WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. - 25 The tract of land situated between the Little Miami and Scioto rivers, known as the Virginia military lands, was never regularly surveyed into townships, but patents were issued by the President of the United States to such persons (Virginians) as had rendered service on the continental establishment in the army of the United States (hence the name), and in the quantities to which they were entitled, according to the previous acts of Congress of August 10, 1790. It embraces a body of six thousand five hundred and seventy square miles, or four million two hundred and four thousand eight hundred acres. The following counties are situated in the tract : Adams, Brown, Clermont, Clinton, Fayette, Highland, Madison and Union entirely, and greater or less portions of Marion, Delaware, Franklin, Pick-away, Ross, Pike, Scioto, Warren, Greene, Clarke, Champaign, Logan and Hardin. Connecticut ceded all lands in the Northwest to which she claimed title to the United States (except the tract which has been known as the Western Reserve), by deed of cession bearing date September 14, 1786, and in May, 1800, by the act of the Legislature of said state, renounced all jurisdiction and claim to the "territory of the Western Reserve of Connecticut." The tract of land was surveyed in 1796 and later into townships of five miles square, and in the aggregate contained about three million eight hundred thousand acres, being one hundred and twenty miles long and lying west of the Pennsylvania state line, all situated between forty-one degrees and forty-two degrees and two minutes of north latitude. Half a million of acres of the foregoing lands were set apart by the state of Connecticut, in 1792, as a donation to the sufferers by fire (during the Revolutionary war) of the residents of Greenwich, New London, Norwalk, Fairfield, Danbury, New Haven and other Connecticut villages whose property was burned by the British; hence the name "firelands," by which this tract taken from the western portion of the Reserve has been known. It is situated chiefly in Huron and Erie counties, a small portion only being in Ottawa county. The entire Western Reserve embraces the present counties of Ashtabula, Cuyahoga, Erie, Geauga, Huron, Lake, Lorain, Medina, Portage and Trumbull ; also the greater portion of Mahoning and Summit and very limited portions of Ashland and Ottawa. THE FRENCH GRANT is a tract of twenty-four thousand acres of land bordering on the Ohio river within the present limits of Scioto county, granted by Congress in 26 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. March, 1795, to certain French settlers of Gallipolis who, through invalid titles, had lost their lands there. Twelve hundred acres were added to this grant in 1798, making a total of twenty-five thousand two hundred acres. THE UNITED STATES MILITARY LANDS were surveyed under the provisions of the act of Congress of June I, 1796, and contained two million five hundred and sixty thousand acres. This tract was set apart to satisfy certain claims of the officers and soldiers of the Revolutionary war, hence the title by which it is known. It is bounded by the "seventh range" on the east, by the Greenville treaty line on the north, by the congressional and refugee lands on the south, and by the Scioto river on the west, including the county of Coshocton entire, and portions of the counties of Tuscarawas, Guernsey, Muskingum, Licking, Franklin, Delaware, Marion, Morrow, Knox and Holmes. THE MORAVIAN LANDS are three several tracts of four thousand acres each, situated respectively at Shoenbrun, Gnadenhutten and Salem, all on the Tuscarawas river. These lands were originally dedicated by an ordinance of Congress of June I, 1796, and were surveyed and patents issued to the Society of the United Brethren. for the purpose above specified. THE REFUGEE TRACT is a body of land containing one hundred thousand acres, granted by Congress February 18, 1801, to persons who fled from the British provinces during the Revolutionary war and took up arms against the mother country and in behalf of the colonies, and thereby lost their property by confiscation This tract is four and one-half miles wide and extends forty-eight miles eastward from the Scioto river, at Columbus, into Muskingum county. It includes portions of the counties of Franklin, Fairfield, Perry, Licking and Muskingum. DOHRMAN'S GRANT is a township of land six miles square, containing thirteen thousand acres, situated in the southeastern part of Tuscarawas county. It was given to WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 27 Arnold Henry Dohrman, a Portuguese merchant of Lisbon, by act of Con, gress of February 27, 18o1, "in consideration of his having during the Revolutionary war given shelter and aid to the American cruisers and vessels of war." INDIAN TREATIES. By the terms of the treaty of Fort Stanwix, concluded with the Iroquois or Six Nations (Mohawks, Onondagas, Senecas, Cayugas, Tuscaroras and Oneidas) October 23, 1784, the indefinite claim of said confederacy to the greater part of the valley of the Ohio was extinguished. The commissioners of Congress were Oliver Wolcott, Richard Butler and Arthur Lee. Corn-planter and Red jacket represented the Indians. This was followed in January, 1785, by the treaty of Fort McIntosh, by which the Delawares. Wyandots, Ottawas and Chippewas relinquished all claim to the Ohio valley and established the boundary line between them and the United States to be the Cuyahoga river, and along the main branch of the Tuscarawas to the forks of said river, near Fort Laurens, thence westwardly to the portage between the headwaters of the Great Miami and the Maumee or Maumee of the lakes, thence down said river to Lake Erie, and along said lake to the mouth of the Cuyahoga river. This treaty was negotiated by George Rogers Clark. Richard Butler and Arthur Lee, for the United States. and by the chiefs of the aforesaid tribes. A similar relinquishment was effected by the treaty of Fort Finney (at the mouth of the Great Miami), concluded with the Shawnees January 31, 1786. the United States commissioners being the same as the foregoing, except the substitution of Samuel H. Parsons for Arthur Lee. THE TREATY OF FORT HARMAR, held by General St. Clair January 9, 1789, was mainly confirmatory of the treaties previously made. So was also the treaty of Greenville, of August 3, 1705, made by General Wayne, on the part of the United States, and the chiefs of eleven of the most powerful tribes of the northwestern Indians, which re-established the Indian boundary line through the present state of Ohio and extended it from Loramie to Fort Recovery, and from thence to the Ohio river, opposite the mouth of the Kentucky river. The rights and titles acquired by the Indian tribes under the foregoing treaties were extinguished by the general government by purchase or subse- 28 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. quent treaties. The Western Reserve tract west of the Cuyahoga river was secured by a treaty formed at Fort Industry, in 1805. The lands west of Richland and Huron counties and north of the boundary line to the western limits of Ohio were purchased in 1818. The last possession of the Delawares was purchased in 1829, and by a treaty made at Upper Sandusky, March 17, 1842, by Col. John Johnston and the Wyandot chiefs, the last remnant of the Indian tribes in Ohio sold the last acre of land they owned within the limits of the state to the general government, and retired the next year to the far West, settling at and near the mouth of the Kansas river. FIRST TERRITORIAL OFFICERS. In the month of October, 1787, Congress appointed Gen. Arthur St. Clair, governor; Maj. Winthrop Sargent, secretary, and James M. Varnum, Samuel H. Parsons and John Armstrong, judges of the territory ; the latter, however, declining, John Cleves was appointed in his place. July 9, 1788, Governor St. Clair arrived at Marietta and, finding the secretary and a majority of the judges present, proceeded to organize the territory. The Governor and judges were the sole legislative power during the existence of the first grade of territorial government. Such laws were in force as were in other states, and were such as applied to the people of the territory. THE SECOND TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT. The Ordinance of 1787 provided that after it should be ascertained that five thousand free male inhabitants actually resided within the territory the second grade of government could, of right, be established, which provided for a legislative council, and also an elective house of representatives, the two composing the law-making power of the territory, provided always that the governor's assent to their acts was had. He possessed the absolute veto power in each branch, and nothing could become a law without his sanction. The conditions that authorized the second grade of territorial government, however, did not exist until 1798, and it was not really put into operation until September, 1799, after the first grade of government had been in operation eleven years. EARLY TERRITORIAL LAWS. The first law was proclaimed July 25, 1788, and was entitled "An Act for Regulating and Establishing the Militia." Two days thereafter the Governor issued a proclamation establishing the county of Washington, WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 29 which included all the territory east of the Scioto river to which the Indian title had been extinguished, reaching northward to Lake Erie, the Ohio river and the Pennsylvania line being its eastern boundary; Marietta, the seat of the territorial government, also became the county seat of Washington county. Quite a number of laws were necessarily adopted and published during 1788 and the following year. From 1790 to 1795 they published sixty-four, forty-four of them being adopted at Cincinnati during the months of June, July and August of the year last named, by the Governor and Judges Symmes and Turner. They are known as the "Maxwell Code," from the name of the publisher, and were intended, says the author of Western Annals, "to form a pretty complete body of statutory provisions." In 1798 eleven more were adopted. It was the published opinion of Chief Justice Chase "that it may be doubted whether any colony, at so early a period after its first establishment, ever had so good a code of laws." Among them was that which provided that the common law of England, and all statutes in aid thereof made previous to the fourth year of James I, should be in full force within the territory. Probably four-fifths of the laws adopted were selected from those in force in Pennsylvania, and others were mainly taken from the statutes of Virginia and Massachusetts. ORGANIZATION OF EARLY COUNTIES. Washington county, embracing the eastern half of the present state of Ohio, was the only organized county of the Northwest Territory until early in 1790, when the Governor proclaimed Hamilton bounty, which embraced all the territory between the Big and Little Miami rivers, and extended north to the "Standing Stone Forks," on the first-named stream. Undoubtedly Wayne county was the third in order of organization. The Ordinance of 1787, referring to the territory "Northwest of the River Ohio," divided it into three divisions, the "-Western," the "Middle" and the "Eastern." Howe, in his "History of Ohio," says : "Wayne county was established by proclamation of Governor St. Clair, August 15, 1796, and was the third county formed in the Northwest Territory. Its original limits were very extensive, and were thus defined in the act creating it : 'Beginning at the mouth of the Cuyahoga river, upon Lake Erie, and with said river to the portage, between it and the Tuscarawas branch of the Muskingum ; thence down the said branch to the forks at the carrying place above Fort Laurens ; thence by a west line to the east boundary of Hamilton county (which is a due north 30 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. line from the lower Shawnees town upon the Scioto river) ; thence by a line west northerly to the southern part of the portage between the Miamis of the Ohio and the St. Mary's river ; thence by a line also west northerly to the southwestern part of the portage between the Wabash and the Miamis of Lake Erie, where Fort Wayne now stands ; thence by a line west northerly to the southern part of Lake Michigan ; thence along the western shores of the same to the northwest part thereof (including the lands upon the streams emptying into the said lake) ; thence by a due north line to the territorial boundary in Lake Superior, and with the said boundary through Lakes Huron, Sinclair and Erie to the mouth of Cuyahoga river, the place of beginning.' "These limits embrace what is now a part of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin and all of Michigan, and the towns of Ohio City, Chicago, Sault St. Mary's, Mackinaw, etc." The same is given in the "Hundred Year Book," issued by the state of Ohio in 1902. It will be observed that Hamilton was the second county organized in Ohio. There were situated within its limits, when organized, several flourishing villages that had their origin during the closing months of 1788 and early in 1789. Cincinnati was laid out in 1789, by Col. Robert Patterson, Mathias Denman and Israel Ludlow. Several not very successful attempts had also been made at various points between Cincinnati and the mouth of the Great Miami by Judge Symmes. The early settlers in Hamilton county were mostly from New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia and Kentucky. The Scioto valley was next to be settled, and chiefly by persons from Virginia and Kentucky. The early settlement along the shore of Lake Erie, during the closing years of the eighteenth century, had such representative men as Governor Samuel Huntington and Hon. Benjamin Tappan, and the good words that General Washington said of the New Englanders who settled at Marietta could with a slight modification apply to the pioneers of the aforesaid settlement. EARLY OHIO VILLAGES AND TOWNS. The following is a list of the principal villages and towns of the Northwest Territory, started and built up during territorial rule, with the time of surveying the first lots, also names of the proprietors : Marietta, laid out in 1788 b) Rufus Putnam and the Ohio Land Company. WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 31 Columbia, laid out in 1788 by Benjamin Stites, Major Gano and others. Cincinnati, laid out in 1789 by Robert Patterson, Mathias Denman and Israel Ludlow. Gallipolis, laid out in 1791 by the French settlers. Manchester, laid out in 1791 by Nathaniel Massie. Hamilton, laid out in 1794 by Israel Ludlow. Dayton, laid out in 1795 by Israel Ludlow and Generals Dayton and Wilkinson. Franklin, laid out in 1795 by William C. Schenck and Daniel C. Cooper. Chillicothe, laid out in 1796 by Nathaniel Massie. Cleveland, laid out in 1796 by Job V. Styles. Franklinton, laid out in 1797 by Lucas Sullivant. Steubenville, laid out in 1798 by Bazaleel Wells and James Ross. Williamsburg, laid out in 1799. Zanesville, laid out in 1799 by Jonathan Zane and John McIntire. New Lancaster, laid out in 1800 by Ebenezer Zane. Warren, laid out in 1801 by Ephraim Quinby. St. Clairsville, laid out in 180i by David Newell. Springfield, laid out in 1801 by James Demint. Newark, laid out in 1802 by William C. Schenck, G. W. Burnett and John N. Cummings. At the time the territorial government ended in Ohio, Cincinnati was the largest town within the territory and contained about one thousand population' It was incorporated in 1802. CHAPTER II. INDIAN TRIBES AND MILITARY CAMPAIGNS. From the time of the organization of the government of the Northwest Territory, in 1788, until the ratification of the treaty of Greenville, in 1795, the attitude of many of the Indian tribes towards the white settlers was that of extreme and unrelenting hostility. The military organizations which had marched against them, before the establishment of civil government in the great Northwest, had signally failed to subjugate them or secure a permanent cessation of hostilities. The disastrous expedition of General Braddock in 1755, of Major Wilkins in 1763, of Colonel Bradstreet in 1764, of Colonel Lochry in 1781 and of Colonel Crawford in 1782, and the disgraceful and murderous expedition against the Moravian Indians on the Tuscarawas, the last named year, only tended to inflame the hostile Indians and inspire them with greater courage in their hostile movements and aggressive measures against the white settlers. The fruitless, if not abortive, campaigns of Colonel McDonald in 1774, of General McIntosh in 1778 and of General Broadhead in 1781, of course led to no salutary results. Even the successful campaigns of Colonel Boquet in 1763-4, of Lord Dunmore and General Lewis in 1774, and of George Rogers Clark in 1788, failed to secure peace with the western tribes. The inhabitants of the Northwest Territory were therefore, from the 7th of April, 1788, when the first immigrants arrived at the mouth of the Muskingum, until the treaty of Greenville was concluded in August, 1795, constantly liable to the stealthy but deadly attacks of the perfidious, merciless savages of the Northwest. But they met their deadly, cruel, relentless foes in the spirit of genuine manhood —of true, determined, unflinching heroism. They were men worthy of the heroic age of the West. Bravely did they bear themselves during those seven years of toil and privations, of dread and apprehension, of suffering and sorrow, of blood and carnage. To secure the speedy termination of these savage atrocities the national government early organized a number of military expeditions, the first of which being that of General Harmar, in 1790, who was then commander- WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 33 in-chief of the military department of the West. He had a few hundred regular troops under his command, stationed chiefly at Fort Harmar and Fort Washington, which served as the nucleus of his army. The great body of his troops, however, numbering about fourteen hundred, were Pennsylvania and Kentucky volunteers, the former being under the immediate command of Col. John Hardin and the latter of Colonel Trotter. The expedition left Fort Washington and marched to the junction of the St. Joseph and St. Mary rivers (now Fort Wayne, Indiana), where detachments of the army, under command of Colonel Hardin, on the 19th and 22d of October, encountered the enemy and suffered mortifying defeats. Of course, the campaign failed to give peace or relief from apprehended barbarities. The next year General St. Clair, the Governor of the territory, who had had a Revolutionary record of patriotism and ability, organized an sole purpose of this military movement was to destroy the common enemies expedition, whose strength exceeded somewhat that of General Harmar's. It met with a most disastrous defeat, November 4, 1791, near the headwaters of the Wabash, now in Mercer county, Ohio, the battlefield now being known as Fort Recovery. Of fifteen hundred men in the battle, more than half of them were either killed or wounded, and it was indeed a great calamity to the disheartened and greatly harassed pioneers of the Northwest Territory. Immediately upon the defeat of General St. Clair, the federal government took the preliminary steps to raise a large army to operate against the hostile tribes for the purpose of finally and permanently subjugating them. Military preparations, however, progressed slowly, and the summer of 1794 had nearly passed before the confederated hostile Indians were met in battle array by General Wayne's army. The battle was fought at the Maumee rapids at Fort Meigs, in Wood county, Ohio. The same is known as the battle of Falling Timbers, though sometimes called battle of the Maumee. Wayne's army numbered about three thousand men, well disciplined and ably officered, sixteen hundred of whom were mounted volunteer troops from Kentucky, commanded by Gen. Charles Scott, of said state, who was the second ranking officer of the army. The choice, however, fell upon Gen. Anthony Wayne, the old comrade-in-arms of the President, and to him is justly ascribed the honor of defeating the Indians commanded by the celebrated chief, Blue Jacket, on the Maumee, August 20, 1794, and of permanently breaking the power of a very formidable Indian confederacy. Cessation of hostilities followed the victory and a peace was secured which (3) 34 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. the general government had vainly sought by friendly negotiations—a peace that continued for many years, even until after the Northwest Territory had ceased to be and the important incidents and events connected therewith had passed into history. SECOND GRADE OF TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT. The Territory of the Northwest having reached a position where it contained five thousand free male inhabitants, on the 29th of October, 1798, preliminary steps were taken to cause it to take on its second grade in governmental affairs, by proclaiming a call for an election of territorial representatives, the same to be held the third Monday in December, 1798. The representatives from Wayne county were Solomon Sibley, Jacob Visgar and Charles F. Chabert. These, with nineteen other representatives, met at Cincinnati January 22, 1799, and nominated ten men, whose names they forwarded to the United States Congress, five of whom were to be selected by that body to constitute the Legislative Council of the territory. They then adjourned, to meet September 16, 1799. March 22, 1799, either Congress or the President (it is not known which) chose from among the names already mentioned, including those from Wayne county, the following gentlemen to compose the first Legislative Council of the Northwest Territory, their term of office to continue for five years, any three of whom to form a quorum : Jacob Burnet, of Cincinnati, Hamilton county ; Henry Vanderburg, of Vincennes, Knox county ; Robert Oliver, of Marietta, Washington county ; James Findley, of Cincinnati, Hamilton county; David Vance, of Vanceville, Jefferson county. The Ordinance of 1787 named Congress as the authority in whom was vested the right to select five from the list of ten persons to constitute the Territorial Council. But it will be borne in mind that said ordinance was passed by a Congress that legislated in pursuance of the articles of confederation, while yet we had neither President nor United States senators, hence authority was given to Congress to make a selection. But it is highly probable that the aforesaid authority was later transferred to the President, or to the senate, or to them jointly. FIRST COUNCIL AND HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. Both the Council and the House of Representatives met at Cincinnati, September 16, 1799, and effected a permanent organization. The president of the Council was Henry Vanderburg; the secretary was William C. WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 35 Schneck ; doorkeeper, George Howars, and sergeant-at-arms, Abraham Cary. The officers of the first House of Representatives were : Speaker of the House, Edwin Tiffin ; clerk, John Riley ; doorkeeper, Joshua Rowland ; sergeant-at-arms, Abraham Cary. Thirty bills were passed at the first session of the Territorial Legislature, but the Governor vetoed eleven of them. They also elected William Henry Harrison, then secretary of the territory, a delegate to Congress, by a vote of eleven to ten that were cast for Arthur St. Clair, Jr., a son of General and Governor St. Clair. The first session of the Territorial Legislature was prolonged until November, 180o, at which time they reassembled at Chillicothe, which place had been made the seat of the territorial government. The second session only lasted about one month. On May 9, 1800, Congress passed an act establishing Indiana Territory, with boundary including the present states of Indiana and Illinois, and William Henry Harrison having accepted the office of governor of that territory, it devolved upon the Territorial Legislature, at its second session, not only to elect a delegate to fill the vacancy occasioned by his resignation, but also to elect a delegate to serve during the succeeding Congress. William McMillan, of Cincinnati, was elected to fill the vacancy, and Paul Fearing, of Marietta, was elected to serve from} March 4, 1801, to March 4, 1803. They were both reputed to be men of superior ability. By the organization of Indiana Territory, the counties of St. Clair, Knox and Randolph were taken out of the jurisdiction of the Northwest Territory, and with them, of course, Henry Vanderburg, of Knox county, president of the Council; also Shadrack Bond, of St. Clair county; John Small, of Knox county, and John Edgar, of Randolph county, members of the popular Legislature. November 23, 1801, the third session of the Territorial Legislature was commenced at Chillicothe, pursuant to adjournment. The time for which the members of the House of Representatives were elected having expired, and an election having been held, quite a number of new members appeared. The Council remained nearly as it was at the previous session, there being but two changes, that of Solompn Sibley, of Detroit, Wayne county, who took the place of Henry Vanderburg, thrown into the new territory ; Robert Oliver, of Marietta, was chosen president of the Council. Wayne county, as then constituted, was represented in the third session by Francois Joncaire Chabert, George McDonald and Jonathan Schieffelin. This was the last session of the Territorial Legislature of the Northwest 36 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. Territory, with Ohio as a part, because Congress, on April 30, 1802, passed an act "to enable the people of the eastern division of the territory northwest of the Ohio river to form a constitution and state government, and for the admission of such state into the Union on an equal footing with the original states, and for other purposes." Members of the constitutional convention for Ohio met at Chillicothe, November I, 1802, to perform the duty assigned them. The territorial government was ended by the organization of the state government, March 3, 1803, when the history of the state of Ohio commenced in fact. MILITARY CAMPAIGNS IN WAYNE COUNTY. In the late Ben Douglas's history of Wayne county, issued in 1878, the description of the various campaigns of a military nature that have taken place on and near Wayne county soil has been so fairly and correctly treated from a true historical standpoint that it has been thought wise to incorporate much of the chapter in this work, as Mr. Douglas was selected as one of the writers, furnished some of the material for this work and died before the work was completed. Crawford's expedition was under direction of the United States government, and not under the black flag, as has sometimes been stated. The of the frontier, but not, as has sometimes been supposed, to destroy the Indian tribes who were innocent of any crime. Mr. Butterfield, in his "Crawford's Campaign Against Sandusky," cleared up many of the hitherto mysteries touching this much-talked-of campaign. As a matter of history, startling and interesting to us all, and to expel uncertainty concerning the occupancy of Wayne county by soldiery prior to and during the early settlement of it, this brief chapter is introduced. It will be necessary to summarize, as this section was not the theater of any signal exploits, but simply on the line of transit to the subsequent tragic field. Researches along this line were instigated in a measure by the fact that in the minds of many people they have been associated with the war of 1812. In this search for material there have been frequently pointed out a score of exact spots where Crawford encamped, the precise place where he crossed Killbuck, the Indian trail that he followed, or the road that he had cut through the woods, etc. All of which opinions are honestly entertained, but altogether incorrect. Heckwelder, Doddridge and dozens of others have denounced and defamed the organization as bandits, a troop of WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 37 murderers, intent on slaughtering the rest of the Christian Indians, and repeating the massacre of Gnadenhutten, with which the brave Williamson was identified. To place Crawford and the purpose of his campaign fairly before the public, it is only necessary to allude to the instructions of Gen. William Irvine, commander of the western department, located at Fort Pitt, addressed to the officer that might be appointed to command the expedition against the Indian town, or in proximity to Sandusky: "The object of your command is to destroy with fire and sword (if practicable) the Indian town and settlement at Sandusky, by which we hope to give ease and safety to the inhabitants of this country; but if impracticable, then you will doubtless perform such other services in your power as will, in their consequences, have a tendency to answer this great end. * * * "And it is indispensably necessary that subordination and discipline should be kept. The whole ought to understand that, notwithstanding- they are volunteers, yet by this tour they are to get credit for it in their tours of military duties; and that for this and other good reasons they must, while out on this duty, consider themselves to all intents subject to military laws and regulations for the government of the militia when in active service. You must always have in view laws of arms, of nations, or independent states." The volunteers constituting the force, numbering about four hundred and eighty men, were principally Pennsylvanians, in the vigor and bloom of their active life. Butterfield asserts that two-thirds of them were from Washington county, Pennsylvania. In a manuscript letter, written November To, 1799, General Irvine says : "The troops were volunteer militia, part Pennsylvanians and part Virginians, and a few continental officers whom. I sent." By the 25th of May, 1782, the river had been crossed and the men mustered at the old Mingo towns west of the Ohio. Immediately an election was had for officers, William Crawford being chosen colonel, by five of a majority, over David Williamson, his competitor, who had many persistent friends. The dauntless commander of the ill-starred expedition was of Scotch-Irish parentage, but a native of Orange county, Virginia, where he was born in 1732. He was a companion and associate of Washington, with whom he had acquired ,a knowledge of land surveying. He was commissioned an ensign when twenty-three years old, in 1755, by the governor of Virginia. Subsequently he served under General. Forbes, and in January, 1776, as a lieutenant-colonel, he joined the Revolutionary army. He crossed the Dela- 38 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. ware with Washington Christmas day and rejoiced with him in Trenton over victory the following day. He was retired in October, 1781. But soon a scheme was discussed, in view of the threatening aspect of the border and Indian troubles, especially the tribes in the vicinity of Sandusky. Against his fixed determination to remain in private life were arrayed the public exigency, his powerful impulse of patriotism, and the warm friendship he had for General Irvine. With severe reluctance he accepted the command to which he had been elected May 24, 1782. So it was that the sunlight of the following morning found William Crawford, then fifty years of age, at the head of an army of four columns marching from Mingo Bottom for Sandusky, its objective point, a distance of one hundred and fifty miles. Here the description of Mr. Butterfield concerning the movement of this campaign will be given in his own language, as follows : "The route lay through what is now the counties of Jefferson, Harrison, Tuscarawas, Holmes, Ashland, Richland and Crawford, nearly to the center of Wyandot county, Ohio. A direct course would have led near the present towns of New Philadelphia, Millersburg, Loudonville and Galion, but, as will hereafter be seen, this straight line was not followed. The whole distance, except about thirty miles at the end of the route, was through an unbroken forest. "The principal impediments to a rapid march were the hills, swamps and tangled growth of forests. The Muskingum, Killbuck, forks of the Mohican and Sandusky were the streams to be crossed, all of which, at this season of the year, and especially in the spring of 1782, were not fordable without difficulty. As the cavalcade moved up over the bluff, an almost due west course was taken, striking at once into the wilderness, now deepening and darkening around it. The army progressed rapidly at first, moving along the north side of Cross creek, which had already received the name it still bears. After leaving what is now Steubenville township, it passed through the present township of Crosscreek, and Wayne, to the western boundary of Jefferson county, as at present defined, crossing into what is now Harrison county, in German township: thence across the summit to the spot where the town of Jefferson now stands. From this point a straight course would have led them, at no great distance, into what is now Carroll county. But their horses had tired under their heavy loads in the hills and swamps. This obliged them to incline to the southward, toward the wasted Moravian towns, into a more level country, though more frequented by hunters and warriors. This alternative was accepted by Crawford with great reluctance, as his policy was to avoid trails and the region infested by the enemy, WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. - 39 relying for success, as already stated, upon effecting a surprise. Otherwise he would have followed Williamson's trail from Mingo Bottom to the Muskingum, which led along a considerable distance south, near where Smiths-field, in Jefferson, and Cadiz, in Harrison counties, now stand, through a region not so difficult to be traversed, but on the line of the Indian traces between the Ohio and Muskingum rivers." From the moment of starting, every precaution was taken against surprises, or ambuscades, and this too although, as yet, not an Indian had been seen. The wily nature of the savage was too well understood by the commander of the expedition to allow of any confidence of security because no foe had been discovered. Nothing worthy of note transpired until Monday night, the 27th, while at their third encampment. Here a few of the men lost their horses, and as their continuing with the army, unable as they were to carry little besides their arms, would only prove a source of embarrassment, they reluctantly, therefore, retraced their steps to Mingo Bottom. Sixty miles had been made in four days' march, when the fourth encampment was made upon the charred remains of New Schonbrunn. "During the evening," continues the same author, "Major Brinton and Captain Bean went some distance from camp to reconnoiter. When but a quarter of a mile away they espied two savages, upon whom they immediately fired, but without effect. These were the first hostile shots fired at the foe. It was supposed by Crawford that the army had not before been discovered by the enemy. Fallacious belief ! Secrecy now being out of the question, as the two Indians had made their escape, it only remained for Crawford to press forward, with all possible dispatch, to afford the enemy as little time as possible for defensive preparations. The march was therefore continued on the morning of the 29th, rapidly, but with greater precaution than had previously been observed. The guides, taking a northwest course through the wilderness from the Muskingum, brought the army to the Killbuck, some distance above the present town of Millersburg, the county seat of Holmes county. Thence they marched to the Killbuck. At a short distance the army reached a large spring, later known as Butler's or Jones' spring, near the line' of Wayne county, ten miles south of Wooster, where, on the evening of May 30th, the volunteers encamped. At this spring one of the men died and was buried, his name being cut on the bark of a tree close by his grave. "Froth this point the army moved westward along the north side of what is known as Odell's lake, passing between two small lakes, where they found the heads of two large fish, freshly caught, lying on the ground, which awakened suspicion that Indians were near. Thence they passed the spot 40 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. where afterward was founded the village of Greentown, in Ashland county, as now known. From this point they struck across to the Rocky Fork of the Mohican, up which stream they traveled until a spring was reached, near where the city of Mansfield now stands, in Richland county thence a little north of west, to a fine spring five miles farther up in what is known as Spring Mills, on the line of the present Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago railroad, eight miles east of the town of Crestline, in Crawford county. The army halted and pitched camp there for the night. "It forcibly pressed forward into what is now Crawford county, to a point on the Sandusky river a short distance west of Crestline, where a brief halt was made and enjoyed. Although on the enemy's threshold, being then but twenty-five miles from the contemplated point, there was not visible the face of a solitary red devil. Their march was vigorously conducted, leaving Bucyrus about three miles to the north, when a rest was made near the present village of Wyandot. After extraordinary caution and the most circumspect care, on the morning of the 4th of June the expedition—then but ten miles from its destination—opened march. This was executed with considerable celerity, and the Wyandot town was soon in possession of Crawford and his men. But the artful and wary Copper Cheeks were not there! The cunning of the wily savages was demonstrated and the surprise strategy forestalled and outwitted! "The abandoned Indian village was occupied but a few brief hours by the somewhat disappointed but indomitable commandant and his troops. He resolved upon pursuit, which was commenced. But before much progress in this respect had been made, and for prudential and grave reasons, he checked his advance and convened his subordinates for purposes of consultation. The substance of their deliberations was to not much longer continue in the pursuit, as the absence of the Indian force on the plain lands induced the sober conjecture that they were concentrating their hordes for bloody and stubborn opposition. For such is the antithesis of the Indian character, such its fecundity of plot and design, such its fertility in original conception, that to circumvent it is no easy task—and with this vast central fact was Crawford familiar. As a consequence a body of light horse was utilized as scouts. Their reconnoiterings soon developed the locality and position of the tawny warriors, of which fact Crawford was immediately apprized. The advance of the savages was slow but determined. Crawford prepared for battle and ordered a forward movement. Sharp volleys from his ranks soon caused them to withdraw from a grove which they had selected, a most favorable position. Captain Pipe, or The Pipe, commanded WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. - 41 the Delawares, the van of the assailants, and with him were Girty and Wingenund. Soon the Delawares were reinforced by the Wyandots, the whole force being under the command of the infamous Elliott, a white demon, who ordered a flank movement, which for a while tasted mightily- like disaster to the brave boys who mustered on Mingo Bottom. But the American position, in spite of the craft of the enemy, was valorously maintained. From four o'clock, when the gauntlet of the battle was accepted, until the shadows of the night were descending the conflict was carried on, and very frequently with ambiguous success to our arms. However, as night approached, the firing perceptibly diminished and by daybreak it had substantially subsided. "The victory was clearly with the Americans, and although Crawford was left in full possession of the battlefield, yet the Indians were far from being dispirited. They well knew that reinforcements were hastening to their relief—that these would certainly reach them on the morrow. "The next day, June 5th. irregular and random interchanges of musketry' were indulged in without serious 'hurt or inconvenience' to either side. Meanwhile plans had been consummated for a desperate and decisive assault. " 'Alas! how hope is born to expire.' "This project was dashed in its inception, crushed in embryo. Mounted Assyrians from a British camp made their appearance in the interests of the barbaric wretches whom they were inciting to cruelty and revenge. Here was an element of resistance on which Crawford had not calculated, and which had not excited the remotest suspicion. That night a council of war resolved that prudence dictated retreat, and when orders were issued to that effect, the same took place at 9 P. M. Suspecting a retreat and general backward movement, the Indians began a sharp fire, which produced some temporary confusion and consternation, but which was unaccompanied with any stirring results. This was but a slight impediment to the retreat, as it was soon undertaken, with Crawford in the front. The Delawares and Shawnees interposed prompt and stout resistance. Flank and rear of the army were sorely harassed. A portion of it had become considerably demoralized. For the first time it was now discovered that Colonel Crawford was missing, as was also Doctor Knight, the surgeon of the command. "David Williamson, on whom devolved the control of the force, displayed great activity' and zeal in restoring order and dispelling confusion. Nor was the jewel of good luck to be awarded him either, for, on the 6th of the month, he was 'brought up standing' by his persistent pursuers. Yet he delivered heroic battle, and although attacked on the front, left flank and 42 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. rear, his assailants soon inclined to withdraw. As the retreat continued, at intervals the enemy would pour a destructive fire into our ranks, but through the chivalrous efforts of Williamson and Lieutenant Rose any rout or stampede was avoided. "After the final shots were exchanged the boys who had escaped the torment and the tormentors were permitted to return to the Ohio as best they could through the wilderness, without any serious molestation or fear." Of this ill-turned military campaign it is useless to write further, than to describe as best we can from the writings of others the harrowing catastrophe which befell the bold and gallant leader, Crawford. THE BURNING OF COLONEL CRAWFORD. Col. William Crawford's capture and cruel death by burning paints one of the darkest pictures in the great Indian warfare of this country. His capture resulted from the confusion incident to the retreat and the solicitude he had for his son John, his son-in-law and nephew, from whom he had become separated. He was ambuscaded by a gang of Delawares about twenty-eight miles east of the battlefield, and borne to an Indian camp where, besides the Colonel and Dr. Knight, were nine other prisoners. On the loth of June the prisoners were marched to Sandusky, over thirty miles distant, accompanied by seventeen Delawares, who carried the scalps of four white men. The next day, The Pipe and Wingenund visited them, The Pipe paint- ing the faces of all theprisoners black. They were then marched to Wyandot, a distance of eight miles, and thence to Tymochtee creek, where it was distressingly evident that their doom was sealed. Here an Indian took possession of Knight, who was to escort him to the Shawnees' towns, distant, as the Indian said, forty miles. The Doctor became somewhat sociable with his red companion, and, as it was the 12th of June, the mosquitoes were rather bothersome, so they concluded to build a fire to banish the little tormentors. The Doctor, in poking up the fire, managed to secure a good dogwood club and, vigilant of an opportunity, delivered a staggering blow upon the head of his custodian, precipitating him to the ground. Recovering from the blow, the Indian sprang to his feet and scampered away, yelling in true Indian fashion. This was Knight's moment of escape, and gloriously did he embrace it. Narrow indeed was his escape from the fagot and the tormentor's flame! Doctor Knight, after passing through Wayne county, reached Fort Pitt July 4th, just twenty-one days after his escape. WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 43 But no such story is to be recorded concerning poor Colonel Crawford. Butterfield describes the inhuman burning of Crawford in these graphic words : "Crawford was stripped naked and ordered to sit down. The Indians now beat him with sticks and their fists. The fatal stake—a post about fifteen feet high—had been set firmly in the ground. Crawford's hands were bound behind his back, and a rope fastened, one end to the foot of the post and the other to the ligature between his wrists. The rope was long enough for him to sit down or walk around the post once or twice, and return the same way. Crawford then called to Girty and asked if they intended to burn him. Girtv answered 'Yes.' He then replied he would take it all patiently. Upon this Captain Pipe made a speech to the Indians, who, at its conclusion, yelled a hideous and hearty assent to what had been said. "The spot where Crawford was now to be immolated to satisfy the revengeful thirst of the Delawares for the blood of the borderers, was in what is now Crawford township. Wyandot county—a short distance northeast from the present town of Crawfordsville. "About four o'clock in the afternoon, on Tuesday, June 11, 1782, the awful torture began. The Indian men took up their guns and shot powder into Crawford's naked body, from his feet as far up as his neck. It was the opinion of Knight that not less than seventy loads were discharged upon him! They then crowded about him and, to the best of Knight's observation, cut off both of his ears, for when the throng dispersed, he saw blood running from both sides of his head. "The fire was about seven yards from the post to which Crawford was tied. It was made of small hickory poles, burnt quite through in the middle, each end of the pole remaining about six feet in length. Three or four Indians, by turns, would take up, individually, one of these burning pieces of wood and apply it to his naked body, already burnt black with powder.  "These tormentors presented themselves on every side of him, so that whichever way he ran around the post, they met him with the burning fagots. Some of the squaws took broad hoards, upon which they carried a quantity of burning coals and hot embers, and threw the same on him, so that in a short time he had nothing but coals of fire and hot ashes to walk on. "In the midst of these extreme tortures, Crawford called to Girty and begged of him to shoot him. Girty, by way of derision, told him he had no gun. Crawford, at this period of his suffering, besought Almighty God to 44 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. have mercy on his soul, spoke very low, and bore his torments with the most manly fortitude. He continued in all the extremities of pain for an hour and three-quarters or two hours longer, as near as Knight could judge, when at last, being almost spent, he lay down upon his stomach. "The savages then scalped him, and repeatedly threw the scalp into the face of Knight, telling him that was his great captain. An old squaw whose appearance, thought Knight, every way answered the ideas people entertain of the devil, got a board, took a parcel of coals and ashes and laid them upon his feet and began to walk around the post. She next put burning sticks to him, but he seemed more insensible of pain than before. Knight was now taken away from the dreadful scene. "Tradition is that Crawford's life went out with the setting of the sun. "The next morning in passing the spot, Knight witnessed the bones of his old comrade and commander lying among the debris of the wasted flames of the day before. "Who that admires valor in the human breast can fail to appreciate, aye even love, the God-like fortitude of this man. To be shot in battle, to be stabbed to the heart by an assassin, would be a glorious release from the bondage of a life compared with the damnable and diabolical process of dispossessing the startled soul of its raiment of flesh.- While it is true that the Indians did not follow the retreating army as a body farther than the eastern line of Crawford county, some of the stragglers were pursued much farther. A party of six was overtaken in Wayne county by some Shawnee scouts, and two of them murdered. Their names are not now known. The story of Philip Smith, who was shot in his arm and who became separated from the command, is one of unusual interest. He was but a young man, a native of Pennsylvania, born in 1761. He was likewise a pioneer of Ohio, and came to Wayne county in 1811. He was the father of Nathan W. Smith, of Wooster township. Isaac Newkirk, of Washington county, Pennsylvania, grandfather of John W. Newkirk, of Clinton township, and Narcissa L., wife of Benjamin Douglas (recently deceased), was a volunteer in this expedition, and it is believed that it was he who discovered, during their encampment there, near Odell's lake, the widely known Newkirk spring. He was so delighted with it and the beautiful surrounding prairies and wooded uplands, that he subsequently entered a section of these lands. WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 45 The above account of the famous Crawford campaign has been largely quoted from the extracts and radical historical points, as given in Butter-field's and Ben Douglas's account of it, and will no doubt ever be considered the true statement of fact as to the points visited and the movements made by this little pioneer army who sought to defend the frontier settlers as against the cruel Indian tribes. BEAL'S CAMPAIGN- 1812. What was and is still referred to as "Beall's army," consisted of a regiment of raw, undisciplined Ohio militia, with, perhaps, an ingredient of similar material from some of the western counties of Pennsylvania. But little can be obtained from the government archives or state papers concerning this campaign—indeed Ben Douglas almost gave the task up as useless. However, to his labors are we indebted for the knowledge we do possess, and which is here imparted to the reader. Prior to the war of 1812 General Beall, who had served in the regular army and who had removed to Columbiana county, Ohio, in 1803, was made colonel of the militia of said county, and subsequently a brigadier-general. After the surrender of Hull, August 16, 1812, a terrible consternation seized upon the whole community, whereupon a detachment of the militia was organized under Beall and turned in the direction of the western frontier. He marched his detachment to Canton, Stark county, Ohio, where additions were made to it from Stark and Jefferson counties, etc., enlarging its rank and file to the dimensions of a full regiment. No time was lost in organizing the new militia companies, when a regular frontier campaign was inaugurated. Reaching the Wayne county line, they passed through Sugarcreek township and Paint township, thence on to Wooster where they made a brief encampment ; thence to the northwest, crossing the Big Killbuck a few rods north of the old salt works, on the line of the Indian trail ; thence west and south to the farms of John A. Lawrence, Esq., and Joshua Warner, Sr., about two miles west of Wooster ; thence due west, near the line of the state road, passing through or near the present site of Jefferson and Reedsburg, in Plain township; thence on to Jeromeville, and going to the north of Hayesville, Ashland county ; thence to the Huron, Sandusky and Fort Meigs. Throughout this march General Beall accompanied the army to Camp Huron, where he joined the troops of the Western Reserve, under Gen. Elijah Wadsworth and Gen. Simon Perkins. Here they were personally visited by the 46 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. commander-in-chief, Gen. William Henry Harrison, who organized all the troops into a single brigade, devolving the command upon General Perkins. From this point General Beall returned home. A detachment of three hundred men, under Major Cotgreve, were at one time ordered to the relief of General Winchester, but, hearing of the disaster that had befallen that officer, they retreated to the Rapids where General Harrison was stationed, and who retired to Carrying river, for the purpose of forming a junction with the troops in the rear and favoring the convoy of artillery and stores then coming from Upper Sandusky. What proportion of the army of General Beall was at the siege of Fort Meigs is not now known, but possibly all of them. His army was an eager, patriotic band, composed largely of farmers and their sons, though their march was seemingly an irregular one and at times widely scattered and without the order of military discipline, but their patriotism was none the less genuine. As far as Camp Huron it presented but few obstacles, and was characterized by sudden alarms, scouts, scares and skirmishes. Beyond that, its part in the drama is only seen by dim lights and almost disappears in the excitement of the actors in the heavier scenes. There can be no doubt that the transit of this army through- the country was a source of terror to the Indians, and that its very presence was a great protection to the early settlers against their murderous invasions. Thomas Eagle, who settled in Mohican township, then Wayne, but now in Ashland county, in May, 1809, piloted Beall's army from Wooster to Jeromeville and on farther west, and it was by the direction of this officer that the old fort at Jeromeville was built. He also took the Jerometown Indians prisoners, and Baptiste Jerome's wife and daughter, who shortly after died, an act for which the General was criticized. General Beall, during the earlier stages of the war, caused the arrest of Jerome on the grounds of disloyalty and had him incarcerated in Fort Stidger for a short period. BATTLE OF THE COW PENS. The following concerning the battle of the Cow Pens is the account given in Knapp's History of Ashland County, and also verified by others : "In the summer of 1812 General Beall passed through Ashland county with the army, composed mostly of the militia and mounted volunteers, on their way to Fort Meigs. They encamped for two weeks upon what is now known as the Griffin farm, about one mile and a half northeast of the present WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 47 village of Haysville. While there one dark night, when it was raining, when the army was wrapped in slumber and not dreaming of war, when nothing was heard but the patter of the rain and the sentinel's cry 'All is well,' there came, borne upon the damp night air, the sharp, shrill' crack of a rifle. The sentinels rushed in and reported the enemy upon them. The drums beat to arms, horses neighed, bugles sounded. The ground trembled with the dull thud of squadrons tramping. The order was given to `Fire,' and never before or since was such a noise and din heard in Vermillion as there was on that eventful night. The cavalry charged in the direction of the supposed enemy, but, finding no person or thing, they returned from the charge and reported that the foe had retreated; but when the first gray of morning appeared, the outposts discovered that they had been firing upon a herd of cattle belonging to the settlers, which had been roaming through the woods, and had slaughtered seventeen. This was afterward known among the soldiers as 'The battle of the Cow Pens,' and was the only engagement in which many of them were employed, although others gave vent to the patriotism that filled their bosoms and yielded up their lives upon the bloody ramparts of Fort Meigs." LATEST TRIBES OF WAYNE COUNTY INDIANS. Fortunate indeed it was that the early settlers did not have to fight and defend themselves against the savage Indians as did the pioneers in other sections of Ohio and farther west, especially in Indiana, where the Prophet and his brother, old Tecumseh, made long and bloody war upon the whites. But little Indian blood was shed by the early settlers among the few skirmishes that occasionally took place. The Delawares, Wyandots, Shawnees, etc., were among the most numerous and the last tribes of the red race to roam over Wayne county soil, as they gave a last farewell look upon this fertile and goodly domain and receded to the far-off West. THE DELAWARES. According to Heckwelder, the Moravian, the Delawares, from .a tradition of their tribe, possessed the western portion of this continent,—the Lenni Lenape supposed to be residing there,—but in the distant and receding ages they traveled eastward to the Mississippi, where they encountered the warlike Iroquois, with whom they formed a league against other tribes. 48 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. Successful in their achievements, they arrogated to themselves all the territory east of the Mississippi, whereupon a division was made, in which the Delawares extended themselves to the Potomac, Susquehanna, Hudson and Delaware rivers. In 1650 the Five Nations subjugated them and they were again reduced to vassalage by their old confederates, the Iroquois. A westward movement was afterwards made by the larger portion of them, when they recrossed the Alleghany mountains and finally, about 1768, made their chief settlements in Ohio. In the Revolutionary struggle with England these Indians stood with Great Britain. They grew riotous over the defeat of St. Clair and danced and yelled and got drunker than King Bacchus himself. In 1795 the United States obtained possession of their lands on the Muskingum and they were removed to the Wabash valley in Indiana, where they remained until 1819, when they went toward the setting sun. Some of the branch tribes did not follow the main tribe, however, but for a time remained in the East, hovering around Pittsburg, but ultimately journeyed West. The Wolf tribe was one of the branches of which Captain Pipe was a notable chief, and who experienced much savage, delirious joy in the roasting of Colonel Crawford, mentioned elsewhere in this chapter. Of this tribe and quality were the Delawares, who roamed over Wayne county at an early day and were here when the whites first came in. THE WYANDOTS. These Indians were a fragmentary tribe from out the Tobacco nation of the great Hurons. Judge Jeffries is authority for the following concerning these people. "In the dispersion of the Hurons, after halting for a time at Michillimackinac, being there attacked by the Iroquois, they removed to the islands at the mouth of Green bay, where they fortified on the main land. Here they were pursued by the Iroquois and for safety went southward to the domains of the Illinois, from thence westward to the Mississippi and country of the Sioux, where their stay was very short, as the Sioux soon drove them beyond their lines. Their next place of residence was at the southern extremity of Lake Superior, which country they abandoned in 1671 and emigrated to Michillimackinac. They did not remain upon this land, but located in the northern part of Michigan, and later many of the tribe settled near Detroit and on the Sandusky river in Ohio. There they went by the name of the Wyandots. They wielded great influence over the neighboring tribes. Tra- WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 49 dition traces them back no farther than the landing of the French at Quebec in 1535. They were many years neighbors and friendly with the Senecas, and left their ancient lands and took up a residence near Green bay. After the French had supplied the Senecas with guns, powder and lead, they made another attack upon the Hurons at Green bay and at first were entirely successful, but by the strategem of the Hurons all the Senecas were cut off, not one of the war party remaining alive to tell the sad tale of blood. "The Wyandots thereafter, also being furnished with arms and munitions of war resolved to return to their own country in the vicinity of Detroit. On the way thither they encountered the Senecas on the lake, in the vicinity of Long Point, where a desperate battle was fought upon the water, in which the Wyandots were victors. Not a single Seneca escaped and the Wyandots' loss was very heavy. This was the last battle between the Wyandots and Senecas. The former took an active part on behalf of the French in the war which resulted in the reduction of Canada by the English, and were a potent power against the English in Pontiac's war. "By the timely treaty of September 29, 1817, between the Wyandots and the federal government there was granted to the former a body of land twelve miles square, the center of which was the fort, now the site of Upper Sandusky, the county seat of Wyandot county, Ohio. Also, at the same time, was granted them a tract of a mile square on Broken Sword creek. They occupied these lands until July, 1843, when they emigrated to their present place of residence west of the Mississippi river, having disposed of their lands by treaty in 1842. At the time of their emigration they numbered about seven hundred." THE SHAWNEES. The Shawnees were called the Bedouins of the American wilderness, and were a savage, bloodthirsty and warlike tribe. Their blood leaped with the hot blood of the South, whence they came. From Georgia they were driven to Kentucky by other and more peaceful tribes, and from Kentucky they came North, some of their number settling in Chillicothe, on the Scioto river, while others centered near Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. Their territory extended from Sandusky and westward toward the great Miami. They were ever at war. The great war chief, Tecumseh, was of this tribe, as was also his brother, the great Indian Prophet, who fought the famous battle of Tippecanoe, in Indiana, November 7, 1811, against General Harrison. Taylor in his "History of Ohio," says, "For forty years the Shawnees were in almost perpetual warfare with America, either as British colonies or (4)