Storier. Henry Paden. Loren Hunter. Charles Love. Benjamin McKee. Roland M. Weaver. Harry Ruhf. William Meub. Frank VanWye. Ella Grimmesey. Clara Grimmesey. Norval Cobb. |
Class of 1903. Earl D. Biggers. Edna Hull. Cassandra Burnett. Mark Gates. Carl W. Raw. George Pew. Elroy Dutton. Gertrude Mortz. Ella Phelps. Maude Warren. Harry J. Love. Ralph Jackson. Lorena Dunbar. Laura Raymond. John Mullin. Lamont Gilder. Jacob Ewalt, Jr. Edith Ward. Florence Jackson. Mary A. Reeves. Ella Fleming. Eva Draber. Henrietta Herrick. Mabel Ewalt. William Hapgood. Louise Millikin. Agnes Murdoch |
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Estella Potter. Hazel Cranage. Ella Tucker. Olga Brobst. Howard R. Weir. Alta Beck. May Holloway. Alice McCorkle. Dora L. Hickox. George Martin. Class of 1904. Albert Andrews. Nina Burnett. Howard Bailey. Mae Bauman. Clara Boyes. Mary Cratsley. William Collins. Louis Dunn. Helen Dennison. Rosannah Dennison. Lulu Dennison. William Franklin. Lois Gruber. Laura Gaskill. Lucy Hapgood. Iva Hewitt. Susan Jameson. John Jameson. Maxwell Kennedy. George Mosier. Joseph McCorkle. Edward Pickering. Helen Palm. Robert Schmidt. Arthur Southwick. Lessie Tucker. Hazel Voit. Mary Van Tuyl. |
Class of 1906. Warren Strong. Charles Carey. William Little. Louis Vautrot. Webb Elliott. Phryne Gilmore. Helen Howard. Clara Angstadt. Helen Lamb. Celia McCormick. Nina Johnson. Ruth Drennen. Earl McCamant. Nelson Richards. Marguerite Hutson. Margaret McDonald. Mary Beebe. Justine Iddings. Iva Hickox. Jessie M asters. Olive Lamb. Annabelle Ailing. Calvin Campbell. George Tuttle. Helen Eichenberger. Hattie Thomas. Mary E. Johnson. Minnie Difford. Paul Gates. Carson Cottle. John Russell. Robert Warren. Myrtle Brown. Reta Sager. Audrey Doty. Leo Dolan. Edwin Halstead. Jessie Hanson. Jason Moore. Ben Lane. Fred Beck. Mary Wark. Class of 1907. Marjorie Hanson. Mae Chryst. Helen Morrison. Marjorie Thomas. |
Class of 1905. Vera Stantial. Pearl Burlingame. Stiles Koones. Nat Sabin. Charles Harrington. Jay Raymond. Ethel Jones. Ethel Taylor. Fred Myers. Addie Swisher. Harry Snider. Jacob Spangenberg. John Hanson. Louise Richards. Blanche Chryst. Clyde Nesbit. Mabel Brown. Mary Glaser. David Gillmer. Lena Grimmesey. Mabel Masters Madge Whitney. Ethel Deming. Henry Porter. Roy Hemple. Allie Gilbert. Frank Pickering. Bess Dunbar. Inez Hecker. Josephine Witherstay. Joe Gibson. Lucy Leah. Bernice Beach. Mary Cunningham. |
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314 - HISTORY OF TRUMBULL COUNTY |
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Ida Blott. Priscilla Harrington. Vera Wilson. Elva Cook. Marie Elliott. Monroe Miller. William Barkley. William Craig. Ralph Nash. Theresa Murray. Gertrude Loveless. Mary Kistler. Hazel Turner. Frank Chapman. Burt Kibler. Forrest Brooks. Rudolph Hafer. Fred Hirt. Marguerite Sutherland.
Claribelle Dunn. Marguerite VanWye. Mabel Elliott. Griswold Hurlburt. Class of 1908. Laura King. Laura Evans. Orin Southwick. Henry P. Morris Hutchison. Gladys Truman. Loreta Kincaid. Paul Thomas. Maude Foulk. John R. Ikerman. Sherrill B. Greene. Austa Huntley. Helen Goering. Rea Boyd. Sarah Chryst. Hazel Todd. Rolla S. Thompson. Hazel Brobst. Beth Richards. Clyde F. Wildman. Frances E. Archer. George B. Goldner. Carl Edmunds. Carl Glaser. |
Gertrude Sager. Mabel Harsh. Irene Park. Florence Grimmesey.
William A. Ritezel. Lillian Richards. Sadie Mullen. Frances Grimmesey. Lida B. Leach. Frank Harnar. Arthur White. Class of 1909. Marguerite Mahan. Marjorie McConney. Anna C. McFarland. Clarissa Mingling. Anna Newberry. Helen M. Sidels. Ethel M. Cauffield. Nora Christman. Eleanor and Violet Culver.
Marjory Diff ord. Grace Edwards. Grace M. Elliott. Edna W. Gorton. Helen E. Hunt. Katherine Iddings. Bertha Izant. C. R. Baker. W. F. Bartholomew.
Harrison Burrows. Glen E. Dakin. Carl W. Diehl. William Haine. John Hapgood. Edwin Holscher. * Stewart Hughes. James Izant. Crawford Minglin. Loris E. Mitchell. Peter Mortz. Thomas Myers. Herbert Otting. Clarence Reeves. Carl F. Thomas. * Died just before graduation |
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CHAPTER XX—MEDICINE. FRATERNITY OF TRUMBU LL COUNTY PHYSICIANS.-THEODORE SHEPARD, "PHYSICIAN. "-WOMEN IN THE PROFESSION. -MIRACULOUS CURES.-JOHN W. SEELY.- JOH N B. HARMON.-DANIEL B. WOODS. -PHYSICIANS OF LATER TIMES. -MEDICAL NOTES. No physician in Trumbull County has achieved national reputation, or discovered any great cures, or done unusual, original work. However, on the whole, they have been an earnest, honest set of men, who in the early days suffered great physical hardships, and in the later have experienced anxiety and care unknown to men in other professions. Men from Trumbull County have taken high places in special work of cities and hospitals, and the record which they have made is worthy of all men. In the old time there was more strife among physicians and their individual followers, just as there was among the ministers and their churches, and lawyers and their clients. Today, however, it is surely true that in no county in the state does a better fraternal feeling exist than among the doctors of the Trumbull County Medical Association. There were "medicine men" among the Indian tribes of this vicinity, and it is barely possible that physicians from Pennsylvania were through New Connecticut before the Connecticut Land Company came. But accompanying the first party of surveyors was Theodore Shepard, registered as "physician." Dr. Shepard was also here the second summer, 1797. The diaries of the surveyors scarcely mention this physician or the work he did. All seemed to be very well in the beginning of the survey, but after living for weeks outdoors, sleeping through a wet season when they were tired and hungry, they developed malaria, not our kind of " dumb ague," since they sometimes had three, usually two, chills a day. The rec- - 315 - 316 - HISTORY OF TRUMBULL COUNTY ords state that, being short of medicine, the people with headquarters at Cleveland used bark of trees and roots, hoping to relieve themselves of this disagreeable affliction. At the time of the death of a member of the party, one of the surveyors writes : "He turned purple after he died, and Dr. Shepard thinks he must have had putrid fever." When the surveyors departed in the fall of 1796, this doctor went with them, and those who were left depended upon home remedies. A child was born to Mrs. Kingsbury during the winter, with no attending physician, and some authorities say that Mrs. Gun, of Cleveland, had a child, with only a squaw as nurse. Few women have been in the profession in Trumbull County. The first, as far as we know, was Dr. Helen Betts, a native of Vienna, who studied with Dr. Daniel Wood, practiced a little while in Warren, removed to Youngstown, where she had a large practice, and later to Boston, where she made a name for herself. She still is in active practice. Dr. Melvina Abel; Dr. L. Caroline Jones, who practiced with her husband, Dr. Allen Jones, of Kinsman; Dr. Rose Ralston Ackley, and Dr. Sarah P. Gaston-Frack, of Niles, are the women practicing longest in the county. Among the early settlers women acted often in the place of physicians, instances of the same being given in different parts of this history. Almost every township had such nurse or midwife. Some of their recorded deeds are heroic enough to deserve some of the medals so graciously bestowed today. They did not get them, nor did anyone else money was too scarce to waste it in rewards, and time too full to think of aught save present duty. We are dismayed when we read how diseases were treated in the pioneer time of the county. For typhoid fever there was calomel, bleeding, closed windows. Poultices were used where now boracic acid and a clean cloth are the remedies. Victims of tuberculosis were advised to avoid cool air and were allowed to sleep in a room with many other members of the family. This country was supposed to be a place where consumptives got well, and many did. It was, as a rule, the people who had the least money and the fewest comforts who recovered. The reason for this is easily seen. The cabins through which the wind blew, and into which the snow fell, and whose logs held not the fatal germs, were favorable places for tuberculosis patients. Twenty years from now, when someone writes the history of HISTORY OF TRUMBULL COUNTY - 317 Trumbull County, he will point to the errors of medicine of this time. But not to medicine alone will his finger point, but to theology, to politics, to philanthropy, and even philosophy. One has only to read the pages of history to find that many an old doctor was in his cups. Today the author does not know one drunken doctor in all Trumbull County. Stories are recounted in manuscripts and by word of mouth of the curing of people in mysterious ways in our early days. Students of metaphysics today explain these as being rational and natural methods of cure. Then it was mysterious, miraculous. Now the mental healer teaches that the real person is soul, that soul is part of God, that God cannot be seen, and that through the action of mind the body may be conrtolled exactly as the clothes are controlled. Whether this be true or not twenty years from now will tell. In the meantime we will believe it when we are well and make haste to the doctor when we are ill. An honorable non-sensational resident of Trumbull County vouches for the following: In the early days of Warren there was a man who had rheumatism. He was bed-ridden. The citizens were then like persons of one family. They cared for each other when sick, when in trouble and distress. For a long time Warren people had waited upon this man, giving him food, lifting him in bed, and doing all they possibly could for him. Occasionally the Indians would get ugly from too much "fire-water," and upon one such occasion, when they began to have fighting symptoms in the neighborhood, a courier ran into town to tell the people that the Indians were about to descend upon them to massacre them. Whether this word reached all the inhabitants or only a certain proportion is not known, but the neighbors of the bed-ridden rheumatic were informed. They ran for their lives. When they were some distance out of town one of them remembered that they had left the patient to suffer torture alone. As they stopped to discuss whether it was wise for them to go back for him, they heard a most terrible howling and yelling in the woods behind them. Thinking the first of the angry redmen were about to descend upon them, they were appalled, but soon saw the bed-fast man leaping over logs, swinging his hands in the air, and yelling at the top of his lungs. We read in the history of Mecca, prepared by Amoretta Reynolds and a committee, that Mrs. William Pettis of Mecca 318 - HISTORY OF TRUMBULL COUNTY was an invalid for years. After a time her physician decided that if she only so thought she could leave her bed. He, however, could not persuade her of this belief. He therefore brought with him one day when he paid his visit a goodly sized snake which he placed between the sheets. "It had the desired effect of bringing her to her feet and keeping her there." Mrs. Walter King, whose father, Mr. Holliday, kept a hotel, and whose husband owned the King Block, was a terrible sufferer from asthma. She was having an unusual attack when a great fire in town occurred. They carried her from her home thinking to save her life, and in a certain sense they did, for she never had another attack of asthma. Dr. John W. Seely located in Howland township in 1801. Like many of the Warren settlers he was from Pennsylvania. In 1802 he brought his family here, and for many years practiced within a radius of ten miles. Very little record is left of this doctor's professional life. Like all people of his time he was interested in the settlement of the country, enlisted in the war of 1812, was made captain and devoted a great deal of his spare time to working for the completion of the Ohio canal. He died of apoplexy in Akron in March, 1841 when the celebration of the opening of the canal was held. Among the early settlers of Warren was Enoch Leavitt, for whom Leavittsburg was named. His son Enoch was a young man in 1805 when his people came here and not many years after that date had a good reputation as a physician. It is said that Dr. Leavitt used a good deal of calomel, herbs and roots. Like Dr. Seeley, little record is left of his professional life. He died in 1827 and was buried in Leavittsburg. Dr. John B. Harmon was probably the first doctor to have an office and enjoy a good practice in the town of Warren. His father, Reuben, was an influential citizen, and in 1796, the year that the first surveyors appeared in New Connecticut, bought of Samuel H. Parsons five hundred acres in the Salt Springs tract. On this date, John B. began the study of medicine in Vermont and the following year the father was making salt from the springs. About 1800 the family were residing at Salt Springs. It is said that the father, Reuben, and the son, John B., were exactly alike in temperament, and somewhat alike in appearance. This family, therefore, were among the first of Trumbull County pioneers. They suffered great hardships and HISTORY OF TRUMBULL COUNTY - 319 all of them were exceedingly brave. The wife "was a resolute, capable woman, above average height, of broad muscular build, sociable, cheerful and of indomitable patience and perseverance." In 1806 Reuben Harmon returned to Vermont to finish some business and took his son John B. with him in order that he might finish his studies with Dr. Blackmer, who was a skilful physician of Dorset and his brother-in-law as well. When Reuben returned to the Salt Springs tract lie found that the agent whom he left there had disappeared with two thousand dollars, and he was thus deprived of means to support his family through the winter. Not being discouraged, he set in motion some new plans, was taken with a fever, and died aged 57, leaving a large family. The stories of the experiences of the different members of this family read like the most fictitious tale of romance and adventure. One sister, Clara, married a son of John Leavitt, whom she divorced for intemperance, later married Dr. John Brown, of New York state. Another sister, Betsey Harmon, was twice married, the last time to Albert Opdyke. Gen. Emerson Opdyke and Betsey Opdyke, the wife of Oliver H. Patch, were two of the children. Another brother, Heman Harmon, was identified with the early interests of Warren as a merchant, as sheriff, and manufacturer. He married the daughter of George Parsons, and had a large family of children, all of whom grew up here. Dr. Harmon was particularly fitted for the life of a pioneer doctor since he had had a good deal of out-of-door life in Vermont. His strong physique and his ability to endure hardships served him well. He finished his study with Dr. Enoch Leavitt and located in Warren for general practice in 1808. He acquired considerable experience in the war of 1812. He was commissioned as captain. In his early years he rode his horse to the different settlements in old Trumbull County, Cleveland, Painesville, Ashtabula, etc. His mother continued to live on the Salt Springs tract for some time. In 1816 he built a home for himself in Warren and for a long time had different members of his family and friends as housekeeper. He had numerous accidents happen him in his practice, such as severely injuring his back in falling from his horse. He injured his back and legs in a runaway and was left lying in the snow for a long time before assistance arrived. He had an operation for tumor "beneath the deep pectoral muscle," from which he nearly died, 320 - HISTORY OF TRUMBULL COUNTY He was sued for malpractice in 1838, Dr. John W. and Sylvanus Seely being made parties. Joshua R. Giddings, Benjamin F. Wade, Sutliff and Ranney prosecuted, while David Tod and R. P. Spaulding defended. Probably there has never been a case tried in Trumbull County for malpractice in which the physicians and attorneys were all men of such note and ability. The charges were not proved, but the expense was so large that we are told "he paid more for his lawyers and other expenses connected with the trial than lie ever made from surgery." Like the other pioneer doctors, he learned to sleep on his horse, in his sulkey, and to do without sleep entirely for many hours together. There is a romance told of an early disappointment in love as there has been of men in all times, sometimes with truth, sometimes not. However, later upon the recommendation of friends and by letter he became engaged to Sarah Dana of Connecticut and married her in 1822 at Pembroke, N. Y. He drove there in a double sleigh and brought her home. She was a fond wife, a good companion, a tender mother of his children, looked after their education, and her especial recreation was in the raising of beautiful flowers. Dr. Harmon died of pleuro-pneumonia in 1858, his wife living ten years longer. Sylvanus, the son of Dr. John W. Seely, born in Pennsylvania in 1795, read medicine with his father. In the war of 1812 he entered the service and worked with Dr. John B. Harmon, being present with him at the attack of Fort Mackinaw. Having married a Virginia woman he went there to practice for a while, but returned to Warren and lived here the rest of his life. His widow Mary lived for over fifty years in the house next the present fire department, opposite the former brick schoolhouse on Park avenue. It is still standing and is one of the oldest Warren residences. He died in 1849, having established a good reputation and practice. He was the father of Mrs. Cyrus Van Gorder and the grandfather of Mrs. John Kinsman. It is to be regretted that these early physicians had not more of the habits of the Connecticut surveyors, as the latter kept notes and records of all their doings. Among the early physicians practicing between the years 1840-1861 was Dr. Farrell. We have been unable to ascertain anything about his work except that he is kindly spoken of by HISTORY OF TRUMBULL COUNTY - 321 his contemporaries. Other physicians of his time were Dr. Enoch Blattsley, Dr. Kuhn, Dr. D. W. Jameson, Dr. Nichols, Dr. William Paine. Possibly the doctor who was best known for the longest period of time was Daniel B. Woods. He was of German descent, his father going from Pennsylvania to Youngstown, settling near Mill Creek. Dr. Woods was the oldest of the family and at the age of sixteen began his studies at Allegheny College. He did not graduate, having stopped at the beginning of the last term. He first practiced with Dr. J. A. Packard in Austintown. He attended a regular course at the Ohio Medical College at Cincinnati, receiving there his degree of M. D. He opened his office then in Warren, where he resided until his death. He was astute in his profession, and in the world at large. His gentle manner assisted him greatly in his practice. At this date, people say that he used some of the methods now employed by mental healers. Whether this is authentic or not we do not know. He is said to have been one of the first men in this region to use ether in surgical operations. He did not specialize. He was a regular physician and had little patience with any modified school. He was a familiar figure in the community and his several horses were known throughout the county. He drove long distances at all times of year, and being an ardent Democrat, as important elections approached, one might meet him in the country, his horse jogging on, taking its natural gait, while he perused the paper. He had the faculty of making his patients feel that he could make no mistakes. He had a large family of children, had many sorrows and disappointments, but he never dwelt upon them. He either had the ability of dismissing them from his mind, or at least appearing so to do. He did the same with his patients. His wife, Phoebe Holliday, survived him by many years and died at the home of her daughters, Dr. Elizabeth and Emma Woods, in Toledo. His son Dal was well prepared for his profession, and practiced with his father. His daughter Elizabeth is one of the leading physicians of Toledo. Dr. Julian Harmon, a son of Dr. John B. Harmon, was born in 1824, graduated at the Western Reserve College, at the Cleveland Medical College and practiced with his father until 1854. After that he formed a partnership with Dr. J. P. Smith at one time and Dr. Metcalf another time. His early practice was un- Vol. I-21 322 - HISTORY OF TRUMBULL COUNTY der severe conditions. Physicians were not plenty, roads were bad, and he often rode in the mud and in the snow a good part of the waking hours of a day. He was not nearly so rugged as his father and was induced in 1865 to go into the drug business. The year of 1868 was a memorable one for him in that he lost sixteen thousand dollars, a large sum for those times, in the failure of his business, and at the same time his wife died. She was a cousin of Frederick Kinsman and a popular, helpful woman. He and Dr. Metcalf dissolved partnership in 1875. He occupied the old Harmon office, situated on the rear of the lot where the Harmon house now stands. When his youngest child, Julian Harmon, was admitted to practice, they were associated together for a time. Dr. Harmon enjoyed a large practice among the residents of the city. He was optimistic, gentle, and successful. He had a long and painful illness, suffering from a cancer. He married a second wife in 1871, Mary E. Bostwick, of Canfield, by whom he had two sons, the elder one dying in 1881. When he died he left two daughters by the first wife, one son by the second, Dr. Julian Harmon, the younger, having died before him. Olive, the youngest daughter, has successfully managed the property which was left her, largely from her mother's side, and is a musician of fine education. One of the best known physicians of the Trumbull County Medical Society is L. G. Moore of Kinsman. He has lived in that town all his life and been identified with its interests. He was born in Kinsman in 1849, received his early education at the Kinsman Academy, spent a year at the Ohio Wesleyan University, and one year at Ann Arbor, Michigan. His medical preceptor was Dr. Allen Jones, who is well remembered as a physician and a legislator. Dr. Moore spent one year at Bellevue Hospital Medical College in New York City, and graduated at Long Island Hospital and Medical College in 1873. He has practiced in Kinsman for thirty-six years, and although not a specialist, he has given a great share of his time outside of general practice to the diseases of women. Dr. Rose Ralston Ackley was born in 1860 in Marion county, Iowa. Moving to Ohio, she received her school education at Howard, Knox county. She studied medicine at the Cleveland University of Medicine and Surgery, now the Cleveland Homeopathy College, graduating in 1896. She practiced in Cleveland at the Dispensary for Women and Children, until she came HISTORY OF TRUMBULL COUNTY - 323 to Warren, where she had a general practice. She is the only woman physician in Warren, is an active member of the Disciple church, and is the wife of Thad Ackley, who has been in business many years in Warren. Dr. J. S. Brown of Mecca, who has been a member of the pension examining board since 1897, was born in New York City in 1854. His common-school education was obtained in Mecca; lie attended the Dennison University, at Granville, Ohio, and graduated at Colgate- University, in Hamilton, New York. Studying medicine with Dr. H. S. Smith, who at that time lived in Mecca, he graduated at Cleveland in 1882. He has practiced in this town all the years of his professional life, and has given special attention to the diseases of children. Thomas H. Stewart, of Churchill, was the son of Dr. V. G. Stewart. He received his early school education at Murrysville, Pennsylvania, where he was born in 1838. He graduated from Jefferson College, Cannonsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1863. Three years later lie received the degree of A. M. from this institution ; entered the medical department of the University of Michigan in 1869 ; began the practice of medicine the next year at Churchill. He was in active practice until two years ago, when he was obliged to go south during the winter for his health. Dr. Stewart is one of the oldest of Trumbull County's doctors. He was a member of the Ohio legislature in 1867-68 and in 1886-89. He is a Mason, an official in the Methodist church at Churchill, and was at one time president of the Trumbull County Medical Society. Dr. D. E. Hoover, one of the most successful of the young physicians of Warren, was born at North Benton, Ohio, in 1871, where lie received his academic education. His father and brother are both physicians and the family have lived in Alliance during the late years. Dr. Hoover attended Mount Union College and graduated in medicine at the Western Reserve University in Cleveland in 1895. He spent a year and a half at the Cleveland City Hospital, was interne at Bellevue Hospital in New York for two months, and one year at the general hospital in Vienna, Austria. His professional life aside from that has been entirely spent in Warren, where he came in 1896. W. H. Button was born in Warren township in 1858. His academic education was had at the center of Nelson. He attended both Hiram College and the Western Reserve University 324 - HISTORY OF TRUMBULL COUNTY at Cleveland. He studied medicine with Dr. E. J. Goodsell of Nelson and Dr. Julian Harmon of Warren. He graduated in medicine at the Western Reserve University in Cleveland. His professional life has been spent in Trumbull County with the exception of two years ; practiced five years in Burghill, five years in Brookfield, two years in Parkman, thirteen years in Hubbard. Among the older doctors of Trumbull County is J. O. Latimer of West Farmington. He was born in Wellington, Ohio, in 1836; was educated at Rock Creek, and studied medicine there also. His preceptor was 1)r. Mills, and lie graduated at the E. M. Institute at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1868. At different times he practiced in Rock Creek and Lenox, both in Ashtabula county ; LeMoore, California, and twenty-seven years at West. Farmington, Ohio. Dr. C. C. Williams, of Niles, Ohio, was born in Lisbon in 1863. In this pretty town he received his common-school education, and attended Mount Union College. His medical education was received at Ann Arbor, the University of Michigan, where he graduated in 1890. His professional life has been spent in Niles, Ohio, where lie is in general practice, though much interested in surgery. Dr. Sarah Gaston Frack is the only woman physician in Niles. She has a large and lucrative practice, and is a credit to her profession. She was born in Atlantis, Pennsylvania, in 1869. Her common-school education was obtained in Utica, Pennsylvania. She graduated from the Edinboro State Normal School and attended Allegheny College at Meadville, and Oberlin College, Ohio. Before she entered college she studied medicine under Dr. Susan F. Rose, of Meadville, Pennsylvania. In 1895 she graduated from the Cleveland Homeopathic Medical and Surgical College. She practiced for a short time in Detroit, Michigan, before settling in Niles. Two or three years ago she married Evan Frack, and has continued her practice since. Dr. H. A. Fiester was born at East Lewiston, Ohio, and is in general practice at Newton Falls. His father, Dr. J. N. Fiester, was his preceptor, and later he studied in the Cleveland College for Physicians and Surgeons. Aside from a common education in the Newton Falls schools, he took a general course in Oberlin and Wooster Universities. Dr. Daniel G. Simpson is one of the younger and successful |