300 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. November 4, 1873, is a son of Rev. S. C. Hubbell, long a resident of Wooster while a retired minister of the United Presbyterian church. Hervey H. is a graduate of the Wooster high school, class of 1891, and a graduate of the University of Wooster, class of 1895 ; was admitted to the bar in June, 1897. Silas N. Coe was born in Sugar Creek township, Wayne county, Ohio, in June, 1837. His father was a farmer and mill owner, and he remained in. his service until the death of the father in 1854. He served for some time as a private in the Sixteenth Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry, enlisting in 1861, and was ranked as sergeant-major. He was admitted to the bar in 1874, and opened an office in Orrville. He served as United States commissioner. He was married February 14, 1877, to Ellen Steele. Aquila Wiley was born in Cumberland county, Pennsylvania. . His father, William Wiley, was a farmer. In 1852 he came to Wayne county, Ohio, with his father, who purchased land and settled a short distance northeast of Reedsburg. Although quite a young man, his education was sufficient to qualify him for the duties of teaching, and for several years he successfully engaged in this vocation. He read law in Wooster, and was admitted to the Ohio bar in June, 1857. He was married May 19, 1876, to Emma, daughter of Hon. Neal Power, a former dry goods merchant of Wooster. Mr: Wiley entered the Union army in 1861, and by a series of promotions .became brigadier-general in 1865. He was prominent in politics, was elected probate judge of Wayne county in 1876, elected to Ohio Legislature in 1897. James E. Snyder was born near Burbank, Congress township, Wayne county, January 14, 1869, and is a farmer's son. He studied law, graduated from the University of Wooster. in 1893, winning a reputation as an orator; graduated from the Ohio State University in 1895, admitted to the bar that year. Charles C. Jones is the only son of ex-State Senator Lake F. Jones and Jennie Jones, of Wooster, and was born in Mt. Vernon, Ohio, October 22, 1873. He is a great-grandson of Hon. Benjamin Jones, who settled in Wayne county as early as 1811, who served in both houses of the General Assembly of Ohio, and two years in Congress. He received his education in the public schools of Wooster, taking a commercial course at Bixler's Business College of this city, later attended the Ohio State University, and was admitted to the bar in 1900. Walter J. Mullins is the youngest son of James Mullins of Wooster, who permanently established himself in this city a number of years ago. He WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 301 graduated from the University of Wooster in the class of 1881, subsequently becoming a student of law, was admitted to the Ohio bar, and for a period engaged in the practice of his profession in Wooster, later engaging in the coal business. Cyrus A. Rider was born in Wayne county, January 16, 1844. He enlisted in the Union army in 1862, was wounded at Mission Ridge and mustered out June 13, 1865. He studied at various academies after the war, was admitted to the bar in 1876 and filled several local offices. Benjamin Eason was born in a log cabin in Worcester, May 5, 1822, the son of a millwright and farmer. He had a hard time securing an education ; went to California in 1850, returned to Wayne county, filled local offices. elected state senator in 1859 and in 1882 ; entered the Federal army in 1862, becoming captain, later colonel. He purchased the Wayne County. Democrat in 1864, opened a law office in 1870. Other living members of the Wayne county bar whose sketches appear in the biographical section of this work are, Ross W. Funck, J. 0. Fritz, W. F. Kean, John McSweeney, J. C. McClarran, T. W. Orr, Mahlon Rouch, H. B. Swartz, Frank Taggart, James B. Taylor, W. E. Weygandt and C. A. Weiser. FORMER MEMBERS OF WAYNE COUNTY BAR PRACTICING ELSEWHERE. Frederick J. Mullins, son of James Mullins, was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and came with his parents to Wooster, Ohio; graduated from the university here, was admitted to the bar and opened an office here; located later at Salem, Ohio, as attorney for the Pennsylvania lines. Enos Foreman was born in Baughman township, Wayne county, August 9, 1820, and was educated at Wadsworth Academy. He was admitted to the bar in June, 1847, when he commenced the practice of .law• in Wooster in which he continued for a number of years. In August, 1852, he, with H. C. Johnson, purchased the Wooster Democrat,.. which, in 1853, they changed to Wooster Republican, selling the same in 1870. He removed to Kansas City, Missouri, a number of years ago. J. C. Christy came to Wooster from Washington county, Pennsylvania, in the early eighties, where he remained about a year. He had served. three years as a soldier in the Union army. He, was a lawyer of average .ability. He removed to Kansas City, Missouri. Lucius Adams came to Wooster from Pennsylvania in 1868. He was 302 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. a graduate of Jefferson College, and also of the Albany Law School. His sojourn in Wooster was of short duration, during which time he practiced law and was local editor of the Wooster Republican. In 1869 he removed to Rock Island, Illinois, began practice and has twice been elected county judge. John F. Maxwell was born in Holmes county, Ohio, May 27, 1835, and was reared on a farm. He attended the public schools and the Fredericksburg Academy. He was admitted to the bar in 1860; two years later he entered the Union army he was elected common pleas judge in 1896. W. H. Spence practiced law for a short time about 1888. Abandoning his office in \\rooster, he returned to Columbiana county, whence he came. Martin George Pauley was born in Wooster in 1862, though reared in Massillon, Ohio. He was a student of law in Wooster but attended the Cincinnati Law College, from which he graduated in 189o. He began legal practice in Wooster, but removed to Massillon where he remained: William G. Myers was a resident and land owner and lawyer for many years in Chippewa township, Wayne county. In 1873 he removed to Canal Fulton, Ohio, where he continued in the practice of his profession. He was captain of Company G, One Hundred and Twentieth Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry, enlisting in 1862. Wellington Stillwell studied law in Millersburg, Holmes county, where he was born in 1859 ; in 1882 he was elected judge of the common pleas court of the sixth judicial district. Ezra W. Miller was born in Wayne county and was reared on a farm. He read law, and after his admission to the bar opened an office in Wooster. He removed to Dakota when it was a territory, and under both of President Cleveland's administrations he was appointed receiver of public moneys in one of the territorial districts. D. H. Twomey located in Wooster in 1868, where he remained for one year, during which time he engaged in the practice of his profession. He was born in the city of New York. He was admitted to the bar in Lafayette, Indiana. From Wooster he went to Davenport, Iowa, from there to Duluth, Minnesota, and thence to Salt Lake City, Utah. Josiah Given was born in Westmoreland county, Pennsylvania, in 1828, and in his early life was a farm laborer and blacksmith, and with his parents came to Holmes county, Ohio, where they settled when he was ten years old. He was a soldier in the Mexican war, was admitted to the bar in 1851 and served two terms as prosecuting attorney of Holmes county. He WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 303 entered the Union army in 1861 with the rank of captain, became colonel of the Seventy-Fourth Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and subsequently a brigade commander. He served as postmaster of the thirty-ninth congress. For a short period he practiced law in Wooster and in 1868 he removed to Des Moines, Iowa, where he has held many important offices. James R. Woodworth is a native of Paris, Lamar county, Texas, but when he was six years old his parents removed to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he was reared and obtained his education. At the outbreak of the Civil war the family removed to Kansas. He served in and obtained promotion in the Union army. He read law in Kansas City, Missouri, and was admitted to the bar in 187o, beginning practice in that city. In 1874 he located in Wooster and was elected mayor of the city in 1887, serving one term. He subsequently removed to Kansas City. William Reed descends from a patriotic ancestry. His father, William Reed, was a product of Adams county, Pennsylvania, and his grandfather, William Reed, who was of Scotch genealogy, was a soldier in the war of 1812. His son was born in Columbiana county, Ohio, in 1823. He was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1847 and immediately began the practice of law in Millersburg, Holmes county, Ohio, where he became common pleas judge and prosecuting attorney. A. H. Walkey located in Orrville, Wayne county, Ohio, probably twenty years ago and began the practice of his profession. He was a politician as %veil as lawyer and was the Republican nominee for Congress from this district upon one occasion. He went to Denver, Colorado. Thomas Y. McCray was born in Washington county, .Pennsylvania, August 8, 1837: came to Ohio with his parents in 3845. He was admitted to the bar in 1862 in Ashland county. In March, 3866, he moved to West Salem, Wayne county ; held many public offices; later moved to Mansfield, Ohio. Ezra V. Dean was born in Wooster about eighty years ago. His father had been judge of the court of common pleas and had served in Congress two terms and gave the son a college education, who, when he was admitted to the bar in 1853, formed a partnership with his father. He served in the Ohio legislature from Wayne county from 1854 to 1856. When the One Hundred and Twentieth Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry was organized he was appointed quartermaster, resigning in the the fall of 1863. In 1865, with his family, he removed to Ironton, Ohio. Thomas Johnson was a native of Virginia, born November 13, 1817. 304 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. He settled in Wooster in the fifties and began practicing law. He was twice elected probate judge of Wayne county, serving from 1858 to 1864. After this he was, for a number of years, engaged in the banking business in Wooster. He removed to Cleveland, Ohio, in 1875, and thence to Kansas in 1882 and later to Chicago, Illinois. George W. Ross was born in Milton township, Wayne county, Ohio, June 8, 1854. He was admitted to the bar March 9, 1879, opening an office at Sterling, practicing at the Wayne county bar until 1889, when he removed to Findlay, Ohio. Linneus Q. Jeffries is a son of the late Hon. John P. Jeffries and was born in Wooster in 1844, educated at the Wooster schools, read law with his father and was admitted to the bar June 6, 1866, opening an office that year at West Salem, Wayne county, practiced law here, later went to South Dakota, then Chicago. Celsus Pomerene, representative of a distinguished family, born in Ber-¬ lin, Ohio, June 18, 1866, received a generous education, practiced law in Cleveland and elsewhere. Henry McCray was born in Washington county, Pennsylvania, his parents removing to Ohio in 1845. He read law in Wooster with his brother, T. Y. McCray, and was admitted to the bar in this city by the district court of Ohio July 6, 1868. Here he practiced his profession until March, 1872, when he removed to Ashland, Ohio, where he served as judge of the common pleas court. Wilbert I. Slemmons was born near Creston, Wayne county, September 20, 1861. He is a son of Samuel M. Slemmons, who was born in Milton township. The son graduated from the University of Wooster in 1884, practiced law here, then removed to, Peoria, Illinois. Florien Giaugue is the son of Augustus and Sophia (Guillaume) Giaugue, who were born of good families in the canton of Berne, Switzerland, and cane to Holmes county, Ohio, where Florien was born, May 11, 1843, the family moving to Wayne county in 1849. The son was highly educated and became a prominent lawyer and author. LAWYERS WHO DIED WHILE MEMBERS OF THE BAR OF WAYNE COUNTY. Edward Avery, an eminent and distinguished lawyer of his day, was a native of the state of Connecticut and a graduate of Yale College. He was one of the legal pioneers of Wayne county, removed to Wooster in 1817, WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 305 where he permanently located and where he lived and practiced his profession for forty-nine years. He was elected prosecuting attorney of Wayne county in 1819, and with conceded ability executed the functions of that office 1825. He was a member of the Senate of the state of Ohio, serving from December, 1824, to December, 1826. He served in the capacity of judge of the supreme court of the state of Ohio. Levi Cox was emphatically the pioneer of the legal profession and the printing press in Wooster, Wayne county, to which he removed in 1815, in which he permanently and continuously lived for forty-seven years. The introduction of the newspaper press in Wooster is due to his intelligence and enterprise. In 1817 he established the Ohio Spectator, the first newspaper ever published in the county. From 1819 to 1833 he was state senator, later, for five years, was judge of the common pleas court. William M. Orr was born in Baughman township, Wayne county, January 7, 1826. He was reared on the farm with his father, Judge Smith Orr, remaining with him until he was sixteen years old, when he commenced teaching school. He attended the Dalton and Wadsworth academies, and in 1846 entered Washington and Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in 1847. At the annual contest of 1846, between the literary societies of the college, he took the highest honors in debate and was valedictorian of the class of 1847. He was admitted to practice and opened an office in Wooster in 1859. where he remained until 1865, when he removed to Orrville, where lie lived until his death, August 19, 1893. James C. Miller, a native of Washington county, Pennsylvania, moved to Wayne county, Ohio, in an early day, became prominent as a lawyer, dying suddenly in 1844, when a young man of about thirty years. Samuel Hemphill was born in Bedford county, Pennsylvania, in 1817; and in 1827 he came with his father to Wayne county. He attended college at Athens, Ohio, and became an excellent scholar. He read law with Judge Levi Cox of Wooster, with whom he was associated in practice after his admission to the bar. He died in his thirty-sixth year, February 22, 1853. Lucas Flattery was born in 1821, on a farm in Fairfield county, Ohio. His father was an early settler and farmer in that county, from Pennsylvania, and a man of good education. He served as county surveyor for several years before he died in 1837. Mr. Flattery moved to Wooster in 1846, where he resided until his death in 1889, having held many public offices. John W. Baughman resided in Wooster from 1868 until his death in 1894, his grandfather settling in Wayne county in 1816, Baughman township (20) 306 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. being named in his honor. John W. served in the Legislature in 1856 and 1888, held a number of local offices. Arnold A. Ingram was born in Pennsylvania in 1843 and came to Wooster in 1866 and studied law here. In 1861 he entered the military service of the United States. In 1885 he was elected city solicitor of Wooster on the Republican ticket. George Bliss was born in Jericho, Vermont, January 1, 1813. He came to Ohio in 1832 and held some important offices here, including that of congressman. He came to Wooster in 1858 and lived here until his death in 1868. He was a very prominent lawyer. Daniel C. Martin was born in Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, in 1816 and died at his home in Reedsburg, Plain township, Wayne county, in May, 1889. He was admitted to the Ohio bar by the district court at Wooster, Ohio, in April, 1857. His practice was of a local character. He was a good business man, a most successful collector, aiming to conciliate misunderstandings between neighbors rather than foment litigation. He was for a number of years justice of the peace of Plain township. Nelson Ferrell was born in Harrison county, Ohio, in December, 1834. He read law in Carrollton, Ohio, and was elected mayor of that city. He removed to Orrville in 1884 and acquired considerable popularity in his profession and was regarded as a good business lawyer. There were many pleasant traits to his character, and he aimed to be just and fair in his dealings with men. His life was suddenly terminated at Orrville several years ago. Hamilton Richeson died in Wooster June 19, 1870, in the thirty-seventh year of his age. He was prosecuting attorney of Wayne county two terms and he was a Union soldier. Edward S. Dowell was born in Holmes county, Ohio, in 1847, educated in Wayne county, admitted to the bar in 1869 and opened an office in Wooster. became prosecuting attorney in 1874 and was re-elected. In 1887 he was elected judge of the common pleas court. He died in 1896. William Given was born in 1819 in Pennsylvania. In 1838 he removed with his family to Holmes county, Ohio. He was admitted to the bar in 1843, and the same year was elected prosecuting attorney of Holmes county, to which he was re-elected. In 1849 he was elected to the General Assembly of Ohio. In 185o he located in Wooster, and in 1858 was elected judge of the common pleas court. He remained on the bench until 1862, when he resigned, and in August of that year was commissioned colonel of the One WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 307 Hundred and Second Regiment Volunteer Infantry, serving in the army for nearly three years. In March, 1865, he was commissioned brigadier-general. He died in Wooster in October, 1866. Benjamin F. Eason was born in Plain township, August 3, 1847. He died August 21, 1895, and was a son of Col. Benjamin Eason of Wooster. He was admitted to the Wayne county bar in 1873 and also held local offices. He was about fifty years old when he died. Joseph H. Carr was born in Wayne county, in 1842, and was educated at the public schools of Wooster. He commenced studying law in 1859 and afterwards was admitted to the bar. He entered the Union army in 1861 and rose to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He practiced law in Wooster and held public offices. He died in 1898. Ohio F. Jones was born in Wooster in 1822 and was a son of Benjamin Jones. at one time a member of Congress. He studied law and was admitted to practice in 1846. Until the time of his death, 1882, he continued in the prosecution of his professional duties. William S. Peppard was born in Salt Creek township, Wayne county, in 1829. He read law in Steubenville, Ohio, with Edwin M. Stanton, Lincoln's war secretary, and was admitted to the bar in 1853. He began the practice of law at Cadiz, Harrison county, Ohio, but subsequently located in Fredericksburg, Wayne county, where he continued in practice until his death, July 1, 1889. Wilson S. Orr was born December 28, 1846, in Canaan township, Wayne county, and died at Wooster, Ohio, September 1, 1888. He was admitted to practice by the supreme court at Columbus in 1874, and immediately thereafter entered upon the work of the law in Wooster, where he continued in practice until the time of his death. John K. McBride's father came from Pennsylvania in 1813 when John K. was three years old and located in Wayne county. He became probate judge and a noted lawyer. George Brauneck was born in Prussia in 1813 and came to the United States in 1835., settling in Wooster in 1843. He studied law under the direction of George Rex, was admitted to the bar in 1858, and began practice in Wooster. Hiram E. Totten was born in Wayne county in 1838. He was a son of Michael Totten. He was reared upon a farm, but came to Wooster with his parents in 1858 and was admitted to the bar in 1861, when he opened an office in Wooster. He joined the Federal ranks, was wounded and died in Wooster in 1863. 308 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. George Rex was born in Canton, Ohio, July 25, 1817. He removed to Wooster in 1843 and began the practice of law. He was elected and served for several terms as prosecuting attorney of Wayne county and as a conspicuous member of the Ohio Senate. Was appointed judge of the supreme court in 1874. He died March 27, 1879. Joseph H. Downing was a native of Belmont county, Ohio, and with his family removed to Wayne county in 1826. He was one of the most successful school teachers in Wayne county. In 1853 he was elected to the Ohio Legislature. He was admitted to the bar in 1860 and opened an office in Wooster. He became a captain in the Union army, became judge of the common pleas court and judge of the probate court. He died in 1879. Eugene Pardee was born in the town of Marcellus, Onondaga county, New York, in 1814, and died at Wooster, Ohio, on the 14th day of October, 1888. He was elected prosecuting attorney in the fall of 1841, re-elected in 1843, held other offices. James C. Glasgow was a native of Washington county, Pennsylvania, where he was born in 1811, and came to Millersburg, Holmes county, Ohio, with his father about 1824. He removed to Wooster in the early thirties where he studied medicine and law, although he never practiced medicine. He practiced law in Wooster until his death in 1860. Solomon R. Bonewitz was a native of Wayne county, Ohio, and was born November 28, 1820, and died in his seventy-eighth year. He was raised on a ,farm in Wayne township, working upon it during the summer months and going to school in winter. In 1844 he removed to Wooster, studied law and opened an office here in 1845. Isaac Johnson, the subject of this sketch, was horn in Wayne township, in this county, January 10, 1836, He engaged in the mercantile business in Wooster, later practiced law until 1881 when he was elected probate judge and was re-elected in 1884. James Taylor was a Virginian by birth, born May To, 1802. Was admitted to the bar, at Wooster, October 23, 1840, at the age of thirty-eight years. He died at Fredericksburg, Ohio, July 8, 1873. John P. Jeffries was born in Huntingdon county, Pennsylvania, July 19, 1815. In 1836 he removed to Wayne county, Ohio, and settled in Wooster. He was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1842. He served four years as prosecuting attorney of Wayne county. In 1858 he was a candidate on the Democratic ticket from the fourteenth congressional district for a seat in the House of Representatives, but the district being largely Republican he was WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 309 defeated. He was a delegate to the Democratic national convention at Charleston. South Carolina, in 1860, under instructions to vote for Stephen A. Douglas for the Presidency. He served one term as probate judge of Wayne county. Mr. Jeffries, in 1844, commenced collecting facts concerning the primitive peoples of this continent, and continued his research until 1868, when he produced his volume entitled the "Natural History of the Human Races," which was published in New York in 1869. He died in Wooster, August 13, 1888. Because of his honesty, impartiality and good judgment, none among the men who have served the state of Ohio in a judicial capacity deserves a higher place than Charles C. Parsons. He was born near Ithaca, New York, on September 25, 1819, and while he was still very young his parents removed to Rochester, in that state, where they lived until 1830. In that year the family came to Ohio and settled at Medina. He was admitted to the bar in 1840, practiced at Dalton until 1849 when he removed to Wooster. Held local offices, including common pleas judge, retiring in 1887 and dying in 1890. John McSweeney was horn, as best we know, in the town of Black Rock, Erie county, New York, August 3o, 1824. He came to Wooster in 1845 and began practicing law at once. Was prosecuting attorney in 1852, won great notoriety as an orator and became one of the leading lawyers of Ohio, his reputation being national. LAWYERS WHO WERE MEMBERS OF THE WAYNE COUNTY BAR AND DIED ELSEWHERE. George L. Willyard was a native of Knox county, Ohio, born in 1818, admitted to the bar in 1839 and opened an office in Wooster and died in 1840. Wyllys Silliman was a state senator as early as 1803. He came to Wooster in the thirties, and subsequently removed to Cleveland where he died. Charles Wolcott practiced law in Dalton and Wooster about 1838, became a representative and a state senator. He died in Oshkosh, 'Wisconsin, where he was practicing law. John A. Holland was in the forties a partner of Gen. Samuel R. Curtis, had studied law at Mt. Vernon, Knox county, Ohio, and was admitted to the bar in 1837, later came to Wooster, then moved to Rockport, Illinois, where he died. 310 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. Hayes Holiday was a member of the Wayne county bar and for a number of years was a justice of the peace in Wooster township, moved to Dubuque, Iowa, where he died. Dennis Winfield .Kimber was born in Wooster, January 30, 1855. He was admitted to the bar in the fall of 1878. He commenced the practice of his profession in Wooster, moved to Missouri and died there in 1895. Samuel R. Curtis practiced law in Wooster for a short time .in the forties, had experience in the Mexican war, became .a major-general in the Civil war, had been in Congress, and was connected with Many public national improvements. He died in 1868. John H. Harris removed from Canton to Wooster in the thirties and began practicing law here, removed to Mendota, Illinois, and died there. Alexander C. McMillan was born in Wayne county in 1837, admitted to bar in 1860; in 1862 he removed to Pana, Illinois, where he died. William Sample Was twice elected judge of the common pleas court, serving from 1857 to 1866. Upon his retirement from the bench he formed a partnership with the late Hon. John P. Jeffries, of Wooster, and remained in the practice of his profession in this city for two years when he went to Newark, Ohio, and thence to Coshocton, Ohio, where he died in 1877. Lucian H. Upham was born in Vermont in 1808 and came to Wayne county in 1839, was admitted to the bar in 1843; served one term as auditor of Wayne county. He removed to Delta, Fulton county, about 1850, where he died in 1897, he was elected probate judge of Fulton county, in 1854. In 1856-7 he represented Fulton and Lucas counties in the state Legislature. James Jeffery was born in Congress township, and was of Irish ancestry, his parents immigrating to the United States in 1819, locating the same year near West Salem, Wayne county. Mr. Jeffery was admitted in 1873. In 1876 he was elected mayor of West Salem. He removed to western Ohio where he died several years ago. Henry Lehman was born in Pennsylvania, June 9, 1809. He came to Wooster about 1833, practiced law and held several local offices, including probate judge. He died in Atlantic City, New Jersey, March 17, 1897. William McMillen practiced law principally in the justice courts in the ante-bellum days. He moved to Iowa and died there. John McNeil Connell was born in Lancaster, Fairfield county, Ohio, November 7, 1829, and located in Wooster about 1859, served in the Civil war, died in Lancaster, Ohio; in. April, 1882, after serving in the Ohio state Senate in 1864. WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 311 William McMahon located in Wooster in the late thirties and began the practice of his profession, serving as prosecuting attorney of Wayne county in 1840. Bryant Grant came to Wooster from New York city about 1860, and practiced law for one year, then returned to New York. Hugh Wilson was born at Smithville, Wayne county. After his admission to the bar he opened an office in Orrville, where he remained for a number of years, afterwards changing his location to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he died about 1899. Noah L. Jeffries was admitted to the bar in 1851. He opened an office in Wooster. After an experience in practice of five years in Wooster, he went to Millersburg, then to Ravenna, and then to Mansfield, where he entered the military service of the United States. He died in Washington, D. C., about twelve years ago. Ezra Dean was a native of Columbia county, New York, and had a Revolutionary ancestry, and served himself as a soldier in the war of 1812. He located in Wooster in 1824. He became a member of the Ohio Legislature, judge of the court of common pleas and served in Congress. Later on removed to Ironton, Ohio, where he died. George W. Wasson was a son of Joseph Wasson, who was a native of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, and who removed to Wayne county, Ohio, about 1819, practiced law in Wooster, held local offices, moved to Columbus, Ohio, where he died. John W. Rankin was a native of Washington county, Pennsylvania, and in the forties removed to Wayne county, when, for a short period, he taught school in Wooster, but. probably in 185o, removed to Keokuk, Iowa, which he made his permanent home, and where he died. He practiced law in Wooster for several years. John Elliott Irvine was born in Wooster, Ohio, January 18, 183o. About 1855 he began practicing law in Wooster. He died in Richmond, Ohio, in 1869. He was a noted lawyer. Henry C. Johnson came to Wooster from Wadsworth, Medina county, Ohio, and practiced law here. For a number of years he was associated with Enos Foreman in the publication of the Wooster Republican. After his withdrawal from this paper he removed to Sandusky City, Ohio, where he published a daily sheet for a time, when he returned to Medina county, where he died about 1870. CHAPTER XVI. NEWSPAPERS OF WAYNE COUNTY. By Albert Dix. Wayne county owes its first newspaper and newspaper press to Judge Levi Cox, one of the pioneer attorneys of Wooster, who passed away on the last day of 1862. Judge Cox came to the county from Pennsylvania and from the east he imported the materials of a journal office ; at about the same time he issued proposals for the publication of a weekly paper in the village of Wooster to be known as the Ohio Spectator. When he had secured what he considered sufficient support to carry out his plans, he took into partnership a young man by name, Samuel Baldwin, of Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. The young 'partner in the concern was a printer by trade and thereby greatly aided Mr. Cox, who. was unacquainted with the general work of a printing establishment. The two men began their work with much enthusiasm and in the summer of 1817 the first edition of the Ohio Spectator appeared. The paper was of a medium size, but because of the newness of the materials and the excellent workmanship the paper made a good appearance. Politically it was neutral, promoting only what was the best for the welfare of both the town and the county. A few over three hundred residents were subscribers, while the advertising maintained an average of two dollars the week. The firm only existed one year, when Judge Cox withdrew and was succeeded by Asa W. W. Hickox, of the Western Reserve. The alliance survived but one year, when Mr. Hickox disposed of his interests to Mr. Bald- win, who continued issuing the paper for a time himself. But always weak physically, the young man within. a short time succumbed to the dread disease, consumption. Mr. Baldwin's year was finished out by a relative, Dr. Thomas Townsend, as manager of the business office, while Joseph Clingan had charge of the printing. This management continued but a short time, and at the WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 313 end of a year the paper became defunct, and the county was without a publication, with the exception of a small sheet called The Electioneer, established entirely to support personal claims to office in the nearing election of 1820. During the period just covered, Mr. Cox, the founder, had held a lien upon the office, and he resumed the possession of it and soon after issued proposals for a renewal of the Spectator. The offer was not well patronized and consequently Mr. Cox sold out his interests to Benjamin Bentley, a Wooster Juan, who was desirous of instituting a paper there. Mr. Bentley not being a practical printer, he secured as a partner Mr. Clingan. After the issuing and returning of the subscription papers, the Wooster Spectator appeared as a weekly from the day of January 13, 1820. This partnership lasted for two years, when Mr. Clingan purchased Mr. Bentley's interest. Mr. Clingan conducted the paper for five years himself. The office again changed hands in the spring of 1826, when Col. John Barr, of Hagerstown, Maryland, bought it and issued therefrom a paper entitled the Ohio Oracle, devoted to the support of General Jackson. This publication lasted for a period of four years and, as one historian of the county says of it, "It is probable that this pretentious journal, in name at least, had no prototype and will have no successor." Colonel Barr sold his office after four years to David Sloane, of Wooster, who issued a paper called The Wooster Journal and Democratic Times. This publication, as its predecessor, ran for four years, when Mr. Sloane disposed of it to a brother-in-law, J. W. Schuckers, who published it for the same period. Both papers were very capably edited, and it was known that the man at the back of the editorial department, during both papers, was Col. John Sloane. one of the "most bitter, vituperative, incisive and powerful writers of the day." A Mr. Wharton was the printer. Mr. Schuckers, in June, 1836, disposed of his interests to Daniel Sprague, who for a time published the paper under the name of the Wooster Journal and Democratic Times. After a period of about four years, however, he changed the name to that of the Wooster Democrat. Mr. Sprague proved himself a very capable manager for sixteen years, when he sold out to H. C. Johnson and Enos Foreman. The new managers changed the name of their publication to the Wooster Republican. After five years Mr. Johnson retired from the business and moved to Sandusky City. Mr. Foreman continued the paper, acting as proprietor and manager. On July 25, 1861, Mr. 314 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. Foreman issued a daily from the Republican office, which was continued until November 30th of the same year. This was the first daily in the county and was devoted entirely to war •news. Mr. Foreman disposed of the office in August, 1870, his successors being Capt. A. S. McClure and Joseph G. Sanborn. Horace N. Clemens, who had been the city editor of the paper under McClure and Sanborn, assumed the controlling interest in the paper, and, under the firm name of H. N. Clemens & Company, took charge of the editorial management of the paper and business control. It was while under the control of Mr. Clemens that the Daily Republican made its first appear ance, in June, 1887. George Kettler assumed the city editorship of the Daily Republican at its start, and has held the position through all the years, there having been numerous changes in ownership and editorial control, and at the time this article was written was still acting in the capacity he has always filled. Mr. Kettler began work as a very young boy, in his early teens, in the job department, first holding that lowly position, "the printer's devil," but he had his mind set upon higher things and was not content until he reached the more lofty occupation of writer. In 1890 Mr. Clemens, with a number of prominent Republicans, incorporated the company known as the Wooster Republican Printing Company. In 1891 Mr. Clemens retired from the management of the paper, having disposed of his interests to David W. Solliday, a lawyer, born in the county, but who had resided for some years in Texas, and who assumed the duties of editor. The paper had a precarious existence for some time and then in 1893 Thomas C. Reynolds, of Akron, an editorial writer and publisher of much experience, assumed a controlling interest with Francis C. Whittier, of Akron, as secretary and business manager. In 1898 Albert Dix, who had been engaged in the newspaper business at Hamilton, Ohio, with his son, Emmett C. Dix, became interested in the business. Under the management of the Messrs. Dix, the publication took new life, with Albert Dix as business manager and Emmett C. Dix in .editorial control and assisting in the local work, with George Kettler in the news department. The circulation increased rapidly, especially in 1898, because of the fine news service during the war with Spain. The Messrs. Dix .proved progressive, with their every thought centered on the best available for the people whom they serve and consequently have kept pace with the times until their plant, at the present time, is probably the best piece of newspaper property owned in any city in Ohio the size of Wooster. The office is equipped with a Duplex printing press, printing the paper from the roll, WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 315 thus being able to print the constantly growing circulation very rapidly. Two linotype machines are used in the composing room. Having now completed the tracing, from origin to the present time, of one of Wooster's lines of the press, we will now direct our attention to another. In the summer of 1862, Joseph Clingan, of whom we have already spoken, prepared for the publication of another paper in Wooster. It was in the same year that a German, by name John Sala, established in Wooster a German paper, known as the Wooster Correspondent; it, however, had a very small circulation and existed but a short time. Mr. Clingan, having completed all his arrangements, in September, 1826, sent out the first edition of a most excellent publication, The Republican Advocate. The paper, which had as one of its objects the advancement df General Jackson to the Presidency, was a complete success, and was well patronized, continuing for twelve years under the management of the original owner, when he sold out to Samuel Littell. Mr. Littell, who was already owner of the Western Telegraph, established by Martin Barr, combined the two papers, their politics being the same, and entitled the new sheet The Democratic Republican.. This journal lasted three years, when it was transferred to James G. Miller and a Mr. Carpenter, a printer ; these gentlemen published it for a year. Isaac N. Hill then leased the office, as had Mr. Miller from Mr. Littell, and issued for a few years The. Democrat. After the expiration of this lease Mr. Littell sold out to Messrs. Carny and Means, who published until the death of Mr. Means. Hon. John Larwill obtained the proprietorship after the death of Mr. Means and sold the office to Jacob A. Marchand, who continued as owner of the Democrat up until the time of his death, on August 28, 1862. On the first of April, 1862, Mr. Marchand had rented the office to Franklin Harry and John H. Oberly, for the term of one year. His death made it necessary to sell the Democrat, and Mr. Oberly purchased it, conducting it for a year with marked ability. In 1864 Mr. Oberly sold out to Col. Benjamin Eason. who took possession as head of the paper on November 1, 1864. Mr. Eason sold the office in 1866 to the Hon. John P. Jeffries, who, for a year, acted as manager, with his son, Linneaus Q. Jeffries, as publisher. Mr. Jeffries then sold the office to Benjamin Eason and Asa Dimmock, the former doing a portion of the writing, although especially occupied with the managerial interests, as Mr. Dimmock was then prosecuting attorney of Coshocton county. 316 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. In May, 1876, another change was made in which Mr. Eason sold his interests to Mr. Dimmock, who took into partnership Lemuel Jeffries, under the firm name of Dimmock & Jeffries. These gentlemen in turn sold it to James A. Estill, of the Millersburg Farmer, who took possession April 3o, 1868. Mr. Estill retired February 25, 1869, and was succeeded by the Hon. E. B. Eshelman, of the Columbus Statesman, the paper being conducted by Messrs. Eshelman, Franklin Harry and John J. Lemon. On October 23, 1872. Mr. Lemon sold his interest to John H. Boyd, who, on August 2, 1876, turned his share over to Thomas E. Peckinpaugh, the firm name then being known as Eshelman & Company. Ephraim B. Eshelman, now head of the publication, widely known as "Old Figgers" because of his propensity for figures in dealing with public matters when serving in the Ohio Legislature, was perhaps the most widely known and copied editorial writer the city and county ever knew. After several years' existence as Eshelman & Company, Mr. Peckinpaugh sold out his interest to H. P. Gravatt. In July, 1881, Mr. Gravatt became the owner of Mr. Eshelman's one-half interest in the firm. Mr. Eshelman was then for a time editor of the Akron Times, but in 1886 returned to Wooster and again became a part owner, securing the one-fourth interest of the late Dr. Leander Firestone, and again assumed the editorial management. The firm was now known as H. P. Gravatt & Company. During all these years, starting in the office when a boy of sixteen years, Capt. Lemuel Jeffries had been acting as city editor of the paper, serving in that capacity all the years but those spent as a soldier in the Rebellion. Captain Jeffries was a writer of more than average ability, being exceptionally careful in the preparation of his copy; and was on the pay roll of the paper at the time of his death, on June 17, 1909. Mr. Eshelman, because of age, retired from the business May 12, 1902, and died in his apartment at the Archer House June 6, 1906. The paper passed into the control of the Wayne County Democrat Company, a corporation, June 12, 1905, buying the property of H. P. Gravatt, then sole owner. The officers are John C. Hoffman, manager and president Fred H. Zimmerman, secretary and treasurer. The daily issue of the company, the Wooster Daily News, made its first appearance July 15, 1905. The city editor, at the present time, February, 191o, is Edward Hauensein, a young man who is rapidly developing as a news writer. The equipment for the Wayne County Democrat and the Daily News is modern and up-to-date. WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 317 While we have been discussing the growth of Wooster's two most important publications, we must not neglect to mention those lesser papers that had their existence contemporary with the Wooster Republican and the Wayne County Democrat, for without these this history would be incomplete. While some of these lived but short lives and meant little to the community, yet others were considered good publications during the years they lived. One of the first of these was founded by R. V. Kennedy and was called the Wavle County Standard, a Democratic sheet that did not survive beyond its first year. Another was christened the American Eagle. It was established by a young man of the county, by name Howard Coe. It was to advocate the interests of the town men then seeking office (1885), but this noble bird had a woeful flight extending over the short period of but six months. Among the more successful publications than those just mentioned was the Wayne County Herald, established in 1878, as a result of a split in the Republican pary. The paper had a rather hard battle for a number of years and passed through many changes of ownership and control. The paper finally became the official organ of the Prohibition party and for a number of years was a paying newspaper property. This was under the editorial management as well as the capable business management of John J. Ashenhurst. Other changes came in the years after Mr. Ashenhurst's retirement, and publication was finally suspended during the summer of 1909. Elsewhere in this review we have made mention of a German publication in the city that had but a very meager growth and died almost before its beginning was completed, but we have now another to discuss, the Wooster Journal, the only German paper that ever existed in the county and city. This publication was established in 1880 by Adolph Weixelbaum and was printed in the old Quinby building on the southwest side of the square, which later was torn down and replaced by the building now occupied by the Annat store. The paper prospered from the start, the German element giving it hearty support. During the gas excitement in Findlay in 1886, Mr. Weixelbaum sold the paper to his brother, Max Weixelbaum, and went to that city, where he embarked in the same business. His brother conducted the paper for several years, having the office on South street. For some reason or other, in later years it did not enjoy its past prosperity and Mr. Weixelbaum went to Tiffin, where he purchased the old established German paper of Seneca county. Adolph Weixelbaum, the founder, is now in Lima, where he is very successful in his ventures in that city. 318 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. The Jacksonian, another of the more successful contemporaries, was a Democratic newspaper, established and published by J. F. and J. A. Marchand. The first issue appeared in August, 1881. Its mission before the public was the advocacy of the election of E. S. Dowell to the common pleas judgeship, as against C. C. Parsons, who was successful. The Evening News; the first regular daily paper ever published in the city, was started by the above gentlemen in February, 1884, and was continued by them until 1887, when it was taken oyer by H. N. Clemens, then publisher of the Republican, who changed its name to the Daily Republican. The Evening Journal was founded by Calvin D. Myers in 1898, and after about one year became the property of J. F. Marchand, who continued the publication until 1906, when it was discontinued. The Jacksonian in 1906 passed into the control of the Wayne County Democrat Company and the Evening Journal into the hands of the Wooster Republican Printing Company. Having thus as concisely as possible endeavored to describe the origin and growth of the papers of Wooster, the county seat, another subject, that of the papers of the county at large, remains to be reviewed, and to this end we now turn. The county is exceptionally well represented with newspapers, considering the size of the towns therein, and all of these publications show a marked degree of prosperity. In the village of Orrville we have two papers, The Crescent and The Courier, both independent of any political party. The Orrville Crescent was established in the spring of 1867 by John A. Wolbach, who while working at his trade in Wadsworth procured a press and a lot of second-hand Material and moved the outfit to Orrville, the trip being made on a sled. Mr. Wolbach conducted the plant for some years. when he leased it to Ruth, of Loudonville, and in the spring of 1879 sold it to Cherry and Colburn, of Wadsworth. This firm published the paper but eight months, when they sold out to James A. Hamilton, of Cleveland, on October 14, 1879. In the intervening years Mr. Hamilton sold the property twice, in 1891 to Emerson Brothers, of Indiana, who published the paper less than a year, after which it was again bought by Mr. Hamilton, who sold it again in 1900 to Naftzger and Krieble, of Orrville. On repurchasing the property Mr. Hamilton gave his son, Harry, a third interest, but later purchased the son's interest. In the fall of 1909 the property was placed in the charge of A. R. Williams and James G. Hamilton, Jr., a son-in-law and son, who are now conducting the paper. WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 319 In about 1904 the paper was changed from a weekly to a semi-weekly, and in 1908 was changed to a tri-weekly. The Crescent has kept pace with the modern newspaper and is equipped with as fine presses and assortment of job and newspaper type as any office in the county. In the eighties Mr. Hamilton purchased a Thorne typesetting machine, it being the first typesetting machine to be brought to Wayne county. In 1901 he ordered a two-letter Mergenthaler linotype machine, it also being the first one of its character to be introduced into Wayne county. When Mr. Hamilton first assumed control of the paper, a five-column quarto, patent inside, was in use and the circuration was about five hundred. It was later changed to an eight-column folio and then to a nine-column folio. When changed to a semi-weekly it was made a seven-column paper and since being issued as a tri-weekly it has been divided up between a five-column and six-column folio in size. Since its establishment the Crescent has had a steady growth until at the present time it is a welcome visitor in many of the country homes of eastern Wayne county. The Orrville Courier, although founded in very recent years, has had a remarkable growth and, aside from upholding only the best for the town, it is one of the best of the many county papers. The management has always made an effort to secure every item of interest in the county, by no means limiting it to the town, and thereby making it a publication to be highly appreciated by the farming community. The Courier was established in June, 1903, by the Courier Publishing Company, an established company headed by P. E. Krieble. At its beginning it was edited as an independent paper until, as we have mentioned, it now stands as one of the foremost of the county's publications. J. F. Adams, then principal of the high school, was the first editor. The Courier was first published as a weekly until 1907, when it was made a semiweekly, under the editorship of Glenn D. Willaman, and has remained such up to the present time. In September of 1908 P. E. Krieble assumed the editorial management and is still acting in that capacity. The village of Dalton also has in its midst a bright little newspaper, The Gazette. Walton C. Scott was the founder of this publication. On August 3, 1875, he issued one edition called the Dalton Banner, a four-column folio, in which, in an editorial, was stated that the town and community would be canvassed and if support enough was subscribed the paper would be enlarged and publication continued. Consequently, on October 5, 1875, the maiden number of the Dalton Gazette, a six-column folio, appeared and was pub- 320 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. lished as a biweekly for one year, and since that time the Gazette has appeared regularly once a week. The Gazette was edited and published by the founder, Mr. Scott, for thirty-one years, up until the time of his death, on December 10, 1906. Since that time the Gazette has been published by his son, E. F. Scott, who assumed charge on the first of December, 1906. At the present time the Gazette is being published as a six-column quarto. In Creston, one of the villages of northern Wayne county, there is another independent paper under the management of F. M. Sulliger. Later than thirty years ago, we regret to say, we can secure no data of this interesting publication, as prior to that time all of the files were destroyed. At the beginning of the period mentioned C. A. Mellen was the editor and manager, and at that time the Journal, as the publication is known. was a very small sheet. The paper remained in the capable management of Mr. Mellen for about five years, after which he disposed of it to C. A. Stebbins, now a banker of Creston. After a number of years Mr. Stebbins disposed of the plant, selling it to Mr. Sulliger, who; as stated, is now at its head. Mr. Sulliger has owned and managed the paper for the longest time of any of its owners and has done more to secure its prosperity. The printing department is equipped with a power press, the only machine of its kind in the village. Mr. Mellen, the founder, was a most versatile and fluent writer and, though well advanced in years, continued contributing to the publication up until the time of his death in 1909. The Doylestown Journal is another of Wayne county's weekly publications. It is known that the paper was founded in the month of September, 1874, by George W. Everetts, but between that time and 1889 the files were destroyed and definite facts as to its growth in that period can not be ascertained. When Mr. Everetts purchased the plant the outfit was brought to Doylestown from Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania, and placed in the basement of the Presbyterian church, and for several years was located and operated in this building. J. V. McElhenie, now a resident of Canton, Ohio, was the second owner of the paper. For a time after his purchase Mr. McElhenie discontinued the paper, but later resumed it. During its existence the paper has been owned by William Smith, George A. Corbus, A. R. DeFluent, Dr. B. F. Putt and W. S. Hochstettler. W. R. Gillespie, the present editor and proprietor, purchased the plant from Mr. Hochstettler in May, 1906. The West Salem Reporter, founded in August, 1868, by John Weeks. is conceded one of the best papers in the county. Mr. Weeks was succeeded WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 321 by J. W. Hutton, who, in turn, was succeeded by the Rev. F. C. McCauley, who changed the name of the publication to The Buckeye Farmer. The paper had a very precarious existence, and in 1876 the office was purchased by E. T. Atkinson and George W. Brenizer, who changed the name of the publication to the West Salem Monitor. These gentlemen were at the helm for a number of years and on retiring. disposed of the plant to Robert Watson, of Canal Dover. After Watson's death the widow continued as editress, but was not well supported and finally, in 1888, suspended the publication. After nearly two years without a paper, Mrs. Watson and daughter, Miss Mary Watson, resuscitated the paper, and in August, 1891, disposed of the business to J. W. Kiplinger. Mr. Kiplinger remained in charge of the paper until February, 1893. Mrs. Watson had in the meantime changed the name to the West Salem Reporter. A. F.. Dunlap, the present owner, bought the plant in February, 1893, and as its head has brought the paper to the point where, as we mentioned, it is conceded to be one of the best papers published in the county. Mr. Dunlap, who does his own writing, both editorially and locally, is a man of wide experience in the business, and well deserves the success that his efforts have attained. In another portion of the county there is another newspaper that has established for itself a name as well as a large circulation,—we speak of the Shreve News. This paper was established by W. J. Ashenhurst in the eighties ; in 1896 the plant was purchased by L. S. Miley and Gen. A. B. Critchfield. Mr. Miley purchased the General's interest in 1903, since which time he has been the editor and sole owner. In the period of ownership and management from 1896 to 1910 the circulation and management of the News have quadrupled. The paper is independent in politics, and is strictly a home newspaper, devoted especially to local and county news. One of the distinct principles of the News, and one for which it deserves hearty praise, is freedom from sensational "slush"—to publish only the clean, wholesome happenings of the vicinity. Mr. Miley, the enterprising manager and editor, was born in Holmes county, .a Democrat by birth and adoption; he taught school for a time, after which he entered at Ada Normal University and later Mt. Union College, at which places he received his education. (21) CHAPTER XVII. THE MEDICAL PROFESSION. With the settlement of every new country, the family doctor was among the first of the professions to follow on the trail of the pioneers. His services were in demand, even as now. The sick had to be cared for, though with less skill than at present. The very elements of a new country, the swamps and unditched lands, the decaying forests and a thousand and one causes, led to much sickness. The home treatment of mother and grandmother was, it is true, more relied upon than now, but there were numerous cases in which the good family doctor had to be called. The rides, usually on horseback, made by the pioneer doctors, were long and ofttimes perilous. The streams were all unbridged and the roads were but blazed trails through the dense woodland. But by day and by night the faithful physician, with saddlebags, would go where he might be called to attend the sick. He was indeed a hero and in his breast usually beat the largest of hearts. He never refused to make a sick call because the family might be poor. His bills were carried over from one year to another, without interest, and many were never fully paid. While it is true the science of medicine had not then attained the perfection that now marks its course, yet there were highly educated and successful doctors in the long ago twenties and thirties of the last century As much as may, from time to time, be said against the practice of medicine by thoughtless well men and women, there comes a time to each and all when a sight of the good doctor is indeed welcome. When the fevered brow and quickened pulse torture the victim of some grave and painful malady, then it is that the suffering one appreciates the warm hand and sympathetic heart of the physician and takes his treatment without a murmur. The remedies in olden times, however, were not sugar-coated or put up in a form pleasing to a sick person, as today, but were of the crudest sort, and often extremely unpalatable. Verily this profession has made wonderful progress in the last fifty years. Without risking any unsupported claim, or indulging in any fulsome encomium. it can be truthfully said that the history of the medical profession and its personnel will compare favorably with any other profession in Wayne county. Law has produced many distinguished jurists and practitioners on the bench and at the bar, but medicine has had as brilliant and eminent men WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 323 in its ranks as can be claimed for the legal profession, although, perhaps, they have not had occasion to display their talents as have the followers of Blackstone. Wayne county furnished a number of surgeons during the Civil war who rendered services both on the battlefield and in the tented hospitals. The present-day physicians have no real conception of what hardships, exposure and trials were the lot of the early physicians of Wayne county. They were not blessed with macadamized roads, automobiles, coupes, depot wagons, taxicabs and closed carriages; but rode through thick and thin, hot and cold, at all hours of the day and night, on horseback, with the old-time saddlebags strapped to their saddles. Some of the pioneer doctors would ride many miles over the country, in mid-winter, leaving at daylight and not returning till night, worn out from exposure, fatigue and nervous tension. It was characteristic of them to minister to the sick without reference to fee or reward, as the majority of the people were poor and, while honestly inclined, were unable to pay for medical attendance. One physician, now gone to his reward, who practiced his profession here for over a quarter of a century, estimated that he had done over thirty thousand dollars' worth of medical service, for possibly half of which he received no cash, and many times no thanks. While there is a spirit of grasping for lucre in all professions nowadays, yet the earlier practitioners seemed to take to the practice largely from motives of philanthropy, believing, as was right, that it was one of the grandest human offices to relieve suffering, to cheer the depressed, to succor from the assaults of disease, and, failing in this, to smooth the way to the inevitable tomb. There is no loftier mission ; none which more closely assimilates the human with the divine. While the earlier physicians had to depend on the science as a means of livelihood, still they rose above the purely mercenary motives in their practice. Many of the pioneer doctors not only ministered to the body, but to the soul as well. Several practiced medicine and "preached the gospel to the poor." It is both amusing and interesting to look back fifty or seventy-five years and see the character of the service rendered and fees charged in those days. The doctors worked hard and were poorly paid for their ministrations. It was the period when "cupping," "leeching" and bleeding were regarded as indispensable. The practice was carried to extremes in many cases, as the practice of venesection was performed on persons who had no blood to spare, and as a consequence it ceased. While the practice of medicine was regarded as most honorable, and is yet, it was then far from lucrative. In looking back, we find some of the fees charged for medicine and professional services, and it must be remembered 324 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. that doctors then dispensed their own medicines. The charge for visits in the town was one dollar, and for visits in the country, one dollar for the first mile, and fifty cents for each succeeding mile ; bleeding, fifty cents ; two doses jallap, fifty cents ; box of pills, fifty cents; extracting teeth, twenty-five cents ; one dose of calomel and one ounce of paregoric, sixty cents. In surgery, the fees were very moderate, and even those mentioned were not "in vogue" until later days, the earliest practitioners making their individual charges, which were often much less than those enumerated here. Diseases such as dysentery and fevers were attributed entirely to miasm and visitations of sporadic and Asiatic cholera were common. Calomel was generally taken to get rid of the malaria. Bilious fever sometimes developed, but generally yielded to the calomel and quinine treatment, which, if somewhat heroic, was generally successful, after the disease had run its course. Some years the ague was worse than others, and at times there were not enough well persons to take care of the sick. Often the entire family would be down at one time and no one to give them even a drop of water. In winter the most common disease was winter fever, now known under its proper name—pneumonia. But sickness was really rare, except chills and fever in the fall, or, as it was generally called, the ague, in which, in the first stage, a coldness, that no fire could warm, took hold of the victim, and he shook and shivered so severely that the bed would shake and even the dishes in the cupboard rattle. "A chill which no coat, however stout, of homespun stuff, could quite shut out." After an hour or two of this paroxysm the patient began to get warm and was soon in the agony of a raging fever. In an hour or two more this would pass and the patient, apparently none the worse for his shake, went about his business until the second day, when the attack invariably returned. Quinine was the remedy always used in the treatment of this disease, which was considered the only helpful remedy, and is so regarded by many today. The old-fashioned ague, where the victim almost shook himself to pieces, was very common in the spring and fall, and, besides the remedies mentioned, good big draughts of Peruvian bark and whiskey were also the sheet anchors. Whiskey was found in every house and every one drank more or less, although it was usually confined to the morning dram, except in sickness. It was made from corn and was much purer and more wholesome than the vile stuff now purchased in saloons and drug stores. Drunkenness was almost unknown in those days and it was the custom to show the hospitality of the home by producing the bottle. No thought of discourtesy entered the mind of either when the minister was offered the contents of "Black Bettie," after his journey