50 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. as independent states. They were among the most active allies of the French during the Seven Years war, and after the conquest of Canada, continued, in concert with the Delawares, hostilities which were only terminated after the successful campaign of General Boquet. Under the treaty of Greenville, in 1795, they lost nearly the whole of the territory which they held from the Wyandots, and a part of them, under the guidance of old Chief Tecumseh, again joined the British standard during the war of 1812-14." Thus it will be observed that the Delawares, Wyandots and Shawnees —the first to occupy the valley of the Muskingum and thence to Lake Erie and the Ohio river, asserting possession over nearly one-half of the domain contained now within Ohio—were asserting possession through a stubborn antagonism to the American people and the cause of our national independence. Their fiendish cavorts, warring and plundering raids included vast areas, and to this hour fading and unfading drops of blood mark the line of their accursed marauds. INDIANS OF WAYNE COUNTY, STRICTLY SPEAKING. The Indians that inhabited Wayne county, as now bounded, when the first settlers came in to make for themselves homes and to develop the country, seemed to exist by an implied tenure. A dread of the whites, akin to fear, apparently possessed these Indians. Something like a haunting memory of the crimes of their race was ever upon them. Not mutual or even tribal relations existed among them, and their pacific dispositions towards the early settlers presented but another distinctive characteristic of the Indian—the cunning caution and self-interest begotten of fear itself. They roamed in pairs, or squads of a half dozen, though in some of their villages and settlements they would collect together to the number of two hundred, three hundred and sometimes as high as four hundred. In Clinton, East Union, Franklin and Chippewa townships they congregated in largest numbers. Their sudden disappearance from the county was most remarkable, occurring, as it were, in a single night, and that, too, soon after the war of 1812-14 had been announced. They scented the bad breath of the coming carnival and hastened westward to deepen the blood stain of their hands. WAYNE COUNTY INDIAN TRAILS. The trail of the American Indian was to be plainly seen on every hand when the first pioneers came to Wayne county, but with the passing of the decades they have become forever lost, living only in tradition and for the WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 51 most part in surmise. In Hutchins' history of the celebrated expedition of General Boquet against the western Indians in 1764, in which the English marched an army of one thousand five hundred men into and through what is Tuscarawas county, Ohio, to the forks of Muskingum river, he refers to five different routes from Fort Pitt (Pittsburg) through the Ohio wilderness. The route that most concerns this county and its people was as follows : "Second route, west-northwest, was twenty-five miles to the mouth of Big Bever, ninety-one miles to Tuscaroras in Stark county, sixty miles to Mohican John's Town (in Mohican township, near Jeromeville), forty-six miles to Junandat, or Wyandot Town ; four miles to Fort Sandusky, twenty-four miles to Fremont, Sandusky county. The total distance from Fort Pitt was two hundred and sixteen miles to Fort Sandusky ; to Sandusky river two hundred and forty miles." This trail penetrated Wayne county in section 12, Paint township; thence in a northwesterly direction, crossing over sections 32, 31 and 3o in Sugarcreek township ; thence entering East Union township on section 25, bearing north to section 24; thence more directly west, passing about a mile north of Edinburg; thence to Wooster township, entering it from the east in section 13. and thence to the Indian settlement south of Wooster and on the site of the old Baptist burying ground. From that point in a northwesterly direction, cutting zig-zag through the southwestern part of what is now the city of Wooster, crossing the Henry Myers farm, passing the old salt-lick ; thence crossing the Killbuck creek a few rods north of the public bridge on the Ashland highway ; thence west across the old Hugh Culbertson farm ; thence for quite a distance along the line of the Ashland road ; thence in a northwestern direction to Reedsburg, in Plain township; thence to Mohican John's Town. and thence on to Fort Sandusky. INDIAN CHIEF KILLBUCK. This noted Indian was of the Delaware tribe and was much displeased at the action of Braddock's army, and at a war council he. in conjunction with another chief, Shingiss, made the following scathing speech : "We know well what the English want. Your own traders say that you intend to take. all our lands and destroy us. It is you who have begun the war. Why do you come here to fight ? How have you treated the Delawares? You know how the Iroquois deceived us into acting as peace mediators : how they shamed us. and took our arms ; put petticoats on us ; called us women, and made us move three times away from our homes. And why ? 52 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. Because the English paid them a few beads and blankets, and paint, and when their senses were stolen away with fire-water they sold our lands; but we tell you this must cease. We are no longer women, but," striking his breast, "men—men who can strike, and kill and—Yes," hissed out old Shingiss, springing to his feet, rising to his full stature, his wicked little eyes flashing a venomous fire, "we are men and no longer women! We have thrown off the petticoat of the squaw, and have seized the keen tomahawk of the brave. I speak," stamping his foot, "as one standing on his own ground. Why do you come to fight on our land ? Keep away ! French and English. The English are poor and stingy. They give us nothing but a few beads, some bad rum, and old worn-out guns, which kick back and break to pieces ; and their traders cheat us and fool us and our squaws and maidens. But I tell you we won't suffer it longer." MASSACRE OF SIXTEEN INDIANS AT WOOSTER. The following account of an Indian massacre at Wooster was so graphically given in Ben Douglas's History of Wayne County (1878) that it is here reproduced : "As we have said, our early settlements were made pretty generally in peace, and therefore we are barren of anything thrilling and startling in way of border strife. One hostile demonstration, however, occurred, which we propose to narrate, within the present corporation of Wooster, with the circumstances and details of which but few if any of the surviving pioneers of Wayne county have any knowledge. "This incident itself so little resembles a fierce Indian struggle, the heroes of which sensational and resolute narrators too frequently seek to invest with apotheosis, that only in its more liberal interpretation can be embraced in the catalog of great border exploits. It is the only violent collision that we have to chronicle transpiring within the present limits of the county between the pale and the copper faced. "A gang of Indians intent on a foraging expedition started from the region of Sandusky in an easterly direction, and in the course of their hunting and predatory peregrinations succeeded in reaching the white settlements on the banks of the Ohio and near Raccoon creek, some distance from Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. Their sole object being plunder and theft, without regard for sacrifice of human life, they crossed the river in bark canoes and for a while mingled with the whites, in apparent friendship, who had established quite a colony there. When opportunity, 'foul abettor,' furnished a safe occasion for it, these remorseless devils and incarnate fiends, with their WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 53 antipathy and hatred of the pale face, pounced upon and murdered five of their number, and burned to the ground seven dwellings, together with the families they sheltered. This act of diabolism and hellish slaughter very naturally aroused the community. Blood called for blood. The insulted silence of the air broke into echoes of revenge. "A company of thirty men, fearless of flints and fate, was immediately organized for the purpose of pursuit and punishment. The command was taken charge of by Capt. George Fulkes, the peer of Brady in Indian warfare. Better indeed than Brady did lie know their character, for at the age of three years he had been stolen by the Indians from his father, then living on the Raccoon creek, they retaining charge of him until he was a man, when his father bought him from them and restored him to his family. Later Brady became an expert Indian fighter. After crossing the river with their plunder, and apprehensive that they might be followed, the Indians observed the precaution of cutting the bottoms out of their canoes, and made great haste to retrace their steps in the direction from which they came. Could they but reach Sandusky with their stolen goods they would be safe enough. "Keenly alive to the immediate pursuit that might take place and determined to run down and exterminate the murderers, no time was lost in the outset. The ri ver was dashed over. The track of the fleeing assassins was soon scented. Indications eventually pointed to the fact that they were in proximity to the fugitives, but whether the Indians knew this or not we are not apprized. Late one evening, Captain Fulkes and his men, from what is known now as Robinson's Hill, a short distance south from Wooster, discovered the camp fires of the enemy on what is now the Point, or Flat-iron, at the intersection of South Bever street and Madison avenue, in the present limits of the city of Wooster. Avoiding all rashness and adopting the policy of caution, he concluded to make no attack that evening. So. to elude detection, they crossed over to Rice's hollow, remaining there for the night, or until the moon arose, when preparations were made for the assault. The arrangements completed, the advance was made and the Indian camp surrounded. At a given signal they fired upon them, killing fifteen, all of the party with the exception of one who had gone to the bottoms to look after the traps. Hearing the noise of the musketry lie rushed in the direction of the camp and, calling to Captain Fulkes, who understood some dialect, asked, `What's the matter ?"Come on,' shouted Fulkes, 'nothing is the matter.' The Indian advanced toward Fulkes, but when within a few paces of him an unruly lad perforated his carcass with a bullet. 54 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. "A shallow grave was scooped upon the Point before described, and here the sixteen Indians were rolled together and earthed over, their spirits having been unceremoniously delivered to the keeper of the Happy Hunting Ground. "Of Captain Fulkes we know but little, save that he was a bold Indian fighter." CHAPTER III. GLACIATION, ARCHAEOLOGY, MOUND BUILDERS, ETC. By J. H. Todd, M. D. INTRODUCTION. In Douglas' History of Wayne County there is a very concise description of the geological structure, but not a clear differentiation of the two almost equal halves of the county. It is generally known that in the south and east half of the county is found coal (all of the seven veins being represented) and many hilltops are capped with lime, while in the north and west there is no coal and no limestone. Now the dividing line between these widely separated geological formations is a preglacial river bed extending from Loudonville to Shreve and on by Wooster and Orrville to Sterling and from here, my own observations lead me to believe, it went north through Chippewa lake and the old and deep channel of Rocky river to Lake Erie. But Frank Leveret, of the United States geologic survey and who has examined the ground, favors a route from Sterling by Warwick and the Copley marsh to the Cuyahoga river and through it to Lake Erie. Leveret says (pages 163-5, Monographs of the U. S. Geological Survey) : "J. H. Todd has recently called attention to evidence that the lower courses of these tributaries of the Mohican creek had an eastward discharge. There is a continuous valley or lowland with an average width of about a mile following the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago railroad from Mansfield to Wooster, Ohio. East of Wooster there is a great drift accumulation, rising nearly two hundred feet above Killbuck valley, but it is Todd's opinion that the old valley continued in that direction about ten miles, to the vicinity of Orrville, where a valley is found with very low rock floor. "This valley seems to have drained northward either to Rocky river or the Cuyahoga, passing Sterling. "The writer is inclined to favor the view that this valley had a course 56 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. eastward from Sterling to Warwick, and thence north past New Portage and Copley marsh into the old Cuyahoga, that being a larger valley than the old Rocky river valley. "Todd, however, favors the Rocky River valley as the line of discharge into Lake Erie. "The valley under discussion, with its deep filling of drift, shows general eastward descent, as indicated in the table given later. The available data concerning the rock floor shown in the table, though meager, also favor the view that it slants eastward. It furnishes a more natural trunk line than any other old line of drainage yet found in that region. The several tributaries of the Mohican creek converge toward this old valley and seems to find in it a natural line of discharge. This old line may properly be termed the Old Mohican." Further, Leveret says, in writing of Killbuck : "It is quite certain that the old valley which leads northward along the Killbuck as above noticed from Shreve to Wooster, did not continue along this creek beyond Wooster. * * * * The continuation of that old valley (the Old Mohican) was probably eastward, as suggested by Todd." Again Leveret says : "A large part of Killbuck valley apparently once discharged northward to the Old Mohican, for there is a marked narrowing of the valley in passing southward down the present stream." So here we have our pre-glacial river authoritatively established from Loudonville to Sterling at least, and supplemented by the Killbuck channel from the col near Killbuck village in the coal region to where it joins the axial channel six miles below Wooster, developing a tripod lake two by three miles in extent, and this river is now, although no man ever saw it, named the Old Mohican. We have found from investigation and examination of fossils, that this ancient river ran exactly around the northeast head of an island that represents the oldest dry land in the United States—an island standing sentinel in both a Silurian and Devonian sea—ages before the Alleghany mountains were evolved or the coals of the carboniferous age had filled the Allegheny basin, to form, out of carboniferous conglomerate, an eastern bank to our river. I also find the line of the Old Mohican marked by the Waverly clay (as reported in the "Soil Survey" of the county). The Waverly shale was ground to clay in the glacial mill as it came up our valley from Sterling to Orrville, and erosive streams have since carried the Waverly sand over the new valley and deposited it as a soil nine to twelve inches in depth. WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 57 It really makes no difference to Wayne county whether the waters in the Old Mohican went from Sterling by the Rocky river, or the Cuyahoga, to Lake Erie, for all the writer claims, from original investigation, is that there is a deep and wide preglacial river bed, now filled with drift, from Loudonville, through Wayne county to Sterling, and that the channel passes exactly between the Waverly hills of the Cincinnati incline and the coal measure conglomerate, and that it carried all the waters of all Mohican's branches, together with the reversed Killbuck and Sugar creek, north to the bed of Lake Erie. PREGLACIAL TOPOGRAPHY. In order to give any clear idea of the glaciation of Wayne county it is necessary to take into consideration the preglacial topography, of not only Wayne, but of all the adjacent counties, for the drainage streams derive their headwaters in almost all instances from springs in neighboring counties, and many of the streams are reversed in at least part of their flow,--the red lines in the accompanying map indicate the preglacial, and the black the present drainage of the district,—while the highest hills and practically all drainage lines have been so modified by the glacial drift—in some places four hundred feet thick—that the preglacial aspect of the county is not now recognizable. The nature and magnitude of the glacial effects are beyond conception. You must give wings to your imagination to contemplate the picture, even after carefully considering the altitudes and depressions I will give you. Wayne county rests on the northeast face of what was, in the dawn of the earth's organic history. an island in a Silurian sea, and a large arm of the Atlantic, known as the "trough of the coal measures," which was a warm sea with only the lowest order of life existing in its depths, afterwards surrounded it. This island, or low mountain chain, extended from Sandusky, Ohio, far into Kentucky, while its breadth was from forty to one hundred and twenty miles, and it is now known geologically as the "Cincinnati Arch," or "Anticline :" poetically it has been called the "Lost Atlantis." In Ohio, and particularly in Wayne county, it presents in relief, and shows bold headlands, while in Kentucky it is in intaglio and was once submerged to receive the limestone that constitutes the "Blue Grass region." Here, in Wayne county. the arch is capped by Waverly sandstone and shale, as can be seen at the Reddick quarry, the Coe quarry, along the Christian run and at the shale brick works west of the city, where many characteristic 58 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. fossils are to be found, particularly crinoidea, conularia and productus. At these points there seems to be an association with the Devonian and lower carboniferous ages. In studying the Waverly group of rocks in this part of the island, I find a crescent of highest rock hills in the state, extending by Smithville Summit in Wayne to West Salem, Polk, in Ashland, and Mansfield, Belleville, and Independence, in Richland counties, which constitute a continental divide from which the rock strata dips away on the west under the coal fields of Indiana, on the north under the bed of Lake Erie, while on the east they decline gradually into the synclinal trough of the Allegheny coal basin. This constitutes a watershed in three directions and Professor Newberry says (in Vol. I of Geological Survey of Ohio), "It will be noticed that the direction of the drainage streams, which follow the strike of the strata on either side, indicate that it once formed a watershed that gave the initial bearing to their flow. It did more, for the fresh water from these many streams meeting the water of different density, temperature and chemic composition would create a current around the shore of the island. If you will go with me, carrying an aneroid barometer to note elevations, from Wooster, by Mifflin, to Belleville, in Richland county, you will cross all the streams at points of original scoring that drained the northeast face of this headland and carried their waters to the channel of the Old Mohican. Starting at Wooster University, we find it stands five hundred and twenty-two feet above Lake Erie ; Killbuck valley, three hundred and thirty-two feet; Jefferson, near rock summit of plateau, six hundred feet ; the flood plain of Muddy fork, four hundred and thirty-two ; and the divide between this and the Jerome fork of the Mohican, six hundred and fifty, while its flood plain is four hundred and fifty; Hayesville, on the summit of the divide between the Jerome and Black forks, seven hundred, and the flood plain of the Black fork at Mifflin is five hundred feet ; the depot at Mansfield, five hundred and eighty-one ; the plateau south of the city, eight hundred, and above Belleville, nine hundred. In the cross section from Ashland to Loudonville the divide between the Jerome and. Black forks—independent of glacial deposit—is nearly a level plain, with only a gradual descent of fifty to seventy-five feet. But these elevations do not mark the summit of our present hills nor the heads of present streams, neither do they cover the preglacial drainage of Congress and Chester. townships. The old divide entered the county two miles south of West Salem, and crossed the township diagonally south of Congress village and crosses what is now the Killbuck one mile north of WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 59 Overton, and, entering Wayne township, it intersects a north and south divide from Burbank to Wooster, but continues on across Wayne into Greene township, ending with and marking the head of the island east of Smithville, where the strata, badly crushed and eroded, dips under the bed of the Old Mohican. The north and south divide is a continuance of the divide between the Black and Rocky rivers and passing east of Lodi and Burbank nearly parallels the Killbuck from Burbank to Overton, but here deflects southeast to Wooster, where Wooster University stands on a pinnacle of Waverly one hundred and seventy-two feet above the city's square. By this crossing of the divides near Overton we had in evidence a range of highest pre-glacial hills in the county. The rocks here banking the Killbuck are now less than eighty rods apart. although nearly two hundred feet high, and the stream runs on a rock bottom for half a mile, while from the crests of the hills drainage lines were projected in four directions. All the waters of northeastern Congress township were carried, with the waters of Killbuck from Overton, through an old preglacial channel one and one-half miles west of Burbank to the Black river, west of Lodi and thence to Lake Erie. The district south of the divide in Chester and Congress townships—save a fringe of drainage into the Muddy fork of the Mohican—was carried into a preglacial channel leading by Ft. Hill to Wooster and ending in the Old Mohican near the Apple creek bridge. This channel is now followed by the Little Killbuck to Ft. Hill and drains a large territory, carrying pure spring water that could and should be utilized by Wooster, for it is gravel and sand filtered, and is available either by artesian or pump wells. This Little Killbuck was in preglacial times the Big Killbuck—in fact, the only Killbuck. for the drainage south from Overton was only a rivulet. The Little Killbuck is now an anomaly, reversing the common law of creeks ; it is a creek turned upside down. Its gravel bottom is now on top, supported by a shelf of boulder clay and sand, and the water runs beneath except in springtime freshets when its torrential waters carry great loads of gravel and clay to its mouth and there bank it. In this way it has driven the channel of Killbuck across the plain half a mile, where it is now eating out a bed from the Waverly shale and sandstone on the Eicher farM, section 5. Two miles to the south the new Apple creek has sent the Killbuck across the valley to the western hills in the same manner, as I have found evidence of three distinct channels of the Killbuck—each one long used—between the Cemetery hill and its present bed, which hugs the shale and glacial hills on the west three-quarters of a mile away. and between these old channels and the Apple creek the beavers had their home-life fun in the quiet waters, held by the dams they built from cedar logs which are now found in the buried channels. 60 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. The drainage of the northeast section—that bounded by the Continental and the north and south divide—included the bulk of Wayne and Canaan townships. The three heads of the present and old Killbuck followed the line of least resistance with the strike of the strata to near Jackson where they united and carried their waters to the Old Mohican, near Sterling. But in glacial times this channel was blocked by drift above Jackson and the waters turned west to cut a new channel through the shale of the north and south divide to Burbank, nearly seven miles away, where the stream was again turned at an obtuse angle into the old Killbuck channel, passing, after traveling twenty-four miles, within one mile of the springs that form its head. The drainage from the southwest of the divide from Overton to Wooster is represented by the Clear creek and the Christmas run. The Clear creek follows the strike of the strata in an old preglacial scoring to section 31 in Wayne township, where the old channel to the fair ground by the shale works was blocked by hundreds of feet of drift, creating beautiful terraces over the John McSweeny and Yoder farms on section 5, Wooster township, and there had to cut its way through the shales of the Eicher farm, section 6, to the channel of the little Killbuck. The Christmas run practically follows a preglacial over a boulder and boulder clay bed, but now cuts into the shale on the Byres farm, southeast quarter section 5, making a bed of the rock and giving the student a wealth of Devonian fossils—stone lilies, productus shells and conularia for his cabinet. The drainage from Wooster University to the divide east of the summit near Smithville, where the dip of the strata of stone determines the end of the Cincinnati Arch, or Silurian island, the primitive rocks ran under, or were torn out by the floods of the Old Mohican, and all drainage from the island was sucked into it. The Ouimby's run and the Wayne county head of what is now known as the Little Sugar creek were directed to the axial channel around the head of the island, and their channels tell the story by their deep dippings into the silurian rocks. The rivulets and creeks that formed the heads of all preglacial streams started from the rock with the dip of the rock and only marred the strike of the strata by erosion as they proceeded. The valleys in which the larger streams now run average—from rock summit to rock summit—about three-fourths of a mile, but the rock floor averages about one hundred and fifty to two hundred feet below the flood plain of the streams, the old channel being filled to that depth with drift over which the present streams meander from side to side like the wanderings of the old time snake, or even the present black ones near Overton. WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 61 This gives you a descriptive picture of the northeast face of this primitive island, the first dry land in the United States ; but can you reproduce it in your minds ? Can you contemplate it ? The elements had been warring on its sides and summits for thousands of years. Its pinnacles were eaten by the winds as by acids. Its rocks were disintegrating. Its sides were scarred with deep gullies, like miniature canyons, by erosion as the floods carried the degraded rocks to the sea. The island was an empire of silence save for the wild waves clashing against its scabrous sides, but there was no sense to feel and no ear to hear save God's. Desolation marked each nook and cranny. There was no motion or sound of any living thing, for the atmosphere was but a paste of carbon which no living beast nor creeping thing could breathe. And yet ! here is the foundation upon which God built up the northwest half of Wayne county. "The ways of the Maker are dark; Who knows how God will bring them about ?" Professor Newbury again says, "A current from the south swept the eastern shore of our 'Ancient Atlantis,' that floated the trunks of tree ferns and branches of lepidodendron to Sandusky." The waters were warm in this Silurian sea and receiving the wild water from the island, with its load of de-grant rock, coupled with the difference of temperature, specific gravity and chemic composition refused to mingle and a current round the shore resulted, and this current gave the initial direction to the preglacial stream which we now denominate the Old Mohican, and which in after time carried not only the waters of the Waverly capped island, but of the virgin coal fields as well exactly between them to the great channel in the bed of Lake Erie. As previously stated, a fringe of the drainage from the crest of the continental divide south of West Salem was carried into the Muddy fork of the Mohican. Now this stream follows a preglacial channel that drained the southeast face of the incline from Perrysburgh to Polk and Rowsburgh in Ashland county and passing between Rowsburgh in Ashland and Little Pittsburgh in Wayne county, it proceeded to the southwest corner of Chester township, where it entered Wayne county, and became a part and parcel of it. It then continued in a slightly irregular course southeast to near Blachleysville, on the bank of the Indian "Big Meadow" and the white man's "Big Prairie" in Plain township. Here it may have joined the large preglacial channel from Ashland, passing by Jeromesville to the village of Big Prairie, or Custaloga, on the Pittsburgh, Ft. Wayne & Chicago railroad, where it entered the axial. channel from Loudonville, now known as the Old Mohican. 62 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. But there is another possible, if not probable, way which I will try to explain. The entire south front or mouth of the Big Prairie was blocked by glacial drift piled into hills hundreds of feet high which turned the waters of both the Jerome and Muddy forks of the Mohican back upon themselves, creating a lake three hundred feet deep and one to three miles wide from Shreve and Big Prairie to near Jeromesville. Now through this lake-creating barrier a deep and wide preglacial channel has been discovered at the "Heller's Tavern" cross roads, about one mile east of the Camp Station on the Ashland & Wooster railroad and this channel continues to the old town of Millbrook and on across the D. Myres farm (section 6, Franklin township) and connects with the Old Mohican near Millbrook Station on the Pittsburg, Ft. Wayne & Chicago railroad. This valley would have been followed by the Ashland & Wooster railroad to the Camp clay plant from Millbrook village instead of from Custaloga, had not the engineer informed the projectors that their track could not be maintained, for the waters of the Big Prairie would rush—in spring floods—into the half-mile cut they would have to make through the glacial barrier, thus creating a col through which the waters would not only flood the railroad, but probably turn the Muddy fork of the Mohican into the Killbuck by Mill-brook village, as the flood plain of the Big Prairie is over one hundred feet higher than the plain of the Killbuck. The north end of this buried channel so nearly meets a projection of the Muddy fork near Blachleysville across sections 29 and 31 of Plain township that I think it probable the pre-glacial Muddy fork had its continuance to the axial channel—the Old Mohican—by this route, leaving the Jerome fork pass singly to some point between Shreve and Custaloga. This completes my simple sketch of the northwest half of Wayne county's native rock formation and drainage lines and includes the townships of Congress, Chester, Plain, Clinton, Wooster, Wayne and Canaan; also parts of East Union, Greene and Milton. There was a long time of waiting for the other half of Wayne county to be created. The years are marked by the million, for the Alleghany mountains were yet under the sea, their picturesque peaks were only a dream in the plan of evolution, and even when they were up in the mist of the dense atmosphere, there was a still longer wait before the broad arm of the ocean fretting between our primitive island and the west Alleghanies gave way to the carboniferous flora that preceded the formation and building up of the Alleghany coal fields, with the seven veins of coal and the intervening strata of shale, sand and conglomerate that now form the hills and vales of north- WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 63 eastern Wayne county, and include the townships of Paint, Sugar Creek, Baughman, Chippewa, Salt Creek and Franklin, with parts of East Union, Greene and Milton. Each of these is underlaid with coal, with occasional dove-tailings into the eroded channels of the Waverly. Now that the rock foundation of half our county is completed, might it not be well to contemplate the structure and its surroundings while waiting the evolution of the other half and note the methods of the Maker and Keeper and Controller of the universe in His creation of a continent ? Let us place on a pinnacle of the rock which is now graced by Wooster University, a primitive man—a multi-millionaire (in years, not gold)—and push his "nature's place" back in time a million years, but give him the sense of a troglodyte, for he must have a sentience sufficient to feel the moving of the spirit of God upon the waters around him and a perception of the spirit of development under his feet in the island, the first dry land in the United States, and which was then as a "babe in the womb," but possessed of an indistinct uneasiness, waiting, but pulsing for the light that it might have life in the open. Time was not, for the sun was hid by the vapors surrounding -the earth. The air was loaded with the heated earth's distillate and in the earth was only a thrill like a shudder of "life in death" to give promise of a land plant that could live in this noxious air. So only expectancy was beneath our millionaire's feet and all that was before or behind him was the ocean, "That glorious mirror where the Almighty's form Glasses itself in tempests. That image of Eternity, from out whose slime The monsters of the deep are made.” This awfulness was his environment; while the desolate, naked crags of Waverly sandstone, only relieved by the shrubless, lifeless, but soft expectant shale, was beneath him in the island, which, like a chrysalis in its cocoon, was waiting for its carbon case to break, that light might come in, and with light life to the land plant. I say expectant shale, because in the shales we find more of the active principles of life than in all other strata. Whatever clumsy name you give to the initial that the world's Ordainer and the world's Sustainer placed in the earth to fructify it—"vis vita," "primordial germ," or "vital unit," I refer you to Genesis, which says, "Whose seed is in itself upon the earth," and geobiology says the shales are largely its keeper. 64 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. And these same shales dipped under the ocean, forming its bed and furnished the first seaweed for the first animal life, while the laws governing this evolution gave the formula, or working agency, by which Omnipotence creates continents and develops life on their surfaces. Distinctly had these laws been operating in the evolution of life in the waters, for the ocean was teeming with fishes which were early brought forth, receiving their food and oxygen from the water they could live in, when land plants could not. But suddenly this monotony is broken and gives place to one of nature's creative convulsions. Our man on his pinnacle senses deep rumblings and dread tremblings. He is enveloped in lightnings and waves are dashed over him. The sea is rising and the island is tilting. It seems like the end of all things, but is only a second beginning, for when the catastrophe is over the ocean bed has taken the place of the sea. Virgin land is up for its first baptism in air. Nature's gestation is over and world has a new and added land with new aspirations and new potentialities. Evolution has a new field where we can study creative problems and note the factors and formula of development. The surface of the new land is one of ooze and slime, entombing the mutilated bodies of fishes, and the salt of the sea is gathered into pools. But an age passes while the fresh waters from our island on the west and the Alleghanies is flooding the ooze and dissolving the salt and a dim light has entered through the vapors above, and our man on the mountain sees lichens clinging to the rocks, ferns and club mosses, and rushes growing between, while the lowest forms of animal life are feeding on the fronds in what is known as a coal marsh. The coal plant must live and die in a swamp, for it must be covered with water or mud when it falls, or it will not be transformed into coal. Our multi-millionaire must wait thousands of years for this first cryptogamous forest to flourish and fade. But the time comes at last, and, with another convulsion, the land with all its flora sinks from sight and the ocean is here again to receive the degradation of the hills on the east and on the west and spread them over this sunken virgin forest, that distillation may go on to purification and the forest be presented to the twentieth century as perfect coal, and denominated coal seam No. I. Another period passes with the sea dominant; but the flight of time is marked by change, and the bed of the sea is again inspired to rise, and on its breast and in its ooze to grow a new and completer coal forest, with higher orders of plant and animal life. So in the coals we find the fossil plants : WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 65 the lepidodendron (the scaly tree), sometimes one hundred feet high and twelve feet in circumference; the beautiful sigillaria (the seal tree), the giant calamite, with hosts of lower forms of flowerless plants and these in such profusion that a coal forest represented a tropical jungle, in which insect life played a mysterious but conspicuous part. These coal plants were the especial feature of the carboniferous age of the Mesozoic time ; in fact, a necessity in its evolution and preparation for the future. Plants are the only things that know how to manufacture living material out of inorganic mud ; but plants do not take all their food from the earth, for they take up carbonic acid from the air through their leaves and decompose it, retain the carbon, and give off the oxygen. Animal life takes up oxygen and gives off carbonic acid. Now during the carboniferous age the atmosphere was so charged with acid carbon that no animal could live in it if permanently out of the water, so these forests were inspired as a media to extract and lay up the carbon, and so utilize the destructive element to animal life, and lay it down in coal for the future use of man, for whose advent on earth the initial steps were being prepared. Five times more this down of the ocean and up of the land was repeated. The new land with all its flora and fauna went down seven times, putting the forests to sleep in coal at each separate submergence and flattening the bones of primitive life to fossil, thus forming the seven veins of coal found in our Eastern hills. Each time that the earth went down and the sea became master it brought immense loads of degraded rock that the wild waves had torn from the continent and dashed into sand and mud and spread them over its bottom; and these, with the ground-up corals and shells and pebbles rolled into marble forms, produced a new stratum between the coal seams and heightened the hills of our growing country. , As said above, seven times was it necessary for a forest to grow and appropriate the carbon in the air and lay it down in coal, to prepare a way for air-breathing animals* to have a permanent home on its surface. In the last period of the coal formations the animal kingdom had greatly advanced. When the first coals were put down the forms of life were all of the water genera, but in the last v. e had rich and varied terrestrial vegetation and many air-breathing animals, but there was a long lapse of time before the earth was fitted for the higher orders—the prelude to man. With the close of the carboniferous age, although our hills were completed and partially fitted for (5 ) 66 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. terrestrial vegetation, yet the upper factors of the Mesozoic aeon—the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous ages—the ages of reptiles and birds, together with the Tertiary age, the age of mammals, was never represented in Ohio as in other parts of the world, for Ohio was out of the water and has so remained during all these ages. During all this vast period Wayne county was basking in a gradually developing sunshine, and growing immense forests and putting the leaves and dead branches down in humus, that grasses might grow and flowering plants spring up and bloom, birds multiply and render the forests vocal, preparing the way for man's advent in the county, which was partially achieved when the hills were completed in the new half of Wayne county. This new half is made up of other stuff than the first and older half, for the University hill is a million, if not millions of years older than the Experiment Station hill ; the former's rocks represent the Silurian and Devonian aeons of the world's organic history and present the earliest forms of perfect life in their fossils, while the latter shows all the varied forms of flowerless plants, from ferns to sigillaria, but no bird enlivened the scene. The hills of the new half are made up of coal and conglomerate, capped with' sandstone and limestone, chert and iron ore, through Wayne and Holmes counties, making, with the Waverly of the island, a bowl or hydrographic basin, shaped almost like a huge mussel shell. Its southwest end is found between Independence and Bellville in Richland county, and its axis is almost parallel with that of Lake Erie, and this axis followed the primordial current around the head of our Silurian island that carried the fresh water that flowed into the salt sea from the island, creating the "Newberry current" around the head of the "Incline" to the great northeast channel through the initial Lake Erie, and now, after the development of the coal measure hills, drains both the island and the virgin coal hills into a slightly curved channel passing distinctly from Loudonville to Sterling, and thence by Rocky river to Lake Erie, and now known as the Old Mohican, for in the ancient time all the branches of the Big Mohican drained northeast through this deep and wide waterway, running exactly between the base of the Silurian island and the carboniferous conglomerate. The rock floor of this river—that no man ever saw—is at Loudonville, two hundred and sixty-two feet above Lake Erie ; at the railroad bridge over the Lake fork, two hundred and forty-five ; at Odel's lake, two hundred and twenty-eight; at Big Prairie, two hundred and fourteen ; at Custaloga, two hundred and ten ; Shreve, two hundred ; near Millbrook Station, one thousand eight hundred and eighty-five, and one and a half miles south of Wooster, one hundred and forty-seven feet. At the Mock farm, section 6, East Union town- WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 67 ship, no rock was struck at one thousand eight hundred and eighty-five feet. Wellhead, three hundred and forty-five, which proves less than one hundred and sixty ; but here we encounter mountains of drift, and no wells have been drilled into them, so the channel is obscured, but near Orrville it enters the great Orrville swamp, or lake, and through it the channel proceeds to Sterling, where is found four hundred and nine feet of drift and the rock floor many feet below the present face of Lake Erie. From this you see. the channel's decline from Loudonville to Sterling, and the Black fork from Mansfield follows an old preglacial bed, having the same general decline to Loudonville, while the Jerome fork from Ashland, the Muddy fork from Rowsburgh, the Little Killbuck from West Salem and the reversed Killbuck from Millers-burgh all show a similar descent into the axial channel—the Old Mohican. The continental divide leaves Richland county near Independence, passes irregularly through Holmes county to Chestnut ridge, between the Black and Wolf creeks, here crosses Killbuck and proceeds to the south of Baltic, Ragersville and Dundee, and connects with the divide noted by Frank Leverett as crossing the Big Sugar creek between Strausburgh and Canal Dover. So the rim of the elongated bowl commenced near Garden Isle in the "Harrisville Swamp," and included West Salem, Polk, Ashland, Mansfield, Bellville, Killbuck, Dundee, Massillon, 'Warwick and practically ended at the River Styx and the preglacial drainage lines from this crest of highest hills all converged to a central axis—the Old Mohican. Those from the island side have been noted, and I will now briefly indicate the principal ones from the carboniferous side. The first on the west was a small channel coming in just south of Loudonville and draining the high hills of Hanover township; it is now crossed by the new bed of the Clear fork. Drake's valley, from Nashville to Lakeville, marks the line of the second. The third drained the limestone hills of Ripley township and entered the main waterway just west of Shreve. This takes us to the south exposure of the limestone ridge of Ripley township, and all its Waters were directed by the dip of the rock to the Paint Valley channel, which started near Nashville and entered the Killbuck near Holmesville. The next and principal tributary is the great Killbuck channel, in which the waters are now reversed from the col at Killbuck village. This valley gradually widens and deepens until it enters the Old Mohican between -Wooster and Shreve. The sixth channel is a smaller one, coming in between coal hills, two miles south of Millersburgh. The seventh comes in through a fissure between Holmesville and Holmes county infirmary. It is now occupied in part by Martin's creek. The channel is wide and two hundred feet deep. The eighth 68 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. in order drained a large part of Salt Creek and Paint townships in both Wayne and .Holmes counties, and the valley is probably of more importance to the people of Wayne county than all the others combined, for it furnishes a series of flowing wells of purest water. Its head is represented by Dry run, passing down a fissure between the hills southwest of the south branch of Salt creek, and ended in the Salt creek valley near the tile factory, below Fredericksburgh. At this point is located the col in the big Salt creek, and over this broken-down col the waters now go tearing over a rocky bed and between rock hills to Holmesville, where the debris is landed in beautiful terraces. From Fredericksburgh the old channel passed almost due north to old Edinburgh, where it was joined by a preglacial channel coming in from Kidron by Apple creek. It then took a northwest direction through the valley of the Apple creek to Honeytown, where it entered the Old Mohican. The ninth is the mysterious Big Sugar creek, a reversed stream, the col being near the falls below Beach City. The next is Newman's creek, that the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago railroad follows from Massillon to Orrville. The eleventh is represented by Patton's lake, Fox lake and Red run. The twelfth is represented by Chippewa creek, now forming the west head of the Tuscarawas, which is known to be a reversed stream from near Strausburgh. Here I must call your attention to a feature in the location of these pre-glacial channels that will assist you in determining the necessity of the axial channel or Old Mohican, and it will be better understood by referring to the accompanying map, viz. : All the channels described enter the axial channel through fissures or gorges in the hills that deepen and widen as they proceed from the hills to their mouths, and this explains the mystery of Sugar creek, Newman's creek and Chippewa creek, whose waters now trend out, but in preglacial times flowed in. Their mouths were filled with drift to a point above their source, and the streams of necessity reversed. Newman's creek, which now empties into the Tuscarawas near Massillon, is the remains of an old glacial marsh, with its widest end opening into the Old Mohican, and it seems plain that this "Shades of Death," as the pioneers called it, marks the line of a preglacial channel trending north and west. The Chippewa creek channel is, from a geological and glaciological standpoint, the most important of all, for it has been surmised that the Old Mohican went through this channel to Warwick, and then by the Copley marsh to the Cuyahoga, and thence to Lake Erie. My first objection to this is that I have found another and better way through which the waters could pass, and my second objection is based on geological and physical principles. The Chippewa WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 69 creek channel passes over carboniferous conglomerate that contained a vein of coal, and here is a breach through a fissure in the hills which shows them to have been cut through, as with pick and shovel, which is not consistent with their formation, but which is in accord with a law of physics, viz. : Dammed-up waters will select the point of least resistance in seeking a lower level ; and here was an immense lake bounded by hard and high hills, and as the lake was still rising from the melting ice of the glacier's front, there must be found an outlet, and at last nature furnished it in two notches in the east hills, the one over Chippewa creek and the other over Newman's creek. Through these the rising waters rushed, disintegrating and transporting the obstructing material, until the two channels were formed that now constitute the west head of the Tuscarawas. In sections 26 and 25 of Chippewa township coal mines are operated by drift less than a mile apart and the veins are on the same level, with the creek between them. These veins were certainly united in preglacial times, and my firm belief is that the waters of the Old Mohican went from the Orrville lake across the Chippewa channel, receiving it as a tributary from section 26, through Chippewa Lake to Rocky river, and thence to the great preglacial river or channel in Lake Erie. GLACIATION IN WAYNE COUNTY. In calling attention to the influences of the glaciers—for there were several stages, each with an advance and retreat—I direct your minds to the agencies God made use of to beautify and bring more complete "seed time and harvest" to Ohio's Eden—Wayne county. I will not speculate on the many theories that have been brought forth to account for the glaciers' formation and coming; will simply say they are confined to two principal schools, first, that dependent on the procession of the equinoxes, which is supposed to induce alternates of intense cold and tropical heat twice in twenty-one thousand years ; second, the annular theory, which presuppose that the earth, in its earliest history, was surrounded with belts or rings, as Saturn is now, and that these belts of dense vapor shut out the direct light of the sun and so induced an even, warm temperature, as in a hothouse, from pole to pole, allowing the huge mammoth to roam amid giant palms up to the Arctic circle. That these belts—the distillate of the earth's furnace—successively came within the earth's attraction and fell to the earth; the heaviest first; the carbons that gave nourishment to our coal forests. Later, and finally, the dense aqueous vapors, which by the earth's rotation were carried to the poles and fell as snow, to be converted into ice, which we call a glacier, and which must move through its own weight. My sympathies combine the two as causes. What we do know positively is that a broad 70 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. sheet of ice, many thousands of feet thick, formed in the north and moved south toward the equator, tearing off the tops of the Canadian highlands in its progress, and carrying a part of its load to Ohio, where, by the sun's heat, the ice was melted and its grist deposited in the form of drift and silt and till. This high mountain of ice, calculated by some to be eleven thousand feet in thickness, with gravity pulling and some inherent mysterious force propelling it, crept slowly south, having no respect for the igneous rocks of Canada, but leveled the ledges of her Laurentian hills, tore the pinnacles to pieces and took up and incorporated the product as a part and parcel of itself. As it proceeded south the sun's heat commenced its disintegration, and great rivers were formed on its top, over its front and underneath it. And in these rivers were rolled the angular blocks of Canadian granite, until they were rounded into boulders or "nigger heads" and cobblestones, to be deposited on Wayne county by the million. Nor was this all, for "though the mills of the gods grind slowly, yet they grind exceeding small" ; so the softer material, as shales, was ground to powder, and the crushed fragments of quartz, feldspar and hornblend were rolled into pebbles and deposited as boulders, clays and gravels. After leaving Canada with its load of granite and gravel, the line of direction of the glacier in its advance was largely determined, over what is now Lake Erie, by the deep and wide channel of a preglacial river, called by Newberry, in his geological report, Erie river, a river which "no man ever saw." This river was largely made up of the great volumes of water pouring from the Old Mohican through Rocky river and through the equally deep channel of the Cuyahoga, supplemented by the flood from Black river and that from the drainage channels of the entire watershed of the south end of the lake. All these channels are supposed to have converged into one, forming the "Erie river," and its channel formed a path or mould for the viscous moving body of ice to follow in its advance, paralleling what is now Lake Erie. That such a mould will modify the course of the ice, I refer you to Professor G. F. Wright's "Ice Age in North America," page 335. When the glacier had passed from the soft shale, where it had plowed out a bed for Lake Erie to lie in, and had shaped and grooved the hard limestone for the islands near Sandusky, it met in its progress a barrier of massive and resistant limestone and waterlime, capped with firm. Waverly, gradually rising to a height of eight hundred feet above the bottom of the lake, constituting the southeast watershed of Lake Erie. This obstacle had to be overcome or compromised with, for there is nothing to stop such a moving mass of polar ice in its advance, save solar heat. Ice is commonly looked upon as a solid, and WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 71 a child has said, "Ice is water asleep," but ice is not a solid; and if asleep, it is somnambulistic, and walks in its sleep. Ice is no more a solid than honey, or lava, for its molecules move upon each other from some mysterious cause, aside from gravitation, inducing change of form and position, and here it must have acted against gravity, for the glacier crept on and up the obstructing mountain, crushed its strata, deepened its ravines, scored its rocks. as a plane grooves wood. and left its "hall marks" as striae on the hillsides. Reaching the rocky summit, it seemed to hesitate before smoothing the crags of Waverly and dropped part of its load with its heaviest boulders on the north edge of the hill, and so changed the line of highest hills constituting the continental divide. It then passed on in nearly a direct line south as far as Newark in Licking county. A moving viscous body, meeting an obstruction that reacts against gravity, will, by a law of physics, manifest increased lateral pressure, and bulge, and the bulging will be in the line of least resistance. Now, at a point northeast of the resisting hills on the lake front, just where we would expect the reaction against gravity to be greatest, we find a low col made up of the basin of the Cuyahoga river, four and one-half miles wide, and the gorge of the Rocky river, three miles wide and only seven miles of hills between them—fourteen and one-half miles of space and seven and one-half miles of it open to below the lake's bottom. And this, supplemented by the wide mouth of Black river as a lateral, and, centrally, the channel of the Old Mohican to direct the bulb. Would it be in reason to suppose that nature would violate her own laws, reject the physical invitation and not send a lobe into the mouths of these hungry rivers? She did accept the challenge and projected a lobule into the fissure. In proof, I direct you to the present extension of glacial tongues in Alaska, which generally follow this law, and to Professor Wright's "Ice Age in North America," pages 174 to 235, demonstrated and recorded striae on the rocks, which on the hills of Summit county are directed southwest. and on the waverly of Ashland and Richland counties the scorings are directed southeast, and these scorings, if projected, would meet in the Old Mohican. The moraines are also in proof of this, for the terminals are deepest on the sides where the embarrassing hills modified the laterals, but did not prevent a marked central moraine for ten miles below Wooster, as well as to the north, and a silting of the lower reaches to Millersburgh. This valley of the Old Mohican and Killbuck furnished the groove of direction, with only gently curved variation from a right line across Medina and Wayne counties to Millersburgh, in Holmes county, where there is a more marked curve of. the valley to the west, ending at the col near Killbuck Village. The width of this lobule of 72 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. the glacier extended from Canton, in Stark, to Loudonville, in Ashland county, and the lobe was arrested or ended just before reaching the continental divide of the coal measures. It was stranded as a semicircle, its front presenting as a bent bow, which a little more than subtends the south front of Wayne county ; the bow string is about thirty miles long from Canton to Loudonville, while its central projection from this line is about eight miles, extending to below Millersburgh, with the Killbuck channel as a fixed arrow in the bent bow. On the outside of this bow from Dundee, in Tuscarawas, to near Brinkhaven, in Holmes county, where the north and south divide crosses the Cleveland, Akron & Columbus railroad, the landscape is the most picturesque in this section of Ohio, made so by the ravines of erosion created by the rushing waters of the melting ice, and the great masses of stone broken from the arresting hills and tumbled into the valleys. Near Dundee, blocks that I have measured are twenty-five by fifteen by six feet above ground, and how far below no one can tell, and any one who has traveled on the Cleveland, Akron & Columbus railroad from Millersburgh to Mount Vernon has wondered at the multitude and magnitude of the surface rocks along the track, especially near Glenmont, many looking like small houses, while the smaller ones render the ground. untillable ; and all these rocks were torn from the tops of the immediate hills by the force of the glacier just as its power of progress was spent, or arrested by the sun's rays. This lobe of the glacier seems to have been detached from the main body just where the coal measures end below Loudonville, for the main mountain of ice slid on south over the smoother face of the Waverly that skirts the coal measures to below Newark before it was deflected, a distance of forty miles. Now, it was this arrested lobe of the glacier that brought the load of material that changed the entire topography of the hydrographic basin described in this paper, from Cleveland to Millersburgh and from Massillon to Mansfield. But particularly in Wayne county was its burden of "Life in Death" put down, giving a new physiognomy and a new physiology to the landscape. The remodeled features of this perspective scene, with its fresh expression, made the face of this valley a thing of beauty to the eye and a blessing to agricultural interests. The angular hills and gorge-like valleys were rounded up into gentle swells and smoothed out into graceful undulations, and the food of the glacial grist was so disposed, digested and fitted for assimilation that hill and dale rejoiced in verdure unsurpassed, and there was left as our inheritance as fine a grazing and wheat growing section as the sun shines on. But our old waterways were obliterated, filled with drift hundreds of feet above their holding, and new drainage channels must be cre- WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 73 ated, a few of which, together with their mode of formation, I will attempt to describe. The Clear fork of the Mohican followed, in part, the old channel to near Perrysville, but was here obstructed in its course to the Black fork gorge by drift, the obliterated channel being now distinguished by two small lakes or kettle holes between the high gravel knolls that turned the waters. The deflected stream then cut a new channel southeast to the Mohican, its newness being demonstrated by numerous falls, the most picturesque being Lyons Falls, where the stream cuts down into the crumbling red sandstone of the Waverly immediately below the carboniferous conglomerate of an outlying coal hill, revealing many beautiful casts of fossil. The Black fork was blocked by moraine material where the Killbuck lobe of the glacier became fixed on the Loudonville hills, and its entire old channel—the Old Mohican—was filled to an insurmountable height with drift. But the pent-up waters formed a notch or low col in the hills one mile south of the village of Loudonville, where the diverted Clear fork rejoined it, and, uniting their forces, cut a narrow gorge through hills that now stand four hundred and twenty-five feet above the rock-bottomed and rock-banked Mohican. Here a mountain of sandstone and shale was cut in two, as you would cut a loaf of bread. The next new stream starts between Funk and Tylertown, where, because the old channel in the Big Prairie was walled up by a glacial dam three hundred feet high, creating the lake noted above, from Custaloga to Jeromesville, the Muddy and Jerome forks of the Mohican were compelled to mingle their waters and tear down a low breach in the north and south divide near Fort Tyler into a gorge two hundred feet deep and three miles long to gain, at Rochester Mill, a preglacial channel coming down from Mohicanville. Another glacial or post-glacial stream was created east of Orrville from the Newman's creek swamp to the Tuscarawas at Massillon, when .the pent-up waters of the Orrville lake, whose flood plain was high as the surrounding hills—cut a narrow channel through a fissure in the coal hills and so reversed a preglacial stream, sending its water up the hill instead of down ; the immense morainic hills on the south held the waters of the melting glacier above, until sediment accumulated as high or higher than the gorge, when they cut through the carboniferous divide to the Tuscarawas at Massillon, the stream Led being fifty feet higher than that of Killbuck. The Chippewa creek, which was the northern outlet of the great lake extending from near Orrville to above Chippewa lake in Medina county and across to near Smithville and Creston, cut a channel through the carboniferous conglomerate to a lower level and now forms the west head of the Tuscarawas river. 74 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. The Old Killbuck, which headed in Wayne township, was diverted by the moraine at Creston and cut a channel seven miles long to Burbank, from whence it found an outlet up the channel of the preglacial Black river to the divide near Overton, and here it cut its way to the present Killbuck. LAKES AND SWAMPS. The topography of Wayne county is rendered distinctly picturesque by the location of its lakes and swamps, and in this, as in all other descriptions, I include the area bounded by the surveys and acts of the General Assembly of Ohio in the year 1808. This extended the south line of the county to the Greenville treaty line, and the west line to include one tier of townships in Ashland county. This becomes an absolute necessity in presenting a topographic picture, for the escarpments of Holmes and the rivulets and creeks that form the heads of the two Mohicans, the Adamic father and mother of the Big Prairie, are but parts of one great whole. All the lakes of the county, both open and silted up, are found to have their centers in preglacial gorges and their lateral margins are the rock banks of the preglacial streams, covered light or heavy by glacial drift. They are mostly confined to the eroded channels of the Devonian island and the channel of the Old Mohican, which runs exactly between the island and rock hills of the carboniferous. Odel's and Chippewa lakes are examples of the latter, while Greenlee's, Marthy's, Round and Long lakes, in Lake township, Ashland county, form a chain making a preglacial channel from Mohicanville to near Lakeville, where it entered the channel of the Old Mohican. Brown's lake and Manly's lake, though the former is very deep and fast closing over with turf, are simply kettle holes in the moraine where large masses of ice have become detached from the retreating glacier's front and so covered with gravel and sand that the sun could not melt them for centuries, but finally the sun was supreme—the gravel covering went to the bottom and the lakes were formed. Fox lake and Patton's lake are located in the gorge that was drainage channel for the coal hills of eastern Baughman township ; and there is much evidence that Fox lake is an immense artesian well. The waters flowing from 'the hills into the Tamarack. swamp, through the preglacial channel noted above, into Patton's lake, and from here, in an undercurrent, to Fox lake, on the north side of which is found impenetrable morainic material, and the obstructed water rises through a gravel vent as it would through a drill hole. This would correspond to the great flowing wells near Sterling,