WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 525 ly is now supplemented by a regular bulletin, packed with information. Woos--tees diploma means more each year. The children of the benign mother's first generation are coming to drink of the same fountain. The four mission-heroes, Ritchie, Pinkerton, Devor and Noyes; lie buried in China, Brazil and Africa; but their souls "are marching on" in the recruits who annually say : "Here am I, send me." Wooster's alumni have given one professorship twenty-five thousand dollars and they know this is but a beginning for an ever-enlarging body in ministering to the ever-growing demands of advanced Christian thinking and knowing and doing. Experience has proven that the high-grade students (taken by classes) do the high-grade work in life. A great mission is worth great preparation. IX. HISTORY BY DEPARTMENTS. I. First, attention may be given to those which have disappeared. And among these the first place is due to the medical department. Undoubtedly our institution owed its title of "university" to the expectation that a medical department would begin its functions at once and be followed by a department of law. The main building bore distinct traces of adaptation to the need of a medical department. But it was found expedient to accept an already established medical school, a "going concern" in Cleveland. It opened simultaneously with the collegiate department. There were long struggles to maintain it by the self-denying and capable professors. Hospital facilities were lacking at times. For a while it became only a summer school. Reorganization was had and enlargement of facilities followed. Standard instruction. was given. Four years were required for completing the course. Some of Cleveland's best surgeons were members of its faculty. A building for instruction became imperatively necessary. That was beyond the power of the university at the time. A change was acceded to and the medical department passed under the charter of the Ohio Wesleyan University. Just now in the interests of each institution and of medical education in general, a union has been formed with the medical department of Western Reserve University, long known for unusually good facilities and high standards of admission. In bidding this department farewell in 1895, the following was published : "It has been impossible for the university, burdened with the beginnings of things, to occupy any other than an almost passive position toward the medical department at Cleveland. What could be done without assuming any pecuniary responsibility was done in the hope that the enterprise might find such friends in its immediate surroundings, as would meet its needs. * * * The rec- 526 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. ord of the past twenty-six years has been an honorable one for the university and for the medical faculty, which has managed to sustain the entire expenses of the department and to maintain a high standard of efficiency." A second department has been discontinued—the military. It opened under Lieutenant (now Captain) A. C. Sharpe in 1883. His commission to teach was renewed and he remained until 1888. Lieutenant Wilkinson succeeded him for two years and the instruction ceased in 1890. On the whole, the experiment succeeded. The drill was an effective, mainly out-door, supplement to the gymnasium instruction. The carriage of men who underwent the exercises was strikingly improved. The result was good as to' health, as to neatness, and as to the habit of immediate and simultaneous movement under orders. The university endeavored to administer the trust implied in the appointment of an officer conscientiously, and favorable reports, we understand, were made to the government by the officers of inspection. The post-graduate department opened in the collegiate year of 1881-2. Doctor Taylor, its originator, was later its dean. Half a dozen courses of advanced work were laid down to be pursued in absentia, but with a view to constant and detailed examination of the studies and laboratory work. These courses were strengthened from time to time until they seemed to be full equivalents for the work demanded for similar degrees in the larger institutions. There were disadvantages, no doubt, connected with such a. plan, but they were reduced to a minimum by great care in the selection of candidates for these advanced degrees, such previous preparation being insisted upon as made it reasonably certain that they could profitably pursue their studies with no further direction by the professor in charge than could be given by correspondence. The members enrolled grew beyond expectation and it was demonstrated that a large class exists which desires direction in advanced studies, but for which university-residence is impossible. Ministers, teachers, professors, with a few lawyers and physicians, entered the lists. But finally the burden grew too heavy for the smaller faculty of that clay, and a sentiment hostile to all in absentia study developed in the college circles. During 1898-9 measures were taken to bring the work to a close. No new candidates were received and the last degrees were conferred in 1903. 2. The library of a college is increasingly esteemed as one of its most important departments. That that should not have even the endowment of a single professorship which underbuilds all the professorships is a scandal—to say nothing of the demand upon the general fund for appropriations to meet current expenses. It has not been for want of the right estimate of the library-function that Wooster is still minus a library endowment. Even when WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 527 small, the library was diligently used. Housed in its plain shelves more "takings" were recorded than were found to exist in an institution with a sixty-thousand-dollar library building. The four stages of development include the primaldonation of C. S. Bragg (American Book Company, Cincinnati). That five thousand dollars attracted other library fragments. Better facilities came under the second administration with a librarian and the establishments of a reading room. The third stage comes with the "wings" in the third administration. About 1892 there was a separate stack-room and a larger reading room furnished with suitable desks and the beginning of better cataloguing. Judge Welker's important gift of a complete set of Congressional Records was hailed with joy, as were the contributions from Dr. James Hoge's library. The contributions of the second president, Doctor Taylor, at various times, exceed in number and value the gifts of any other contributor, Mr. Bragg's excepted. It was most fitting that the uplifting gift of H. C. Frick should be the first bird of promise in the fourth administration. That building, planned by Nimmons (Wooster '87), is the classic ornament of the whole campus. It contains all conceivable library conveniences in its completed form (1906). As an initial surprise it amazed us—but as a complete book-palace it comforts and reassures us. We cannot long have such a cage without the birds it is built for. The appeal is now made in connection with the present strenuous effort for increased endowment by the president, to whose Midas-touch the building was the first response. It is a pleasure to echo that appeal here. Let the benevolent remember scripta manent. Books are the waymarks of civilization. I wish it were possible to tarry here for even brief characterization of the admirable and thoughtful addresses pronounced at the dedication, including the eloquent tribute of President Holden to the generous donor. Nor can I stay to trace the growth of the really valuable library already within this handsome enclosure. Professor Notestein saved the old library by insisting upon its removal to the scarcely complete new building but a month or two before the destruction by fire of the old building. And he has been acknowledged generalissimo .of the progress since. He founded the mission-alcove with the proceeds (three hundred dollars) of a prize won by his brain and pen. He has pushed forward the Dewey system of cataloguing. He has presided over a number of purchases which have given us many a series of Poole-indexed publications rapidly becoming inaccessible. Special obligations are due to Messrs. L. H. and Solon Severance, of Cleveland, whose tastes and travels have led them to be the largest (almost the only) givers of large sums to the library-shelves. The whole faculty and the whole student-body join in thanking them. The accession-lists show over 528 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. thirty-four thousand books as the total enrollment of these seried ranks of learning's infantry. Excluding' duplicates and losses (as well as pamphlets), we have now about thirty thousand volumes. From October I, 1908, to September 30, 1909, net gain was one thousand three hundred forty-one volumes, besides six hundred eighty-seven pamphlets. Whoever says "library” in Wooster says Dr. T. K. Davis, the honored librarian emeritus. Much as Miss Bechtel deserves praise for accuracy and system and patience and ability to make the library useful to its maximum, and much as we must gladly acknowledge the valuable service of her assistants, the meed of esteem and admiration must not be withheld froth him, whose efficient care ("respect property e. g.) and perfect knowledge of the library's resources all along its growth have furnished just the aid required in the studies and general culture of the student-body. How earnestly he has endeavored to make the room a "temple of silence" that it might be a temple of thought also. What a brave fight he has made for the elusive intellectual as against the intrusive emotional ! Many generations of students rise up to call him blessed. 3. A third specific work is that of the preparatory department. At the close of the first collegiate year order was taken by the board, through the executive committee and the faculty, for the organization of a sub-freshman class. This resulted in the whole department which entered upon its work with the opening of 1872-3 and was cordially approved at the close of that year by the board. The dangers of such an experiment were fully appreciated and wisely guarded against from the beginning and high standards were insisted upon which have brought their reward ever since. The Rev. J. A. I. Lowes, an experienced superintendent of schools, was the first principal. Details of subsequent history may be omitted, save to mention that some of our best professors did their first work in this department and thereby earned their promotion. Miss E. Pendleton, A. M., deserves the greatest esteem for-having contributed to and conserved the 'best spirit of the department since 1889. Adjunct professor of English since 1901. An epoch arrived with the principalship of J. H. Dickason. In 1895 he became instructor and temporary principal. In 1896 he was made principal and adjunct professor of Latin and given a seat in the 'faculty. Progress in all directions has been constantly made. Demand arose as early as 1896-7 for a school of review and improved methods for the teachers of secondary schools. This has resulted in the present permanent arrangement for pedagogical instruction in this department. An earlier demand (1897) was perceived for a commercial department. After various experiments this, too, has found a safe and permanent lodgment in the academy with excellent appointments and a varied curriculum. As early as ten years ago a full four years' course was provided with such variations in WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 529 the curriculum as make the department eminently serviceable, even for those who do not expect to pursue the higher education. The very first class under the new arrangement graduated twenty-five. It is believed that the courses now offered "present as valuable and compact groups of four years of study as can be selected." Experienced instructors only are employed. Credit is accepted from high schools. Reports are made three times a year to parents. "Helping hours" are provided for those who "show marked need of supervision," and thus better habits of study are attained. The latest catalogue shows two hundred and eight, not counting those in the commercial course. The department's ideal is the first-class New England Academy. That ideal is elementary thoroughness and accuracy, as determining the student's future success. The equipment of the academy in Taylor Hall is believed to be superior to any similar department in connection with any college. German is the only language from the first lesson in that tongue. The academy graduates easily find employment as teachers. In the college-life the sophomore prizes, in the proportion of nineteen out of twenty-six students, have gone to those prepared in the academy. Senior honor-men and oratorical and debating honors show the same results. 4. The summer school comes naturally next. Its beginnings are (relatively) ancient. The modest arrangement of 1876 was designed to give "students the opportunity to bring up studies in which they were deficient." Twenty students were enrolled. Fourteen of these are classified elsewhere in the catalogue and the summer school contingent, pure and simple, was just six. The purposes declared in catalogue of 1879 were more complex. ( ) For teachers ; (2) for those below entrance standard ; (3) for those less proficient in their classes ; (4) for the winter-school teachers ; (5) for conditioned collegians. The president, assisted by "a select corps of teachers," was put in charge. In 1883-4, Professor John Boyd took care of the school. Professor James Wallace followed in 1884-5 with emphasis on making up college deficiencies. Thus it went on with varying success and small numbers—Prof. John G. Black being mostly responsible for the management. In 1893-4 catalogue, fifty-three enrollments are reported. In 1896 J. H. Dickason joined Professor Black and special work for teachers in preparation for examinations or positions was undertaken. That was the need to be met. It has proved a veritable foundation of sweet waters—a sort of artesian well. Lectures were provided in 1897 and aims more fully advertised. One hundred forty were in attendance. In 1898, two hundred were reported. The next year (Dickason and Sauvain, principals) the number rose to two hundred eighty-three. (34) 530 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. In 1900 the special imprimatur of the board of trustees was put upon the growing enterprise "as an invaluable adjunct to the educational forces of the institution." Use of buildings was formally granted and an annual report to the board's winter-meeting suggested. By the betterment of each year's temporary faculty and vigorous use of all methods of making known the attractions of the place, the patronage was steadily increased until it reached and just passed the mark of a thousand enrollments for this year (1910). The university buildings are overtaxed and the city authorities allot a neighboring school house. The busiest of educational centres during the eight weeks is here. Reviews for examination, studies in methods, sciences (mental, social and natural), mathematics, history, languages, all are pursued with prompt vigor. Besides all the regular work there are chapel hours with ringing addresses, and "round-table" conferences, with the accompaniment of clicking type-writers and hammer-blows in the manual training and the ripple of musical fingers and the songs of choral singing and the competitive struggle of orators ; to say nothing of the wit and wisdom of the high-class lecturers or the wild yells of the ball ground or the fearfully early excursions of the nature students, or the savory odors of the domestic-science department. Much of the work is elementary, but some of it counts, according to strict regulations, on college credits and even for the Master's degree. The admirable location, the well-adapted buildings, the co-operation of the university faculty, the enthusiasm of members, the impulse of practical values, the comparison of experiences, the ample library and the very brevity of the flying weeks; all tend to make the summer school a scene of intense life and fruitful endeavor. Yet variety and recreation are so wisely intermingled with stimulus and exertion that the whole effect is refreshing rather than exhausting and cannot but tell powerfully on the general level of the teaching force of the state. It cannot be doubted that the marked success of Wooster's summer school has incited so many like enterprises that the good custom has now become well-nigh universal. A markedly successful feature is found in the helpful teachers' agency by the arrangements of which positions are secured, the salaries of which aggregate something beyond half a million ! The genial Superintendent Dickason is known throughout the state and not only finds his way to institutes and other meetings of teachers, but sends them, through all avenues. a literature of penetrating freshness and homely wit and of convictions that are convincing. 5. The University of Wooster was early convinced of the dignity and value of music and art as instruments of culture and character. The way was found open for something of art work almost from the very beginning of WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 531 the second administration (1873). Drawing for the preparatory department and some mechanical draughting for the collegiate were introduced. Specialized work seems to have begun in the year 1875 under the intelligent care of Miss Louise Stoddard. Miss Josephine Ormond (now Mrs. Calder) took charge in 1884 and 1885, notably extending the course. Miss Emma Sonnedecker (now Mrs. Spencer) presided from 1892-'96, following Miss Nellie Coover, 1887-'91. Since the installation of Miss Claribel Durstine (1896) the scope of the instruction has been enlarged, additional facilities have been provided in the new buildings, and the department has been recognized in college credits, and as furnishing electives when the literature of the subjects is combined with the practice of the various arts. It is increasingly useful and attractive. The musical department was opened in 1882. Doctor Taylor saw his opportunity to engage in it Dr. Karl Merz, already a teacher, writer and editor of great reputation in Ohio and elsewhere in the United States. Karl Merz (the simple dignity of history most befits him) was born in Germany and at first dedicated to the priesthood. At the age of. about eighteen he broke away from that purpose and came to Philadelphia where he began at once his career as organist and teacher. At first violently Romanist in conviction (so much so as to tear out of a volume presented to him by his pupils the portrait and history of Luther), he finally became an equally earnest Protestant Christian. "When I had experienced," he said, "the lightning of the Gospel I understood the thunder of Luther." He would have devoted himself at once to the ministry but for the advice of his trusted friend, Dr. 0. N. Stoddard. Both were then in Oxford, Ohio. It is significant of his integrity that when in 1871 the present writer, representing the Pennsylvania College for Women, sought to disengage him for a much more lucrative position, he refused because of a pledge given to the proprietor of the female college in which he had charge of the department of music. At the golden moment when release had come, Wooster was fortunate enough and Doctor Taylor venturesome and wise enough to secure his services. The board would only approve the plan provided that "music should not be made a part of the regular course and that the instruction be self-sustaining." But, with Karl Merz at the oar success was certain. He was not only well and favorably known but a tireless worker and a man of many resources and much ingenuity in their employment. From the beginning the elevated views of this remarkable man were accepted and cherished with enthusiasm by his pupils,_ by the university circle and by the whole community. Frequent public expression was given to these views. Perhaps as satisfactory a quotation as any may be made from words of the 532 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. present writer, published in 1895, and showing the permanency of the first impressions : "Music will not be taught merely as an ornamental accomplishment, but as part of a complete education. It has been placed upon an equality with other selective studies. The literary atmosphere of the university ought to stimulate the development of musical culture and should receive a certain warmth from its presence. The school of music is organized with a four-fold purpose : ( ) To combine musical and literary studies as a broad basis for regular collegiate work. (2) to use the art of music as a means of intellectual, aesthetic and moral culture ; (3) to furnish instruction in all branches of music to special and general students ; (4) to educate teachers of music." Karl Merz interested the public first by lectures on the Saturday afternoons, accompanied with performance by pupils. Then, as numbers grew, he yielded to persuasion and entered upon the series of oratorio concerts which has been continued to this day and which has resulted in distinct education and elevation of musical taste and feeling in our entire community. As early as 1888 there were two hundred and sixty names enrolled. One of the most interesting efforts was called "a musical trip around the world" in which, in successive afternoons, primitive music and national anthems and customs were illustrated and explained. One said of a certain Palestrina concert, given in a series upon epochs of musical development : "Only in Wooster could such a programme be heard." The degree of Doctor of Music was conferred, I think, in 1885. His salary was increased. He was made a member of the faculty and the hope was expressed "that he may not be disturbed in his position by-any flattering offers but may continue at the head of our musical department which owes its advanced position and remarkable success so largely to his masterly management and rare devotion." When he called my attention to a specially complimentary notice by the editor of a Philadelphia musical journal (The Etude,) he added sadly : "But this all comes too late. It is the swan's song." Strangely enough, it was but a few months thereafter that he was snatched away from us. Let me quote here the language of the minute I submitted to the board, in June, 1890—after his death on January 30th of that year. " * * * We regard it alike our duty and privilege to put thus upon record for those who come after us, our vivid appreciation of the divine favor in having given Professor Merz to the university to leave the stamp of his elevating and refining and religious influence upon the important work to which he gave himself. He was a thorough artist, deeply learned in the literature of his art, a tireless worker, a brilliant editor, gentle and winning in his address, the truest of friends, the fondest of fathers, and a thoroughly devout and consistent Christian. It is WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 533 Our fervent prayer that the department may preserve forever the impression of his cultivated taste, his unwearied industry and his devout piety." Dr. Henry Hubert Haas remained but one year and proved a contrast to his predecessor in several important respects. But he was an excellent teacher of the piano. The University called home from his studies in Germany one of its own. graduates, a favorite pupil of Karl Merz—D. F. Conrad (class of '86). His work from 1891-3 was most eminently satisfactory. He was skillful, prompt and faithful. Further study lured him away again to Germany and he was succeeded by Mr. J. Byron Oliver, who continued in office until removed by death in January, 1905. Time enough has passed to disclose the many aspects of character and talent for which Director Oliver deserves to be held, as he is held, in affectionate remembrance among us. He grew in the practice of his profession and in general culture. He proved to be an excellent conductor of the oratorio chorus and brought out the old and the new successfully. He was permitted to install the small first organ and, after the fire, to direct the construction of the great instrument with which Mrs. Livingstone Taylor indowed the department and the chapel. The "Singers' Club" gained wide reputation under his care and the "White Robed Choir" was introduced. As it was with Karl Merz, so was it with Byron Oliver—nothing could be suffered to disturb the deep reverence each felt for everything which had to do with the "service of song in the house of the Lord." An elaborate minute was inscribed by the board of trustees upon its record and a memorial window bears testimony to the continued regard cherished for him. I quote a few words from the minute referred to : "He was equally beloved as a teacher and as a man. He possessed a charming personality with unaffected simplicity of manner, always gentlemanly in speech and conduct. * * * Not a hard master * * * by mingled gentleness and persistency * * * he brought forward the least promising to some measure of creditable achievement. * * * His influence in the musical education of the city was widespread. It has been well said : 'His passion for the best things in his art has been communicated to the University life, and has made us familiar with the best products of consecrated genius.' " 'There were touching evidences of the fact that he "had won the warmest place in the hearts of all cultivated people of the city." Director J. L. Erb came at once in 1905 from a recognized position in New York and has proved in every way worthy of his eminent predecessors. In speaking and writing (he has written a life of the celebrated German musician—Brahms), in the art of composition and in that of conducting 534 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. he has proven equal to all the demands of the poition. The department grows in character as in numbers. The Conservatory is well *adapted to its uses and the outlook is promising. Along with these talented directors the department has enjoyed the services of many instructors of rare gifts. In piano-teaching mention must especially be made of Miss Mary T. Glenn (1898-1904), of Mr. Carey E. McAfee (1895-98), and of Miss Edna B. Riggs—since 1901—made adjunct professor in 1907. In vocal instruction we were privileged in the rare voice and fine method of Mrs. Minnie L. (Carrothers) McDonald (1891-1901), in the admirable work of Mrs. Francis E. (Glenn) Brewer (1901-4), as in that of Miss Miller and Mrs. Wilson (of Columbus) for shorter periods. Under Mr. Harrold Hutchins the vocal outlook is now better than for some years. The violin—a department of instrumental music we would gladly have enlarged—has known the brilliant touch of Miss Anna M. Hunt (1893-5) and the rare talent of the virtuoso Mrs. Caroline (Harter) Williams, and the sound instruction of Mr. George F. Schwartz, now presiding successfully over a large department of music in the West. Carl Duerringer, the present teacher, is both proficient as a performer and diligent as a teacher. It is hoped that a small orchestra can now be formed. The epochs in the growth of the department have been the inauguration of the larger chorus work and the enlargement of "Old Music Hall" under the first director, for which the credit is due to Dr. 0. A. Hills. Then came the first organ (1894-5). Then a degree, Bachelor of Music, was granted the graduates (but that was abandoned in 1899). Various extensions and modifications of the course were made and hymnology introduced as a subject of study. The Conservatory was fitted up and occupied, and then, after the fire, came the great organ in Memorial Chapel. Artists' recitals have been given, which have brought before the student-body and the community some of the most distinguished soloists and lecturers of the country. Glee clubs for men and for women receive constant attention. There is also a University band, which has been maintained with greater interest since the gift of a superb set of instruments by Mr. H. C. Frick. The department is now fairly abreast, in its personnel and equipment, of its original ideal. It remains for the University's constituency to give it sufficient patronage and it will soon equal any similar department in an educational institution. Nothing more would be needed to establish that conclusion than to know what underlies the following (partial) list of special talent found in the graduate list : Miss Florida (Parsons) Stevens (now teacher and piano-virtuoso of Chicago) 1889 ; Mrs. Ida (Speer) Coan (1884) ; D. F. Conrad (1886) ; WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 535 Miss Alice M. Firestone (piano, '87, organ, '05) ; Miss Bessie Merz (now teaching in New York) 1887; Emmanuel C. Zartman (now presiding over the department of music at Tiffin, Ohio) ; Miss Anna E. Hunt (piano and violin, '88) ; Benjamin Welty (1890—head of a department in the West) ; Carey E. McAfee and Reno Meyer (classmates 1891) Miss Elizabeth R. Speer (1892) ; Miss Mary Elizabeth Beer (now one of the world's best contraltos) 1898; Miss Josephine Cook (1899) ; Miss Regina Barnes (1904) ; Miss Ora M.. Redett, 1906; Miss Dessa Brown (1908), with Messrs Hart and Keim, recent tenors. Perhaps the most talented of all has been just lost to the world, in which he promised to be among the most eminent pianists, by sudden death—Ralph E. Plumer (organ, 1905, piano, 1906, collegiate, 1906). In the near future it is to be hoped that this department, which can be made more useful in many ways, may share in the large endowments which seem to be coming to the University. 6. The homes for missionaries and their children deserve an honored place in this record. The crying need for such homes as would offer shelter and care and education to the children of missionaries, both of whose parents remained at work in the foreign field, was first emphasized by the Rev. Dr. Wherry. who was marooned at Chicago by the care of his family- for some of the years which he well knew might be most fruitful for the great work he had been compelled to leave in India. Application being made to Mrs. William Thaw, of Pittsburg, for aid in establishing such homes elsewhere, she saw at once the propriety, the satisfaction to those on the firing line, and the true economy of the proposal for the church in the home land. Preferences already established for this University, because of its declared Christian ideals, its distinctly denominational character, its central position and the lower cost of living which prevailed here, determined her to make a proposition conditioned upon the location at Wooster. The board of trustees passed the following minutes in June, 1892: "The board recognizes with great satisfaction the action of the executive committee in consenting to the condition on which the proposal of Mrs. William Thaw (that generous friend of the University and of missions) has been made, viz., to give five thousand dollars to provide two homes for the children of foreign missionaries at Wooster, fifteen thousand dollars to be raised in addition, and to give five hundred dollars annually for five years to support the work, one thousand five hundred dollars being also to be provided yearly for this purpose. To the pledge of free tuition to the children in these homes the board freely consents." The properties cost, with the necessary additions and modifications, over thirty thousand dollars. Some contributions must still be made 536 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. in the way of maintenance. "Each child cost the Homes, for maintenance alone," says the report of last year, "four dollars and forty-four cents per week, while the amount received per week for each child's board and home privileges is three dollars, twenty-seven and one-half cents. This weekly deficit was met by interest on endowment funds [the endowment is small] and by contributions from friends. The fiscal year closed without a debt." The inmates of these homes are in all stages of education from primary grades to university seniors. The Westminster family (for girls and very young boys) represented last year "thirteen different homes and nine different countries." In the Livingstone home were "nine college men, eight preparatory boys and three little boys in grammar grades." It is evident at a glance, without and within, that these homes mean comfort and kindly care, tempered with only such control as is necessary for the safeguarding of mutual interest and happiness. The health record is most gratifying. Not a single death at either of the homes has occurred among the one hundred and fifty who have been sheltered in them since 1893. The whole history of these seventeen years has been one of blessing, and many grateful as well as anxious hearts are turned toward these homes from the ends of the earth. They are not local institutions. They are the property of our whole denomination through its Board of Foreign Missions and they are its only property serving this noble purpose. The University redeems its pledge of free tuition and the church in general is providing slowly sufficient permanent scholarships to enable the institution to meet this expenditure. Maintenance of the homes is an entirely separate matter. "No money given to the University goes to the maintenance of the homes, or vice versa." The best evidence of the divine pleasure in this enterprise is found in the number of .these sons and daughters of missionaries who have returned or are preparing to return to foreign fields, and generally to that one in which they were born. These homes mean much to those for whom inevitable separation from their children must always prove one of the sharpest trials associated with their obedience to the "great commission." Congenial to the work just considered, and as .a kind of sequent, there has arisen a desire to provide for missionaries on furlough so that their years of reinvigoration might be spent with their families about them in the locality in which their children were being educated. The first of these comfortable houses given to meet this need was presented by Mrs. Samuel Mather. of Cleveland, and bears the name Of the "Julia Gleason Home," in memory of the donor's venerated mother. Mrs. Mather's unexpected death last year was recorded with sincerest grief by the board of trustees in a minute emphasizing "its profound appreciation of her beautiful character, her many WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 537 and generous sacrifices for this institution and her sincere loyalty to everything it represents. * * * She was like her blessed Master. * * * We cherish her memory as sacred." L. H. Severance, in his recent journey through the Orient, had occasion to notice yet more carefully than before the "anxiety of the missionaries about to leave for America on furlough" and was moved to provide two additional dwellings for the special purpose of allaying that anxiety. One of them is called the "Juliana Long Home," after his grandmother, the wife of Cleveland's earliest physician. The other is named for Mrs. Sarah C. Adams, "the first lady missionary sent out by the Presbyterian church in Cleveland." Other dwellings will the more certainly be provided because a noble woman has purchased the requisite site for two or more and has conveyed it to the University to await the building thereon by some one who shared the purchaser's enthusiasm. It is scarcely necessary to add that most of the pressure toward the provisions just noted exists in full force for home missionaries and their children. The University asks respectfully the same for each and more for both. 7. The Florence H. Severance Bible and Missionary Training School was opened September 16, 1903. It was appropriate that such a school should find its proper attachment to the Wooster stem, for in June, 1871, at the close, that is, of the University's first year, the board of trustees solemnly recognized the endowment of a chair of Biblical instruction according to a wish expressed and through means furnished in the will of Boyd J. Mercer, of Mansfield, Ohio. And so, early as 1873, it was resolved that a missionary professor should be elected "provided means could be raised to meet the . expense, before the next meeting of the board." When Mr. Louis H. Severance introduced the proposal it was immediately resolved that "such a school was needed and that preparations for opening this fall" should be made—if the expense could be met. That was settled by the offer of the same generous friend to provide for the salaries of two professors for five years. In June, 1908, in a letter to the board of deep thoughtfulness and earnestness Mr. Severance requested that one hundred thousand dollars of the one hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars he had just contributed to the University should be set apart for this school and that any surplus above expenses should become a part of the principal until the total sum of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars should be reached. Mr. Severance expressed the conviction that the best way to bring about world-wide evangelization was "to strengthen Christian education to mould the ruling minds for successive generations." "This work," he continues, is fundamental to the life and work of the church. In this spirit this college was founded. It is a rare privilege to build on such a 538 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. foundation and to aid in carrying out the purposes of the first board of trustees." Announcing his conviction that the only hope of those who sit in darkness "is to hear the gospel from the lips of those that know the Word and are striving faithfully to live it," he could not but see that "young men and women of our Christian colleges are needed as preachers. teachers, evangelists, lay-workers and kindergarten leaders more than ever before." "That such young men and women may be properly trained for this work in surroundings and atmosphere meet for such service, and that the work may go on for all time and be left to no uncertainty, I donate to you the sum of one hundred thousand dollars for the purpose of establishing, in loving memory of my wife, Mrs. Florence H. Severance, a permanent endowment fund for the Florence H. Severance Bible and Missionary Training School—a department in the University of Wooster." The trust is being carefully administered by able men. Its effect is not cQnfined to those who are exclusively connected with this department. Its varied and attractive courses are elected by numbers of regular collegiate students, and thus the influence of Bible study and mission experience, joined with study of fundamental truth and ingenious methods, gains larger power constantly. "The infiltration of distinctly religious material into liberal education at Wooster is in consequence much greater than seen in other Christian colleges. This influence is further extended by the co-operation of other departments." (Nolan R. Best, Interior, May 19, 'a)). The work-of the department appeals to at least seven different classes, "(I) Those who expect to become foreign missionaries; (2) those who design to be pastors' helpers in the larger cities; (3) those who intend any kind of city mission work; (4) those who look forward to being lay missionaries in the home field : (5) those who desire increased usefulness in any chosen sphere of activity ; (6) those contemplating work in Y. M. C. A. or Y. W. C. A. associations ; and (7) students from foreign-speaking communities." All the resources of the university, so far as they can aid this work, may be freely drawn upon. and its benefits are diffusive throughout the whole university community. Those who have the work in charge are specially fitted for every phase of it by home and foreign study and experience. The department would take us deeper into the religious consciousness and progress of our race and kindle sympathy with all religions, while accenting the infinite superiority of the Christian system and of God's holy word. X. MISCELLANY. Under this general term there must be grouped, with brief notices, of each, many matters intimately connected with the internal life of the uni- WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 539 versity. As largely independent of each other, it will matter little in what order they are presented. I. The conferment of honorary degrees has been in the past ( especially in America) a much abused college function. Judging by observation and knowing something of the number of candidates who are pressed upon boards of trustees, and of the motives of various kinds which facilitate the distribution of these titular ornaments, one is disposed to reckon the position of our university as rather conservative. Including 1909, there have been one hundred fifty-five degrees of Doctor of Divinity ; forty-five have been accorded the Doctor of Laws ; twenty-three have received the Doctor of Philosophy ; twenty the Master of Arts and five others have been recognized each by a little used degree. The total is two hundred forty-eight. The clergy have profited (if it has been a profit) by more than half. I have heard of no declinatures save one. Looking over the printed list one cannot but note the many really eminent men who, like good wine, needed "no bush," and the number of excellent and useful men whom no title could make eminent but who will incontestably have won at the great assize the plaudit, "Well done.- In 1888 a committee of the board expressed its opinion concerning the faculty commendation (a prerequisite according to the law of the university) that "we are in danger of quite too freely distributing honorary degrees... Later a rule has been made requiring statements by the faculty as well as nominations and that notification of the nominations must be made at the February meeting of the board preceding the June meeting at which degrees are usually conferred. This encourages the hope of the writer, and of the neglige able number of those who hold similar opinions, that the flagrant evil of honorary degrees, though it be now the age-long practice of the educational world, will be gradually restricted to those who have no need of it and so disappear. 2. Interesting as other evidences of intellectual activity and moral character in a student body may be, wise observers will attach great significance to the college publications, especially those managed mainly or wholly by students. In this respect our university must be acknowledged to have shown enterprise in the series reaching through The Collegian (published by the literary societies) ; the great blanket-sheet commencement editions (so full of fine characteristic material for detailed history) ; The Voice, early among college weeklies The Christian College and The Wooster Quarterly, together with the annual Index. Two of these publications were sustained by faculty and alumni, as the Quarterly still is. Kindly co-operation of faculty and student organizations created a weekly journal (The Voice) invaluable to those who wish to keep in touch with the college life. The Quarterly is indispensable as an in- 540 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. dex of the higher literary work of our graduates and by its ever-fresh "Round . Table," at which increasing numbers are coming to be guests. Much is yet before us in the development of the real, but largely latent, power of students, faculty and alumni in creditable literary work. 3. On the question of commencement exercises the institution has stood stanchly by the just conception that the graduating class should form the centre of interest. That day is their day and not to be given away to any, adventitious aid from without. The men and women who have been receiving the training of the whole plexus of college forces are the specimens of handiwork worth exhibiting. As the classes grew larger—and as early as 1877—the faculty was requested by the board to restrict the speaking to not over twelve persons and to select these according to scholarship. Variety has been introduced but all the class graduating must prepare orations and the questions of how many shall speak' and how they are to be selected are variously disposed of as they occur. The blanket-sheets referred to, preserve so much of the real life of the university as expressed at The great occasion of the year, that it seems a pity they could not have been preserved and bound in order. In reviewing carefully many of them I have found much to admire in the subjects chosen, the treatment given them, the constant evidence of wide-awakedness on the substantial issues of the time and even in the innocent prodding of the prophets and the affectionate ( ?) advice of the retiring ( ?) seniors to the juniors whom they affected to believe were patterns of all they ought not to be. As for stingless and good-natured college pasquinades, I would say again that I have seen many a youth ripen under them as a good apple under the sun—not even omitting the blushes. 4. Training in the fine art of expression has arrived at Wooster, displacing the imperfect and largely artificial thing known as elocution. There has been constant progress in this direction. J. C. Sharpe (Wooster, '83) was efficient. Byron King and Claude Davis and Miss De Voe and Chambers and Strong and Dresser did good work. But the present incumbent, Delbert E. Lean, has a university professorship to fill instead of a precarious living to make by private pupils, as was so often previously the case. The better position gives the work a broader basis. Training for forensic work of all kinds is carried forward and results are seen in the local and general contests, and especially in the vigor and power of the debating teams. Throughout the forty years Wooster has held an honorable position in oratory and just, now seems with the successful debates and the winning work of our remarkably intelligent and able Chinaman P. W. Kuo, to be on the top of the wave. WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 541 5. Naturally connected with public speaking comes into view the place and power of the literary societies. Testimonies of highest character by most distinguished men ( James Blaine, for example) give them highest rank in practical preparation for life's work. They stimulate and develop the independent activities of students ; they bring out talent and exhibit character ; they teach poise and self-control; they sharpen the forensic faculties and help to discern fallacies and to find the joints in an opponent's harness ; they prepare for influence in all deliberative assemblies by knowledge of parliamentary law ; they are great schools for mutual esteem and fine demonstrators of the democracy of talent. It is a wonder and a disappointment when any hindrance to supreme interest in their work arises. Yet Wooster has seen a very special early development in this direction yield to periods of comparative indifference and partial neglect. I regret that space cannot be afforded for a careful review of the early planting and successful operation of the odd and hardly understood "Alpha," with the permanent Athenaean and Irving and Willard. the Lowell and Lincoln, and the later Castalian and Orio. In all of them good work has been done ; but it remains true that still better work, and that by larger numbers, may yet be done. At present writing there seems to be a distinct revival of interest, and at the same time a considerable energy expended in clubs with a literary purpose, together with "Congressional," of a political cast, and the "Peace Association," with its wide affiliations and humane impulses. Details cannot be given, but the outlook is encouraging along the whole line. The president's report to the synod of 1909 indicates the faculty's deep interest in the work of these societies : "In order to foster their work, Friday evening has been exclusively reserved for them. The membership of these organizations consists of one hundred ten men and one hundred eight women." 6. The system of prizes and honors is closely related to the literary life of the university. This is not the place for a mature study of the problem which such a system presents in either its intellectual or ethical relationship. But it may well be questioned whether all forms of competition are not injurious and all forms of co-operation helpful toward the true social ideals. That the higher motives should rule in education in view of their character-revealing and character-making power, it seems a truism to observe. In a Christian college it would seem that all true ideals should rule and that is tantamount to saying that delight in learning for itself ; experience and power gained in study and in communicating the resulting acquirements; the honor from without which comes from having clone well ; the honor from within with which conscience crowns those who have done their best; the value of every exact fact 542 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. as a thought of God and a boon to our race ; and the supreme satisfaction of having done all worth doing under the Master's eye, ought to be found sufficient to arouse the mind, to fix the attention, to stir the emotions and to determine the will to serious and continued endeavor. The last of these great motives or intellectual exertion might well be held first and foremost in all institutions which bear the Christian name. The time must come, if Christ's kingdom is to come, when "Only the Master shall praise and only the Master shall blame. And no one shall work for money, and no one shall work for fame ; But each for the joy of the working and each in his separate star, Shall draw the thing as he sees it, for the God of things as they are." Must we not have a care lest by including the lower motives we dim the power of the higher, and open the way for the construction of inferior character. However this may be, the historian must record the fact that here, too, Wooster has been conservative. Neither honors nor prizes are pushed strongly to the front, though both exist. They have existed in one 'form or another from the opening years. Commencement honors have sometimes reached the number of six, though now there remain but two. "Summa cum laude," "Magna cum laude" and "Cum laude" are still distributed. Prizes were offered for the early society contests. In 1875 the graduating class established the Junior Oratorical prize. In 1876 the two prize scholarships for Sophomore proficiency were established on a foundation provided by Doctor Taylor. The "trustee prizes" were continued for many years by annual contributions from members of the board and were distributed to those who came out of the preparatory department to enter the freshman class, with the highest grades. The best scholar in approved high schools may now receive a scholarship. There is the annual prize of the Oratorical Association ; and that of the Peace Association, with the new Fackler prize for debating and a prize system in the summer school. As yet no fellowships have been established to be administered upon a competitive basis. 7. As compared with other institutions of its own grade Wooster's customs concerning vacations and holidays may be styled progressive.. The university has chosen the shorter period for the college year, and acknowledges every legal holiday by suspending all class exercises. After repeated endeavors to "improve" these holidays nothing is now done collectively except in connection with the ecclesiastical. holiday—the "Day of Prayer for Colleges." In WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 543 addition to the former privileges recent custom seems to have established the elimination of two more days from the working plan, viz : "College Day" and the "Friday after Thanksgiving." 8. The question of dramatic representation, with or without the use of costumes and stage accessories, was for some years agitated. It reached its crisis in connection with class-day exercises in 1897. The board's decision seemed to favor a "more liberal policy," but the synod of that year congratulated the institution on having "avoided complicity with the theatre." A subsequent action of the board, waiving discussion, expressed "approval of the action of the faculty in the matter relegated to it by the decision of the synod," and hoped that "the faculty may be united in maintaining the university's high standing as to the subject-matter of this part of their report." The faculty subsequently (I think in 1899) took action of a different character and for ,the last decade dramatic representations have been freely employed by the classes and literary societies under supervision of a "Committee on Public Occasion." No objection has been made, so far as known to the writer, either by the trustees or the synod and the policy of the institution would seem to have been permanently changed in the liberal direction. 9. Physical culture has been growing in favor as an essential in a fullorbed education for many years—especially as the English-speaking world has come to realize the beneficial effects of Father Jahn's Turnexercise in Germany. The gymnasium came to be a marked feature in college equipment. It was realized for Wooster in 1872 so far as the building was concerned. In .1873-4 the furniture was added and work begun. The board recognized this as an "occasion of marked interest in the progress of the university" and the students expected good results from the practice and instruction. The out-door sports seemed to be arranging themselves in a natural and easy manner. But there began to be felt the pressure for intercollegiate and competitive games with organized teams and the accompanying enthusiasm. The existing executive tried dissuasion, but in vain. The requisite permission was given by the faculty and the experiment begun. In the Commencement Reporter of June, 1888. large headlines proclaim the success of the intercollegiate system : "Wooster Downs the Other Colleges" was conspicuously printed. The trial term's success and the "determined stand taken by the students during the winter term" had been the means of "arousing a college-spirit to which Wooster has been long unaccustomed." The students "realized the necessity of such contests as a stimulus to athletics in general and as foci on which could be concentrated the attention and interest of the boys as students of the same college, pitting their strength and skill against those of other Colleges. Our faculty 544 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. evinced a ready spirit to enter in and give the matter a fair test. * * What has been the result ? Can any one doubt that the experiment has been crowned with success ?" It is declared that Wooster had probably the champion college-team of the state and that "no noticeable detriment" had come to intellectual work, but rather the contrary. "Above all there has been infused through the college the belief that there is something complete and permanent in the ties that bind the students to their Alma Mater, that as enthusiastic upholders of the university we are to meet and vanquish, if possible, all competitors on the oratorical platform and on the athletic field, that when we have long severed our relations to college life we will find our memories clinging around our hard-fought struggles as salient points in the routine of our student-life." Assurance is felt that the faculty will "enlarge the privileges of the athletic association. And on the students' side it can be pledged that the privileges granted will be used cautiously and honorably." Thus commenced what in college parlance is called "Athletics." in the University of Wooster. But difficulties arose and faculty conditions were not always respected. In 1890 the board of trustees appointed a committee "to study the whole subject of intercollegiate athletics and report next year." In June, 1891, that committee reported and asked to be discharged "in view of the fact that intercollegiate athletic contests, so far as this university is concerned, have been abolished by the faculty." Further action at the same meeting is recorded as follows : "Recognizing the value of physical culture and encouraging all proper methods of promoting it in connection with mental training, we yet approve of the action of the faculty in regard to intercollegiate athletic contests, because of the loss of time and of interest in study and the danger of demoralization involved in them." Discontent with this decision was expressed variously, but there seemed reason to believe that Wooster's conservative constituency thought the struggle worth while, and acquiescence seemed to be gaining for some years. The gymnasium was improved and an athletic field provided just beside it ( for inter-class games of all kinds) at considerable expense and the sacrifice of about one hundred fine specimens of that "grove of native oaks" which the catalogues, for so long a period, never forgot to mention. In 1895 the synod met at Wooster and urgent petitions were presented, but that body sustained the faculty and trustees. In June, 1897, the board adopted the report of a committee which, after mentioning certain gratifying circumstances, contained this sentence : "The commotion over intercollegiate games has subsided and the question may be regarded as satisfactorily and safely settled." But during the winter of 1899-1900 the faculty reversed this finding and WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 545 the board in June, 1900, recorded the following minute : "The action of the faculty in annulling the prohibition of intercollegiate games and the measures taken by them to so regulate the sports as to keep both the plays and the players within due bounds, and in conformity with the aims and purposes of a Christian university, is commended and approved." Financial aid was granted in 1901 and 1902 and an addition made to the incidental fee in order to meet the increasing expenses of the intercollegiate system. The board, in 1902, considers the "present method of guarding and guiding the athletic interests of the university" as "wisely devised and successfully administered. The growth of interest in this subject seems to be, on the whole, in a healthful direction." Further and larger grants in aid have since been made and a report is regularly presented to the synod as to the year's history on the arena ; and attention is called to the endeavor to secure a fair class-standing for those who compose the teams. A comparatively recent order restores gymnastic enrollment, examinations, and practice to a proportion of attention more just to their fundamental importance: Regular class-work is required from November first to May 15th. Great care has been taken in connection with the competitive games, to encourage clean play and courtesy toward opponents. And no Thanksgiving Day contests have been permitted. Per contra, it cannot be doubted that with a considerable number of students and in all colleges of the land, the relative importance attached to athletics is disproportionate ; that the system is artificial enough to create a new group of expenses—the more undesirable because the legitimate expenditures of the college and of the student continue to increase. Nor can it be denied that ameliorations of certain objectionable (not to say brutal) conditions of the game of foremost interest have not been made by the faculties and trustees of our colleges (too many of whom apologized for and accepted these conditions) except in response to convictions and demands of a public not under the influence of the glamour which college-relations have thrown about these fierce competitions. 10, The question of fraternities (including sororities) has produced in many institutions of higher learning (and recently in secondary schools) considerable agitation.. Some institutions foster them and claim to find them beneficial. Others, as the United Presbyterian, Westminster, Oberlin and Princeton, have excluded them and evince no disposition to introduce them. They do not exist in the Roman Catholic colleges, as far as I know. They do not much resemble the different "corps" of a German university. In Wooster they were formed, five of them, in the first administration (1871-3). Others have been founded later: No detailed history- can be attempted here. (35) 546 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. But opposition seemed to develop at once. The record of June, 1873, shows that "a petition of fourteen alumni to suppress secret societies was presented by Doctor Taylor and was referred to a committee." That committee's report was unanimously adopted, as follows : "This board agrees with the general sentiments of the petitioners in regard to the workings of college fraternities, but does not at present see the way clear to enact any prohibitory statute on the subject. We refer the whole matter to the deliberate consideration of the faculty and recommend that—as a faculty—they open a friendly correspondence with the faculties of other universities and colleges, with a view to regulating and, if possible, suppressing them." In June, 1876, Doc for Taylor reported a petition from members of the preparatory department for abolition of secret societies in the university. After discussion a committee reported a minute "in accordance with the spirit of the discussion." II reads thus : "While the board does not deem it necessary to enact a prohibitory ordinance, they are constrained to give it as their deliberate judgment, drawn both from experience and observation, that secret societies in college, are of no permanent advantage but a positive injury. They distract attention from legitimate literary duties, cultivate a spirit of insubordination, produce alienations among students and are a waste of time, money and energy. We therefore earnestly advise the students of the university to refrain from any connection with these fraternities, and the president is hereby requested to make known this judgment of the board at the opening of each collegiate year." The subject came again under consideration in June, 1889. Recognizing the fact that "great prudence and sagacity are required in dealing with questions arising out of the relations of Greek fraternities to the university," the board resolves "that a committee of three be appointed to study the whole subject, to report at the next meeting and that the faculty be requested to consider whether any arrangement can be made by which the meetings of fraternities can be held in rooms of the university building and the other places of meeting abandoned." This committee reported progress a year later and was con firmed. There was also continuance in 1891 and in 1892. In 1893, the long expected report was presented upon the basis of a very large correspondence. It was discussed carefully but not placed upon the records. Its recommendation that "no action be taken at this time" was adopted. The impression left by the discussion was that the mind of the hoard was still unchanged as to the desirability of fraternities, but unwilling to encounter the difficulties in the way of their removal. The supervision of them was committed to the faculty and in 1894 a resolution was passed "that the rules adopted by the faculty in relation to the use of the halls of the university, including the fra- WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 547 ternity halls, are approved and the same should be kindly but firmly enforced." Further faculty action requiring initiations to be confined to the fraternity halls and nothing done in such ceremonies which would expose the candidate to bodily injury or demand anything inconsistent with his self-respect, was subsequently taken. Owing to various circumstances the whole question was again very carefully studied by the faculty in the spring of 1908. By a small majority that body voted to allow matters to stand as they were, but refused to approve further multiplication of the fraternal organizations or the final establishment of chapter-houses. Appeal was made by a committee representing a large number of alumni, to the board of trustees. The result was thus recorded : "That the board of trustees looks upon the Greek-letter fraternities in Wooster as organizations whose general purposes and character are in harmony with the aims and spirit of the university and favors their continuance and extension under proper supervision by this board." A committee was also appointed which reported in February, 1909. A delegation representing an inter-fraternal committee was also heard. Permanent chapter-houses were permitted. Rules were established covering eligibility, initiation and its fees, class standing of 80 to be maintained by students in chapter-houses, and notification to the dean of all initiated members. The chapter-houses are always to be open to visitation by the university authorities. These rules were supplemented in June, 1909, placing the location of the chapter-houses in the hands of the board of trustees and restricting invitations to eligibles shown to be such by a certificate from the dean. This apparently final settlement was, however, brought into question by the offer of an ever-generous patron of the university- conditioning a liberal subscription to much-desired buildings, upon the ultimate, final exclusion of the secret societies. Action upon this proposal at the June (190) meeting of the board was postponed at the suggestion of its author, who was absent from the country at the time. As a matter of justice two petitioning associations which had taken "important and expensive steps" under the action of 1908, were allowed. Within the last few years four organizations have been authorized, of which two are resuscitations of formerly existing fraternities. Whether the oscillating pendulum has finally reached its point of rest, it remains for the future to disclose. 11. In so young an. institution in a Western state, and on a Christian foundation, which is essentially a democratic one, it was not to be expected that class distinctions and disturbances would find lodgment in Wooster. Real hazing has never known tolerance here. The first president seems to have given it the coup de grace when it made a first appearance. He denounced its 548 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. unfairness and its cowardice and even counseled, it is reported, the exercise of the reserved right of self-defense to any needed extent. "Class spirit" has sometimes sought the rough way of expression and now and then some "rushes" have occurred. But here again the good sense of the student-body and a determined stand taken by the faculty has freed Wooster from disgraceful scenes such as were witnessed this very month in some of our Ohio and Western colleges and universities. The principle announced here has been that of the entire liberty of any class to adopt and wear in peace any cap or cane, or other class insignia its fancy might dictate. The "cross-country" connection between Juniors and Freshmen, Seniors and Sophomores has been domesticated here, but finds expression only in banquets. "Upper-class men" is a phrase sometimes used, but means little in the real life of the university. The capped and gowned seniors are paid some special attention .on one or two Special occasions and in being waited for in retiring from daily chapel. Plainness and sincerity go well together and all artificial distinctions seem inappropriate in presence of the Wooster ideal, viz., that all estimates which are worth while are based on character and conduct. 12. When we come to discipline, it is manifest that Wooster has found support against the foreign university standard of irresponsibility for the moral character and conduct of students—a standard far too closely approximated in some of America's larger universities and technical schools, in at least three things—( I.) the original and distinctively Christian purpose in which the institution originated (2) its vital connection with a denomination as distinguished for its ethical as for its doctrinal standards; and (3) by its carefully maintained connection with the Christian homes from which the large majority of our students have come. Parental co-operation has always been sought by the report system and by special correspondence. The effort is unceasingly made to cultivate in every student an intense loyalty to the home he represents. The old in loco parentis idea may have been modified in some of its applications but it has never for a moment been abandoned. Naturally the discipline has been both firm and kindly, and the result has been that the current of the university's life has been almost uninterruptedly placid: The close of the first year (1871) brought special expression by the board of trustees of ,"gratification at the good order, industry, and honorable conduct which has marked the first college year." It was found necessary to have distinct rules, of course, but these seem to have appeared for the first time in 1875. All immoralities, including profanity, were considered disciplinable offenses. Saloons were not to he visited, nor were amusement rooms which had saloon attachments to be entered, nor was intoxicating liquor to be taken. WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 549 to or kept in the room of any student. Public dances were not to be frequented. Special permission is required for leaving the city to attend conventions of any kind or to accompany an athletic team, and in granting such leave the student's class standing and the wishes of his parents are taken into account. The so-called "honor" system for examinations has not been adopted—greater reliance having been placed upon Christian conscience. In a notable case in 1900 it was finally stated in the college paper : "The sentiment of peace and submission to the judgment of the faculty' has been gaining among the students." Naturally when forms of self-government appeared in general college life they could be appropriately experimented with in such a college community as that of Wooster. For several years house-committees in the dormitories for young women have been established and more recently (1908) a student senate has been installed. It is well understood that these bodies are ancillary and complimentary and that the faculty still holds itself responsible to the board, the synod and the constituency of the university for the proper oversight of the interior life of the college community. 13: It would seem almost superfluous to mention co-education in connection with Wooster's history. At his inauguration the first president (Dr. Lord) thanked the founders that they had adopted the plan, and gave it not only a hearty approval but devoted a substantial portion of the inaugural to an argument in its behalf grounded upon the most fundamental considerations of human equality in all conditions, oneness of all in Christ and essential similarity of mental endowments. He rejects with considerable feeling, the intimation that the presence of women would "prove a disturbing element, unfriendly to mental concentration, and to the vigor and efficiency of academic government." He asserts with confidence that it would, on the contrary, "give powerful impulsion to mental activity and progress." He avows it as his conviction that "womanly presence in our colleges and universities will conserve order, increase decorum, and in every way cherish manliness, honor. truth and right." The eloquent address is even prophetic. "Presently young women will be trained, like young mein, for our college and university courses, and will then resort, in increasing numbers, to these higher institutions. In that day let the young men look to their laurels. Many a time it will happen that quick, keen, flashing womanly minds will work out most brilliantly the hardest problems, and delicate, womanly hands seize upon and bear off in triumph the most coveted prizes." The policy, thus early adopted and approved, was reasserted in the catalogue of 1873-4 thus : "Co-education has proven decidedly successful, the num-