Benjamin Ruggles William Wilson George Todd Alexander Harper Ezra Dean Jacob Parker Levi Cox Martin Welker William Sample William Given Joseph H. Downing William Reed Charles C. Parsons

1812 1816 1816 1822 1834 1841 1848 1852 1857 1859 1866 1867 1877

Carolus F. Voorhis J. D. Nicholas W. Stillwell E. S. McDowell E. S. McDowell John T. Maxwell Frank Taggart (Vice McDowell, deceased.) C. Pomerene John T. Maxwell S. B. Eason Samuel H. Nicholas W. E. Weygandt

1878 1887 1883 1888 1893 1897 1896 1897 1897 1898 1907 1908

178 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. ASSOCIATE JUDGES.

Christian Smith David Kimpton John Cisna David McConahay Thomas Townsend Thomas G. Jones John Nimmon John Patton William Goodfellow Hezekiah Bissell

1812 1812 1812 1819 1819 1820 1819 1821 1824 1826

Jacob Frederick James Robinson Hugh Culbertson Stephen F.Day George Wellhouse Samuel N. Bissell Smith Orr Neal McCoy Thomas Robinson James Swart

1826 1831 1833 1833 1838 1845 1847 1848 1848 1849

By the constitution of 1852 associate judges were abolished. CLERKS OF COMMON PLEAS COURT. William Larwill was appointed clerk of this court by the supreme judges of the state of Ohio, for seven years, the length of a term, serving from 1812 to 1826 in all in this office; Levi Cox served from 1826 to 1828; from 1828 to 1852, William Larwill, John Sloane and Samuel L. Lorah conducted the office, though here the record is not quite clear as to the years served by these gentlemen. From there on the record is : Benjamin Eason, 1852 to 1858 ; William Weiker, 1858 to 1861; C. C. Parsons, Sr., 1862 to 1868; John W. Baughman, 1868 to 1874; George Power, 1874 to 1877; George Power, 1877 to 1880; John Van Nostran, 1880 to 1886; Eli Zaring, 1886 to 1892; D. W. Musselman, 1892 to 1898; Samuel Esselburn, 1898 to 1904; J. Harrold, 1904 to 1910. COUNTY TREASURERS. William Smith was appointed first county treasurer in 1812. The first executed treasurer's bond on record in the auditor's office is that of Francis H. Foltz, dated 1819, the office to be held by him until the first Monday of the following June. In 1820 a similar bond was executed by Mr. Foltz. In 1822 Samuel Quimby was appointed to the office, holding it until 1830, when he was duly elected, filling the position for eight more years. James Finley was elected in 1837, and held the office twelve years. The list from the above dates to the present time is as follows : WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 179

Neal Power David Carlin John Zimmerman. M. W. Pinkerton. Anthony Wright. M. W. Pinkerton. Jacob B. Koch John R. Helman. Lewis P. Ohliger J. S. Caskey

1849 1853 1857 1861 1863 1865 1867 1871 1875 1879

H. McClarran R. B. Wasson C. M. Lovett A. B. Blackburn D. Heller George J. Kreiger George J. Kreiger George J. Kreiger W. H. Zaugg

1883 1887 1891 1895 1899 1903 1905 1907 1909

COUNTY AUDITORS. From 1810 to 1820 the county commissioners appointed their clerks, who did the duties now discharged by the county auditors. In 1820 the office of clerk of commissioners was abolished, and that of county auditor created.

Cyrus Spink Cyrus Spink Samuel Knapp Samuel Knapp Samuel Knapp Samuel Knapp John Smith John H. Harris Michael Totten A. H. Byers Lucian Upham J. P. Coulter C. C. Parsons, Sr Thomas A. Adair Frederick Fluke Thomas A. Adair Frederick Fluke T. W. Peckinpaugh David Kling W. W. Hamilton	1820-1821 1821-1822 1822-1823 1823-1824 1824-1826 1826-1828 1828-1834 1836-1840 1840-1844 1844-1846 1846-1848 1848-1852 1852-1854 1854-1856 1856-1858 1858-1860 1860-1864 1864-1868 1868-1870 1870-1872	George W. Henshaw W. W. Hamilton J. H. Carr T. J. McElhenie John B. Wilson John B. Wilson John B. Wilson T. E. Peckinpaugh T. E. Peckinpaugh. T. E. Peckinpaugh. Henry Marshall Henry Marshall Henry Marshall A. B. Peckinpaugh. A. B. Peckinpaugh. A. B. Peckinpaugh, I. N. Hough I. N. Hough I. N. Hough James L. Zering	1872-1873 died 1873 served 1874-1878 1878-1880 1880-1882 1882-1884 1884-1886 1886-1888 1888-1890 1890-1892 1892-1894 1894-1896 1896-1898 1898-1900 1900-1902 1902-1904 1904-1906 1906-1909 1909
180 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO.
PROBATE JUDGES
Samuel L. Lorah Henry Buckmaster Thomas Johnson Henry J. Lehman John K. McBride Joseph H. Downing Aquila Wiley John P. Jefferies	1852-1855 1855-1858 1858-1864 1864-1867 1867-1873 1873-1876 1876-1878 1878-1881	Isaac Johnson Hiram B. Swartz Hiram B. Swartz John C. McClarran Robert L. Adair T. W. Orr T. W. Orr	1881-1887 1887-1890 1890-1893 1893-1899 1899-1905 1905-1908 1908–
SHERIFFS.
Josiah Crawford Robert Orr John Updegraff Joseph Barkdull John Smith Thomas Robison Mathias Johnston Daniel Yarnell M. C. Shant Samuel Kermickel Samuel Cutter George W. Lorah John Bechtel Neal McCoy W. A. Eaken Joshua Wilson John B. France George Steele Jacob R. Bowman	1812-1814 1814-1818 1818-1820 1820-1824 1824-1828 1828-1832 1832-1836 1836-1838 1838-1842 1842-1846 1846-1848 1848-1852 1852-1856 1856-1858 1858-1860 1860-1864 1864-1868 1868-1872 1872-1876	William Coulter William Coulter H. E. Messmore H. E. Messmore Jacob Mougey Jacob Mougey E. A. Brawn E. A. Brown John Brown (Vice E. A. Brown, deceased.) Cyrus D. Smith W. W. Garver W. W. Garver J. S. McCoy J. S. McCoy Armstrong Brown Armstrong Brown W. M. Caskey W. M. Caskey	1876-1878 1878-1880 882 1882-1884 1884-1886 1886-1888 1888-1890 1890-1892 1892 1892-1894 1894-1896 1896-1898 1898-1900 1900-1902 1902-1904 1904-1906 1906-1908 1908-

COUNTY COMMISSIONERS: 1811—James Morgan, John Carr and Jacob Foulkes. 1812—James Morgan, Jacob Foulkes and John Carr. 1813—Oliver Jones, Jonathan Butler and Benjamin Miller. WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 181 1814—Oliver Jones and Samuel Mitchell. 1815—Oliver Jones, Samuel Mitchell and Robert McClarran. 1816—Samuel Mitchell, George Bair and Aaron Baird. 1817—George Bair, John Lawrence and Thomas Taylor. 1818-19—John Lawrence, James Robison and Benjamin Jones. 1820—John Lawrence, Matthew Johnson and James Robison. 1821—Matthew Johnson, Charles Hoy and Joseph H. Larwill. 1822—Charles Hoy, Matthew Johnson and Basil H. Warfield. 1823—B. H. Warfield, William McFall and Charles Hoy. 1824—B. H. Warfield, William McFall and James Hindman. 1825—William McFall, James Hindman and Stephen Coe. 1826—James Hindman, Stephen Coe and Abram Ecker. 1827-28—Stephen Coe, Abram Ecker and George Wellhouse. 1829—Jacob Ihrig, Stephen Coe and George Wellhouse. 1830—Stephen Coe, George Wellhouse and John P. Coulter. 1831-32—John P. Coulter, Samuel Wilford and George Wellhouse. 1833—Samuel Wilford, George Wellhouse and James McFadden. 1834—George Wellhouse, James McFadden and Peter Emery. 1835-36—James McFadden, Peter Emery and Andrew Ault. 1837-38—James McFadden, Andrew Ault and William Burgen. 1839—Andrew Ault, William Burgen and James Cameron. 1840—Andrew Ault, James Cameron and John Hess. 1841—John Hess, James Y. Pinkerton and James Cameron. 1842—James Y. Pinkerton, Henry Swart and Josh Kelley. 1843-44—James Y. Pinkerton, Henry Swart and John Walters. 1845—James Y. Pinkerton, John Walters and Clinton Wilson. 1846—James Y. Pinkerton, Clinton Wilson and Moses Foltz. 1847-48—Clinton Wilson, John Rice and Moses Foltz. 1849—Clinton Wilson, John Rice and Henry Kramer. 1850-51—Henry Kramer, J. M. Blackburn and Conrad Franks. 1852-53—J. M. Blackburn, Conrad Franks and John Hough. 1854—J. M. Blackburn, J. B. Gregor and J. Hough. 1855—J. B. Gregor, J. M. Blackburn and Alex Ramsey. 1856—Benjamin Norton, J. B. ,Gregor and Alex Ramsey. 1857—Alex Ramsey, William Barton and Benjamin Norton. 1858—Benjamin Norton, William Barton and John Sickman. 1859-60—William Barton, John Sickman and Henry Shreve. 1861-62—Henry Shreve, V. W. Ault and William Barton. 182 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. 1863-64—Henry Shreve, V. W. Ault and Joseph Firestone. 1865—V. W. Ault, S. M. Henry and Joseph Firestone. 1866—V. W. Ault, S. M. Henry and A. Dawson. 1867—S. M. Henry, A. Dawson and John McGill. 1868—S. M. Henry, I. Schriber and A. Dawson. 1869-70—S. M. Henry, I. Schriber and A. Adair. 1871—I. Schriber, A. Adair and John W. Newkirk. 1872—I. Schriber, J. W. Newkirk and F. N. Haskins. 1873—John W. Newkirk, F. N. Haskins and Benjamin Weygandt. 1874—Benjamin Weygandt, F. N. Haskins and Peter Stair. 1875-76—Benjamin Weygandt, Peter Stair and Henry Goudy. By years the following were elected: 1878—E. Ouinby, Jr. 1879—Peter Mougey. 1880 - E. Spangler 1882—John McGlenen. 1883—Isaiah Byall. 1884—W. Spangler. 1885—John McGlenen. 1886—Isaiah Byall. 1887—W. Spangler. 1887—L. Graben 1888—Jacob Hess. 1889—John McGlenen. 1890—Anderson Oberlin. 1890—Jacob Hess. 1892—P. H. Blosser. 1893—M. M. Miller. 1894—E. J. Pocock. 1895—P. S. Blosser. 1896—M. M. Miller. 1898—J. W. Cutter. 1899—Dan Leiner. 1900—John Ramsey. 1901—John F. Harrison. 1902—W. Ramsey. 1904—S. I. Lehman. 1905—J. F. Harrison. 1906    J. F. Villard. 1907—D. Mcllvain. 1908—J. F. Harrison. 1909    G. W. Plasterer. 1909—J. F. Villard. COUNTY SURVEYORS.

Joseph H. Larwill Cyrus Spink Samuel Knapp James L. Spink Cyrus Spink James L. Spink C. W. Christmas	1814-1815 1815-1817 1817-1818 1818-1819 1819-1820 1820-1821 1821-1832	George Emery C. W. Christmas John A. Lawrence John Brinkerhoff Lorenzo D. Odell John Brinkerhoff J. H. Lee	1832-1837 1837-1838 1838-1844 1844-1847 1847-1850 1850-1863 1863-1872
WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 183
John Brinkerhoff. E. D. Shreve John Brinkerhoff, Philip Markley	1872-1875 1875-1883 1883-1886 1886-1896	H. U. Mowery Henry M. Knepp. Henry M. Knepp.	1896-1901 1901-1908 1908
COUNTY RECORDERS
William Larwill Levi Cox Joseph Clingan J. Thompson J. W. Crawford H. J. Conner H. J. Kauffman Emanuel Schuckers Gideon B. Somers. Charles E. Graeter	1813-1819 1819-1833 1833-1836 1836-1842 1842-1848 1848-1854 1854-1858 1858-1864 1864-1867 1867-1873	James F. Methven Jacob Stark Jacob Stark Henry Marshall Joseph A. Schuch Florian Schaffter L. G. Franks A. S. Saurer A. S. Saurer	1873-1876 1876-1879 1879-1882 1882-1888 1888-1894 1894-1900 1900-1906 1906-1909 1909-;
PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS
Roswell M. Mason Nathaniel Mather J. W. Halleck Alexander Harper W. B. Raymond H. Curtis Lucas Flattery Levi Cox William McMahon Eugene Pardee George W. Wasson George Rex John McSweeney, Sr, John P. Jeffries George Rex	1812 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1825 1840 1842 1846 1848 1852 1856 1860	HamiltonRicheson Thomas Y.McCray Martin L. Smyser E. S. Dowell E. S. Dowell Cyrus A. Reider John McSweeney Sr John McSweeney, Sr A. D. Metz Ross W. Funck William E. Weygandt Eugene Carlin Eugene Carlin L. R. Critchfield, Sr	1864 1868 1872 1874 1876 1878 1882 1885 1888 1894 1897 1903 1906 1908

INFIRMARY DIRECTORS. The first infirmary directors of Wayne county were Casper T. Richey, John Brinkerhoff and Thomas McKee. Jacob Hoffman was elected in 1852, 184 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. serving four years. I. N. Jones was appointed to fill a vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Jacob Hoffman and was elected in 1855, serving ten years. John Hindman was elected in 1855 and served a term of six years. Thomas Elliott was elected in 1857 and served six years. Aaron Franks was elected in 1861, serving six years. Benjamin Norton served three years and was succeeded by Andrew Moore in 1865, and he held the office for six years. Jacob Kramer was elected in 1866 and served for six years. Jacob Halfhill was elected in 1867, served two months, and died. Charles Gasche was elected in 1872, serving six years. Joseph Holtzer was elected in 1872 and served six years. Adam Eyman was elected in 1873. John Alexander was elected in 1876. James McClarran was elected in 1877. Other directors have been elected as follows : James McClarran, 1877; Peter Buell,' 1878; John H. Alexander, 1879; James Taggart, 1881; J. F. Seas, 1883; Francis Little, 1887; Mr. Marshall, 1886; Mr. Langell, 1888; A. M. Smedley, 1899; John- Martin, 1893; Perry D. Cotterman, 1894; John Martin, 189o; C. F. Plasterer, 1889; A. H. Smedley, 1896; Ira C. Hindman, 1897; Ira C. Hindman, 1900; .E. D. Amons, 1901; A. Straits, 1902; W. D. Kosier, 19̊4; Andrew Butler, 1906; J. A. Hamilton, 1908; Bradley 'Ihrig and A. H. Smedley, also L. N. Patterson, 1908. CHAPTER X. EDUCATIONAL. When the pioneer band settled in the forest lands of Wayne county they came to build for themselves homes, and to most of them that included the proper training of their children, both in intellect and morals. The church and the school house were the first things sought for after the cabin home had been reared and a small patch of timber had been cleared away, on which land was to be grown, the fire crops upon which the hardy pioneer settler was to feed his little flock. Wayne county was in no wise behind her sister counties in establishing her school system, and year by year improved it until today no county has better grades of public schools than are found here. At first this county, in common with all sections of the United States at that early date, depended on the subscription school for the primary education of their children. PRIMITIVE SCHOOLS. Perhaps no better description of the early-day schools in Wayne county can be given the reader of today than to quote from the late Ben Douglas, who had lived here and made a careful study of the growth of the school systems of Ohio from the earliest times to the date he incorporated the following into a chapter of his "Wayne County History," published in 1878. It reads as follows : "The primitive school house, as .described to us, was eighteen feet square, built of logs, round or hewn, as the caprice of the builders suggested. It had a floor of split logs called puncheons; it was roofed with clapboards, with ridge poles to hold them to their places and keep the wind from blowing them away. At the one end was a fireplace;----in fact, in many instances, the whole end was devoted to such use, and therein were rolled and tumbled in immense back-logs. At the other .end was a door with latch and string, and a window was formed by sawing out a section of a log, inserting therein a light frame and stretching over the same some white oiled paper. "In the center of the room were slabs which were used for benches, without backs, and these were set on feet, or sticks set up perpendicularly at 186 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. each end. Boards arranged at a slope were fixed for the 'on scholars,' on which to put their copy books and slates. "These early schools were gotten up by subscriptions, that is, parents subscribed so much for each member of the family ; if they sent one, so much; if more, that much in proportion more. These subscriptions were usually for a quarter, and the school commonly began November 1st. Though it was a short term, it was sometimes long for the teacher. The instructor was most anybody they could pick up; sometimes an intelligent neighbor, sometimes the peripatetic gentleman 'from York State.' In those days the teacher was held in great esteem, age, reverence. He was a master, and was supposed to know everything. He could solve puzzles, do sums, make capital letters, sometimes he drank nothing but milk, and his last and most unfortunate gift was that he .could sing. He always kept 'order' in the school room, his weapons to make the scholars 'behave' consisting of a rule and a well-filled quiver of 'gads.' "When he touched somebody's son he employed his whole intellect. If perchance he thumped him he did it bodily—boldly. If he struck his knuckles with his club, he dint with refined courage ; if he pulled his ears—why this was government. At this, the father thought the child was being instructed. He pretty nearly always boarded with the scholars, and of nights he would call them around him, the little trembling urchins, with black marks on their tender backs which resulted from his cruel hammerings during the day, and pat them on the head and cheeks and tell the parents how apt and smart they were; that this was Cincinnatus and that a Cicero. The father would take it 'all in' and reflectively remark to his good wife of the fame that was sure to come upon them. "Sometimes the scholars would :bar' their teacher out on Christmas or New Year's day and then his, Satanic majesty was to pay with a depleted purse. He might break. in the door, or crawl through a window, or jump down the chimney ; or if there were any big scholars in attendance, he would `cave in' and promise to 'set 'em up' the next day. The 'treat' he would furnish would be composed of -candles, cakes and gimcracks. On the last day of the school the heads of the. family would assemble and the master would use some endearing terms to parting children and their fond fathers and mothers. "The subjects taught were the three rules—celebrated rules—`Readin', Ritin' and Rithmetic' to the rule of Three. If the teacher said he could go this far he was hired with no further examination. If a pupil could bound the United States he was considered classic and fit to preach or practice law. WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 187 Spelling was a big thing, for the masters were always spellers themselves, and in addition 'worked out hard sums' of the neighborhood. The children sometimes had a long distance to go to school, and in such cases their parents made furrows with their plows through the woods, or 'blazed the trees' as guides for them. Here they would gather, boys and girls, the omnipresent 'big brother' likewise putting in his appearance. The boys in those days, too, kept busy their eyes to all fun going on, and occasionally they took their dogs along, Jew's harps, jackknives, and frequently a pistol was taken with them." They all voted for long recesses and short recitations. But under all these circumstances they managed to make some acquirements, and proved to be highly useful members of society when they grew to manhood and womanhood. To these back-woods pupils we are today greatly indebted for the many blessings we enjoy, for when the times were ripe and the questions of improving the school system came up for them to decide, they knew the need of a change and always voted right. THE PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM. With the advancing of the decades, the settlers of Wayne county heralded with almost one accord the advent of better schools and they were soon patterned after some one of the older Eastern states. The adoption of the new state constitution gave a new impetus to the educational affairs of Wayne county. The enactment of the first general law upon this subject, dated April 14, 1853, imparted a giant impulse to the cause and progress of the public schools of this county. This was an entirely new school law, on the free school system plan. This law was prepared by a senate committee, consisting of Hon. Harvey Rice, of Cuyahoga county, Hon. George Rex, of Wayne county, and Hon. Alonzo Cushing, of Gallia county. Its provisions were grand and beneficent. Wayne county people seemed from the first to grasp the intent of this new law and at once were eager to take advantage of the same. Among the first townships to move under the law was Plain, and the first school house built under the new law was what is known as "People's College," in sub-district No. 7. It should here be stated, however, that, as is nearly always the case in any innovation, it was met with a stout opposition; but under the direction of Hon. Benjamin Eason, Jacob Welty and Robert C. Beard, the local directors, the sub-district completed its building, which 188 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. served as a model for many years for other sub-districts of Wayne county. From time to time various amendments have been made to that school law ; but in all subsequent legislation upon this subject, the salient features of the original law have been retained; and today the same system of free education to all the youth of the state remains as a monument to the wisdom, intelligence, justice and genius of the framers of the first law. SMITHVILLE HIGH SCHOOL. What was quite an educational institution, at an early day, was the Smithville high school, established in August, 1865, at Smithville, Green township. Prof. J. B. Eberly was the first teacher and became principal of the school. In 1867 money was raised by subscription to the amount of five thousand dollars to build a building to take the place of the old "Synagogue," or Presbyterian church. By 1878 it was reported to be in flourishing condition, with buildings in all valued at twenty thousand dollars. The average yearly attendance had, up to that time, been two hundred and seventy-five students, of both sexes. A large per cent of the local school teachers up to that date had been educated at this most excellent institution. The school had no endowment, nor had it received any gifts except the original subscription of five thousand dollars. The officers in 1877-78 were : President, Rev. D. Kosht, of Smithville ; secretary, B. Musser ; treasurer, Rev. James Baldwin ; board of trustees, Benjamin Hershey, of Canton; D. B. Hotchiss, of Limaville ; David Shisler, of North Lawrence ; Rev. John Excell, of Limaville ; David Ecker, of Burbank ; John Williams, of Smithville. With the settlement of the county, the coming of railroads and building up of towns, and the growth of the Wooster University, this school largely dropped out of sight. The public schools of Wooster will be treated in their proper place in the chapter on the "City of Wooster." FIRST SCHOOLS OF WAYNE COUNTY TOWNSHIPS. The first school taught in Chippewa township was near Doylestown. The first school in Milton township was taught in a log shanty in 1817, by William Doyle, where the Knupp church later stood. It was twenty by twenty-four feet in size. In the winter the room was so cold that the scholars' ink would freeze while they were writing. This was a subscription school. WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 189 In Congress township the first school was taught by John Totten, in the first cabin ever erected there. The first school house built for such purposes was in 1819. In Green township the first school was taught in 1818 by Peter Kane, a student of Oxford, England. The first school house was erected on the northwest quarter of section 23, and was a log cabin eighteen by twenty-two feet in size. In Sugarcreek township the first school building erected was in Dalton, the site being where the cemetery was later located. The first teacher was Peter Vorrhes. In the township of Sugarcreek the first school was taught by Samuel Cook. In Franklin township one of the very earliest school houses was that long known as Polecat school house, built on what was later known as the Stephen Harrison farm. Daniel Daringer donated an acre of land for school house purposes. In Plain township, the first teacher was John Cassiday, in about 1816. The first school house erected in Clinton township was called the "Newkirk" building, being situated on Henry Newkirk's land, near the stream issuing from the big spring and where the road crosses it. It contained three log benches for the children to be seated upon. The fireplace ran along the entire end of the house. The first teacher was Theory Parker, of Holmes county, who received seventy-five cents a week for her wages. In Saltcreek township the first school building was that on Jacob Beerbower's farm. The Fredericksburg school house was erected in 1828. SCHOOLS AT SHREVE. The village of Shreve has always paid much attention to the school system, and had most excellent public schools from the very earliest day of free schools. In 1858 the corporation limit of the village was constituted into one district for school purposes. May 1st, that year, a board was elected and it was decided to build a small brick school house, which was carried out at an expense of seven hundred and eighty-eight dollars. Edwin Oldroyd was the first to teach in the new building. The first members of the board of education at Shreve were as follows : John Robison, W. S. Battles, Henry Everly, Albert Richardson, Daniel Bertolett and W. G. Crossman. In May, 1867, it was found necessary to build a new school house, and the present structure, in part, was erected. It is a fine two-story building on the high eminence overlooking the village. Here have been held many 190 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. terms and school years of the best of modern-day public schools, and from the place have gone forth into the world many useful and well-educated men and women. CANAAN ACADEMY. Canaan Academy was one of the first educational institutions in Wayne county, located at Windsor. The building, a two-story frame, thirty-six by forty-eight feet, was erected in 1842 by a stock company. This academy was controlled by a board of directors, the first board consisting of John Paul, M. D., Jonas Notestine, Justin Mills, Harvey Rice and Alfred Hotchiss. The school was opened December 3, 1843, With forty-seven pupils, under the direction of Prof. C. C. Bomberger, A. B., who taught three years. Reverends Barr and Barker had charge during the summer of 1847, being succeeded, in the winter of 1847-48, by Prof. Isaac Notestine, who taught with short intervals and remained in charge until 1863. After that year the school was taught by a number of other professors until 1874, when it was permanently closed, under Prof. J. W. Cummings. When Professor Notestine was in charge in the winter of 1851, the house was burned, after which a brick building was at once erected. The Canaan Academy was a great educator for those living in Wayne and adjoining counties. SCHOOL STATISTICS OF WAYNE COUNTY. From the report of the state commissioner of common schools in August, 1876, the following has been taken, to show the contrast since then in school matters in this county, as following it will be given the latest school reports. In 1876 the amount paid teachers in high schools and primaries was $52,797 ; amount for other expenditures, including the foregoing, making a total of $121,101. There were in the county, between the ages of six and twenty-one years, 13,473 white children and 9 colored ; of this number there were between the ages of sixteen and twenty-one 3,253 ; there were 6,228 boys and 6,645 girls ; 5 male colored and 4 female colored. At that date there were in Wayne county 138 sub-divisions, I I separate districts and I1 sub-districts included in separate districts. The total value of 'school property in the several townships and separate districts was $243,562. There were employed during the year ending August, 1876, a total of 320 teachers and 10,064 pupils enrolled ; of this number there were 10,029 between the ages of sixteen and twenty-one. The average attendance was 6,333. WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 191 THE PRESENT STANDING OF WAYNE COUNTY SCHOOLS. According to the latest authority, the following is the statistical standing of the schools of this county for 1908: Number of school houses in the county, 235 ; number of school rooms, 345; value of all school property in Wayne county, $563,800; number of teachers employed, 254; monthly average wages for men in elementary schools, $46; women, $44 ; high schools, men, $74; women, $50 ; boys of school age, 5,352; girls, 5,042 ; total number enrolled in schools, 8,127 ; average daily attendance, 6,048; number of high schools, 84; volumes in school library, 12,936; rate of school tax (1908), eight and one-half mills per dollar of taxable property ; number of high schools in village, special and township districts in county, 15; the grades in the various districts are as follows : Applecreek, No. 3 ; Burbank, No. 3 ; Congress township, No. 3 ; Creston, No. I ; Dalton, No. 2 ; Doylestown, No. I ; Fredericksburg, No. 2 ; Green township, No. 2 ; Marshallville, No. 2 ; Milton township, No. 3 ; Orrville, No. 1; Paint township, No. 3 ; Shreve, No. 2 ; Sterling, No. 2 ; West Salem, No. 2. CENTRALIZATION OF RURAL SCHOOLS. The average rural school district has but fifteen pupils, and from that number only ten upon an average attend school the full school year. There are eight hundred small sub-districts in Ohio. There can be but little enthusiasm in so small a collection of children, either for the teacher or the students. The first law with reference to school centralization in Ohio counties was passed April. 17, 1894, and it was applicable to Kingsville township, Ashtabula county. A law of general application was enacted April 5, 1898. The good results in Ashtabula county led many other townships in northern Ohio to adopt the same system. In 1908 there were within the state one hundred and eighty-six schools wholly or partly centralized. ADVANTAGES OF CENTRALIZATION. The following advantages have been set forth by the best educators of this country regarding the combining of the smaller district country schools together into one centrally located union school, to which the children may be transported to and from home by public conveyance at public expense : 192 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. It brings into the school pupils who would not otherwise enjoy its advantages. It insures a much better daily attendance of pupils and greatly reduces the number of cases of tardiness and truancy. It gives a better opportunity for a better classification of the schools and proper grading of the pupils. It encourages supervision and gives the superintendent a much more favorable chance for thorough inspection of the work of the lower grades. It limits the field of work for each teacher and gives an opportunity for a more thorough preparation. It gives a few classes to' each teacher and longer recitation periods. It gives the boys and girls of the rural schools the benefit of such special branches as music, drawing, and agriculture, under a special teacher employed by the board of education. It encourages the formation of good township high schools and gives to the boys and girls in the township districts equal advantages with the children of the city districts. It tends to prevent difficulties which often arise on the way to and from school and to protect the health and morals of the children. School affairs can be administered more systematically. Better equipment in the way of apparatus and library for the different grades can be provided for less money. The children have the benefit of better school buildings and of modern conveniences in the way of ventilation and sanitary arrangements. Better janitor service can be secured. It helps to solve a difficult problem for the boards of education where the enumeration in several sub-districts is exceedingly small and new buildings are needed. It secures the employment and retention of better teachers. It adds the stimulating influences of larger classes, with resulting enthusiasm and generous rivalry. It offers the broader companionship and culture that comes from association. It serves to bring the citizens of the township into closer relationship and to awaken a sleeper interest in the public schools. Up to the present time-1909--Wayne county has not taken this matter up. There are some townships certainly in which it would not be practical. while in several others it might be well worth a trial. CHAPTER XI. AGRICULTURE. By Prof. Charles E. Thorne, of Ohio Agricultural. Experiment Station. THE SOIL. The foundation rock upon which the soil of Wayne county is laid, and which has contributed the larger part of its material, is the series of argillaceous shales and sandstones, usually yellowish olive in color, to which geologists have given the name Waverly. It is true that in the eastern and southeastern portions of the county this formation is covered by the strata belonging to the coal measures, but these strata are cut through by valleys which extend down to the Waverly floor. The upper strata of the Waverly, as found in the central and southern parts of Wayne county, are soft, fine-grained shales, easily ground into dust, only the deeper layers being sufficiently hard for building stone. The decomposition of these shales gives rise to a silty soil, intermediate in texture between clay on the one hand and sand on the other, its particles being so fine and so loosely bound together that the smallest stream of water loosens them from their surroundings and carries them to lower levels. The soil of the county has been modified by the great sheet of moving ice which once covered the greater part of Ohio, and which in some sections exerted a .tremendous influence in the formation of the soil; but in Wayne county the effect of glacial action has been comparatively small, and even where the drift material left by the glacier is most in evidence it consists chiefly of sand and gravel produced by the grinding up of rocks lying a short distance to the northward and very similar in character to those upon which the drift is laid. The flat, marshy plain which marks the divide between the drainage towards Lake Erie to the north and the Ohio river to the south lies along the boundary between Wayne and Medina counties, chiefly in the latter county. As the drainage from this watershed has moved southward it has (13) 194 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. at once begun, the cutting of valleys, small and shallow at first, but growing larger and deeper as the volume of water has been swollen by affluents from the sides, until by the time the south half of the county is reached the entire' surface has been eroded into alternations of hill and valley, the hills, which give such beauty to the landscape, being hills simply because the valleys have been dug out between by the floods of ages. That this cause is adequate to produce the effect no one can doubt who has observed the result of a single heavy shower in a freshly plowed field, or the gullying which results from a single season's rainfall on a neglected hillside. The result of this tendency to wash is that the hillsides are covered with but a thin sheet of soil, which, though giving good returns for a few years after being put under the plow, soon begins to show the effect of excessive cropping. On the higher and more level lands the soil sheet is thicker, and its productiveness in t onsequence is more permanent than on the slopes where the washing has carried away a larger proportion of the soil. When the country was first visited by the white man it was covered with a dense forest, and the first labor of the pioneer settler—and strenuous labor it was—was expended in cutting away enough of this forest to give a small field for cultivation. The location of the pioneer home was determined by a spring, and the multitudes of springs of pure water in Wayne county were a potent factor in securing its rapid settlement. Near the spring the log cabin was built, and around the cabin home the trees were cut away, the cleared area enlarging year by year, and for many years the axe and the rifle were the most important implements on the farm—the one extending the area on which bread could be produced, the other supplying a large .part of the meat requited to keep the axe and plow in motion. As the springs were on the hillsides, it was on the hillsides, when not too steep for cultivation, that the first fields were cleared ; and on these hillsides the loose shales which constitute the upper rock strata lie so near the surface as to give natural drainage—this formation being the cause of the springs, as the water passes readily between the joints of the shales, to be arrested and brought to the surface at lower levels by the denser strata below. Within a few years the earlier fields on these thin, hillside soils began to show some indication of reduction in yield under the system of continuous cropping, which was the logical system to a farmer who had Wrested his WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 195 little fields from their natural condition at such tremendous effort, and who had, by the very exigencies of his situation, become more woodsman and hunter than farmer ; but by the time these symptoms had appeared the axe had penetrated a little farther into the forest and other fields were ready to respond to the plow with full harvests. If these fields were on the more level summit lands where the soil sheet was thicker they did not at first suffer materially from lack of drainage, because the deeply penetrating tree roots as they decayed furnished drainage channels to the rocks below. The pioneer farmer, therefore, found in Wayne county a soil of such physical texture as to be easily worked, so situated as to be perfectly under-drained, and both soil and climate admirably adapted to the growth of winter wheat, and the production of this cereal became the leading industry of the county at an early date. THE PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURE. Ohio's agriculture has passed through three general periods and is now entering upon a fourth, namely : 1. The pioneer period (1800 to 1850). 2. The developmental period (185o to 1880). 3. The expansion period (1880 to 1900). 4. The scientific period (since 1900). THE PIONEER PERIOD. During the first period the state was settled by the hardy pioneers, who flowed into it along three principal lines of migration : ( 1) The New England line, coming direct from the New England states—largely from Connecticut—or moving in after a temporary sojourn in New York, and settling the country known as the Western Reserve and the region to the westward; (2) the Pennsylvania line, consisting very largely of the people who have come to be known as Pennsylvania Dutch, or Pennsylvania Germans, and of Quakers, who occupied a large part of the middle of the state, and (3) the Virginia-Carolina line, occupying the southern counties. There were some cross-currents in this migration, as in the New England settlement at Marietta, but the inflow into Wayne county was very largely of the Pennsylvania Germans, a people noted everywhere for industry and frugality. 196 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. During this period there were no cities within the state to be fed, and none outside of it that it was practicable to reach with the ox-team transportation of the earlier days, or with the six-horse Pennsylvania wagon which soon made its appearance. There was no navigable stream in the county on which to float away its produce, and the lake, at its nearest point, was forty miles distant from the northern boundary of the county. The only practicable method of marketing farm produce, therefore, was to convert it into meat-producing animals and drive them across the mountains to the cities growing up on the Atlantic coast, and the demand by these cities was very limited. The clothing of the farmer's family of that day was spun and woven at home from flax and wool grown on the farm; all the food was produced at home except salt, tea, coffee and spices. Sugar, if not a product of every farm in the state, was found in maple groves scattered so generally over the state as to be practically within a day's journey with the ox-team from every farm (one of the writer's early recollections is of the annual bringing home of the barrel of maple sugar, produced in the opposite side of his county). The implements of husbandry were chiefly such as had been in use for thousands of years. The plow had an iron share, made by the local blacksmith, and a wooden moldboard made by the farmer himself. The harrow had wooden or clumsy iron teeth ; the farmer's hand was the only seeding machine, just as it had been since the sower first went forth to sow ; he reaped his grain with an implement practically identical with the sickle which Farmer Boaz had used three thousand years ago, and trampled it out with oxen or threshed it with a flail of his own making, just as the earliest farmer had done. Probably the actual cash paid out for the implements used on an ordinary farm, outside of the one wagon which served every purpose for which a wheeled vehicle was required, did not exceed twenty-five dollars. The cast-iron plow made its appearance in the eastern states about the beginning of the century, but did not come into common use in Ohio before the thirties or later. The grain cradle appeared during the thirties. Seeding, harvesting and threshing machinery followed slowly, so that at the state fair, held in Cleveland in 1852, it is stated by Dr. N. S. Townshend in Howe's "Historical Collections," there were shown grain drills, corn planters, broadcast wheat sowers, corn shellers for horse and hand power, corn and cob crushers and one- and two-horse cultivators. The Ohio canal was completed in 1830, thus giving to the counties along its route water transportation for their products, and the farmers of WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 197 Wayne county began hauling their wheat to the shipping points along the line of this canal. The Pittsburg, Ft. Wayne & Chicago railroad was built during the early fifties, thus opening the era of steam transportation. This mid-century period marks the transition between the agriculture of the sickle and ox-cart on the one hand, and that of farm machinery and steam transportation on the other, the transition between the ancient and the modern. In 1846 a slice was cut off the western side of Wayne county and added to the new county of Ashland, so that the census statistics of 1850 are the earliest data respecting the county as now constituted. This census gave the county a population of 32,981. The collection of agricultural statistics was begun in Ohio in 1850, but the statistics for Wayne county were not collected until 1851. In 1853 the lands listed for taxation in the county were appraised by the state board of equalization at a total of $7,707,222, or $22.47 per acre,* and the statistics collected by the township assessors show the following annual average production of the principal farm crops and numbers of farm animals for the nine-year period, 1851-59: PRODUCTION OF CEREAL CROPS, 1851-59.

Crop	Acres.	Bu. produced.	Bu. per acre
Wheat Corn Oats	38,557 20,641 19,198	485,138 560,547 486,787	12.6 26.8 25.3

Farm animals : Horses, 11,263 ; cattle, 26,710; sheep, 84,194; hogs, 29,733. If we estimate that ten sheep or hogs will consume about the same quantity of feed as one cattle beast, the livestock kept during this period was equivalent to about 49,366 cattle, or 100 cattle to 159 acres in the three principal crops. It will be observed that there were nearly as many acres in wheat as in corn and oats combined. In addition to the crops above mentioned, an average area of 24,054 acres was reported as in meadow, 13,623 acres as in clover, and 6,936 acres as in minor crops during this period, the minor crops including 2,323 acres in barley, 1,296 acres in potatoes, 1,267 acres in flax, 1,130 acres in rye, 762 acres in buckwheat, 133 acres in sorghum and 25 acres in tobacco, making a * Ohio Statistics, 1881, pp. 728-730. 198 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. total of 123,000 acres in cultivation, including the meadow land, part of which, no doubt, was permanent meadow. THE DEVELOPMENT PERIOD. During the thirty years, 1850 to 1880, mechanical invention wrought greater changes in human industry than had taken place in all the preceding ages. In agriculture this era witnessed the substitution of the self-binding harvester and steam thresher for the sickle and flail, and in long-distance transportation the steam railway train on its steel track displaced the wagon drawn by oxen or horses. During this period several great wars occurred : The Crimean war during the fifties; our own Civil war during the sixties, and the Franco-German in 1870, each of which caused an abnormal demand for foodstuffs, which the rapidly increasing facilities for production and transportation enabled the Ohio farmer to profit by. In Wayne county the following averages were maintained during the period 1860-69: PRODUCTION OF CEREAL CROPS, 1860-69.

Crop	Acres.	Bu. produced	Bu. per acre.
Wheat Corn Oats	33,962 24,217 19,989	447,546 777,919 640,527	13.1 32.1 32.0

Farm animals : Horses, 11,889; cattle, 29,258; sheep, .108,990; hogs, 30,673. Total cattle equivalent, 54,913, or 100 to 143 acres in principal crops. The war period was one of labor scarcity, hence there was no increase in the area under cultivation, while the high price of wool stimulated a great increase of the sheep flocks. The reduction of the wool tariff soon after the close of the war, combined with the cessation of the waste produced by the war itself, resulted in lower prices for wool, which caused many to lose their interest in sheep, and the number kept in the county diminished rapidly. The Franco-German war at the beginning of the seventh decade of the century contributed to the maintenance of high prices for foodstuffs, and the area under cultivation in Wayne county was extended to a total of 95,527 acres in wheat, oats and corn, divided as below, while the livestock was reduced to the equivalent of 40.447 cattle. WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 199 PRODUCTION OF CEREAL CROPS, 1870-79.

Crops.	Acres	Bu. produced	Bu. per acre.
Wheat Corn Oats	41,208 30,033 24,286	694,276 1,237,589 838,010	16.8 41.2 34.2

Farm animals : Horses, 11,573 ; cattle, 29,713 ; sheep, 51,822 ; hogs, 29,787; a total equivalent to 49,447 cattle. This was a period not only of large production but of fairly good prices, the average December price of wheat for the United States being. estimated by the national department of agriculture for the ten years at 99.3 cents, that of corn at 40.5 cents and that of oats at 33.7 cents. These values, it is true, seemed low, after the nominally high prices based upon. the inflated currency of the war period, but as compared with what was to follow they meant prosperity to the careful farmer, and the Wayne county farmer, as a rule, was prosperous. At the end of the decade the farms of the county were appraised for taxation at a total of $12,975,053, or $37.66 per acre, an increase of 68 per cent over the valuation of 1853. THE EXPANSION PERIOD. The national statistics show that in 1870 nearly 19,000,000 acres of wheat were harvested in the United States, yielding nearly 236,000,000 bushels. By 1880 the area in wheat had doubled, and the total yield had risen proportionately. This sudden increase in production was due to the rapid extension of railways through the west and northwest, on the one hand, and to the improvement of agricultural machinery, especially to the perfection of the automatic binder, on the other. For a time the market absorbed the increased production of wheat at remunerative prices, but by the early eighties production had overtaken consumption and a depression of prices set in which continued downward for ten years, falling to an average export price for the year ending June 30, 1896, of 65 1/2 cents per bushel. Not only did wheat values diminish, but those of livestock and its products also, owing to the rapid development of the free range industry in the West, and many farmers either abandoned altogether the keeping of livestock or greatly reduced the number kept, selling the grain, which had