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CHAPTER XXXII.

MARIETTA—NATURAL PHENOMENA.

The Floods—Epidemics—Earthquakes—Flood of 1790—The Great Floods Prior to the Settlement of Marietta—High Water of 1832— Floods of 1847, 1852, and 1860—Earthquake Shocks of au and 1812—Sickly Seasons of 1807, 1822, and 23—Causes, Excessive Moisture and Drouth—Lists of Burials.

FLOODS.

To the people living along the banks of a mighty river the occasional rise of its waters is an occurrence which not only excites interest but causes deep concern. Especially is this the case in a village situated as is Marietta. The great floods in the Ohio have been the cause of very serious inconvenience to a portion of its people, and have done much damage to property. The town itself has been in some measure injured by these floods. The fact that a considerable portion of its plat is subject to inundation has operated against its improvement, and still greater harm has been caused undoubtedly by the reports (usnally much exaggerated) that have gone abroad from time to time in regard to the damage caused by floods at this particular point. In view of these facts a brief history of the floods in the Ohio may not prove uninteresting.

The first flood which occurred in the Ohio river after the settlement was made at Marietta, was in 1790. Dr. Hildreth says, * that for a number of years after the

* In " Transactions of Ohio Historical and Philosophical Society." Volume I.

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settlement there was no flood that did any damage. But one who was an eye witness * gives an account of this flood of 1790, which proves the contrary. He says, under date of February 19th: "We got up at sunrise this morning, the doctor calling and telling us the water rose so fast that it would soon be in the house, when we immediately got up. We soon had the tea kettle on and got our coffee boiled; and before we could get our breakfast done, the water came in so fast that the floor was afloat, and we stood in water to our buckles to drink the last dish. We had before got such articles upstairs as the water would injure. Everybody below the great bridge is obliged to move. Only three houses are out of the reach of the water, owing to their being placed so high." Messrs. Woodbridge (merchant), Rockwell, Wells (tailors), Mr. Bent, Prince, Webster, Moodey, Skinner, Mixer, Vietts, Lucas, Veal, Tuttle, Barber, Landon and Mathews are mentioned in the journal from which I have quoted, and the editor says that in the original a blank space is left as if the writer had intended to add the names of more sufferers. The "Point" was then lower than now, and the houses were not raised from the surface.

Previous to the settlement of Marietta there were three floods, of which we have some knowledge—in the years 1772, 1778 and 1784. The flood of 1872 occurred in June, and as noted by the pioneers at Wheeling, was five feet higher than that of 1832, backing up Wheeling creek to a level with the top of the falls. That of 1778 was seven feet less than the flood of 1772. In 1784—month of March—the waters of the Ohio rose to about the same height reached in 1832. +

The Indians who visited Marietta after peace had been declared, for the purpose of trading, seeing houses upon the low lands near the river, shook their heads ominously, and pointing to the spreading lower branches of the sycamores that lined the banks, said that they had sects the water reach them, and that some day the whites would see it equally high, also. The pioneers thought but little of these warnings, but the time came when some of them had occasion to remember the words of the Indians.

We have spoken of the flood of 1790 as the first which occurred after settlement. The second was in 1809. The water filled some of the lower streets, caused some annoyance, but did scarcely any damage. In 1823 occurred the third and in fact the first big flood after the making of the settlement. On the twenty-fifth of January the water commenced rising at Marietta, and in twenty-four hours the Ohio was "out of banks," and the flood still increasing at the rate of eight inches per hour. There had been much snow upon the ground, and upon the twenty-fourth a heavy rain had set in, which must have been general and prevailing over a large section of country. The water reached its greatest height at 6 o’clock on the morning of the twenty-eighth,

* Thomas Wallcut's Journal, 1790.

+ A brief history of the floods in the Ohio river," S. P. Hildreth in “Transactions of the Ohio Historical and Philosophical Society." Volume I.

and began falling at midnight The flood was about the same as that of 1860, the water being from seven to eight feet deep along Front street, between Putnam and the Point, and its height above low water mark being estimated at forty-five feet. The weather was very cold, and there was much suffering upon that account The ice in the river was from twelve to eighteen inches thick, and was carried crashing against the buildings in the lower part of the town, adding greatly to the terror of the people. This was known as the ice flood. The heavy blocks of floating ice, and that which formed upon the backwater, did great damage as the flood subsided, in crushing down fruit trees and fences. The houses exposed to the flood were filled with mud and ice, and presented, with the surroundings of ruined trees, a most desolate appearance. Fortunately, the Muskingum was not high during this great rise of the Ohio. Had it been, the flood would have equalled, at Marietta, that of 1832, and possibly would have exceeded it.

Only two years and two months later—upon the first of April, 1815, occurred another flood, which, at Marietta, was a little higher than that of 1823. This time the Muskingum was greatly swollen in volume and so much higher than the Ohio that its turbid current rolled athwart the latter stream, carrying driftwood against the Virginia shore. This was the highest flood ever known in the Muskingum, and the settlers along the valley suffered very great losses, the bottom lands being completely stripped of small buildings and fences, stacks of hay, shocks of corn, and animals.

There were small floods in the year 1817 and 1818, but from 1815 until the great flood of 1832, there was no rise of the river sufficient to cause serious damage or inconvenience.

The long period during which the Ohio had scarcely passed the measure of "full bank" had caused people to well nigh forget that it was liable at any time to make a phenomenal rise and send its broad surging tide up around their houses and into their doors. In the winter of 1832-2, which was a very cold one, heavy ice had been formed in the Ohio, and snow covered the ground to the depth of a foot or more in the vicinity of Marietta, while at the headwaters of the river it was not less than three feet deep.

During the early part of the month of February there fell a great amount of rain. At Marietta the water commenced rising on the twelfth of February at noon. On the morning of the fourteenth it was over the banks. It continued rising until the seventeenth, regularly decreasing in rapidity until it began to fall. The height above low water mark reached by this flood was fifty feet. This was five feet and three inches more water than had ever been known by the residents. At Marietta there was great alarm at the time when the water reached its greatest height. A terrific thunder storm arose in the early hours of the seventeenth. The wind blew fiercely and great waves beat against the houses, threatening to bear them from their foundations and engulf them in the seemingly irresistable tide. Fortunately the wind abated after a short time, and the result was less disas-

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trous than had been apprehended. The damage, however, was very considerable along the entire length of the river. About twenty storehouses, barns and small dwellings were floated away from Marietta. The fire- engine house, a small frame building, with the engine and buckets, was floated away the night of the storm and seen six days later near Louisville. Most of the houses were never heard of, though some of them were discovered after the flood abated lodged upon the islands down the river, and a portion of their contents discovered. The water was above the second-story floors of many houses, was about nine feet deep along Front street, and in the house of A. T. Nye, on Putnam, about three feet in depth. The river was filled with the wrecks of flatboats and floating buildings.

Many of the latter, from Pittsburgh, Wheeling and other places up the river, were found lodged upon the various islands, and men were employed for weeks after the flood in searching for flotsam and jetsam along the shores and bottom-lands. It was estimated that the damage along the Ohio was at least one thousand dollars per mile, upon the average, independent of the towns. The loss at Marietta was probably less 'than twenty thousand dollars. The most grossly exaggerated accounts went abroad of the condition of things at Marietta during the flood and of the damage done. Some statements placed the amount of loss at fifty thousand dollars. The American Friend defended the reputation of the town, and said that "one-half, or possibly one-third, of this amount would cover the loss," and that "the loss was small, as compared with that of other towns on the Ohio." As a specimen of the reports which went abroad, we quote a letter from Wheeling to the Philadelphia Chronicle:

The steamboat Columbus, which has just arrived, reports that not a vestige remains of many of the towns below. Marietta presets a most melancholy appearance. A large portion of the place has entirely disappeared, and in the higher parts of the town little more is to be seen than the tops of the chimneys. Nothing could be learned of the safety of the inhabitants, as the boat could not effect a safe landing.

Another paper had the following: "A gentleman recently from the West says that while running up the Ohio several hundred buildings were met floating down, and that at Marietta the steamboat in which he was passed through the streets and delivered its passengers at the third story windows of the houses." Steamboats did run up front street at the time of the flood. The reputation of Marietta, it is claimed by some, was helped, rather than hurt, by the flood of 1832. After the first reports had gone abroad and produced an unfavorable impression, it was shown conclusively that most of the other towns along the river had actually experienced greater damage. In March, of 1832, the American Friend contained the following paragraph upon the prospects of the town:

Our situation is salubrious and commanding. Many have decided to locate here, and a considerable influx of population is expected. Arrangements are making for the erection of more handsome and desirable buildings the coming season than have been put up in any one season before.

The flood of 1847 occurred in the month of December. This flood, which was generally very destructive, and at Cincinnati and some other points marked as high as that of 1832, at Marietta lacked five and a half feet of the high water-mark of that year, and did very little damage.

In April, 1852, the water rose at Marietta to within four and a half feet of the flood of 1832. The Muskingum did not contribute materially to the condition of high water, otherwise the "great flood" would have been equalled.

The flood of 1860 was the largest since the flood of 1832, and only about three feet below it. The water was from seven to eight feet deep along Front street from Putnam to the "Point" April 13th, the water having commenced to rise in both rivers upon the tenth, and covering the "Point" by the night of that day. There was very little damage done. The people were put to considerable inconvenience, but the weather being very mild, this season of high water was rather regarded as a gala time. Boats were out upon the water evenings with singing parties, and there was more mirth than misery or discomfiture.

On January 22, 1862, the water covered Front street and was upon nearly all of the store floors.

The flood of February, 1881, was a little less in height than that of 1862, rising so as to cover Front street from the "Point" up to Putnam, on Saturday the twelfth, and remaining until Monday the fourteenth. On Bosworth & Wells' store floor it was about four inches deep; upon some others a foot or more. Quite a number of individual losses were sustained in Marietta and Harmar but none of them were very serious.

EARTHQUAKE SHOCKS.

Marietta felt slightly the earthquake shock of 1811 which extended throughout the Mississippi valley—using that term in its broadest sense—and which seemed to have its centre at New Madrid on the Mississippi. This occurred upon the sixteenth of December. At twenty- five minutes past two o'clock A. M., people were awakened by the shaking sensation, and many, springing from their beds, rushed forth into the streets. For a few seconds almost everybody was in doubt and wonder, but soon it was realized that the cause of their awakening was an earthquake. Many were excessively terrified; others cool and unfrightened, and some still in blissful ignorance of the commotion in mother earth. The second shock, however, aroused and brought to their senses those who had been unmoved by the first. The second rumbling of the earth and shaking of the buildings were felt at twenty minutes past three o'clock A. M. At half- past seven another period of violent trembling of the earth began, and continued for half an hour. Some people heard, or imagined that they heard, a dull sound as of a smothered explosion, or the falling of a heavy body. The effects of this earthquake were much more strongly felt at Zanesville than at Marietta. In the former place it is said that the cupola of the court house moved to and fro at eight o'clock in the morning, and that the iron rod surmounting it vibrated six or eight inches, while the oscillating motion of the sign posts and trees was generally observable. The shock lasted about four minutes.

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Slight effects of the earthquakes of 1812—January 23d and February 4th—were also felt in Marietta, the first being much the strongest.

EPIDEMICS.

Marietta has suffered from three epidemics in 1807, 1822 and 1823. "Except in these three years" says Dr. Hildreth in a communication to a medical journal, "the town has been uniformly healthy and indeed remarkably so."

The sickness of 1807 was principally intermittent and remittent fevers. These diseases were prevalent up and down the Ohio river for hundreds of miles, and more malignant and fatal at various points in this region of country than at Marietta—notably so at Gallipolis. The spring of the year was very wet and all through the summer there were two or three rainy days for every fair one. The low grounds were covered in many places by stagnant water, and crops were, in some localities, entirely ruined by the excessive moisture. The elements of disease were all in existence and it would have been very surprising if general sickness had not prevailed. The fever made its appearance in July, and in the following month there was scarcely a family residing on the bottom lands which was not afflicted by it. The disease carried off a considerable number of the people of Marietta and Washington county, but the number of deaths after all was not large, compared to the number who were sick with the fever.

The epidemic of 1822 exceeded that of 1807, was similar in nature but proceeded from an exactly opposite condition of the weather. The summer of 1822, unlike that of 1807, was very dry and hot. There was not only little rain but what did come was not accompanied, as is usual in summer, by lightening, that great purifier of the atmosphere, and there was scarcely one strong, clearing wind from the north or northwest, during the season. Hot winds blew almost constantly from the south. The Ohio and Muskingum were reduced by the drouth, so that "they were mere brooks as compared with their usual size." The water was covered with a foul scum, and a green mould gathered upon the rank grass which grew along the shores and down into the beds of the streams. Dr. Hildreth's opinion was that "the fever had its origin from the sandbars and beaches of the Ohio river laid bare by the great drought." Some people thought that the disease was imported by the almost constantly blowing south wind. The fever varied from the mildest intermittent types, up to the genuine yellow fever. Ague, cholera morbus and dysentery were also prevalent. At one time, within a single square mile containing a population of about twelve hundred souls, four hundred were sick with some form of disease attributed to the drought and hot weather. Dr. Hildreth had about six hundred cases to care for between the first of July and the close of November. The fever was most widely disseminated in September. It first appeared upon the " plain " or higher ground in June, but in July most of the cases were in Harmar, and it did not become troublesome at the "Point" until August. The proportion of deaths was about one to sixteen of the number of persons affected.

The people became much alarmed as the season advanced and the deaths became more numerous. On September 5th a public meeting was held at which committees were appointed to visit the sick, and supply them with whatever necessities they might be lacking. Upon the eighteenth another meeting was held, of which Dudley Woodbridge, jr., was chairman, and William A. Whittlesey, secretary. The reports of the committees appointed three days before showed that over three hundred persons were sick in Marietta—a number bearing about the same proportion to the population (two thousand) that twelve hundred would to the present. Resolutions were adopted setting forth that "the distressed situation of our fellow-citizens and friends calls for the utmost exertions and deepest humiliation;' that "we will exhort and encourage each other in visiting the sick," and that, "looking beyond the sword of pestilence to Him who wields it, we humble ourselves before Almighty God, and recommend to our fellow citizens a day of public fasting, humiliation and prayer, imploring the pardon of our sins, individually, and as a people, the arrest of the pestilence which ravages our town, and grace to receive and do all things, as those who have hope in the Lord." Henry Dana Ward and William R. Putnam were appointed a committee to wait on the Rev. S. P. Robbins of the Congregational, and Rev. Cornelius Springer of the Methodist church, and "request them to agree upon a day of fasting, and if agreeable unite the congregations in its solemn service." The ministers gave public notice that Saturday, September 21st, would be observed, in accordance with the resolution of the citizens' meeting, as a day of fasting and prayer. The service was held at the Congregational church. It was noted a few days later by the American Friend that with the exception of fifteen or twenty who were quite low the people generally were recovering, and that very few new cases had occurred. It was not, however, until hard frosts came in November that the epidemic was stopped. No less than ninety-five persons died in Marietta township during June, July, August, September and October of 1822.

We are enabled to give a mortuary list for three months, nearly complete, and containing the names of some citizens of other parts of the county, who died during the prevalence of the epidemic of 1822:*

June 7, Charles F., son of Ephraim Ranger.

June 30, Frances, wife of Colonet George Turner.

July 10, Humphrey Hook (in Wood county) Virginia.

August 1, Mary, wife of Elder John Gates.

August 1, Abram Seevers (Fearing).

August 21, Hon. Paul Fearing (Harmar).

August 21, Cynthia, his wife (within six hours).

August 26, John Cornell.

August 26, Edmund Moulton.

August 7, wife of Captain Nathan Bowen.

August 30, Mrs. Catharine McClintick.

September 9, Joanna Lincoln.

September 9, Jauna R. Bowers.

September 9, Mrs. Merriam (in Adams).

September 10, Reuben Merriam (in Adams).

* From "Old Marietta Papers," No. XVII, in Marietta Register, by R. M. Stimson, esq.

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September 14, Mrs. Nancy Bliss.

September 15, Aaron Smith.

September 6, Major Robert Bradford (Belpre).

September 6, Mrs. Persis Howe (Belpre).

September 19, Charlotte, wife of A. W. Putnam.

September 21, A. W. Putnam (in Belpre).

September 16, Mrs. Solniger (in Union).

September 19, Christian Ulmer.

September 20, John Miller.

September 20, Ann Eliza, wife of Levi Cole.

September 21, Justus Morse.

September 21, Silas Barter.

September 24, Jacob Schachtelien.

September 25, Elder John Gates.

September 25, Mrs. Mills,

September 25, John Drown (on the island).

September 26, Captain Obediah Lincoln.

September 26, John Clark.

September 26, Sarah, his wife.

September 27, Mrs. Deborah Erwin,

September 27, Hugh Dixon.

September 27, Tiffany Adams (in Warren).

September 28, Angelina Lincoln.

September 28, Harriet, wife of Wyllys Hall.

September 28. Caroline, wife of James Bliss.

September 28, Mary Ann, wife of jasper Taylor.

September 28, Lucy, a woman of color.

September 30, Clarissa, wife of Captain Timothy Buell.

October 1, Jefferson Lincoln.

October 1, Wealthy A., wife of Richard Alcock.

October 1, infant son of John Kelley.

October 1, Mary, wife of S. D. W. Drown (on the island).

October 1, Solomon Jarvis (in Wood county, Virginia).

October 2, Titus Buck.

October 2, James Knight.

October 2, Manasseh, son of Ephraim Cutler (in Warren).

October 4, Colonel Jacob Ulmer.

October 5, Mark Anderson.

October 5, Mrs. Polly White (in Fearing).

October 6, Henry Winum.

October 7, Mrs. Mees.

October 8, Philip Cunningham.

October 8, William Judson.

October 9, Mrs. Lyon.

October 9, Elba Anderson.

October 10, Abraham Sharp.

October 10, Mrs. Schachtelin.

October 10, Mrs. Lucretia Hempstead.

October 12, Jonas Livermore.

October 14, Charles Lincoln.

October 16, John Brough.

October 18, Dudley Dodge.

October 21, Henry Murphy.

November 4, Lydia, wife of William White (Fearing).

November 27, John Dye, sr.

Jonathan Guitteau and Joseph Babcock, of Marietta, died also during the epidemic, but the dates of their deaths are not known.

The sickness of 1823 seemed to be a new breaking out of that of 1822, but, unlike the epidemic of that year, this one was not confined to the water courses or their immediate vicinity. "The spring," says a newspaper writer* reviewing the subject, " was pleasant, with every prospect of a salubrious summer. But how sad the disappointment. The sickness broke out in June and pervaded nearly all parts of the west.

The country was deluged with rain in June and July, with very little thunder and lightening and no heavy winds. Every spot that could hold water was filled with it. Fields of wheat and corn were ruined and grass rotted. The low land exhaled noxious vapors, so that people in passing were obliged to put their hands to their

* R. M. Stimson.

noses and hasten through some disgusting spots. In plowing in rich bottom lands, instead of the pleasant odors that usually arise from freshly plowed land a sickly smell would be sent forth. The rains ceased the last of August, but the systems of the people had become charged with miasma. • • • The disease was more malignant and fatal in the country than in town, especially in rich bottoms, where weeds grew in many places to the enormous height of fifteen or eighteen feet. In spite of the drawback on corn in the early part of the summer, the crop was heavy from its luxuriant growth and almost without cultivation, otherwise famine would have followed, for there were not well persons enough to take care of the sick, much less to cultivate their farms." Those who were attacked with the fever in 1822 usually escaped this year. July 17th was observed in Marietta as a day of fasting and prayer. Already the deaths had been quite numerous. From July 5th to the close of the month there were thirty-one deaths in Marietta and the immediate vicinity. The whole number of persons interred in Mound cemetery during July, August, September, and October was one hundred and forty-one. Of these seventy-two were residents of Marietta corporation; fifty-five were of the township outside of the corporation; and fourteen from other townships. The number of deaths in August was forty-six; in September forty-five: and in October nineteen. Upon the Harmar side of the Muskingum-Harmar was then included in Marietta corporation-there were eleven deaths.

The American Friend said: "The late sickness has made great, we had almost said irreparable, breaches in society, not only as it respects numbers, but the characters also of those taken away. In many cases children are left without any father or mother."

Following is a list of the deaths in Marietta or vicinity (those of persons buried in Mound cemetery) during the epidemic of 1823-from July to October inclusive.

July 5th, George Howe; 8th, Jacob Drake; 11th, son of S. Briggs; 13th, Mrs. Dempsey; 14th, Joseph Bartlett, T. J. H. Sandford, Mrs. Hill; 18th, Mrs. Mary A. Cunningham, William Taylor; 19th, Mrs. Bacon; 21st, John Locker; sad, daughter of George Corner, Mrs. Livermore; 23d, Caleb Thornilly, Matthew Miner, son of Samuel Stone, child of Mr. Bacon; 24th, Harriet Hartshorn, Harriet Hearn, Mrs. Miner; 25th, Mrs. Miller, Mrs. Thornilly; 6th, Pamelia Rood, son of A. Daniels; 28th, Rachel Howe, Mrs. Hoff, Levi Benjamin; 29th, Leonard Foster, William Fulton, Anna Rogers; 30th, Jonathan Cantos.

August 1st, Mr. Brown; ad, Mr. Follett; 3d, son of Jacob Brown; 5th, Eliza Stanley, daughter of Broadhurst, James Lincoln; 6th, child of W. Holyoke, Mrs. Merrill, Mrs. Rood, D. Woodbridge. sr., child of D. Protsam; 8th, child of - Pratt; 9th, Pearce Morse, William McAllister; nth, child of A. Daniels; 12th, child of D. Murray; 13th, Joseph Harris, Harriet Goodwin; 14th Sally Druse, child of C. Thornilly, Mrs. Ezekiel Deming; 15th, Mrs. Dr. Jett, Mrs. Duncan; 16th, Mrs. Pratt; 17th, Mrs. Morse, child of T. Buell, child of R. McCabe; 18th, child of Mr. Wheeler, Mrs. Goodwin, Mrs. Keating; 19th, child of - Cherry, Mr. Goodwin; l0th, John Phelps; 23d, child of J. Brown, child of J. Clark; 24th, child of William Talbot; 6th, Mrs. Guinean; 7th, Ruth Johnson; 28th, Mrs. Browning, Mary Stone; 29th Eliza Palmer, son of J. Chase; 30th, Mrs, Stephen Hildreth, Emily Hoff, Andrew Webster, child of . Gilbert.

September 1st, Judson Guitteau, Mrs. Spencer, Mr. Rood; ad, son of J. Chase, Mrs. Pearce Morse; 3d, Rev. S. P. Robbins, Mrs. Garnet; 5th, Dr. N. McIntosh; 6th, Dr. Jabez True, Mary Stone, sr.; 11th, Mr. Needham; 12th, child of Mercer, John Gibson, Mr. Shoemaker, A. Shay, Mrs. Tucker; child of Mr. Brown; 14th, Luther

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Edgerton sr.; 15th, Ephraim Foster, sr.; 16th, child of Mrs. Harley; 17th, child of J. Graham; 18th, child of J. Chase; 9th, Elizabeth T. Willard, chitd of — Crandall; l0th, Ephraim Hill, child of J. Graham, child of J. J. Preston; 22d, Robert G. Duncan, woman (from Fearing), child of S. Lee, child of R. Mills; 24th, Rev. Joseph Willard, Caleb Barstow, Allen McNeit, chitd of William Alcock; 25th, Mrs. Deem; 26th, child of Mr. Locker; 7th, James Gilbert; 28th, Henry Gibson, child of Mr. Rich, child of J. Chase; 29th, Julia A. Geren, 30th, child of D. Gilbert, Mrs. McCabe.

October 1st, Mrs. Evans, child of C. D. Bonney; 3d, Hopkins Green, Joshua Shipman, Mrs. William M. Case; 6th, child of William Alcock; 12th, Lorenzo Protsam; 14th, child of E. Ryan; 15th, child of T. Bud; 17th, child of Wyllys Hall; 8th, Mrs. Crandall; loth, child of J. Chase; ant, Mrs. Bodwell, Mrs. Ryan; 22d child of Mr, Bacon; 28th, Mrs. McCune, Mrs. Nat. Dodge; 29th, Edward Guitteau.

A long list of burials certainly to be made in a small village in four months. There were a few deaths that are not included in the above list: Ezra Crane, Lucretia Saltonstall, Amzi Stanley, Elizar Carver, Lydia Mc. Kawen, Anna Shepherd, Margaret Morse, and Sarah Wiseman.