WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 75 those at Fredericksburg and Apple Creeks and especially those along the Sugar creek in East Union township—in fact, all the flowing wells of the county are in such channels. The silted-up lakes spoken of above were, to the pioneers, impenetrable swamps, but many are now drained, and so converted into our most fertile plains, the principal ones being the Big Prairie, Killbuck Bottoms and the onion fields around Sterling and Creston. For centuries a rank vegetation grew- on them, which falling each year and chemically and physically mixing with the silt of the glacier and wash of the hills, produces an inexhaustible soil, the richest in the county. There were many morainic islands in the swamp lakes which stood above the waters of even the spring floods, and bore a harvest of finest forest trees and verdure unsurpassed. But the silting tip of the lakes was not all; this gift of nature's God was smoothly spread over every inch of Wayne county's surface ; the old channels of erosion were filled beyond their holdings, in many of them the drift is over two hundred feet in depth, and near Sterling in the channel of the Old Mohican we find it four hundred and nine feet, ,in the Big Prairie the silt and drift and till measures one hundred and seventy-two feet, and Killbuck valley shows one hundred and eighty-four feet. The angular hills and ragged valleys were rounded into graceful swells and undulations; there is not an angular nor jagged hilltop in the county, but all are domelike in their contour, with gently declining sides that enter peaceful valleys. The islands in these old lakes furnished cover for a great variety of wild animals, some fierce, some foul, but most of them the delight of the hunter and the joy of his wife and children when he could bring them home, and his wife set them steaming on the table. The elk and the deer, the bear and the panther, the wildcat and the wolf, the fox and the raccoon. the porcupine and the rabbit, made a forest family, with the pheasant and wild turkey, the quail and the woodcock, but the birds of prey were also here, the bald eagle and fish. hawk, the buzzard and chicken hawk feasted where they could, and the rattlesnake and copperhead lay in wait for the unwary. In the waters were found the beaver and the otter, the mink and the muskrat, and the finest fish for their food, and over the meadows that skirted the hills and surrounded the swamps the turf was trod into paths by the buffalo and pierced by the pointed hoof of the deer. Christopher Gist, in his travels for the Ohio Land Company in 1750 and 1751 and later in 1753. when he accompanied General Washington (then Major) in an exploring trip through Ohio, mentions large herds of bison, thirty and forty in a drove, along the Walhonding and Mohican, and my old-time friend, old Tom Culbertson, had seven skulls of buffalo on his porch 76 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. near Millbrook, found on the farm of D. Myers, one mile east of Millbrook village. But when numbers of wild game is considered, we must look to the ducks and geese and swans that stopped long in their migrations to frolic in the waters and feast on the bordering vegetation. To say the ducks were by the million, the geese by the thousand and the swans by the hundred is telling a truth with much modesty, for at times the sky would be obscured when they were lighting on or rising from the water. And the low thunder of their wings on the Wind was a wonder, while their quacking was a whole Fourth of July with Chinese crackers. But the crown for numbers must be given to the passenger pigeon, whose habit was to feast in the daytime on the acorns of the "Pocock Woods" and at night go to the alderbushes of the swamp to sleep (the Pocock woods was a solid body of oak timberland of one thousand acres, with many associate tracts). The best way I can illustrate "numbers" will be by relating my experience in the fall of 1849, when, as a boy, I went with A. Call and J. Allerman, one night, to get a "mess of pigeons." We repaired to the alder swamp half a mile south of Millbrook, Call with a torch and I with a bag. When a rod in the swamp, we stopped, and while Call held the torch and the tip end of an alder branch to keep it steady and from flying up, Allerman picked off the birds, pinched their heads and dropped them into the bag, which I held open. The birds from five branches filled the bag, a large gunny sack with a wide mouth. The branches were bent half to the ground by the weight, and the birds were so blinded and dazed by the light that they could not fly. Even as late as 1862 a marl by name of Schamp, living near "Sharp's Bridge," had a large net, in which he caught immense numbers, enticing the birds to his place by "stool pigeons," surrounded with food, then throwing the net over them. Many a morning I saw him drive into Shreve with a two-horse wagonbed full to the cover. He would sell them for twenty-five cents a dozen or a "shilling," if he could get no more, at Wooster. And yet the Killbuck swamp was not the only remarkable pigeon roost, for in a paper by Professor G. F. Wright, of Oberlin, describing a visit to Lodi and the "Harrisville swamp" (now the great celery farm north of Burbank), and which is almost a part of Wayne county, for its drainage to the south is into the Killbuck, says : "This swamp furnished one of the most famous pigeon roosts in the country, or, indeed, in the world. I trust some of the older people of Lodi will collect together and write out for the benefit of the world and future generations the facts concerning this roost. I am told that in early times, when the pigeons gathered to their resting place toward night, or flew away in the early morning, the heavens were darkened as by a cloud and the WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 77 noise of their wings resembled that of a strong wind in the treetops of a pine forest. It is said that after dark one had but to go to the edge of the bushes and startle the sleeping birds so that they should fly into the air, when he could kill them in almost any quantities by throwing a stick upwards at random. The birds must have been reckoned by the million. A company was formed in New York City to capture them in immense quantities for the New York market. * * * It is one of those remarkable phenomena which will pass out of the knowledge of the world, unless the facts are soon collected and put on record." We think this a fitting place to briefly record them. The detail of their coming and going will never be written, and, if written, could not be under stood by the generations to come, for the passenger pigeon is gone forever. A late notice in the papers offers three hundred dollars for a single pair, hoping that in some wild region a pair may still be found. They are like the bison, the bear, the elk and the deer, and the associate Indian, together with all the "wild things of the swamps," lost eternally to Wayne county, in the evolution of the white man's brain, and the contemplation of it prompts the old inhabitant to say: "I feel like one who treads alone Some banquet hall deserted, Whose friends have fled, whose loves are dead, And all but me departed." HUMAN RELICS IN THE DRIFT OF WAYNE COUNTY. The question whether or not man existed in North America during any part of the great ice age has during the past few years attracted an unusual amount of attention and awakened not a little controversy. It is not one that can be easily solved. Evidence comes in slowly, and the cases not absolutely conclusive. Indeed, it is this fact that gives ground for the controversy. So many elements of uncertainty gather round the problem that to eliminate them all from every investigation is at present impossible, and the conclusion in each case rendered to that degree indeterminate. But despite this difficulty, we must recollect that in many previous cases anthropologists have been guided by cumulative evidence and it would be in the highest degree illogical to deny it value in scientific investigation. The accumulation of a number of cases, each in itself falling short of absolute 78 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. proof, may yet render the acceptance of their common conclusion more rational than its rejection, especially in the absence of any rebutting argument or position. By such methods of reasoning did the glacial theory finally supplant the diluvial, and by like means has the iceberg hypothesis slowly yielded to that of the more widely extended sheet of land ice. Indeed, it is not too much to say that every doctrine in natural science, even the most widely accepted and firmly believed, rests at bottom on this—that it is more rational to admit than to deny. It is, consequently, of great importance that every fact that even seemingly connects man with the ice age in North America should be made known. That the evidence which it furnishes should be strictly and severely examined and the exact value ascertained, since only by the multiplication of such instances can the desired accumulation be obtained. Acting in accordance with the above belief and because I know the artifact to be an honest find, I present a stone, called the "moccasin last stone," in connection with a mass of the cemented gravel in which it was found.. The accompanying engraving is an exact representation of the stone, and I put it forward for the honest criticism of anthropologists and archaeologists. It must stand on its own merits, and will probably commend itself with different degrees of credibility and force to different readers, according to their mental bias and their perspective view of its different elements. The facts of the finding are as follows : In the spring of 1894 workmen were engaged in hauling road material from a bank or hill of glacial gravel on the bank of the Killbuck. The bank was near the Killbuck bridge on the Columbus road, one mile southwest of Wooster, Ohio. Running through the bank, as is not seldom the case in similar material, was a layer of conglomerate formed by the infiltration of carbonate of lime, or iron oxide, or both, from the upper part of the mass. During the work one of the men, Marion McCoy, struck his pick into this layer and threw down a small mass, which in falling broke up and disclosed to the shoveler, Simon Bender, the stone above mentioned, "a petrified human foot," as the finder called it. The stone now, when placed in an Indian moccasin, fits it as accurately as a shoemaker's last does a boot, hence the name, "moccasin last stone." A further description of the finding of the stone will be better illustrated and understood by reading the affidavits of two of the workmen, J. H. Fraim, the director, and S. Bender, the finder (I have similar affidavits from each of the workmen, particularly F. Bierley), which I here insert. It will be noticed that they say the soil and some "gravel had been removed from the top." WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 79 "State of Ohio, Wayne County, ss : "Personally appeared before me the undersigned, Simon Bender, who by me being duly sworn according to law, deposes and says : That about May, 1884, I was loading gravel at the Frederick Bierley gravel bank, just southeast of Wooster, when some digger (I think Marion McCoy) was bringing down gravel for me to shovel. The part of the bank from which we were loading was a wide band where the stones were all stuck together by some stuff that had run between them, and this layer was about fifteen to seventeen feet below the surface of the hill and had to be broken apart with a pick. While the man with the pick (I think McCoy) threw down a small bunch of this it broke apart by falling and revealed the stone now before me and which I afterward sold to Dr. Todd. I picked it up and knocked off the stones that were sticking to it and showed it to the men present, viz. : F. Bierley. Jacob Kester, Josiah Frahm Marion McCoy and others. I and some others thought it an Indian foot turned to stone, but the toes were not there. I do not know the width of the layer of stone that was stuck together, but I do know that this stone came from about the middle of it, and that the layer was fifteen or sixteen feet from the surface of the hill. I took the stone to one side, but J. Fraim wanted it. and he took it and wrapped it in his coat, laid it in another place, but I kept an eye on him, and saw where he put it, and when work was done I went and got and took it home with me where I tried to further clean it by knocking off all the pebbles that were sticking to it. I also rubbed it with another stone to smooth off the sticky stuff so it would be fit to sell, but I could not get it all off and I then took it to Doctor Todd and sold it to him for twenty-five cents. The stone could not have fallen in from any other place, for it was in the stones that were stuck together, and no one had it to change it before I sold it to Doctor Todd. "SIMON A. BENDER." "Sworn to and subscribed before me this l0th day of December, A. D. 1897. CHARLES C. JONES, "Deputy Clerk Probate Court, Wayne County, Ohio." "State of Ohio, Wayne County, ss : "Personally appeared before me the undersigned, Josiah H. Fraim, who being by me first duly sworn according to law, deposes and says, that I was present at Frederick Bierley's gravel bank when the stone now before me and belonging to Doctor J. H. Todd, known as the 'moccasin last stone,' was found. We were hauling gravel from the bank to the road in the spring of 1894. The bank is about twenty-three or more feet from where the wagon stood to the top. We were working from the face at the bottom. There is 80 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. a thick layer running through the bank where all the stones are cemented firmly together, that is called 'conglomerate' by Doctor Todd. This layer is about eighteen feet from the surface of the hill. While one of the workmen was throwing down this layer with a pick, he detached a small mass of cemented stones which broke apart when it fell and showed the stone above mentioned. Some one picked it up and knocked the other stones from it ; we then all looked at it, and Mr. McCoy handed it to me and I wrapped it in my coat and laid it away to put in my collection, but when I went for it some one had taken it. I afterwards learned it was Simon Bender. I know the stone came from the conglomerate layer and could not have fallen from the surface, for there were still many small pieces of gravel and much cement sticking to it. As to the depth from the surface at which the stone was found, I did not measure it, but thought it was eighteen feet, and I have since looked at the bank and am now confirmed in the opinion. Another point is that soil and some gravel had been taken from the surface at some previous time, so now no grass grows on it. The amount of this, if known, would add to the depth of the stone. JosIAH H. FRAIM. "Sworn to and subscribed before me this the 27th day of November, A. D. 1897.     CHARLES C. JONES, "Deputy Clerk of the Probate Court, Wayne County, Ohio." I personally know this to be true, for over sixty years ago I lived with my father one-quarter mile from the hill and saw them hauling gravel from the top, and I know this was continued at intervals to complete the road across the bottom, this being the only coarse gravel available. How much was taken from the top is only conjecture, but I measured from the present surface to the point where the stone was found, and it proved to be seventeen feet. GEOLOGY OF THE DISTRICT. The Killbuck flows in one of the preglacial valleys of Wayne county, which here is three-fourths of a mile wide and is filled to the depth of one hundred and eighty-four feet by wash from the north. Its general direction is nearly along the meridian. Near Wooster the Apple creek comes in from the northeast, and has pushed the Killbuck over to the western side of the valley, where it is cutting into the shale that forms the walls of its channel in a few places, though for the most part its banks show only the rounded undulating topography of the glacial hills. Through this gravel overlying the shale many years ago a wagon road was cut from east to west, crossing the Killbuck, and since that time gravel has been taken from it, first from the top, then from the side, for road making, so that a considerable excavation WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 81 now exists. The top of the bank was originally over forty feet above the water of the Killbuck, and the gravel excavated shows from twenty-three to twenty-five feet of nearly perpendicular face. The bed consists of unstratified material of various sizes, from stones weighing about two pounds down to sand, and the bed of conglomerate above referred to is about four to six feet in thickness and traverses the hill horizontally, and is composed of similar materials. Beyond all question, the hill is one of the morainic mounds deposited by the Killbuck lobe of the glacier during its retreat. And there is not the slightest ground for supposing that it has been disturbed or in any way moved since its deposition. The Killbuck has never since the ice age been at a level measurably higher than it is today. All the above geological facts were confirmed by the late Professor Claypole, a geologist and archaeologist of wide reputation, then of Buchtel College, Akron, Ohio, who ten years ago examined the locality and the stone, pronouncing the stone a genuine prehistoric relic, confirmed the above geology and advised the publication of the finding. DESCRIPTION OF THE STONE. First look at the picture and know that the material is a moderately fine sandstone, greenish yellow in color, such as is abundant in the drift of the region, and calls for no particular notice or comment. The "foot" measures eight and one-half inches in length by three inches and two and one-half inches in other directions, and so fairly resembles a last that the finder's name for it may well be allowed to pass. But the noteworthy fact, and the one which justifies the full detail here attempted, is that the stone bears evident traces of human handiwork and use. At the flat end it shows signs of having served the purpose of a pestle or muller for grinding or pounding, and over most of its surface, especially at and about the thinner end, it is covered with the pits or pid< marks usually seen on worked stones of this nature, such as greenstone axes, celts, etc. Had it been found in usual circumstances, any collector would unhesitatingly have put it into his cabinet as a common Indian or prehistoric pestle, but the depth at which it was found, seventeen feet from present surface and probably twenty to twenty-four. below original surface, and the peculiar details of its discovery, invest it with a new and special interest in the eves of the archaeologist. CONCLUSION. The following inferences seem to be legitimate from the data already given and upon others to he mentioned below : (6) 82 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. First, the stone is a relic of human workmanship. Its flat end bears all usual signs of having been used as a muller or pestle such as are common among the prehistoric remains of the county. Its opposite end is covered with the pick marks used in stones that have been wrought by human hands. These pick marks, though most abundant at the rounded end, are visible over most of the surface except on the flat end, which is smoothed, as is usual in these pestles. Second. Being found in the glacial gravel and at the depth mentioned above, seventeen feet, it is not rational to urge its subsequent introduction by accident or design. The depth is too great for tree roots or burrowing animals or cracks ; no trees are growing on the spot, nor is the gravelly soil of such a nature as to allow deep cracks, while the cement holds the stones together. A large block, twelve by eighteen inches, that fell with the stone has lain in my yard since 1894, exposed to the weather, and but few pebbles have fallen from it. Third. In further proof of the above inference is the fact that it came from the bed of conglomerate in the drift, and was so firmly cemented to other pebbles lying with it that the workmen who found it had trouble in breaking them from it, and Bender could not scour off the cement with another stone. The position and depth of the conglomerate in the bank being ascertained, all doubts regarding the position of the stOne are necessarily removed. Fourth. Further, in consideration of the above facts, it is impossible to doubt that the stone is of the same age as the other materials of the conglomerate ; that it was buried at the same time ; that it has been subject to the same influences. In fact, that it is an integral part of the conglomerate as much as the other stones composing the same. Fifth. One more possible objection must be noticed, as it can be met by a fact. It may be said that the marks on the stone are recent and have been made since it was found. Setting aside the distinct and positive testimony of the finders, as given in their affidavits, already quOted, we may add that close examination discloses the fact that the stalagmitic encrustation still remaining fills many of the pick marks in the stone, proving that it is of later date. Very fortunately, the well-meant, but ill-judged, efforts of the finder to "clean" the specimen was only partly successful, and the concretionary cement still thickly covers a great part of the surface. It would be much more satisfactory, no doubt, if the whole mass had remained as it was found, but we may be glad that the evidence was not entirely destroyed, as has been done with not a few archaeological relics of very great scientific value when they WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 83 were found, but ruined by too much zeal and too little knowledge in their finder. On the whole, it seems difficult to avoid the conclusion that we have here another indication of human existence in northern Ohio while yet the ice of the glacial era was present in the state. Reviewing the evidence herein presented, it seems logical to conclude that this stone was an implement of domestic use, lost by its owner, and buried by a glacial stream in the gravel of the Killbuck valley, where it lay undisturbed until exhumed as above related. At all events, the evidence, as we have been able to obtain it, is here presented in detail, and it must remain for archaeologists to weigh it and come to their own conclusions regarding its final value. If the inferences above given are valid they will before long be strengthened by others of the same kind. The problem will then reach its ultimate and complete solution. OTHER EVIDENCES. Elsewhere will be found photographs of two stones found in the drift and now in my possession. The larger one is from a glacial drift hill twenty-five feet high on its cut face. The hill is similar in every particular to the one above noted, save that the cemented conglomerate is not so completely stratified. The hill is on the opposite side of the Killbuck, one and one-half miles higher up the creek, where the Baltimore and Ohio railroad cut through it when grading the road. and I feel certain that the gravel was never disturbed before this cut was made. Several years ago, when workmen were taking out gravel for ballast from the lower face of the hill, this stone was dislodged and picked up by myself from the torn-down gravels, So I can not exactly locate its position, but the workmen were taking gravel from a space from sixteen to twenty feet below the surface of the hill. In form it is a characteristic "turtle back" and is well chipped. Examine it and consider its value. The second and smaller stone, resembling a rude tomahawk, was found in a washout in the drift on a hill almost directly opposite the first hill described. The top of this hill has for nearly a century been plowed "down hill" and so its surface greatly lowered. The hill is composed of imperfectly stratified gravel and yellow clay. During a spring thaw and flood a gully some six feet deep was formed in the side of the hill, and from the yellow clay near the bottom of this gully I picked the stone, the clay firmly adhering to it, and I am satisfied that it was taken from undisturbed glacial clay. That it shows distinct marks of human workmanship, no one seeing 84 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. it can dispute, and I present it, in connection with the above, as one more evidence of man's association with the glacier's retreat in Wayne county, Ohio. ANIMAL REMAINS FOUND IN THE MUCK SWAMPS. The first is a mammoth's tooth, the last molar of the under jaw of the left side; it weighs four and one-half pounds, although part of the fang is lost by decay. It is known to be a mammoth's tooth by the cross lines of hard enamel with softer dentine between. It represents an extinct species of elephant, the "Elephas primigenius," the ancestor of the Indian elephant, and was covered with a shaggy coat of bristles, long hair and wool. It was contemporary with man during and after the glacial period in Europe. The tooth was found in the filled-up glacial lake on the Brownfield farm, northeast of Fredericksburgh, Ohio. The lake is in an old preglacial channel and in its center is an old morainic island, on which was a late Indian village, furnishing many relics. In a spring freshet the north branch of Salt creek washed into this swamp, tearing down the muck and with it the tooth which the engraving represents. It was found when the water subsided by Mr. John Livingston, who brought it to me. The tooth was found only seven miles from the swamp (of similar character) in which was found the immense skeleton of the giant sloth--megalonyx Jeffersonii—by my old friend, Mr. Abraham Drushell, and which is now placed in Orton Hall of the Ohio State University, the only such skeleton mounted in the world. The next specimen was found when driving a sewer through a glacial kame in front of my house in Wooster, Ohio. The specimen was found fifteen feet down from the original surface of the soil, lying between layers of blue boulders, clay and yellow Cleveland clay. It is five and one-half inches long and one and one-quarter inches in its greatest diameter, with a peculiar articulation at its distal end, such as is found in the cat tribe, where the claw rolls on the bone, and can be sheathed. I regard it as the last phalynx of the central toe of the extinct saber-toothed lion. It can not be represented on paper, but I note it here because the lion was contemporary with the mammoth and man in Europe, and may have been in America in glacial time, and I make this point for Wayne county, Ohio—that when such animals could live,, man could live. The next find is the shark's teeth, represented in the engraving. The teeth are from the man-eating shark (genus Carcharinus), which lived in a warm sea and grew to fifteen to twenty-five feet in length. The large tooth, associated with one on the card from South Carolina, was found in the muck WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 85 of Kilibuck bottoms, below the fair grounds. The others were found when draining a muck swamp in a preglacial gorge down the head of the Cincinnati incline on section 32. Milton township. They were not the only teeth recovered, fOr the family kept some, and I had two stolen from me. In addition, I have a number of shark's teeth, but of another species, recovered from the Newman's creek swamp near Orrville. How sharks got here is only surmise, but imagination whispers to me that they were stranded in the fissures of the hills, from the warm sea that surrounded the head of the island when the land rose and the sea gave place to a carboniferous forest. Since writing the above, I had a row of types of the small teeth found in Newman's creek swamp added to the plate. THE INDIANS OF WAYNE COUNTY. The legends and traditions handed down from the remote ancestors of the Leni Lenape or Delawares tells us that many centuries ago the country from the "Nama-esi Sipu"—the Mississippi river—to the Alligewi Sipu—the Allegheny river—which then included the Ohio, was occupied by a people called Allegewi, and to these people we are indebted for the names Alleghany mountains and Allegheny river. The Allegewi were a tall and strong race, the Leni Lenape describing many of them as giants; but they were peaceful and inclined to agriculture. Still, they had many fortified towns, with ditch and embankment, surmounted with palisades. But their quiet was broken and the Allegewi migrated to the far south, giving place to the Cat nation, who held and occupied the country from the Scioto river to Lake Erie, to which they gave name. The Leni Lenape had passed On to the Susquehanna and the Delaware river, and here received the name Delaware, after Lord De la Ware, "a brave and goOd man." The Eries were a peaceful people, and ever a neutral nation in the wars, but this neutrality furnished an excuse to the intriguing and fiercely bloodthirsty Iroquois (Five Nations) for a war of exterminatiOn, and being supplied with guns and knives and tomahawks of steel by the Dutch of New York, they began the war of annihilation. The Eries, against such superiOr weapons, could do nOthing—the nation was destroyed. That the Dutch were the devils in peace clothing that incited the Iroquois to ,deeds of violence and rapine and murder so that they (the Dutch) could secure the fertile lands of the vanquished is simply a matter of history (see Heckewilder, Zersberger and Loskeil). The destruction of the nation was complete—most of the unfortunates murdered by the bullets and bayonets and steel tomahawks supplied by the 86 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. smiling Dutch, many of the prisoners were tortured until the Great Spirit anesthetized to fainting, when they were burned. A few were adopted by the more humane of the Iroquois and a few more escaped across the lake to Detroit from their last stand at their stronghold on Put-in-Bay Island in Lake Erie, the lake of their naming and loving. Another part, probably from this county and the 'Mohican valley, fled down the Muskingum and Scioto to the Ohio, and thence tO St. Louis, and frOm there by degrees up the Missouri, establishing many towns and finally settling as Mandans on a beautiful and romantic spot on the north Missouri near Bismarck, North Dakota. Here they lived unmolested and happy for a time, but finally the smallpox within their fortified town of two thousand souls and the Sioux watching without, so they could not even bury their dead, brought their entire destruction. So you see that the Indians the whites found here when they invaded the country were not native to the soil. The tribes then inhabiting Wayne county were the Delawares, the Mohicans and a few Mingoes, all of whom came here from the far east as the white man encroached upon them from the sea.. When they came into Ohio they knew nothing, scarcely by tradition, of the mounds and relics in stone left here by their ancestors, and this is why we separate the Indian from the "Mound Builder." But as children they had been taught in a new school, Of new things, by new teachers. They had learned to fight with new weapons and had been taught the practical meaning of treachery and vengeance ; in place of tomahawks of granite and arrowheads of flint, they had guns and knives and tomahawks of steel for defense and offense. Their whole nature and manhood, from environment and association with the white man, had been warped from the original ; they had been harassed by the Iroquois, cheated by the Dutch, filled with whisky by the English, and scourged from their hunting grounds by the psalm-singing Puritans, and driven with disgrace under the sobriquet of women into the Ohio country. What wonder they were called "savages," and what greater wonder that after such massacres, as unprovoked as was done with the one hundred defenseless Christian Indians at Gnadenhutten, and the thirteen tomahawked in their sleep on the site of the Catholic church in our own city, that they did not retaliate more than by burning Colonel Crawford. Colonel Crawford would never have been burned by Captain Pipe, save. for the Gnadenhutten infamy, nor the Great Spirit-respecting, white-man-loving, hospitable gentleman Logan been transformed into a revengeful and merciless "savage" had not Captain Cresap been a fiend. Such acts, with many others recorded in history, would blur the fair face of nature and make hell shud- WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 87 deringly ashamed. It must not, however, be thought that I want to make the Indian an angelic or even a civilized character, but, leaving out the Iroquois and the Sioux, though we must relegate the North American Indian to the barbarian stage of human evolution—the savage being a retrogression—vet as nations or tribes they had many virtues and many noble, honorable, executive chiefs. with a true desire for peace, purity and advancement. The principal chiefs connected with Wayne county 'history were Killbuck, Beaver Hat. Custaloga, White Eyes, Half King, Mohican John and Captain Pipe. Want of room prevents any detailed history of these chiefs. A few notes must suffice. Captain Pipe (Hobacan in Indian) belonged to the Wolf tribe of the Delawares. He was born on the Susquehanna in 1740, and in 1758 located on the Tuscarawas. After the treaty of 1795 he came with other Delawares to near Mohican John's town, near Jeromeville, Ashland county. I have many times looked over the remains of Pipe's cabin, when fishing it the "Old Town run," and well remember when in 1841 a deputation of Delawares came to see if the graves of their ancestors had been desecrated. I then had seven skulls and many long bones of "dead Injuns" for a playhouse in the yard ; the bones had been exhumed when digging a mill race. The red men called me to the gate and asked for "man-house." I ran for grandfather. the Rev. Elijah Yocum, whom they asked if they could bury the bones. He made for them a large box, when they gathered all other bones, and I saw them bury them with many curious signs. Mohican John. with his tribe, was driven from Connecticut and Rhode Island. I le came to Ohio in 1755 and first located at Tullihas, on the Big Mohican. where Owl creek enters. He removed to the "Old Town" home in 1795 and left about 1814. The trail from Tallehas followed the Mohican to the north of Killbuck, then up this to "Big Spring," the Wayne county Chief Killbuck, thence to the mouth of Crawford's run, up this to the Maize Mill. from whence the trail is followed by wagon road to Shreve, then to Weis lake, and up the Mohican to Mohican John's town, on the "Old Town run"—Chief Beaver Hat had his winter wigwam near the Wooster cemetery. and in summer an "apple orchard" on the Apple creek. Chief Custaloga lived near Big Prairie. and the station on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago railroad depot is named for him. Captain Pipe, Killbuck (Gelelemand) and White Eyes were delegates to the great conference at Fort Pitt. Chief Killbuck's chief home was at Tullihas, but he had a cabin on the Thomas Douty farm, near the Big Spring, the great fishing place of the Indians and of the early inhabitants. Killbuck had two sons, one of whom was very dissipated and threw opprobrium on his 88 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. father. Captain White Eyes lived in White Eyes township, Coshocton coCoshOctonand Killbuck had strong desires that their nation might become a civilized people, but he died young, of smallpox, in 1778. Killbuck died near the mouth of the Killbuck in 1810, at the advanced age of eighty years. Excepting probably. Captain Pipe, who was soured in old age, all these men were ambitious to protect their people, and they were all and always honorable, peaceful men, and virtuous beyond their age. They were above the savage and were superior to all white barbarians. They were "nature's noblemen," with the forest for a home, the groves in the meadows were their temples and council places, and contemplation compels one to repeat : "Lo ! the poor Indian, whose untutored mind Sees God in clouds and hears Him in the wind. His soul, pHis, science never taught to stray Far as the solar walk or milky way ; Yet simple nature to his hope has given Beyond the cloud-topped hills an humbler heaven. And thinks, admitted to that equal sky, His faithful dog shall bear him company." FORTIFICATIONS AND ENCLOSURES. The remains of fortifications or enclosures for observation and protection are very numerous in Wayne county, particularly in the vicinity of Wooster, which seems to have been a commercial center for the aborigine as well as in our twentieth century civilization. Each and every one of the surrounding hills is crowned with an enclosure commonly called a "fort." The hills outstand as headlands overlooking the valleys of Apple creek and Killbuck and from any of these points observation and communication could be secured with other like crowned hills near Shreve and Funk, and Jeromesville and on to Ashland, Hayesville, Mansfield, Millersburgh. The construction of the walls of the enclosures was very similar on all the hills, viz. : a trench and embankment,. surrounded with palisades.. The largest enclosure, containing between thirty and fifty acres, was situated on Madison hill, the first location of the county seat, now the Experiment Station farm and Wooster cemetery. This had more the character of a "fort" than many others, for the north wall was partly built of stone, the construction being distinctly recognizable forty years ago, where the Moorland road cut through the wall, and the west boundary can even now be traced from the WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 89 east line of Wooster's new cemetery to near the north line of the Catholic cemetery. A mound was on the southeast angle above Experimental buildings. The next largest was on the Joe Eicher farm, west of Wooster, where the shale bank of the Clear creek—some twenty-five feet high—formed the north side, and from a point on this creek near the wagon road an embankment was carried around the hills in a semi-circle to a point some forty rods up the creek, including five to seven acres. Twenty years ago the embankment was still three feet high, although the ground had been farmed for sixty years. This site furnished me many fine relics. One and a half miles up Killbuck from this on the late Rose Ann Eicher farm, just below the Big Springs, is a beautiful oval enclosure, the bank of which is still complete and four feet high, the point of the egg extending almost to the bank of the Killbuck, which is here twenty feet high with a gully to the south, affording protection from marauders coming up or down the stream, which was then a boating highway from the Muskingum up to the portage beween Burbank and Lodi on the Black river. The hill above the springs rises two hundred feet to a plateau, from which the Kill-buck river could he scanned for many miles. The enclosure is still in the native woods and is undisturbed and the tract, including enclosure, springs, plateau and meadow adjoining the creek, should be preserved for a park, for, in the writer's opinion. it is the finest site for health and recreation in the county of Wayne or even the state of Ohio. The next distinguished hill top is directly across the Killbuck valley from the above described and is popularly known as Fort Hill. It is situated on a promontory in the angle formed by the junction of Little and Big Killbuck. The bluff is six hundred feet in long diameter and one hundred and fifty in the short, top surface. The sides are thirty-five feet high from the roadbed on either side. On the northwest it is nearly cut from the mainland by a ravine, only a narrow neck connecting, which was guarded by a ditch and bank, probably palisaded. On the top is a circle about one hundred by eighty feet and there are also two mounds, each twenty-five to thirty feet in diameter and two to three feet high. There is an available spring on the west side and I am convinced that here was erected (or selected) a refuge and defense "fort." My opinion is strengthened by the fact of its commanding a long and wide view of the Killbuck valley, but primarily by the fact that out from its front at the distance an arrow would fly I have picked up in the last ten years over fifty warrior darts, the small 90 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. triangular ones, so fashioned that if once driven into a body and the arrow shaft pulled out, the dart or point would remain and induce suppuration. Or may not the point have been poisoned ? The remains of an enclosure are still recognizable on the Bechtel hill near the Spring. This hill overlooks the fair grounds and the valley and across the Christmas run on a similar spur of hill is another well-marked enclosure, just above a fine spring. There was a large enclosure on the hill southwest of Wooster that included twenty acres. It was situated between the two Killbuck bridges and was peculiar in being double terraced on the stream side of the hill—one trench and embankment low on the hill and in the shale where the implements were of very old type, and about sixty feet above a parallel embankment that was probably palisaded. Here implements were of jasper and finely serrated on both sides. There was a fine spring in the enclosure and a deep ravine on the north side. The traces are now almost obliterated by plowing clown hill, but sixty-five years ago when I first saw and played on the terraces it was plainly marked. A part was then in woods. A large enclosure was noticed on Bald hill, above Shreve, where Doctor Pocock opened many single graves. This faced one across the valley, but I can describe no more. MOUNDS. The mounds of Wayne county are many, but small, ranging from fifteen to fifty feet in diameter by two to six feet in height. A few fine gorgets, ceremonial stones and totems have been found in them, with arrow and spear heads. Most of them were opened years ago and nO record kept, as the Openers were simply relic hunters. The finest, to my personal knowledge, was opened on the bank of the Muddy fork near New Pittsburgh. There was found but one skeleton, on the breast of which was a large slate pendant, and around the thorax were laid thirty-five well worked leaf-shaped implements, four and one-half inches long by one and one-half wide at center, and one fine stemmed spear head six inches long, while at the hands lay two elegant. deep-grooved axes, with pointed poles, one of quartz and the other a light blue stone, the texture nOt determined. Both are perfect I have all in cabinet. There is a large mound on the Bob Snyder farm, a half mile up the hill from Kanke Station that is unique in construction and history. The hill top on which it is located commands the most extensive and, the writer thinks. WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 91 the finest pastoral view in Wayne county. The mound is fifty feet in diameter and was about nine feet high. It is in an unbroken woodland and covered with nature's forest trees, the roots of which greatly embarrassed digging and disturbed the strata. The bottom is formed like a low rimmed saucer, made of hard puddled clay, covered with three inches of sand, and scattered over this is a laver of charcoal, burned or charred bones and pieces of splintered flint; over this is another layer of puddled clay, cOvered with sand, and on this is more charcoal, incinerated bones and implements, broken up as by fire. Here the original mound, or place for cremation purposes, seems to have been completed or abandoned, for above this—about three feet high—comes a two-foot covering of yellow clay, in which I found—in the trench, two feet wide, which I drove from periphery to center—two bundles of "long bones" and some loose bones, but no skulls. The long bones seemed to have been tied together, or thrown in piles as in communal burials and were so infiltrated with and cemented together by the tough clay, that I took them out entire and still have them as well as the charcoal, sand and contents from the bottom of the mound. In places the long bones had entirely decomposed in the clay, leaving only a hole—or cast—with a dark line to tell of the matrix. But this is not all of the mound, for over all of this had been heaped four or five feet of earth from the immediate surroundings. which completed a conical mound from the truncated ones of past ages. The late Dr. D. Pocock, of Shreve, opened this from the top in 1870. and secured two skeletons, two gorgets and a number of other relics. Of course the top layer represented late or intrusive burials. Ian the mound taken as a whole would indicate three different ages, with three distinct modes of interment. IMPLEMENTS AND ARTIFACTS OF THE ABORIGINES. With the weird “savage" we instinctively couple the idea that the "flints" we find in the field are "arrow and spear heads," and all made to be used in the of something, man or bird or beast. But this is farthest from the truth. for not one chipped flint or pecked stone in twenty was specialized for war the chase. The great mass of stone relics found are implements of husbandry or for domestic use. The first lesson the aborigine had to learn was how to live, not how to fight. for that was a luxury to be added later. To live, he must have food for his stomach and clothes for his body and a bed to lie on. His first need was a knife, and this was supplied in the flake of a flint, the first artifact of man's ingenuity to supply a domestic want ; with it the aborigine 92 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. skinned his captured deer, fashioned its hide into clothing and bed quilts, cut up its carcass, shaped his defense club, and did so many other things with it, that I am prompted to ask you "What do you do with a knife?” In determining the use of the implements of primitive man, we must be as familiar with the management of thought as a painter is in the manipulation of colors ; we can take cognizance of an object only in so far as we can come into relation with it, and in the contemplation of Indian implements we cannot place ourselves in such complete asspciation, for environment and the needs of the user, together with the mental status of the maker, must be supplied. This can only be done by considering what is positively known of uses by existing barbarians, or those yet in the stone age, or by tradition, or finally by the imagination. So all positive knowledge is in a chaotic state, save that which has been or is gained by field work and collecting which associates the implement with its location. Its geologic horizon determining its age; its connection with a mound showing it to be mortuary ; its association with a fortification proves defensive war; while if rescued from an enclosure we reckon it the local fauna of a village site. So in studying the character and mode of manufacture of primitive man's relics you must try to put yourself in his place, as you should with Moses and his tablets of stone. For these, and many other reasons, I have coupled Wayne county (where most of my thirty thousand specimens were collected—over three thousand with my own hand) with types of implements, for comparison and unison,—from the streams of adjacent counties representing the seven heads of the Muskingum river, viz. : the four forks of the Mohican, Killbuck, Chippewa creek and Sugar creek. In all of these the writer has personally noted the horizon of village sites, mounds and enclosures, and finds that both banks of the Killbuck present almost continuous village sites. At every spring that is surmounted by a knoll is found the chips or flakes and "wasters" that proclaim a work shop, and along many of the smaller streams the same evidences were found. There are three principle types of relics. The first is the chipped or flaked implement of flint. Flint breaks when struck or firm pressed with a conchoidal-like a watch crystal—fracture, producing a sharp edge to core or implement as well as to the flake and this flake can be used as a knife, or if a larger spall, even as an ax. The second is the pecked and polished implement— polished at least at the cutting edge, such as the grooved axes, celts, tomahawks made of granite, greenstone, diabase, quartzite and argelite. WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 93 These must be first pecked into shape with a harder stone and then polished. The third comprises the class of beautiful souvenirs done in slate; the gorgets. done in all imaginable artistic forms, to be worn on the breast as marks of distinction, or carried in any manner fancy, fashion, or cast would dictate, have been found in the county in great numbers. The "bird stones," over which the marriageable maiden coiled and dressed her hair, are less numerous, but in the writer's cabinet there are half .a dozen; but they do not all represent birds nor "saddles," fOr one has the head Of a mountain lion and another the head and tail of a beaver, so I reckon they were totems as well as decorations. The totems, of which several are represented, are usually in banded state and finely specialized and are evidently the insignia of a tribe. The tubes may be either pipes or "cupping tubes" used in legitimate medication or the necromancer's winch by which he catches the evil spirits infesting the ptient and sucks them through the .skin, usually depositing a mass of foul tobacco on the reddened place, which he exhibits as the disintegrated spirit. The butterfly stones are beautiful, as may be seen in the illustration. In addition to these, there are amulets, pendants, beads, ear rings (some of stone, averaging two and three ounces), hair pins and perforated pieces without number that were certainly made for a purpose and either used at religious ceremonials, or in the dance, or to ward off evil spirits or be worn as decorations. But you must give wild wings to your imagination and let fancy carry you to the wild man's home in the woods if you would learn all their uses and meanings. VILLAGE SITES. The most remarkable village site in Wayne county is on the old McClelland farm in the angle formed by the union of Crawford's creek with the Minnick near the coal chute. Here the writer has found three village sites superimposed one above the other. In the oldest you find implements of the rudest construction, made from the crudest material, as pebbles from the brook and cherty limestone from the Moorland hill and most of the chipped relics deeply patined. The next class are better specialized and the flint mostly from the quarries near Coshocton. The top artifacts show great art in the pattern and dexterity in the artisan, while finer flint is used, much being the beautiful chalcedony from Flint Ridge and another, black or blue grey that works elegantly ; but the quarry has not yet been located. I have Over one thousand specimens from this site and among them is a cache of fifty beautiful leaf shaped artifacts, made from clear white flint, with a jasper 94 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. lustre. On the headland above this terrace is the remains of an enclosure and on the apex a small mound, from the base of which I took the emblem of Sun Worship, representing the rising sun and the four points of the compass. This mound had been opened by John Rahm and many relics taken from the top, showing an intrusive burial. An unique village site was found on the Meier farm, section 2, Franklin township, on the gravel kames surrounding an old silted-up lake. Here many of the implements were made in effigy, both flora and fauna represented, as buffalo skulls, head and ears of the wolf, fish, tadpoles, birds in flight, leaves of the trees, etc., brooches and beads in jasper together with digging implements of elegant pattern and utility. But along with these were many crude knives and darts, some of which had been rechipped and showed deep patterning, evidently the remains of an old and vanished race whose relics were rejuvenated and utilized. The last village site I will note is on the terraced bank of the Apple creek, southeast section, Wooster township. Here was the beautiful summer home of Beaver Hat, his Apple Chauquecake (Apple Orchard). Here a thousand fine relics were found of flint and slate and stone, unsurpassed if equaled in the state. Among them the rare and beautiful Indian head, illustrated imperfectly herein. The sculpture is done by chipping so fine that a glass has to be used to see it. The effigy shows the stately pose of the Indian, high cheek bones, partly shaven head and the two long locks of black hair parted and carried over the bared breast. So perfect is it that an eminent archaeologist said on seeing it, "had the maker been possessed of tools he would have been a Michael Angelo." The form is enlarged, which mars its fineness. GENERAL RELIQUIA. The reliquia of Wayne county I think was equal in amOunt to that of any county in the state, and for quality of material, elegance of workmanship, variety of expression and artistic design, was superior to most (excepting of course the effigy pipes and copper ornaments of the mound builders of southern Ohio), but many Of the early surface finds when only the finest were picked and preserved by the pioneers were destroyed mostly by fire. Doctor Pocock's collection at Shreve, consisting of many thousand relics, and the collection gathered by President Taylor for Wooster University, all went to Hinders when the buildings went up in smoke, while the large collection of Mr. Reed, of Dalton, was removed from the county. But with all this. I still have thirty thousand perfect specimens, including over fifty different patterns WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 95 of grooved axes and hatchets (celts), and every known form of pestle known to Ohio; pipes of slate, sandstone and baked clay with others known as monitor and effigy ; bird bunts, to stun, not penetrate; arrow points for larger game, finely specialized and long buffalo darts; warrior darts, to poison or fester the flesh; flints, with polished bases; spear heads of every pattern, knives, scrapers, hide dressers, bark peelers, beads, ear rings and brooches, fish hooks in flint, crochet hooks for net making and net sinkers; piercers and needles with polished slate pieces without number, including totems and religious ceremonials. But to describe them here without illustration is impossible. I can only refer you to Squire and Davis, who opened the mounds of Ohio at an early date, and ask you to read and study the illustrations in Gerard Fowke's remarkable book, the "Archeological History of Ohio." POTTERY. The creation of utensils for domestic use by moulding clay and then burning it was one of the first expressions of man's inventive power. The oak forms were crude : A stray: basket was woven and the moist clay, mixed with pounded shells, was pressed into the meshes from the inside, and the semblance of a pot placed in the sun to bake. In the world's development. life had been given to man, but the struggle to keep it was hard and required all his energies. Life had been given to the troglodyte. but life had also been given to the saber-toothed tiger, the serpent, and the mammoth and they too loved and "fought for life. The man must overcome them or perish. Intellectual comparison was yet in abeyance, the troglodyte' brain was yet boggy, and the time of waiting was long before God said. "Let life and thought together meet and mingle and man be a reasoning, as well as a living soul." But it came at last, and marked the first great crisis in the troglodyte's evolution—the age, or stage of inventive reasoning. Now he could lay traps, create implements of aggression, secure food, protect his family, and rest secure in his cave at night. Art necessitates leisure and leisure only comes after the body is well clothed and the stomach filled to satiety ; so the troglodyte was nO artist, all his implements were of the crudest, and the rudest ; but when reason was added to instinct and the tongues of the glacier had receded and left flower gardens in their wake, as they now do in Alaska, and the fiercer animals gave way to the reindeer, the bear and the buffalo, then his hours were more peaceful and not all occupied in securing food and shelter. He had leisure to contemplate and decorate. 96 - WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO. After this brain storm that cleared his perception and added purpose to his conception, primitive man's first thought was to better and beautify his game-killing implements, and, second, to create more useful and artistic furnishings for his household. Hides must be tanned to preserve and render them supple, and the rude and fragile drinking and cooking utensils must be made more durable and attractive, and in this inspiration is to be found the nucleus of pottery making and of pottery decoration. The remains of primitive pottery in Wayne county are very meager in comparison with those of southern Ohio and are mostly confined to separate fragments or pot sherds, and these seem to be largely mortuary, as but few fragments are found on the surface or in the kitchen refuse. The writer knows of but one complete vessel found in the county. This was encountered while workmen were grading a hill of undisturbed glacial gravel south of Wooster for an addition to the Wooster cemetery. The relic was about three feet from the surface when struck and shattered by the plough. It was a large and well formed bowl with unique decorations on the sides and an artistically fashioned rim ; it was shaped like an old-fashiOned boiling pot, with bulging sides. The depth was nine inches, the diameter at bulge fifteen inches and at the rim twelve inches. The bottom was very thin; one-fourth inch, but very compact, while the rim showed a band one-half inch thick and one inch wide around the top and this embellished and strengthened by graceful elevations at intervals. In the bowl was only a few handfuls of dark oily mould, and the writer's opinion is that the vessel was a mortuary bowl. BURIALS. Except the cemeteries of the late, white contaminated Indians and intrusive burials in mounds, I have found but two sepulchres worthy of record. The first is a "stone grave" on the farm of the late John Culbertson. It is located on a terrace of the Little Killbuck just opposite "Fort Hill," above described. It was made of shale flagging, from the brook. A layer of slabs for bottom, sides and top; was about three feet deep, but the skeleton was so .decayed that nothing was left but a line of dark mould and a few undistinguishable bones that went to powder w hen exposed to the air. The second was found on a promontory of shale, capped by forty feet of glacial gravel abutting on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago railroad in section 29, Wooster township, and above the terrace on which the three-ply village site is located. Workmen, in cutting a new road through the hill, came across a unique grave. As soon as discovered, the writer was sent for WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 97 and found a skeleton in a sitting position, facing the south ; the knees were drawn up and arms extended over them or to the side. The grave was elaborately prepared, the bottom being seven feet from the surface. The enclosure resembled a large old-fashioned store box, three by fOur by three feet in size. The sides, back and front were formed of a double thickness of heavy bark, with bottom and top of split puncheon, three and four inches thick and six to ten inches wide. At the right hand of the pelvis was the half of a huge mussel shell, four by seven inches, in which was two ounces of red paint, and on the left was a duplicate shell containing white paint. Bark and puncheon, shells and skeleton went to pieces when exposed to the air, only the paint remaining. Burials of this kind are very rare. Gerard Fowke, the most experienced archaeologist and field worker in Ohio, says in his "Archaeological History of Ohio :" "I have never found a skeleton which had been placed in a sitting posture," yet I have found one other in a similar gravel hill near Captain Pipe's cabin at old Jerome Town. The prime fact in these burials was that the skeletons were without their skulls, the heads had evidently been removed before burial; whether to retain the vigor of the chief, or other noted personage,—as the medicine man—to the tribe, or on account of the superstition that the spirit of the dead should not be given to the worms, is all conjecture—exercise your imagination. CHAPTER IV. TOPOGRAPHY AND GENERAL FEATURES. [For the facts herein stated, the author of this work is indebted to a like article written prior to 1877 by Hon. John P. Jeffries, of Wooster, hence it comes with almost undisputed authority.] Wayne county, located on the southern declivity of the dividing ridge intervening between the northern lakes and the Ohio river, has been in all ages past the theatre of marked changes prior, as well as subsequent, to the time of the elevation of the Alleghanies and the formation of the northern lakes. The whole face of the country shows the action of the flowing water, and that the entire surface many centuries ago was covered by a deep sea, and wrought upon by its turbulent action, is plainly manifested upon the elevations in the valleys and the alluvial plains. The territory of Wayne county is a part of that great topographical district reaching from the lakes to the gulf of Mexico, and from the Alleghany to the Rocky mountains. The northern limits of this county, extending within a few miles of the southern rim of the Lake Erie basin, is the watershed, or divide between the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi. The spill, or summit level, is at Summit Lake, near the city of Akron, in Summit county, and is three hundred and ninety-five feet above Lake Erie, while the summit dividing the waters of the Black river and the Killbuck, north of Bridgeport, near Lodi, Medina county, is at an altitude of three hundred and eighty-two feet abOve the lake level. The highest land in Wayne county is in the vicinity of Doylestown, Chippewa township, which is four hundred and thirty feet above Lake Erie and one thousand forty-two feet above the Atlantic ocean. The main portion of Wayne County—indeed, nearly every part of it—is covered with drift, and the value and nature of. the soil is regulated by the character of the drift spread over the surface, varying in depth from ten to seventy or eighty feet in vertical thickness, the average drift deposit being about twenty-five feet. The mass of soil is generally composed of sand, gravel, clay and loam, though in some portions the clay predominates, as in the beech district in WAYNE COUNTY, OHIO - 99 the northern part of the county; but mixed with these leading constituents in proper proportions are those essentials which make the soil productive and produce the abundant crops for which this county is so noted, such as silica, lime, magnesia, alumnia, iron, phosphorus and soda. The soil is not, as some suppose, limited to a few inches of surface, but is as deep as the drift itself, though, properly speaking, the soil, so called by the farmers, is confined to a few inches in depth from the surface. The whole surface of Wayne county contains 342,805 acres, the area of which, by the territory of the several townships, is as follows : Paint, 15,552; Sugarcreek, 22,984; Baughman, 22,659; Chippewa, 22,443 ; Green, 22,456; Milton, 22,664; East Union, 22,441; Saltcreek, 14,871; Franklin, 23,005; Wooster, 14,591; Wayne, 23,084; Canaan, 23,194; Congress, 23,007; Chester, 26,283; Clinton, 17,211; Plain, 26,359. The marshes of the county are chiefly confined to Wooster, Plain, Franklin, Clinton, Sugarcreek and Baughman townships. The early settlers of this county found it densely wooded, except the marshy districts and the plain of lands of Wooster, Chester, Plain and Clinton townships. The Plains (then termed the Glades upon the presumption, from appearance, that they were of the character of glade lands in Pennsylvania, poor and worthless) turned out to be the most productive lands of the county. When first visited by white men they were barrens, thickly wooded with low. bushy oak, from three to four feet high, which gave evidence of being the product of an impoverished soil, and the early settlers, being of this opinion, shunned these glades, preferring rather to clear away the heavy forests and open up their farms, instead of attempting the cultivation of this land. Thirty years prior to settlement, as this undergrowth would indicate, these plains were entirely destitute of wood except a few scattering oaks, preserved, as if by design, for shade. These plains were doubtless cultivated fields of a pre-historic race, whose works of art are still manifest in and around them, such as the mounds, fortifications and tumuli of Wooster, Plain and other townships. Today the leading forest trees are the oaks, with some hickory, chestnut, sugar maple, ash, walnut, butternut, cherry, gum, quaking asp, cucumber, mulberry, buckeye, plum, crab, thorn, willow, prickly ash, locust, hawthorn, dogwood, alder, etc. The dogwood during May, even at this date, ornaments every highland wood with its beautiful flowers, and the lower woodlands still teem with fragrance from the blossoms of the thorn and crab.