Crops	Acres	Bu. produced	Bu. per acre.
Wheat Corn Oats	55,739 30,189 22,519	942,013 1,035,890 817,430	16.9 34.3 36.2

Farm animals : Horses, 11,530 ; cattle, 27,922 ; sheep, 39,355 ; hogs, 27,620 ; total cattle equivalent, 46,150, or 100 cattle to 235 acres in the principal crops. The area in wheat, the cash crop, was increased from the average of 41,208 acres for the seventies to that of 55,739 acres for the eighties, an increase of more than one-third, while the area in corn—the meat producing crop—remained stationary, and that in oats was diminished. The introduction of commercial fertilizers in Ohio was practically coincident with the development of the ranch and range industries of the West, and during the decade under review the farmers of Wayne county expended an annual average of $20,646 for such fertilizers, or thirty-nine cents for each acre sown in wheat. The course of cereal and livestock production in the county for the ten years, 1890-99, is shown below : PRODUCTION OF CEREAL CROPS, 1890-99

Crops	Acres.	Bu. produced	Bu. per acre.
Wheat Corn Oats	52,077 35,084 25,242	841,207 1,180,766 888,872	16.1 33.6 34.9

Farm animals : Horses, 11,643 ; cattle, 22,258; sheep, 29,651 ; hogs, 24,935 ; total cattle equivalent, 39,360, or 100 cattle to 285 acres in the principal crops. The wheat area is diminished and that of corn and oats is increased, but the continued decrease of livestock shows that part of the corn and oats have gone to the elevator as well as the wheat. WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 201 The purchase of commercial fertilizers doubled during the period, the average annual expenditure amounting to $41,643, or eighty cents for each acre in wheat. It is true that the wheat crop did not receive all the fertilizers used, but much the larger part was given to that crop. Under this system the yield of wheat, which had been brought to an average of 16.8 bushels per acre for the seventies by the use of manure, was held at 16.9 bushels during the eighties, but fell to 16.1 bushels during the nineties, while the yield of corn, which had reached 41.2 bushels during the seventies, went back to 34.3 bushels during the eighties, and that of oats, which rose from 34.2 bushels during the seventies to 36.2 bushels during the eighties, fell to 34.9 bushels for the nineties. The use of fertilizers practically began during the eighties, so that the high level of crop yields during the seventies was attained under the system of livestock husbandry which had prevailed up to that period, and the increasing expenditure for fertilizers during the next two decades was not sufficient to maintain the yields at the level then attained. The effect of the low prices which prevailed during the last decade of the century is shown in the decennial appraisement at its close, under which the farm lands of Wayne county were listed at a total valuation of $10,477,580, or $30.46 per acre. This reduction in valuation, however, does not fully represent the actual conditions. Very few farm buildings were constructed during this ten-year period, and old buildings were left unpainted, so that the reputation of the county for having the finest farm improvements in the state has been barely maintained. When farms changed owners, it was on the basis of far lower valuations than had been current twenty years earlier, and while there were still a great many farmers in the county who were in comfortable financial circumstances there were a great many more who found it necessary to practice very close economy. Taking the present decade, the first of the new century, we find that during the nine years, 1900 to 1908, the county's productions were as follows : PRODUCTION OF CEREAL CROPS, 1900-1908.

Crops.	Acres.	Bu. produced	Bu. per acre
Wheat Corn Oats	44,649 36,376 29,164	822,674 1,380,826 1,139,475	18.4 38.0 38.7

202 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. Farm animals : Horses, 10,017; cattle, 22,645 ; sheep, 17,960; hogs, 24,089; total cattle equivalent, 36,867, or T00 cattle to 300 acres in the principal crops. During this nine-year period the annual expenditure for fertilizers has amounted to $75,682. These figures show that the area in wheat has been materially reduced, while that in corn and oats has been increased. They also show a material increase in the yield per acre for all three of these crops, an increase due in part to a better system of crop rotation, in part to better seasonal conditions, and in part to the larger use of fertilizers. THE SCIENTIFIC PERIOD. By the close of the century practically all the land in the United States which is susceptible of cultivation without irrigation was occupied with farms. The range area was restricted to lands unfit for cultivation, and in many cases these lands had been reduced in productiveness by too close pasturing. The area sown in wheat was still being extended in the Northwest, but the yield per acre was maintained only by bringing fresh lands under the plow every year, as the yield was diminishing on the older soils. The urban population was increasing so steadily, however, that with the advent of the new century the proportion of the wheat crop exported fell to 24.7 per cent for the eight years, 1900-7, as against 33.1 per cent for the nineties, 29.9 per cent for the eighties and 24.6 per cent for the seventies, and this notwithstanding the fact that the total production for the last period has been nearly thirty per cent greater than for the preceding period and more than double that of the seventies. The climax of wheat production was reached in 1901, at nearly 50,000, 000 acres, yielding nearly 750,000,000 bushels. No crop produced since that date has equaled this record, either in area or total yield, and the price of wheat has been gradually rising since the beginning of the century. There will be a further expansion of wheat territory into the Canadian Northwest, but it does not seem at all probable that the increase in area brought under wheat from henceforth can more than keep pace with the increasing demand from our growing population, and the outlook for remunerative prices for wheat is certainly very favorable. This is a matter of prime importance to Wayne county, for, as has already been stated, its soil and climatic conditions are especially adapted to the culture of this cereal, as is shown by the prominence it has occupied in the agriculture of the county throughout the period under record. WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 203 MINOR CROPS. In addition to the area devoted to the tour principal crops, corn, oats, wheat and hay, the statistics show the following areas devoted to other purposes during the present decade : AVERAGE AREAS, 1900-1908.

	Acres		Acres
Rye Barley Potatoes Onions Tobacco Flax	407 60 4,656 247 308 104	Sorghum, broom corn, etc. Buckwheat Orchards Forest Waste	87 33 5,328 36,844 5,394

The potato crop has become one of great importance in Wayne county, the soil being especially adapted to this crop, and the annual area in potatoes has increased from 3,000 acres in 1909 to 6,000 acres in 1908. Wayne county is also a large producer of onions, grown. on the muck lands in the northern and eastern parts of the county, about 250 acres being annually devoted to this crop. Tobacco is grown in the northern part of the county, in the vicinity of Sterling and Creston. THE OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. In the spring of 1891 the State Legislature passed an act authorizing the removal of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station from its location on the lands of the Ohio State University, in Columbus, to any county in the state which would offer a donation to provide for the purchase of lands and the erection of buildings for the use of the station. Within a few weeks after the passage of this law offers were received by the board of control of the station from the commissioners of Wayne, Clarke and Warren counties, and after consideration of these offers and of the soil conditions in the several counties, the offer of Wayne county was accepted by the board of control and ratified by the people of the county, at a special election held for that purpose. 204 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. Pursuant to the law, the county commissioners issued bonds for eighty-five thousand dollars, the amount of the donation agreed upon. These bonds were sold, the money paid into the state treasury, and three adjoining farms and two smaller tracts, comprising a total area of four hundred and seventy acres, the nearest point being one mile south of the court house in Wooster, were purchased and buildings were commenced. At this point a dissatisfied citizen of the county entered suit to test the constitutionality of the law under which the bonds of the county were issued. The common pleas and circuit courts affirmed the validity of the law, one of the circuit judges dissenting. The supreme court, by a vote of four to one, reversed the decision of the lower courts on the ground that the citizens of a county were being taxed for the support of an institution whose work was conducted for the benefit of the state at large, the court holding that the superior advantages possessed by Wayne county because of the location of the station on its soil and within convenient distance of its farmers did not offset the general principle above mentioned This litigation occupied about two years, and necessarily retarded the work of the station, as during its continuance the Legislature was unwilling to appropriate money for permanent improvements, but after the final decision of the supreme court the Legislature redeemed the bonds issued by the county and began making appropriations for buildings and other necessary equipment. The station had been moved to its new location during the summer of 1892, and immediately began preparing for experimental work by the erection of greenhouses and other buildings and by tile-draining and laying off in permanent plots of one-tenth acre each about seventy-five acres. After the settlement of the litigation affecting the station, the state appropriations became larger. Substantial buildings were erected and, the station's permanency being assured, its work expanded year by year, being carried on not only in the fields, orchards, barns and laboratories at Wooster, but reaching out over the state in the establishment of substations or test-farms in different sections, and in co-operative work carried on with the assistance of hundreds of farmers, located in practically every county of the state. That the station has succeeded in some degree in serving the purpose for which it was established is indicated by the increasing support given it by the state. When first established, in 1882, the appropriation made for its use was three thousand dollar's. This was increased the next year WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 205 to five thousand dollars, and remained at that sum until 1887, when the national government undertook the support of an agricultural experiment station in every state under an act introduced by Hon. W. H. Hatch, of Missouri, and hence called the "Hatch Act," and which provides for the annual appropriation to each state and territory from the United States treasury of fifteen thousand dollars for this purpose. On the passage of this act the state withdrew its support from the Ohio station, but after a year or two the Legislature began the appropriation of small amounts, for special purposes, beginning with one of two thousand dollars, made in 1889, for a small greenhouse. These special appropriations have been increased from year to year until in 1909 the total amount directly appropriated to the station reached one hundred and eighteen thousand dollars, besides the privilege of using several thousand dollars' worth of paper for the printing of its bulletins. In 1906 the Hatch Act was supplemented by a second national law, introduced by the late Henry C. Adams, of Wisconsin, and which provides a fund, beginning with five thousand dollars and increasing by two thousand dollars each year until the total shall amount to fifteen thousand dollars, and which is known as the Adams fund. This fund is strictly restricted to the purposes of scientific research, and is all the more useful on account of this fact, because it permits the undertaking of investigations dealing with fundamental principles, a class of investigations which sometimes seem to have but little practical application, and yet out of which have come results of the highest usefulness to humanity. As at present organized the station's work is divided into the departments of administration, agronomy (or field crops), animal husbandry, botany (including study of seeds and of diseases of plants), chemistry, co-operative experiments, entomology, forestry, horticulture, nutrition and soils, each department having a specialist at its head with one or more scientific assistants and clerks and laborers, the staff of the station during 1909 .reaching a total of one hundred and fifty persons. In addition to the land occupied .by the station in Wayne county, it has a test farm of three hundred acres in Meigs county, on which the problems peculiar to the hilly regions of southeastern Ohio are being studied, and one of one hundred and twenty-five acres at Strongsville, in southern Cuyahoga county, devoted to the study of the thin, white clay soils of that region, while it holds under ten-year lease a farm of fifty-three acres at Germantown, Montgomery county, devoted in part to the culture of tobacco 206 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. and in part to the study of soil fertility, and two fields, one of twenty acres at Findlay, Hancock county, and one of ten acres at Boardman, Mahoning county, which are being occupied under perpetual lease as demonstration fields. On these various tracts are permanently located more than two thousand plots of land, the larger portion containing one-tenth acre each, and of the treatment and produce of which the station has a definite record, reaching over twelve to sixteen years in many cases. In addition to the study of soil fertility, some of the more important features of the station's work are the comparison of varieties of cereals, forage crops, vegetables and fruits—more than one thousand varieties of fruits being under observation in its orchard—the study of methods for the control of insects and fungous diseases of plants ; the nutrition of animals and the various problems connected with forestry. As the station is located in Wayne county, and on a soil fairly representing that of the county as a whole, its study of soil fertility is of great importance to this county. This study has demonstrated that it is easily possible and thoroughly practicable to produce much larger crops than the average of those now grown in the county, as the station has produced thirty to forty bushels of wheat to the acre as an average for ten-year periods, or larger in its experimental work, with corresponding yields of corn, oats and clover, and is duplicating these yields in its general farm work, on ten-acre fields. These results, moreover, have been accomplished by methods which have paid the cost of the increase and left a large margin of clear profit; methods which are in reach of every farmer, however straitened his circumstances, and which, when put in operation, will steadily increase the productiveness of the soil. Some of the farmers in the county are already applying these methods, in whole or in part, and are obtaining results which confirm those shown at the station. These methods consist simply in draining such land as needs drainage ; in the practice of a systematic crop rotation, in which clover or a similar crop is grown every third or fourth year ; in the conversion of the corn, hay and straw into manure, the careful saving of this manure and its reinforcement with some carrier of phosphorus, to replace that carried away in the wheat and milk, and bones and tissues of the animals sold; in the use of lime and in the careful tillage which is now generally practiced. Much of this work involves labor only, and its execution can be gradu-- WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 207 ally accomplished by applying to it a part of the labor which is now wasted by tilling two or three acres to get the produce that one acre should yield. THE FUTURE OF AGRICULTURE IN WAYNE COUNTY. But the present yield of wheat in Wayne county is far short of an easily possible and thoroughly practicable attainment. One of the three adjoining farms purchased by the experiment station on its removal to Wayne county in 1892 had been rented for many years previous to its purchase by the station, and on this farm a series of experiments in the maintenance and increase of soil fertility by the use of systematic crop rotation, with fertilizers and manures, was begun in 1893. These experiments have now been in progress for sixteen years, and following are some of the results attained : In one experiment, corn, oats, wheat, clover and timothy are grown in a five-year rotation on five tracts of land, each crop being grown every season. One-third of the land is left continuously without fertilizers or manure, and on this area the average yields per acre have been as below : YIELDS OF UNFERTILIZED LAND IN FIVE-YEAR ROTATION :

	First 5 yrs. 1894-8.	Second 5 yrs. 1899-03.	Third 5 yrs. 1904-8.
Corn, bushels Oats, bushels Wheat, bushels Clover hay, tons Timothy hay, tons	31.9 30.9 9.3 91 1.27	30.8 28.3 8.6 .74 1.14	31.0 34.5 13.7 1.01 1.57

During the same five-year periods under consideration the average yields per acre in Wayne county, as computed from the statistics collected by the township assessors, have been as follows: AVERAGE YIELDS OF CROPS IN WAYNE COUNTY :

	First 5 yrs. 1894-8.	Second 5 yrs. 1899-03.	Third 5 yrs. 1904-8.
Corn, bushels Oats, bushels Wheat, bushels Hay, tons	36.6 36.3 15.3 1.22	39.0 42.9 17.1 1.28	37.5 36.5 19.4 1.23

208 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. These county yields are considerably larger than the unfertilized station yields, but during these three periods the county expended the following sums for fertilizers, these fertilizers being used chiefly on the wheat crop; First period, $40,216 per annum ; second period, $59,830 per annum ; third period, $88,445 per annum. Live stock equivalent to about one head of cattle to three acres in corn, oats and wheat has also been kept during the three periods. The considerable decrease in the clover yields at the station during the second five years of this test called attention to the lack of lime in the soil, and, beginning with the crop of 1900, lime was applied to half the land in the test as it was being prepared for corn, using burnt lime at the rate of a ton per acre, or ground limestone in double that quantity, and spreading it over both fertilized and unfertilized land. To this liming, therefore, is to be ascribed a part of the increase shown during the last five-year period. Each of the five tracts used in this test is divided into thirty plots of one-tenth acre each. Plot two in each tract, or half an acre in total, has received every five years 320 pounds per acre of acid phosphate; 80 pounds each on corn and oats and 160 pounds on wheat. The average yields on these plots have been as below : YIELDS FROM ACID PHOSPHATE :

	First 5 yrs. 1894-8.	Second 5 yrs. 1899-03.	Third 5 yrs. 1904-8.
Corn, bushels Oats, bushels Wheat, bushels Clover hay, tons Timothy hay, tons	36.0 37.6 12.3 1.06 1.44	41.9 37.4 18.7 1.01 1.40	40.3 45.7 24.1 1.58 1.93

The acid phosphate has produced a considerable increase of crop, both before and after liming, showing that this soil is hungry for phosphorus. If we value acid phosphate at a fraction over $16.00 per ton, or $2.60 for the 320 pounds used on each rotation, and rate corn at 4o cents per bushel, oats at 30 cents, wheat at 80 cents, hay at $8.00 per .ton, stover at $3.00 and, straw at $2.00, the total net increase due to the 320 pounds of acid phosphate, after paying for the fertilizer, has been worth $5.90 for the first five years, $14.77 for the second five years and $21.72 for the third five years. WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 209 The cost of the lime is not deducted for the third period, because both fertilized and unfertilized land was limed, and other comparisons, not shown in these statements, show that the cost of liming has been much more than recovered in the general increase of crop. Not only has the lime .increased the unfertilized yield, but it has augmented the effect of the fertilizers. Under this application of acid phosphate the yields at the station and for the county show comparatively little difference during the first two periods, but with the addition of lime at the station the yields for the third period are decidedly greater than those for the county. It will be observed that the county yields of corn and oats show a marked falling off during the third period. The increased yield of wheat and hay is easily accounted for by the greatly increased use of fertilizers, but the hay increase in the county is much smaller than that at the station, where the additional expenditure has been for lime instead of fertilizer. On another series of plots (No. 11) the same dressing of acid phosphate has been applied, but re-enforced with 480 pounds of nitrate of soda and 260 pounds of muriate of potash, the whole application being divided between the three cereal crops, and increasing the total cost to $23.50 per acre for each rotation ; the outcome has been as below : YIELDS FROM COMPLETE FERTILIZER :

	First 5 yrs. 1894-8.	Second 5 yrs. 1899-03.	Third 5 yrs. 1904-8.
Corn, bushels Oats, bushels Wheat, bushels Clover hay, tons Timothy hay, tons	41.3 43.6 20.5 1.48 1.62	49.9 52.5 27.5 1.31 1.65	54.1 53.5 33.1 1.92

The increase from this treatment has had the following values over the yields of the unfertilized land : First five years, $26.39; second five years, $42.43; third five years, $49.96. Deducting the cost of the fertilizer, the net gain has been : For the first five years, $2.80; for the second five years, $18.93; for the third five years, $26.46. This treatment, therefore, enormously expensive as it has been, has produced a greater net profit than any partial application of fertilizers. As has been stated above, of the total cost of the fertilizer, $20.90 was (14 ) 210 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. spent for nitrogen and potash and only $2.60 for phosphorus. Whatever system of agriculture we may follow, except the production of butter or sugar, there must be some loss of phosphorus, as this element is carried away from the farm in large quantity in the cereal grains and in the bones and milk of animals, so that if the supply in the soil is to remain undiminished there must be a systematic return, either through the purchase of fertilizing substances or of feeding stuffs; but if all the hay, straw and stover and a considerable part of the grain pr Second 6 yrs. 1903-8. oduced on the farm be fed there and the resultant manure carefully saved and returned to the soil, there will be but little loss of potassium, since the greater part of this element consumed by the plant in its growth is left in the stem and leaves. Most of the nitrogen contained in the coarse feeds will also be recovered in the manure, while the growing of leguminous crops for feeding will tend to replace the losses of this element. If, therefore, it were possible to produce on the farm the nitrogen and potassium required to produce the yield shown on Plot 11 in this experiment, leaving only the phosphorus to purchase, the net gain would be greatly augmented. On another part of this same farm corn, wheat and clover have been grown in a three-year rotation since 1897, in a comparison of different methods of treating barnyard manure. One-third of this land also has been left continuously without fertilizer or manure, and its yield per acre has been as below : YIELDS OF UNFERTILIZED LAND IN THREE-YEAR. ROTATION.

	First 6 yrs. 1897-02.	Second 6 yrs. 1903-8.
Corn, bushels Wheat, bushels Clover hay, tons	41.1 8.5 .84	27.6 13.3 1.75

The low yield of wheat during the first period was partly due to Hessian fly ; the corn crop shows that the growing of clover one year in three on this land, which had previously been largely depleted of its fertility by exhaustive cropping, has not been sufficient to maintain the rate of production. During the periods over which this test have been in progress the county yields have been as follows : WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 211 AVERAGE YIELDS OF CROPS IN WAYNE COUNTY :

	First 6 yrs. 1897-02.	Second 6 yrs. 1903-8
Corn, bushels Wheat, bushels, Hay, tons	39.5 16.9 1.34	36.0 19.5 1.40

On Plot 15 in this test barnyard manure has been applied at the rate of eight tons per acre,. the manure being taken from an open barnyard, after several months' exposure to the weather, and plowed under for corn, the wheat and clover following without any further manuring or fertilizing. The outcome has been as follows: YIELDS FROM OPEN-YARD MANURE :

	First 6 yrs. 1897-02.	Second 6 yrs. 1903-8.
Corn, bushels Wheat, bushels Clover hay, tons	55.0 15.6 .98	47.4 22.5 1.57

At the valuations previously employed, the increase due to the manure has been worth $16.00 per acre, or $2.00 per ton of manure, during the first period, and $22.73 per acre, or $2.84 per ton of manure, during the second. Alongside of the land thus treated another plot has received the same quantity of fresh manure, made from the same animals, but taken directly from the stable to the field, without exposure to the weather. The yields from this treatment have been as below : YIELDS FROM FRESH STABLE MANURE.

	First 6 yrs. 1897-02.	Second 6 yrs. 1903-8.
Corn, bushels Wheat, bushels Clover hay, tons	59.2 17.6 1.25	57.1 23.7 2.02

In this case the increase during the first period has been worth $21.24 per acre, or $2.65 per ton of manure, and during the second period $30.35 per acre, or $3.80 per ton of manure. 212 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. On another plot in this test the fresh manure has had acid phosphate mixed with it, at the rate of 40 pounds per ton of manure, a few weeks before spreading the manure on the land. The result of this treatment is shown below : YIELDS FROM PHOSPHATED FRESH MANURE :

	First 6 yrs. 1897-02.	Second 6 yrs. 1903-8.
Corn, bushels Wheat, bushels Clover hay, tons	63.5 23.4 1.90	65.3 29.6 2.44

The total value of the increase from this treatment has amounted to $33.36 for the first period and $43.56 for the second, or $3.87 and $5.12 per ton of manure, after deducting $2.60 per acre for the cost of the 320 pounds of acid phosphate used on the manure. In other words, the combination of 320 pounds of acid phosphate, costing $2.60, with nitrate of soda and muriate of potash costing $20.90, has produced on five acres of land during the last five years an average total increase worth $50.00 per acre, or $10.00 per acre annually, while the combination of the Same quantity of acid phosphate with eight tons of fresh stable manure has produced on three acres during the same period an increase to the value of $43.50, or $14.52 per acre annually. The eight tons of manure, therefore, have produced an effect 40 per cent greater than that caused by $20.90 expended in the most effective carriers of fertilizer-nitrogen and potash. It may be objected that these experiments have been made on such small areas of land that they are not a safe guide to general farm practice. Following is the answer to this objection : Another part of the farm belonging to the station has been used for the comparison of varieties of corn, oats and wheat, these crops being grown in succession and followed by one year in clover, thus making a four-year rotation. The work was begun in 1893, and ten acres of land is devoted to each crop every season, the entire test including forty acres. For the first ten years it was the practice to plant the corn on clover sod, without any manure or fertilizer. The oats, following the corn, was likewise left untreated, while the wheat received a top dressing of open-yard WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 213 manure, applied after plowing and before seeding, at the rate of about nine tons per acre. The result of this treatment was a ten-year average yield of 48.7 bushels of corn, followed by 52.2 bushels of oats, 19.9 bushels of wheat, and 2.7 tons of hay. Beginning with 1904, the system was changed, and the clover sod intended for corn was dressed during the fall and early winter with phosphated manure, produced by steers or dairy cows and kept under cover until the field was ready for it, when it was hauled out and spread at the rate of about twelve tons per acre. After the manure was plowed under lime was applied to the surface and harrowed in 'at the rate of one ton per acre. The oats, as previously, followed the corn without treatment, but the wheat received a complete fertilizer instead of manure, the fertilizer being made up from tankage, steamed bone meal, acid phosphate and muriate of potash for the fall application, followed by nitrate of soda in April, the materials being used at a total rate of 350 to 400 pounds per acre and mixed in such proportions as to give a percentage composition for the fall application of about 4 per cent ammonia, 14 to 16 per cent phosphoric acid and 3 to 4 per cent potash. The outcome of this treatment has been an increase in the corn yield to an average per acre of 73.8 bushels for the five years, 1904 to 1908, followed by averages of 55.1 bushels of oats, 36.6 bushels of wheat and 4.33 tons of hay. Comparing these yields with the unfertilized yields obtained in the five-year rotation first described, we have a gain of 42.8 bushels of corn; 20.6 bushels of oats; 22.9 bushels of wheat and 3.32 tons of hay, the whole having a value of $68.18. Deducting from this $2.00 for the floats used on the manure, $6.40 for the fertilizer used on the wheat and $2.60 for half the cost of liming, since only half the land in the five-year rotation had been limed, we have a balance of $57.18, or $4.76 for each ton of manure used. The soil upon which these experiments have been made is certainly no better naturally than the average soils of Wayne county. It is true that it has the advantage of being well drained, which is an important point, but the topography of the county as a whole is such as to make drainage easily practicable wherever it is needed. Let us, therefore, consider the possible effect of applying to Wayne county as a whole the system of management which has produced the results above described. During the five years, 1904 to 1908, the statistics of crop production for the county show the following average areas and yields : 214 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO.

Crop.	Acres.	Yield per acre.	Total yield
Corn Oats Wheat Hay	36,054 30,590 44,391 53,271	36.9 bu. 36.5 bu. 19.4 bu. 1.43 tons	1,330,782 bu. 1,117,919 bu. 860,753 bu. 76,061 tons

During the same period livestock equivalent to 37,000 cattle was kept, and the annual expenditures for fertilizers amounted to $88,445. The total area in the four crops amounted to 164,000 acres. Let us compute the possible yield on this area had 41,000 acres been allotted to each of the four crops, and had the yields been 6o bushels of corn, 45 of oats, 30 of wheat and 3 tons of hay, or about 80 per cent of the yields obtained at the station during the same period :

Crop.	Acres.	Yield per acre.	Total yield
Corn Oats Wheat Hay	41,000 41,000 41,000 41,000	60 bu. 45 bu. 30 bu. 3 tons	2,460,000 bu. 1,845,000 bu. 1,230,500 bu. 123,000 tons

In round numbers this would have given 1,100,000 bushels more corn, 700,000 bushels more oats, 380,000 bushels more wheat and 47,000 tons more hay than was actually harvested, the whole worth a million and a third of dollars, estimating corn at 40 cents a bushel, oats at 30 cents, wheat at 80 cents and hay at $8.00 per ton. Of course these larger yields would not have been produced without extra cost, the first item Of which would have been better drainage. As a whole, Wayne county is fortunate in its natural drainage the rolling topography of most of the county gives excellent surface drainage, and the large areas in which the loosely stratified shales lie within a few feet of the surface give the most perfect underdrainage, so that there is comparatively little artificial drainage required. While no data are available from which anything more than the merest guess tan be made as to the amount of artificial drainage needed, I believe that an expenditure of $25 per acre on half the area under cultivation, or $2,000,000 for the county, would be sufficient, if well directed, to put the whole into position to produce the crops above indicated. Next to drainage comes the need of lime. There are a few fields in the county, chiefly on newly-cleared land, on which this need is not yet urgent, but the territory over which lime must be applied before full harvests can be obtained is steadily increasing, and it is only a question of WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 215 time when the systematic application of lime must find a place in the agriculture of this county. Next to liming comes the production of more manure and the more careful use of that which is produced. The present livestock of the county produces about 165,000 tons of manure each winter, or about half enough to dress 41,000 acres of corn at the rate of eight tons per acre, provided it were saved and used without waste. But the livestock of the county should be doubled, even though it might sometimes be necessary to charge a part of the cost of handling the livestock to the soil fertility account. In the long run and under judicious management livestock will pay its way and leave the manure as an unincumbered asset. The money expended for fertilizers on the average of the last five years ($88,000 annually) would purchase 6,000 tons of acid phosphate, or 10,000 tons of floats, if bought in car loads. This would be sufficient to give each ton of the manure from 75,000 cattle a dressing of 40 pounds of acid phosphate or 60 pounds of floats, and would thus restore to the soil all the phosphorus withdrawn by present cropping, and begin the restoration of that which has been drawn from the soil and shipped out of the county under the system of husbandry which has hitherto prevailed. For a time the wheat crop would respond profitably to additional fertilizing, but under this system the quantity of fertilizers required to be used separately from the manure would gradually diminish. To sum up, let us estimate the annual expenditure which would probably be required to produce the yield above indicated : The drainage of the land is a permanent improvement, and its cost should therefore be distributed over a term of years. Let us charge Jo per cent of the drainage cost annually, 6 per cent to interest and 4 per cent to a sinking fund to liquidate the principal. The station's experiments indicate that lime should be used at the rate of about a ton per acre at the first application, but that after the acidity of the soil is once neutralized less lime is required. The annual application of half a ton of lime per 'acre to the corn crop would probably be a liberal estimate. The present expenditure for fertilizers would cover the cost of phosphating the manure, but for a time it will pay to continue fertilizing the wheat crop at a rate even more liberal than that now practiced. The feeding of livestock will in some cases involve more labor than would be required to haul the produce to market, but in the majority of cases probably less. There will, of course, be much more produce to handle, 216 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. about 100,000 tons of grain and hay, in fact, but will be largely offset by the additional value of the stover and straw. Let us, however, allow one dollar per ton, or $100,000 per annum, for this extra work. Our account will then stand as below :

Drainage, interest and sinking fund Liming, one-half ton per acre Additional fertilizers Extra labor	$200,000 I 00.000 100,000 100,000
Total	$600,000

This will still leave about three-quarters of a million dollars annually in the Wayne county farmers' pockets over and above what they are now getting. There are those who will say that it is impossible for them to make the expenditure necessary to bring their land into the condition required to make these yields, but a large part of this expenditure is in the form of labor, and it would be better to devote a part of the labor which is now expended in working two or three acres to get the produce of one in draining and fertilizing the one acre, even though another acre lay idle for a year or so in consequence. WAYNE COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. This society was organized in 1849. Its first president was Robert Reed, of Dalton, Sugarcreek township. The first address was delivered by William Turner, then of Wooster, but later of Cleveland. The first fair was held in the grove near the later residence of D. Q. Liggett, where the exhibitions were continued until 1854. January 24, 1859, the society contracted with E. Quinby, Jr., for eight acres of land on North Market street, where until 1869 its exhibitions were held. For numerous reasons these grounds were sold and others purchased of Henry Myers, consisting of twenty-four acres, a short distance to the west of Wooster. Here the buildings have been made of a permanent character. There is also much interest in speeding of fast horses, annually, on a fine race course. The annual exhibits of farm, garden and orchard from all over Wayne county are indeed a credit to the management and patrons themselves. While the trotting horse craze has somewhat taken a prominent WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 217 place in the annual fair, yet the display of agricultural products and of fine livestock, together with beautiful exhibits made by the ladies of the county, in way of fancy work, art and all that beautifies the home, is annually in evidence in large quantities. The present (1909) officers of the association that owns and manages this county fair are as follows : John C. McClaran, president ; J. S. McCoy, vice-president ; \V. A. Wilson, treasurer ; G. J. Eybright, secretary. THE PROGRESSIVE FARMERS' ASSOCIATION. Several of the farmers residing in the vicinity of Wooster, who felt that their interests would be greatly enhanced by organization, gathered at a meeting called for February 21, 1888, at the home of R. D. Firestone, south of Wooster, to discuss the subject of organizing. The result was the above-named society, which has had an unbroken existence to the present date. A yearly program is carefully prepared by a committee appointed by the president. These meetings are held at the homes of the membership. All subjects pertaining to the farm, the household, good citizenship, good morals, etc., are ably discussed. During the first years of the organization the society planned an annual farmers' institute. But when the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station was located here in Wayne county, this organization was eager and zealous in working for its establishment. Among other important measures advocated early was the establishment of the rural free delivery system. Today they are earnestly working for the establishment of the parcels post system and postal savings banks. The social feature of the association is counted by its members as a great factor. The persons who have served as the association's officers are in part as follows : Benjamin Wilson, P. S. Ihrig, J. S. McCoy, J. F. Stitt, J. W. Taggart, Willis Bishop, D. S. Tintsman, W. A. Bruce, M. M. Fowler, D. R. Firestone, W. E. Jarvis. The worthy secretaries have been : Mrs. B. F. Wilson, Miss Alma Smith, Miss Margaret Stitt, Miss Rose Wilson, Mrs. W. A. Bruce, Mrs. F. I. Heim, Mrs. E. W. Lytle, Mrs. J. S. McCoy, Miss Lucy Stitt, Miss Helen Davidson. PLAIN TOWNSHIP FARMERS' CLUB. This organization is one of two very successful farmers' societies within Wayne county. It is styled the Plain Township Agricultural Association 218 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. and has for its object the improvement of agriculture, that the life of the husbandman may be made more profitable and less laborious, hence more pleasant and desirable. The date of its organization was September, 1890. The charter members were as follows : Harvey S. Baker, William M. Gill, Samuel G. Gill and Curtis W. Rittenhouse. The following have been its presidents : S. G. Gill, John C. Sidle, C. W. Rittenhouse, W. A. Lehr, G. E. Kean and John Sparr. The roll of members constitutes more than fifty of the best people of Plain township. This society has held three independent institutes, that were distinguished for their social, musical and literary excellence. The outside speakers were the best in Ohio, Thorne, Hickman and Selby. This club affords a means of training for both old and young, in original thought, self-command and public address, that is beyond comparison. They point with much pride to one of its members—J. C. Sidle—as a rising young figure. in the list of public speakers. CHAPTER XII. MILITARY HISTORY OF WAYNE COUNTY. The military history of any given county is of great interest to all patriotic readers of local history. To the county this is what the national war record is to our republic. The great armies of a country must needs come from commands made up from the soldiers enlisting in the various counties of each loyal state in our Union. But before entering into the details of the soldiery of Wayne county in the several wars carried on since its settlement by white men—the war of 1812-14 with Great Britain, the war with Mexico, the great Civil war from 1861 to 1865, and the Spanish-American war of 1898—it may not be without profit to the reader to become posted about the forts and block houses erected prior to those wars as a protection against the savage Indian tribes, mention of which has been made elsewhere in this work. WAYNE COUNTY BLOCK HOUSES. From the date of the first settlement in this country until the establishment of peace after the war of 1812, the inhabitants were compelled to erect block houses and stockades for their immediate protection. This was done as a precaution against invading foes from the unfriendly Indians. This was made all the more a necessity after Hull's defeat and surrender, as that event much emboldened them in their bloody raids upon the handful of white settlers. Hence these block houses were found in various sections of Wayne county. Where Mrs. B. Pope's residence stood in 1878 there was once one of these places of safety erected, and it is said to have been the largest of any in the county. It was named Fort Stidger, built by Gen. George Stidger, of Canton, in 18r2, and it was a double building, covered by one roof, and had a separating hall or passage between the two sections. Here the different families of the town and nearby community would assemble when danger seemed imminent, and remain there during the night. 220 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. Another was built over the Killbuck, about three miles west of Wooster, on land later owned by Joshua Warner. This building was still standing, in a good state of preservation, in 1878. Mr. Warner, however, had weather-boarded its timbers and plastered its interior walls. His family had used it for a part of their residence for sixty-five years. Another one of the "forts" stood six miles east of Wooster, near what was called King's Tavern, and still farther on was another, near the old Andrew Lucky tavern, south of Fredericksburg but a short distance, and also on the farm later owned by Thomas Dowty, in Franklin township, similar defensive structures were provided for the protection of the settlements thereabouts. A company of soldiers was at one time quartered at the old Morgan fort. There were still others, of less magnitude and importance, at different points within Wayne county. These block houses were universally built on an eminence, by which position the surrounding country might the more easily be viewed, thus obviating a surprise by the too sudden approach of the enemy. In many respects these forts resembled the ordinary cabin. They were built of logs, laid one over the other and tightly fitted, with little holes notched between them and called port-holes. Through these openings the inmates could readily point their guns and fire, at the same time being protected against the enemy's shots. With the exception of one door, there were no other modes of egress or ingress. The structure was built of solid timbers, firmly and securely fastened inside, and, like the rest of the building, sufficiently firm to resist any volley of bullets. They were usually two stories high ; that portion of the building from the ground to the height of about eight feet was formed of shorter logs than the section above it, which, being constructed of longer logs, formed a projection over the lower story, which gave the occupants the chance of shooting down on their assailants, or otherwise punishing them with axes or pikes, should they attempt to climb and enter it, or apply a torch. The note of many a false alarm was sounded, and many a panic-stricken family rushed for protection to those old wooden walls. REVOLUTIONARY PENSIONERS IN 1840. The following is a list of the Revolutionary war pensioners in Wayne county, Ohio, in 1840: Perry township—Barnett Hagerman, aged eighty years. Plain township—Augustus Case, aged eighty-seven. Jackson township—Ezra Tryon, aged eighty. Canaan township—Rufus Freeman, aged WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 221 seventy-eight. Wayne township—John Davidson, aged eighty-four. Chippewa township— Christina Franks, aged seventy-three; Isaac Underwood, aged seventy-four. Milton township—Benjamin Foster, aged eighty-six; Benjamin Cotton, aged eighty-three. Greene township—Conrad Metsker, aged eighty-two. East Union township—Jesse Richardson, aged eighty-four; Simon Goodspeed, aged seventy-six. Wooster township—Robert Cain, aged seventy-seven. PENSIONERS OF THE WAR OF 1812. The subjoined is a list of the soldiers of the war of 1812 (war with Great Britain), as shown to be residents of Wayne county, Ohio, and in force in 1878, according to the state records at Columbus : John Achenbach, Moreland; John B. Espy, Wooster; William Johnson, Wooster; Simon Kenney, Canaan; George Messmore, Apple Creek ; Benjamin Potter, Millbrook; Daniel Rieder, Koch's; Rachel Bugler (widow), Fredericksburg; John Crummel, Apple Creek ; Henry Fike, Smithville; Sylvanus Jones, Wooster; John Ludwig, Reedsburg; James McFadden, Cedar Valley ; Thomas Pittenger, Lattsburg; Henry Starner, Wooster ; Catherine First (widow), Apple Creek. WAYNE COUNTY IN THE MEXICAN WAR. Trouble had been had between the two republics—the United States and Mexico—growing out of certain encroachments upon the part of Mexicans, for some time, and finally, on May 12, 1846, war was declared against our southern neighbors. The bill levying war called for fifty thousand soldiers and an appropriation of ten million dollars. War was really officially declared on the day following, by President James K. Polk. On September 21-23 the battle of Monterey was fought, the first in importance of any in the conflict. The country manfully responded to the call for volunteers. It is with a just pride, today, that the sons and daughters of the men who lived in Warren county can point to the fact that Wayne county did her share nobly and well. Tuesday, May 26, 1846, the Fourth Brigade, Ninth Division, Ohio Militia, was hastily mustered at Wooster, for the purpose of encouraging enlistments. Over thirty on that day signed the muster rolls. Capt. Peter Burkett, of the Bristol Light Artillery, and David Moore, of the "Wooster Guards," were present with orders to enlist a company. The 222 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. officers at the head of the list below given were chosen to command the company, which consisted of eighty-five men, and on Tuesday morning, June 9, 1846, they started for Massillon. On the morning of their departure General Coulter, on behalf of the Wooster Cadets, presented to them a handsome flag, making an appropriate speech, which was responded to by Captain Moore. Before leaving they Were mustered on the northeast corner of the public square, where the members of the company were presented with Testaments by the ladies of Wooster. The company left Massillon the night of June 11th, on board two canal boats, en route for Camp Washington, near Cincinnati. They broke camp, at the place just mentioned, early July 3d, and the same day left Cincinnati on the "New Era" and "Tuscaloosa" for New Orleans. For some time they were encamped near the old General Jackson battle ground. James D. Robison, M. D., of Wooster, was the first surgeon of the regiment, leaving Cincinnati July 3d for Mexico. They served in the Third Ohio Regiment (there only being three regiments), commanded by Col. Samuel Curtis, a graduate of West Point and for several years a lawyer of Wooster, and with George W. McCrook as lieutenant-colonel. The treaty of peace was ratified at Queretaro May 30, 1848. The following is a list of the Mexican soldiers who went from Wayne county, Ohio:

Moore, D. (Captain) Burkett, P. (first lieutenant) McMillen, J. (second lieutenant) Botsford, Eli (sergeant-major) Armstrong, James Atkinson, William C. Brainard, John F. Bower, Wilson Bair, Jacob Boyd, William Bowers, Abraham Beach, Elijah Blakely, Albin Baits, David F. Cooper, P. M. Craigg, John Carpenter, Isaac	Culbertson, Eli B. Chaffe, Amos Case, Nathaniel Crawford. James Craven, Robert Crouse. Jacob M. Coy, Josiah P. Correston, Alexander Duck, Daniel Diviney, William R. Dye. James R. Emerson, R. D. Edmonds, A. C. Fleckenger, Jacob Freeman, James A. Fritts, Uriah Fishburn. Howard
WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO -223
Flannagan, John O. Fritts, Samuel Frizinger, George Geyer, Henry Galvin, Barney Goliff, Andrew Grove, William Harris, Terry Hawk, Michael H. Hess, Jesse Honn, John Hemperley, M. H. Jenkins, George Joliff, Abraham Lloyd, John Lowry, Robert B. Lowry, James A. Merrick, John Moses, William McCullom, Cyrus J. Marsh, Joseph Plumer, J. C.	Powers, Almon H. Ryan, Jacob Rambaugh, J. B. Richard, George Rice, Frederick Reighley, Geo., Jr. Stanley, Wilson M. Stall, Jacob Sheldon, Jiles Strunk, William Stoffer, William H. Stanley, Homer Sample, John Snyder, Michael Stavig, Abram Shoeters, Oswald Taylor, Thomas Tweeig, J. E. Wickey, Daniel Wood, Charles B. Wachtel, George Yergen, John

WAYNE COUNTY AND THE CIVIL WAR. Wayne county, in common with all Ohio counties, did her part in putting down the rebellion of the people of the Southern states from 1861 to 1865. Patriotism was instilled into the people of this county by reason of the. early settlers having been of the good old Revolutionary stock. It is not the province of this work to go into the causes of the Civil war, but to give some account of the men sent forth to subdue the rebellion. The part Wayne county enacted in this war was prompt and conspicuous, she having furnished from 1861 to 1865 over three thousand two hundred volunteers, not including a considerable conscript force. The volunteers were distributed among the various regiments, as follows : One company of the Fourth Regiment ; one of the Sixteenth Regiment, in the three months', and five in the three years' service ; one in the Forty-first Regiment ; five in the One Hundred and Twentieth Regiment ; three in the One Hundred and Second Regi- 224 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. ment; one company in the One Hundred and Seventh Regiment; three companies in the One Hundred and Sixty-ninth Regiment of National Guards, and a detachment of thirty men in the Eighty-fifth Ohio Regiment. These were all infantry organizations. Wayne county also furnished one company for the Ninth Ohio Cavalry, small detachments for several artillery companies, besides many fragmentary enlistments in the different infantry organizations. Fort Sumter was fired upon April 12, 1861, and that demonstration culminated in the great civil strife that had been fomenting for many years, really over the question of slavery. Wooster shared in the patriotic excitement of the period and recruiting commenced at once. The first public meeting of the citizens in Wooster was held at the old court house, on the evening of April 16th, when a wildly-patriotic crowd assembled. Hon. William Given was chosen chairman and James McMillen acted as secretary. Patriotic speeches were made by Judge Given, Eugene Pardee, William M. Orr and several others. Recruiting had been going on previously, however, and fifty men had enlisted through the efforts of James McMillen, Jacob Shultz and R. B. Spink, the company—the first raised in Wayne county—being filled up that evening at the mass meeting just mentioned. NAMES OF THE FIRST VOLUNTEERS. There is always much interest attached to the names of the men who first, in the true and sublime spirit of loyalty, respond to the call of their country, hence the list of this pioneer company is here appended : Arnold, J. W. Armstrong, George. Anderson, Francis M. Armstrong, John Arnold, Levi Barrett, John F. Black, James Bodine, Joseph D. Black, Anthony A. Bess, David Brandt, J. C. Black, D. Y. Brinkerhoff, D. O. Brighton, William Baumgardner, William H. Brown, Hubbard Bucher, W. H. Carr, J. H. Cline, William Carey, George W. Cassidy, D. S. Cole, Thomas Chapman, Alfred Cline, George Cutter, Henry Cook. H. H.