NAME	RANK	DATES OF APPOINTMENT OR ENLISTMENT	TO WHAT TIME ENGAGE OR ENLISTED
1 Joseph Markle 2 Humphrey Fullerton 3 Daniel Waltz 4 Jacob Markle 1 John C. Plumer 2 Samuel Miller 3 Samuel H. Dailey 4 John Marshall 5 William Skelly 6 Robert Skelly 7 James Sloan 8 Henry Breneman 9 William Craig 10 James Smith. 11 George Fregs 12 John Bennett 13 Peter Broadsword 14 John Beckett 15 Isaiah Burgan 16 Robert Campbell 17 James Conner 18 Findley Carnahan 19 Robert Cooper 20 Joseph Chambers 21 Samuel Davis 22 Daniel Fleming. 23 Samnel Hamilton 24 Stephen Lowry 25 James McGuffy 26 John Milligan 27 William Miller 28 Findley McGrew 29 John McCammont 30 Robert McGuffin. 31 John McClain 32 Nathan McGrew 33 John Morrison. 34 Jonathan McClintock	Captain 1st Lieut. 2d Lieut. Cornet. 1st Sergt. 2d Sergt. 3d Sergt. 4th Sergt. 1st Corp. 2d Corp. 3d Corp. 4th Corp. Trumpeter. Saddler. Farrier. Private. (All Following Privates)	Sept. 12, 1812 (Enl. Dates the same)	Sept. 22, 1813 (Following dates the same)
35 William McClurg 36 William Logue 37 William Robison 38 John Robison 39 Jonathan Robison 40 Charles Sholl 41 Samuel Stoflett 42 James Selby 43 John Stone 44 Samuel Shepler 45 William Thompson 46 Matthew Thompson 47 Jacob Weaver., 48 James Alexander 49 James Guffy 50 Thompson Carnahan 51 Thomas McGrew 52 Stephen Rowan 53 Samuel Montgomery

In the Greensburg and Indiana Register for Oct. 1, 1812, is the following:   "On Tuesday evening last the drafted militia for the First Brigade, Thirteenth Division, marched from this place to Pittsburgh."   1 See additional lists in Appendix "Q."   Elsewhere is the following extract from a letter dated at Pittsburgh, Sept. 24, 1812, in which we have notice of the company :   "Yesterday the ‘Pittsburgh Blues,' commanded by Captain Butler, and the' Greensburg Rifle Company,' Captain J. B. Alexander, left this on their way to join Genoral Harrison. They embarked on board boats, and will proceed by water nearly to Cincinnatl. On Tnesday the Westmoreland troop of cavalry, Captain Markle, also left this on the march to Urbanna." 2   This company of cavalry was regarded by Gen. Harrison, an account of their orderly behavior and military appearance, as the first troop of United States volunteer cavalry in the Northwestern Army. They were connected with the squadron of Maj. James V. Ball, and throughout the entire campaign are frequently mentioned, and never without approbation and honor.   The detachment sent to the Mississinewa towns consisted of Col. Simeral's regiment of Kentucky Volunteers ; Maj. James Ball's squadron of United States Dragoons; Capt. John B. Alexander's company of riflemen from Westmoreland ; Capt. Joseph Markle's troop of horse, also from Westmoreland ; Capt. James Butler's light infantry company of Pittsburgh Blues, and of several other companies and squadrons from Kentucky, Michigan, and Ohio.     These troops were commanded by Lieut.-Col. John B. Campbell, of the Nineteenth United States Regiment. The season of the year was an inclement one, and the route of march was through a wilderness. They, however, about the middle of December reached the Mississinewa. They followed this stream towards its mouth, and when they were within about twenty miles of the first Indian town, Col. Campbell, it a council, asked the advice of his officers. They advised to march all night and take the enemy by surprise. This was agreed to ; but when they reached the town one of the Kentucky volunteers giving a war-whoop precluded the intended and expected surprise contemplated by giving warning to the Indians. But notwithstanding this eight of their warriors were killed, and forty-two men, women, and children were taken prisoners.   The detachment then pressed on, and destroyed three other Indian towns farther down. They then returned to the site of the first one.   At this place on the 18th of December they were attacked by several hundred Indians. These were   2 In the Greensburg and Indiana Register for Sept. 12. 1812, is the following:   " COMMUNICATION.   " ROBBSTOWN, Sept. 3, 1812.   " In consequence of the expected march of Capt. Markle and his troop, the citizens of this place and vicinity met, and agreed to treat the troop to a dinner. Against 3 o'clock they had an Ox of 4 or 500 weight roasted whole, when the troop marched up in order, attended by about 400 citizens, and partook of the good cheer provided. After dinner the following toasts were drank, with many others, amidst the acclamations of the largest concourse of citizens ever seen in this place."   In the issue of the same paper for Oct. 1, 1812, it appears that eleven had deserted from Capt. Markle's company, as he offers a reward therein for their apprehension.   WAR OF EIGHTEEN-TWELVE - 231   concealed in the edge of the forest, behind fallen trees, and opened fire upon the whites before they were discovered. But a charge was made upon them, and from the advantage the whites had in their squadron of horse, the Indians were dislodged and driven out from their hiding-places acid before the troops. Forty dead warriors were left on the field, and the rest were driven off. Twelve of the Americans were killed and about thirty wounded. Among the killed was Lieut. Waltz, of Capt. Markle's troop. The action of this troop, and particularly of Lieut. Waltz, was described as gallant.   The chief object of this expedition was to prevent the Indians from having a harboring-place of safety from which they could issue and intercept the intercourse between the settlements and Fort Wayne, then occupied by our troops, and to drive them towards the St. Joseph's, in Michigan, so that they could not waylay the parties passing and repassing, and that they might not concentrate, as they had been in the habit of doing, on the Maumee. The object in a great measure was accomplished.   The detachment then returned back to the main army, and in their march they suffered intensely from cold, hunger, and fatigue. No less than one hundred and eighty men had their limbs frozen. But the loss of the Indians was terrible, and the success of the campaign prevented them from attempting attacks on the settlements. It has been pronounced on all hands to have been one of the best conducted campaigns of 1812.   The following general order, issued Jan. 9, 1813, especially refers to Capt. Alexander:   "HEADQUARTERS N. W. ARMY,} FRANKLINTON, 9th Jan., 1813.}   "GENERAL ORDERS.    "As Capt. Bradford's Company is much reduced, the Detachment under the command of Lieut. Percival will continue to do duty with it.   " Capt. Alexander, of the U. S. 12 Months Volunteers, as senior Captain, will take command of the Battalion composed of his own and Capt. Butler and McRais' companies. Lt.-Col. Campbell will march the Detachment of Regular Troops from his place to Upper Sandusky as soon 88 that part of it which served on the late expedition to Mississmaway are able to perform that duty.   "Capt.. Alexander will receive further orders from the General with regard to the marching of the volunteers.   "L. HASKILL, "A. s. Dy. Adjt. General."   On the 1st of February, 1813, Capt. Alexander was promoted to major of infantry volunteers, and a commission issued to him signed by James Madison, President.   Harrison, in 1813, having determined upon a winter campaign for the recovery of Detroit and the Michigan Territory, determined to occupy a line of forts from Fort Wayne to the foot of the Rapids. Gen. Winchester was to move towards the latter point, erect block-houses, and make arrangements to hold that region. After an advance and a contemplated engagement with Gen. Proctor of the British forces by a force preceding the army, reinforced by other troops, the plan laid out by Winchester was to a certain extent frustrated, so that he was compelled to erect a strong fortification at the Rapids, and there to organize an army to make that a base for supplies for the campaign in the spring. A fortress was here built called Fort Meigs. It was situated on the southeast side of the River Maumee, and near to the battleground where Gen. Wayne defeated the Indians in 1794. The fort was situated on a rising ground, surrounded by a prairie for the distance of a hundred and fifty yards, then by a piece of woods, beyond which was another prairie.   Fort Meigs was left in command of Gen. Leftwitch, with his Virginia troops, and about two hundred and fifty Pennsylvanians. Col. Wood, of the regular army, had charge of the engineering. Gen. Harrison went to Cincinnati to urge forward reinforcements.     Towards the beginning of April, 1813, the enemy were collecting in considerable numbers for the purpose of laying siege to Fort Meigs. Gen. Leftwitch, with his Virginians, left the fort, for what cause is not definitely known ; but the Pennsylvania troops, although their term of service had expired, volunteered for its defense. Harrison, on the knowledge of these affairs, and knowing that the post was in danger from a siege on the side of the greatly superior forces of the British and Indians, hastened forward, and on the 11th of April, 1813, arrived at the fort with reinforcements for the relief of the Pennsylvanians, who now composed the garrison. Preparations were made for the approaching siege. The force there now amounted to twelve hundred, and under the directions of the engineers they labored day and night in constructing defenses. On the 28th of April, 1813, the British army appeared in Maumee- Bay. Orders were sent out to hasten the arrival of Gen. Greene Play, who was advancing with twelve hundred Kentucky volunteers. The British landed and, bestowing their Indian allies, began to invest the. place. The garrison was ordered on active duty, and while the British were erecting their batteries the Americans were raising their defenses. Skirmishes frequently took place. On the morning of the 1st of May the British were ready to open their batteries. The Americans, removing their tents from the plain outside of the fort, exposed to view a long breastwork which had been erected behind them. On the 3d of May an additional battery from another point was opened upon the fort, and on the 4th another battery was discovered in a position to do much injury. About the middle of that night an officer arrived at the post, and reported that Gen. Clay was at the Rapids, and moving down in open boats with twelve or fifteen hundred men, and that he would be at the fort between three and four o'clock in the morning.   Gen. Harrison saw his opportunity, and determined to raise the siege by defeating the enemy. He sent a message to Clay, ordering him to land a sufficient   232 - HISTORY OF WESTMORELAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.   force on the bank of the river as he came down, which was to attack the enemy's batteries, spike their cannon, and after destroying their carriages and disabling them, to take to boat, cross the Maumee, and enter the fort. The rest of the reinforcements were to land on the side next the river on which was the fort, and to enter it. He at the same time determined to attack the enemy's batteries on that side of the river, while Clay would attack them on the other side.   About eight o'clock the next morning (May 5, 1813), Clay having been delayed, the boats with Clay and that portion of the forces ordered to enter the fort were on landing assailed by a host of savages. Maj. John B. Alexander, with the Pennsylvania and Petersburg Volunteers, were ordered to protect them at the landing. The 'Indians increased in number, and Maj. Alexander and Col. Boswell charged them with effect, and under cover of their fire Clay and his troops fought their way into the fort, driving the Indians before them for half a mile at the point of the bayonet.   In the mean time, Col. Dudley, who had been ordered to land and attack the British encampment on the other side of the river, marched fearlessly and furiously up to the enemy's cannon. The four batteries were all carried in an instant, and the enemy put to flight. The guns were spiked, the carriages cut in pieces, and the poles bearing the red flag of St. George pulled down, when the victorious soldiery gave way to a real frolic. Dudley ordered a retreat, according to orders, for he had done what he was sent to do. But his men would not retreat, but pushed forward with great impetuosity and recklessness, with loud cries to avenge the slaughtered men at the River Raisin. The enemy had concentrated themselves beyond the sight and hearing of the American officer. Then, while a few Indians drew the attention of the Americans towards them, a much larger force of British and Indians approached the batteries, and after a desperate battle killed about fifty of the Kentuckians, wounded more than seventy, and took five hundred and fifty prisoners. About one hundred and fifty escaped to the boats and reached Fort Meigs. Col. Dudley attempted to cut his way through to the river, but was killed, having himself slain an Indian after he was mortally wounded. The savages then commenced a massacre of the prisoners, unopposed by the British general, Proctor ; and this horrid work was continued until the arrival of that magnificent Indian warrior, Tecumpseh, from the batteries on the other side of the river, who stayed his wild men in their work of carnage, declaring it to be a shame to kill defenseless prisoners.   At the moment Col. Dudley began his attack on the enemy's batteries, Gen. Harrison ordered a sortie against them on the southeast side of the river. The force detailed for this sortie was under command of Col. John Miller of the regulars. The whole force numbered three hundred and fifty men, and was com posed of regulars and the battalion of Maj. Alexander, who had just before distinguished itself in assisting the debarkation of Gen. Clay's forces.. These were the Pittsburgh Blues, the Petersburg Rifles, and Lieut. Drum's detachment of Pennsylvania Volunteers. There were five companies of regular British troops here, and the Indians were under direct command of the Prophet, the brother of Tecumpseh, and Tecumpseh, who, like a great general, as he was, was everywhere on the battle-field where his presence was needed. They charged the motley foe, three times their superior in numbers, and drove them in confusion into the woods. The Indians fought desperately, instigated by their great leaders. The Americans lost several of their men, but the object of the sortie was accomplished, and the victors returned to the fort with forty-three prisoners.   After this sortie Gen. Proctor sent a British officer with a flag of truce, demanding a surrender. He was indignantly sent back to the other side of the river.   The British general now found himself in a crippled condition and unfit to carry on the siege. His artillery was rendered useless, and he had lost in killed, wounded, and prisoners more than the besieged. He therefore agreed to exchange prisoners, and to account for the difference. On the 9th of May, under an incessant discharge of artillery from the fort and the American batteries, the British and their allies moved off with their whole force.   On the same day, May 9, 1813, Gen. Harrison issued a general order from "Headquarters Fort Meigs," and in this order, which was read to the whole army and thence publicly given to the world, the gallant conduct of these three hundred and fifty men is mentioned. 1   Thus terminated the siege of Fort Meigs, one of the most brilliant and memorable actions in American history. To its successful termination how far the volunteer soldiery from Westmoreland contributed let the world judge.   AT FORT SANDUSKY.   On the site of Lower Sandusky there was a stockade fort, then under command of Maj. George Crogan, and hither were transferred some of the Pittsburgh Blues, the Petersburg Volunteers, and some from the different Westmoreland detachments. In all there were one hundred and sixty privates- there and some half-dozen officers. Crogan himself was a mere boy just of age. On the 1st of August (1813) the fort was surrounded by five hundred British soldiers under   1 The siege of Fort Meigs continued thirteen days. Had the detachment under Col. Dudley obeyed orders, the events of the 5th of May would have been among the brightest in the annals of our country. As it was, it resulted gloriously to the American arms. The loos of the Americans during the siege was eighty-one killed and one hundred and eighty-nine wounded. Sixty-four were killed in the sorties, and one hundred and twenty-four wounded; the rest were killed or wounded in the fort. This does not include the killed and wounded under Col. Dudley.   ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY - 233   Proctor and eight hundred Indians, and besides these Tecumta was placed in an ambuscade with a large Indian force to intercept reinforcements directed thither from Seneca Old Town and Fort Meigs. After a disposition had been made of the forces, Proctor sent a flag of truce, demanding the surrender of the fort, and this was accompanied with threats of butchery and massacre if the garrison should hold out. But Maj. Crogan finding out that his companions, mostly young men like himself, would support him to the last, returned the answer that " when the fort should be taken there would be none left to massacre, as it would not be given up while a man was able to fight." During the night a brisk fire was opened on the fort from the artillery in the boats. Crogan discovered that the enemy aimed his guns at one angle of the fort. He ordered Capt. Hunter to place their only cannon in such a position that it would rake the ditch should they attempt to scale the walls. Sergt. Weaver and six privates of the " Pittsburgh Blues" had charge of this gun. The enemy kept up their fire all the next day, but the garrison placed bags of flour and sand on the walls of the angle at which the fire was directed, and thus protected the walls itself. About four o'clock in the evening the enemy concentrated all their guns upon this angle, and under cover of the fire and the smoke they proceeded to make the assault. Two feints were made on the lines at that angle, and three hundred and fifty British soldiers advanced to within sixty feet of the walls. A severe fire of musketry from the fort put them in confusion for a moment, but the enemy under a brave officer were urged forward, and he calling upon them to follow leaped into the ditch. The masked port-hole was now opened, and the six-pounder within thirty feet of the assailants was fired. Lieut.-Col. Short, their commander, and fifty others were instantly killed or wounded. At the same moment Capt. Hunter's troops opened a terrible and effective discharge of rifles upon the other portions of the assailants. They were compelled to retire. It was now dark. The wounded in the ditch were in a desperate condition. They begged for water and their friends could not assist them, but Maj. Crogan and his men handed them water over the pickets, and opened a hole underneath, and encouraged as many as were able to come into the fort.   At three o'clock in the night Proctor and his men made a shameful retreat down the bay, and in their hurry and confusion they left a boat full of valuable materials. They left around the fort seventy stand of arms and several braces of pistols. The Americans lost one killed and seven very slightly wounded. That of the enemy could not have been less than one hundred and fifty ; upwards of fifty were found in and about the ditch.   The rifle company was discharged at Seneca upon the expiration of their term of service, as appears by the following :   " HEADQUARTERS, Seneca Town,   Aug. 28, 1813.   (" After General Orders.)   "The Pittsburgh Volunteers, commanded by Capt. Butler, and those of Greensburg, by Lieut. Drum, of Maj. Alexander's battalion, having performed their services, the general hereby presents them an honorable discharge.   "The general has ever considered this corps as the first in the North Western Army. Equal in point of bravery and subordination, it excelled in every other of those attainments which form complete and efficient soldiers. In battle, in camp, and on the march their conduct has done honor to themselves and their country.   "A. H. HOLMES,, "Ast Adj. General."   For additional information touching the part sustained by Westmoreland in this war, see the contemporaneous documents cited and copied in Appendix.'   CHAPTER XLI.   ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY.   The Presbyterian Church—Reformed Church—Greensburg Seminary—Evangelical Lutheran Church--Ministers of the Early Luthran Church—United Presbyterian Church—Methodists—Early Methodism in Greensburg and Vicinity—United Brethren—The Mennonites and their Early Settlement—Baptist Church—Mount Pleasant Institute-Roman Catholic Church—Catholicity in Western Pennsylvania.   As preparatory to the ecclesiastical history of our county, which we propose to consider in this chapter, the following extract we apprehend to be pertinent, throwing light as it does upon the polity of the proprietors of the Province in this regard.   The religious system of Pennsylvania, says Mr. Lodge in "The History of tie English Colonies in America," was peculiar to that Province, and was the most remarkable feature of her public policy, for it was the system. of Pennsylvania which received the sanction of the Revolutionary Congress and of the Convention of 1789, and which now prevails throughout the United States. There was, with one trifling exception due to secular causes, genuine religious freedom from the beginning. The oppression of New England and Virginia, of Congregationalist and Episcopalian, was unknown, and toleration did not rest on the narrow foundation of expediency, to     1 We deem it but proper to say that we have consulted many works for the subject matter of this chapter, and that we have followed no particular one, but have lopped off with an unsparing hand the superfluity of each from which we have made extracts. Rupp's account is undoubtedly a very correct one, considering the materials he then had access to. Where our figures differ from his is where his differs from the official reports, for we have followed the figures as they are recorded in the records of the War Department at Washington, for which our thanks are due to Gen. R. C. Dram, adjutant-general United States army.   We may here make the observation that there were and yet are among us many survivors of the War of Eighteen-Twelve whose names do not appear in the lists we submit. But the reason is obvious. Many who had served from other parts of the State afterwards removed into Westmoreland and became identified and recognized as citizens of the county. On the other hand, there were many native Westmorelanders who enlisted in companies from neighboring counties and saw effective service. It is apparent that both these dames must of necessity be omitted in the consideration of the services performed by those who were truly the representatives of Westmoreland. For further lists see Penn. Archives, Second Series, vol. xii.   234 - HISTORY OF WESTMORELAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.   which it owed its early adoption in Maryland. The Quakers in power were true to the tenets which they had preached when persecuted. Penn's followers were, however, a religious people, and although they promised to all Christians perfect toleration, a strong tone of religion pervades the " nervous proclamation against vice" 1 and the early laws of the same character. Yet there was little Sabbatarian legislation, such as we find upon the statute-books of both Virginia and Massachusetts, although an unfortunate barber was presented by the grand jury of an early period for " trimming on the first day." There is, however, no indication that Sunday was less observed, or that the morals of the people were worse on this account, and the same may be said in regard to the recognition of marriages solemnized in any religious society whatever. The generous toleration thus afforded attracted all forms and creeds to Pennsylvania, and at the time of the Revolution the facts especially noticed by all observers are the universal toleration and the number and mixture of sects. One writer asserts that religious indifference was a characteristic of the people, owing to this mingling of sects, and his opinion would seem to be borne out by the religions laxity indicated by the prevalence of church lotteries. The forms were certainly less rigid than elsewhere, but the piety was as genuine and religion as wholesome and wide-spread as in any colony.   In the early days of the colony the Quakers were of course much stronger than any other single sect, although they speedily sank from controlling numbers to a minority of the whole population. They had much more religious energy than any other denomination, more fondness for their forms, and maintained with greater solicitude their connection with the parent societies.   The oldest church in the Province was that founded by the first settlers, who were Swedish Lutherans, and this sect maintained itself for more than a century, forming the only connecting link between the worshipers and their mother-country. The ministers were sent from Sweden until the year 1786, when a petition for their discontinuance was sent, because their speech was no longer intelligible. But though the distinctions of race were effaced, the creed survived, was adopted by the Dutch, and extended by the German emigrants of like faith.   The most important sects next to the Quakers were the Lutherans and Presbyterians, the latter supported by the Irish and Scotch settlers, and with an active, able, and energetic ministry, who spread their doctrines through the Province. There were also respectable bodies of Dutch Calvinists, Baptists, Anabaptists, and Moravians. There were also among them many of the strange sects and mystical societies whose members had come from Germany to find peace and   1 Hist. Coll. ix. 12. Penn to Logan, " Prepare a nervous proclamation against vice."   quiet here. Of these there were the Dunkards and Mennonists. The Roman Catholics were the latest to come, and in the early days were a small body, principally composed of Irish and Germans.   The only instance of religious persecution, the record of which stains the pages of our colonial history, happened in 1766. It is briefly told. The few Roman Catholics at that time in the Province would have remained contented and unmolested but for the coming of the hapless Acadians, the destruction of whose homes and whose dispersion and exile is told in the beautiful poem of " Evangeline." Many of these came to Philadelphia, where the good Quakers received them kindly. They were French Canadians, and closely following their settlement here came on the French and Indian war. Then the danger of Indian inroads conducted by Frenchmen was enough to rouse the strongest hatred of which a man of English race was at that time capable. In the year 1755 three Frenchmen were arrested for poisoning wells, and the excitement was at its height. The Acadians, by the interposition of certain Huguenot Quakers, were provided for by the Assembly ; but they were dispersed 'among the counties, and, broken by misfortune, sank into poverty and rapidly disappeared. From wild and injurious reports, and because it was said that the Irish were instigated to join the French, the professed adherents of this church were disarmed and their houses searched ; they were exempt from the militia and compelled to pay fines. Their number in Philadelphia was not at this time over two thousand, and they were the poorest of the population. Their persecution was, however, only passing, and was due, not to religious bigotry, but to the wave of fear which swept over the English colonies when France let loose the savages upon their borders. With this single exception, the religious system of Pennsylvania was one of perfect toleration, and the condition of religious affairs differed in no essential respect, either social or political, from that which is common to all the United States to-day. With this simple policy of toleration to all, religion in 'Pennsylvania plays no conspicuous part in her history. There was in the early times, as it has been remarked, little ostentation connected with the varied worships. The churches or meeting-houses were, as a rule, small and plain but neat buildings, and the clergy a respected and respectable class, honored in their calling, but neither a picturesque body, as in Virginia, nor one of great social and political influence, as in Mae, sachusetts.   The first religious services of the English-speaking people west of the mountains were held when Christopher Gist, surveyor and agent for the Ohio Company, on Christmas-day, 1750, read prayers from the prayer-book of the Established Church to the Indians of the Wyandot town of Coshocton, which were interpreted to the natives by Andrew Montour.     During the occupancy of Fort Duquesne by the   ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY - 235   French, religious services were held at the post in accordance with the Roman Catholic ritual. Here were chanted the same rogations which the faithful heard at Notre Dame, and here was observed the time-honored devotion at the sacrament of the mass. Here was kept the chrism for sacramental purposes, and here the priest performed the last office for the dead, which at this day are denoted in the breviary. A registry was kept of the births, baptisms, and deaths of the inmates of the fort for the years 1753, 1754, and 1755. These are still preserved, and are now among the archives in Canada. What strikes us the most interesting of these records is the account of the death and burial of Beaujeu, the commander of the forces that went out to meet Braddock, and who himself was killed as well as his rival. It reads as follows : " Mr. Leonard (Daniel), Esq., Sieur de Beaujeu, captain of infantry, commander of Fort Duquesne, and of the ,army, on the 9th day of July, in the year 1755, and in the forty-fifth year of his age. The same day, after having confessed and said his devotions, he was killed in battle with the English. His body was interred on the twelfth of the same month, in the cemetery of the Fort Duquesne, at the beautiful river, under the title of the Assumption of the Holy Virgin, and also with all the usual ceremonies by us, Priest Franciscan, Chaplain of the King, and of the above mentioned fort. In testimony of which we have signed. FR. DENYS BARON, P. F. CHAPLAIN."   In the heart of the wilderness, on the upper Allegheny, near the present Tionesta in Forest County, at Goschoschunk, a village of the Munsies though in the Seneca country, David Zeizberger preached to the Indians in the fall of 1767. In the summer of the next year a log mission-house of considerable dimensions was erected, and on June 30, 1768, dedicated. The meetings were attended by great numbers of the Indians, arrayed in their best garments, with their faces painted black and vermilion, and heads decorated with fox-tails. The missionaries removed three miles above, on the north side of the river, and with their converts established a little village of log huts in 1769, named Lamunhanneck. There, on September 1st, they began to build a chapel and dwelling-house, which they occupied before the winter, and by this time they had consecrated the chapel in which was hung a bell sent from Bethlehem,1 and for the first time the valley of the Allegheny echoed the sound of the church-going bell. 2   PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH.   The first settlers, however, of Western Pennsylvania were, as is well known, of the Presbyterian faith. These belonged to a church which had an effective missionary arrangement, and which bred among her own people a class of men who were adapted beyond   1 One of the Moravian settlements in the eastern part of the State. 2 See the article by William M. Darlington, Esq., in the "Centenary Memorial."   all others to be the pastors of this people. It was such men as the Rev. John Steele, of Carlisle, who, in the spring of 1768, was sent by Governor John Penn to expostulate with the settlers at Redstone, and induce them to remove, as they had violated the law which regulated the settling on lands not purchased of the Indians. As there were some members of that church settled in the West previous to that, Revs. Beatty and Duffield were appointed by the Synod of New York and Philadelphia to visit Fort Pitt, and to pursue missionary enterprises still farther West. The Rev. Charles Beatty had accompanied the Pennsylvania contingent of soldiers as chaplain in 1755, and again under Forbes in 1758, and on the Sunday succeeding the capture of the fort preached a thanksgiving sermon to the soldiers.   In religious persuasion some of the earliest settlers along the rivers, and especially about those settlements which had been formed by the Ohio Company, were Episcopalians, adhering to the establishment as it existed in the Old Dominion ; and a majority of those in that part known as Greene County, and noticeably along Dunkard Creek and Muddy Creek, Washington County, were Baptists.3 These latter had fled from odious laws of Virginia, which remained on the statute-book of that State long enough, when Patrick Henry made it the subject of one of his greatest efforts in favor of religious freedom, and which from the day he derided the law which threw a man in prison for preaching only Christ and him crucified became a nullity.4 But of the interior settlements of the southwestern part, at the earlier date of colonization, it is estimated that seven-eighths were of the one lineage, and adhered to the Westminster Confession of Faith, sang the songs of Israel, and piously venerated the memory of those men who had brought about the solemn league and covenant.   As we intend to refer to the religious history of our early people as it necessarily forces itself upon us in one view, we do not wish to be misunderstood in saying that we write a religious history in the sense commonly taken. This is not of our province, but it is our duty to notice it so far as it is inseparably connected with our secular history. What we shall say is matter of fact, and our inferences will be drawn only from authenticated data. Of these records there is abundance, and from them, it is claimed, as we have before said, that the first Protestant sermon preached west of the Allegheny Mountains was by Rev. Charles Beatty, who came to Fort Duquesne Nov. 24, 1758, with the army of Forbes, who that day took possession of the fort, after its evacuation by the French, and who the next day or the following preached a thanksgiving sermon to the army.   In 1760, Revs. Messrs. Alexander and Hector Allison were directed by the Synod of Philadelphia to go   3 A good name for a creek in a Baptist settlement 4 See Parton's "Life of Jefferson."   236 - HISTORY OF WESTMORELAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.   with the Pennsylvania forces. In 1766, Revs. Messrs. Charles Beatty and George Duffield were sent by the Synod to explore the frontier settlements and ascertain the condition of the Indians. They arrived at Pittsburgh on the 5th of September, finding Chaplain McLagan in spiritual charge of the fort. On the following Sabbath Mr. Beatty preached in the fort, and both the missionaries preached to the people who lived outside the fort. Then they proceeded to the Muskingum, whence they returned to Pittsburgh, and then to their homes in the East. 1   Soon after Mr. Beatty's visit, Mr. Anderson was appointed to visit this region, with the promise of twenty shillings for every Sabbath he should preach " on the other side of the Kittatining Mountains."     In 1769 the Synod ordered the Presbytery of Donegal to supply the western frontier with ten Sabbaths of ministerial labor.   In 1771, Rev. Finley spent two months in missionary labors west of the Alleghenies. He came on horseback with a single companion, to make a preliminary exploration. He is said to have been the first pioneer missionary who visited the Washington County region. He purchased some land there, and in the assessment of tenants for Bedford County his name appears on the rolls.2   Rev. James Power was the first regularly ordained minister who settled in Western Pennsylvania. He passed through Westmoreland County in 1774, when he spent three months in missionary labor in the settlements. In 1776 he came with his family. He preached to the people at various places, where they afterwards had congregations, and supplied their wants till they organized and got other pastors. In 1779, after five years of missionary work, he became pastor of Mount Pleasant and Sewickley congregations, and of Mount Pleasant he continued pastor till he was incapacitated from age (1817). The other places of his earlier labors were at Dunlap's Creek, Laurel Hill, Tyrone, Unity, and Congruity.   Mount Pleasant Church was about two miles northwest of the present town. The town was called after the name of the meeting-house of the congregation, which name of itself is a familiar Scotch-Irish one, and is applied to various townships and meeting-houses in the earlier settlements of Pennsylvania and Maryland. On the Sabbath 3 preceding the burning of Hannastown, Dr. Power was in the neighboring settlement somewhere. It has always been currently reported that he was officiating at Proctor's Tent, the   1 Some of these ministers came out on a different errand than that of spreading the gospel, as Rev. John Steele, of Carlisle, who commanded a company under Armstrong in the Kittanning Expedition, 1756.   2 Without citing authorities for all our statements, we would say we are indebted in general for data for the part which refers to Presbyterianism to "Old Redstone," "Life of Macurdy," "Centenary Memorial," and contemporaneous authoritative documents published by authority of that church.   3 Sunday was always called the "Sabbath," after the custom of the Scotch.   old name for Unity Church, on the fast-day preceding communion services ; that the men, as was their usual custom, had come to preaching with their guns, and that on hearing the commotion about the stockade the people dispersed, some of the men going towards the town.4   John McMillan, a Princeton man, and a name high-sounding among men, preached in 1775 among the people of our (now Washington) county, and in 1776 he received a call from the Chartiers settlement, the name of the settlement along the Chartiers Creek. He was ordained fifteen days before the signing of the Declaration. In 1778 he removed with his young wife, and from that time devoted the able energies of a long life to active parochial duties and to educa-   4 These following five ministers were here before the Redstone Presbytery was organized   JOHN FINLEY was the first of the pioneer ministers who visited this region. He came on horseback, with a single companion, to explore the country and prepare the way for a permanent settlement. He was at this time in the prime of life, about forty years of age; born in the province of Ulster, Ireland ; educated at the Fagg's Manor School He was ordained by the Presbytery of New Castle in 1752.   In person he was a fat, nervous, florid little man, able to endure hardships, and prepared as soon as circumstances would admit to cast in his lot with the new settlements. He moved thither with his family in 1783, and about two years afterwards became pastor of the churches of Rehoboth and Round Hill, first called "Upper and Lower Meeting-Houses." Of these churches he continued pastor until his death, Jan. 6, 1795.   JAMES POWER, D.D., first visited the new settlements in 1774. He was born in Chester County, Pa., in 1746, graduated at Princeton In 1796, licensed by the Presbytery of New Castle June 24, 1772. In 1776 he was ordained by the same Presbytery site titulo, the reason being assigned that "he was about to remove to the western parts of this Province." Mr. Power moved across the mountains with all his family and household effects packed oh horseback. The minister carried the eldest daughter on a pillion behind him, and the youngest in his arms. The two other daughters were seated in baskets hung on either side of another horse, the mother on a third, and the household effects on other horses. After performing missionary work for some five years he became pastor of the churches of Sewickley and Mount Pleasant. In 1787 he was released from the charge of the Sewickley Church, but continued with Mount Pleasant until 1817. He died Aug. 5, 1830, aged eighty-five years. Mr. Power was of medium height, erect, slender, graceful I. manner, and extremely neat in dress; as a preacher be was clear, methodical, and evangelical   JOHN McMILLAN, D.D., was the next man on the ground, of Irish descent, born at Fagg's Manor in 1752, graduated at Princeton, licensed is 1744. He first visited the West in 1775. He returned the next year, but owing to Indian difficulties did not remove his family to now Washington County until 1778, when he took charge of the congregations of Chartiers and Pigeon Creek. From the latter he was dismissed about the year 1800; of the former he continued pastor until about 1830. He died at Cannonsbnrg, Pa., Nov. 16, 1833, in the eighty-first year of his age. Dr. McMillan was rough and brusque in his personal appearance and address, even slovenly. He was six feet in height, rough-hewn In features, and with a voice that was like the rumbling of thunder.   THADDEUS DODD was born in New Jersey, March, 1740. His parents were from Connecticut. He graduated at Princeton in 1773, licensed in 1775, came to the West in 1777. He became pastor of the churches of Upper and Lower Ten-Mile," in Washington County. Died May 20, 1793, in the fifty-fourth year of his age.   JOSEPH SMITH was a Marylander, born at Nottingham in 1736, grade ated at Princeton in 1764, licensed Aug. 5, 1767, came to the West it 1769. In the following spring he moved out, and became pastor of Buffalo and Cross Creek congregations, Washington County. He preached there until his death, April, 1792, at the age of fifty-six. Although tall and slender, fair in complexion, fine countenance, and brilliant eyes, he spoke so largely of the terrors of the law that he was called " Hellfire Smith."   ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY - 237   tional interests. In 1779, Rev. Joseph Smith, a Princeton graduate, preached also in that part of the county now of Washington. This was on a prospecting visit, and the neat year he received a call. These men supplied the congregations through our part of the county for several years, Dr. McMillan preaching perhaps as early as 1775 to the men in the woods at Proctor's and Lochry's. Of McMillan much has been written and said, and it appears deservingly. Had he lived in the patristic era of Christianity, and been surrounded by such men as Tertullian and Origen, he would have been canonized. As it was, he appears to have gone part of the way, for he received the sobriquet of " Cardinal" at the time he helped to form political opinion in favor of Jefferson.   To these three ministers must be added Rev. Thaddeus Dodd and Rev. Joseph Smith, whose services were more identified with the region beyond the rivers and within the Washington County district. These five had established congregations all through the southwestern portion of Pennsylvania; they came here to stay, and they were the first ministers here at the organization of the famous " Old Redstone Presbytery," the mother of the Presbyteries of the West.   The Presbytery of Redstone was erected by the Synod of New York and Philadelphia on the 16th of May, 1781. It was directed to meet at Laurel Hill, in what is now Fayette County, on the third Monday of September following, at eleven o'clock A.M. The time approached, but the incursions of the Indians in the neighborhood of some of the members of the Presbytery rendered the meeting at Laurel Hill impracticable. The meeting was held at Pigeon Creek, Washington County. There were present the Revs. Messrs. John McMillan, James Power, and Thaddeus Dodd; Elders John Neil, Demas Lindley, and Patrick Scott; absent, Rev. Joseph Smith.   This was the first meeting of Presbytery west of the Allegheny Mountains. The second meeting was a failure, no quorum appearing. The third meeting was also a failure, "owing to the incursions of the savages." Its last meeting as the sole undivided Presbytery of the West was held on the 18th of October, 1793. It held forty-one meetings. Of these in the churches of the Presbytery which were and still are in Westmoreland it met five times at Rehoboth, twice at Mount Pleasant, once at Fairfield, and once at Long Run.   As all these churches, with some others within this Presbytery, were organized so much earlier, and as they have each of them a history, we may be pardoned for calling attention to them here, as we }Ave elsewhere given their history at length.   REHOBOTH, or Upper Meeting-House (as Round-hill was called Lower Meeting-House), is believed to be among the oldest congregations of the Presbyterian denomination in the county. It is in Rostraver township, and about nine miles from Roundhill, which is in Allegheny County. The Rev. James Finley visited   - 16 -   this part of the county in 1772, and preached to a few scattered whites living among the Indians About 1778 he gathered the people here into regularly organized congregations, and in 1784 he took the pastoral charge of them. He died Jan. 6, 1795. After remaining vacant for two years, the Rev. David Smith was installed over them, and he dying Aug. 24, 1803, was succeeded by Rev. William Wylie in 1805. Dr. Wylie continued their pastor till the spring of 1817, when he was succeeded by the Rev. Robert Johnston. These congregations, being on the border, suffered mnch from the depredations of the savages.   MOUNT PLEASANT Church was organized probably in 1776, when Dr. Power removed to the West. It was supplied by him from that period till the spring of 1779, when he became the pastor of the united congregations of Mount Pleasant and Sewickley. On the 22d of August, 1787, he was dismissed from Sewickley, and continued the pastor of Mount Pleasant till April 15, 1817, when, from age and infirmity, he resigned his charge. It continued vacant till April 18, 1821, when the Rev. A. O. Patterson, D.D., was ordained and installed pastor of the united congregations of Sewickley and Mount Pleasant.   SEWICKLEY Church is supposed to have been organized by Dr. Power in 1776. He continued the pastor, in connection with Mount Pleasant, till August, 1787, when he resigned the pastoral care of Sewickley. The charge continued vacant until, in union with Long Run, it became the pastoral charge of the Rev. William Swan, Oct. 16, 1793. It again became vacant Oct. 18, 1818. In 1821 the congregation united with Mount Pleasant, and called Bev. Patterson to the pastorate.   LONG RUN, it is said, dates as early as the Redstone Presbytery, 1781. It was supplied by the Presbytery till 1793, when it united with Sewickley, and called Rev. William Swan to become their pastor. He continued their pastor till Oct. 18, 1818, when he resigned this united charge, but in the following summer was again installed pastor of Long Run alone, and continued in this relation till, at his request, it was dissolved April 17, 1822.   FAIRFIELD was early organized, and after being supplied by the Presbytery for a number of years, it at length, in connection with Donegal and Wheat-field, obtained as its pastor the Rev. George Hill, who was ordained and installed among them Nov. 13, 1792. He continued the pastor of this church until his death, June 17, 1822. On the 17th of June, 1824, the Rev. Samuel Swan was ordained pastor of Fairfield, in connection with Ligonier and Donegal.   UNITY was organized about 1776. There was preaching here for a number of years before there was a church. The place was known as Proctor's Tent. The present church is the third building of the congregation. Among its first members were the Proctors, the Lochrys, the Sloans, Craigs, and William Findley. They were at first served by supplies.   238 - HISTORY OF WESTMORELAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.   Their first regular pastor was Rev. John McPerrin, who served for them from 1791 to 1800, who had the congregation of Salem also in his charge. Neither the Salem nor the Congruity Churches had congregations as early as the Unity Church, but they were all organized at about the same time. They were all within the Redstone Presbytery. Rev. Samuel Porter was the first pastor of Congruity and Poke Run congregations. He was ordained in company with the Rev. McPerrin, Sept. 22, 1790, and installed pastor.   To be a missionary then in a region like this, which was in partibus infidelium, was perhaps as much in labors and in fastings as it was in the days when the old missionaries lived, around whose lives centres the halo of unearthly glory. Paul was not in more bodily danger when he preached on Mars' Hill than was Zeisberger among the Indians of Tionesta. These were dependent on charity for their food ; they were daily and nightly in danger from wild men and wild beasts. In the depth of the forest they often lay down on the bare earth with stones for pillows, and under the watchful stars gave their souls to God. They suffered from cold, and often from inhospitality, and for a good share of life lived among a rough people in a cheerless climate, and fearful of helpless old age. They preached to half-dressed men in the woods, who stood leaning on their rifles, and the first meeting of their Presbytery, in 1781, was put off on account of the Indian incursions of that year.   The men of the Redstone Presbytery have been praised by some who knew their worth. From Brackenridge to Doddridge is a wide gap, but the doubting philosopher touched his hat with the Doctor of Divinity in the exclusive establishment to the energy, the simplicity, and the sound doctrine of these simple fathers, and admitted that the preachers contributed much to that happy change in the civil state of the border. These men had, indeed, a most wonderful hold on the people, and did shape their civil as well as their moral ends. A great part of this effectiveness was no doubt owing to their way of assimilating with the people. The distinction between minister and layman was never once forgotten. There was a stereotyped difference, and yet the distinction could not casually be observed. No Franciscan that ever begged alms and shrived souls had more influence in a spiritual sense than had these early missionaries and the subsequent pastors. They were respected by that race which owned no allegiance to any prince or potentate-of that race which, in its rags, was as proud as the Castilian Dons. At the same time they coalesced with and became part of the people. They struggled with the first settlers in the fields, in dangers from the Indians, and in all the privations of settling a new country. They had often to work with their hands for their food, and to keep their little ones from crying for bread. But most of them attained to a good old age, and they had the happy satisfaction of seeing the evidence of their work with their own eyes.   Soon after the Redstone Presbytery was organized there were various and successful attempts made to educate young men for the ministry especially, and in general for secular professions ;1 and among the pots and skillets of the early pastors' houses the poetry and eloquence of Greece and Rome were taught, and lectures given on dogmatic theology, where half a generation before the cross-legged Delawares sat jabbering. During the few succeeding years John McPerrin, Samuel Porter, Robert Marshall, George Hill, William Swan, and Thomas Marquis were licensed. 2   1 Tax Two COLLEGES.-Jefferson College began with the Academy and Library Company of Cannonsburg, 1791, with David Johnston its first teacher, Dr. McMillan transferring his Latin school to the chartered company. Col Cannon built a stone building in 1796; the Pittsburgh Gazette mentions it as a "successful grammar school" in 1792; the trustees petitioned the Legislature for an appropriation, and in 1800 got one thousand dollars, and in 1802 it was granted charter as Jefferson College, Rev. John Watson, its first president, followed by Dunlap, 1803; Wylie, 1812; William McMillan, 1817; Brown, 1822; Breckinridge, 1845; Crown, 1847; Alden, 1857 ; Riddle, 1862. The two colleges united under act of March 4. 1865, when Rev. Jonathan Edwards was chosen president, and inaugurated April 4, 1866.   Washington College grew out of the academy ; was incorporated in 1806; the Legislature granted flee thousand dollars in 1820, and in 1830 gave five hundred dollars yearly, for five year., as a gratuity to young men who desired to qualify for teachers. Its presidents have been Brown, 1806 ; Wylie, 1817 (closed two years) ; Elliott, 1830; McConaghey, 1831 ; Clark, 1850; Bross neon, 1852; Scott, 1853; Wilson, 1865; Edwards, 1866, consolidated. These two institutions and the united college have been of inestimable benefit not only to Washington County, but to the whole country, and to all parts of the world; for ministers of the gospel and lawyers and physicians and business men educated in them are found in all parts of the United States, while missionaries gone out from theta have labored or are doing so on every continent.   2 SAMUEL PORTER was born in Ireland in 1760. His studies were pursued under direction of Mr. Smith and Rev. McMillan, the latter making no charge for board Or tuition, while a friend provided for his family in the mean time. He was licensed Nov. 12, 1789. In the following year he became pastor of the congregations of Poke Run and Congruity. Of the former he was pastor until 1798, of the latter until his death, Sept. 23, 1823, in the sixty-fifth year of his age.   GEORGE HILL was born in York County, March 13, 1764. He was licensed to preach Dec. 22,1791. He was first settled in the congregations of Fairfield, Donegal, and Wheatfield (northern part of Ligonier Valley), Nov. 13, 1792. Six years afterwards he resigned the charge of Wheatfield, and accepted a call for Ligonier. In these charges he labored until his death, June 9, 1822, in the sixty-eighth year of his age. He was a man of remarkable vigor of constitution, with a mind to work.   JOHN McPERRIN was born in York County, now Adams County, Nov. 15, 1757. He learned the languages preparatory to his going to college, under the Rev. Robert Smith, of Pequea, and was graduated May 7, 1788, at Dickinson College, Carlisle; licensed to preach Aug. 20, 1788, by the Presbytery of Redstone, and ordained and installed pastor of the united congregations of Salem and Unity on the 22d of September, 1791; resigned the charge of Unity on the 25th of June, 1800, and on the 20th of April, 1803, that of Salem, and having accepted a all from the united congregations of Concord and Muddy Creek, in the Erie Presbytery, he was dismissed to that Presbytery. He died Feb. 10, 1822.   WILLIAM SWAN was a native of Cumberland County, Pa., and was educated at Cannonsburg; licensed to preach Dec. 29, 179L He had many calls, bot finally accepted the one from Long Run and Sewickley, April 7, 1793, and on the 16th of October following was ordained and installed their pastor. Here he labored for a period of twenty-five years. In October, 1718, he obtained leave to resign the pastoral are of the congregations, but in the following spring, April 20, 1819, be was recalled to Long Run. Here he labored for three years longer, but by reason of declining health the pastoral relation was dissolved finally April 17, 1822. Under a slow pulmonary consumption his health continued to decline, and on the 27th of November, 1827, he died, in the sixty-third year of his age.   ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY - 239   From the necessity of the thing our remarks are more directed to the polity of the Presbyterian Church as it existed in the early Westmoreland than to any other, Its relation to the people now cannot be compared with its relation to them then, but it forms such an element in the secular history, that we, to understand something at any rate of the customs and manners of our founders, are led into an extended article. The Calvinistic tendencies of all the early churches of Western Pennsylvania being in one direction, and their polity somewhat identical, their customs may be called the same. Besides this, much of our early history is illustrated by their records.   The meetings then of the early pastors with the people, before there were regularly-organized congregations, were in the open air.   " The groves Were God's first temples, ere man learned to hew The shaft, or lay the architrave."   A pulpit of logs was temporarily erected, and log seats resting on the ground upon stones answered for those who wished to sit, but it was commonly the custom of the men and boys to remain standing, leaning against trees. The pulpit when covered with boards was called a tent. In warm weather, clothing being very scarce, the men frequently came to meeting without coats, and the preacher, before reading the psalm, usually took off his coat and spoke in his shirt-sleeves. In cold or inclement weather the people brought with them blankets and coverlets, and greatcoats, and they sometimes built huge fires. When the catechumens had assembled at the Old Brush Creek Church before one Easter, it being raw and cold, the pastor, Rev. Weber, directed the young men to build a brush-heap near the church and fire it during the intermission between the forenoon and afternoon sessions, that they might gather around it and warm themselves till they were called back to the cold building.   Preaching in cabins was perhaps cotemporaneous with preaching in the woods, but where they expected to have frequept services, and where they had these, were the places which they called tents. In a com-. munity the most accessible, and which marks the site or location of many of the early churches, these permanent arrangements were made. Here a platform-pulpit like a shed was made to protect the preacher from rain and the sun. This was erected on a declivity among tall trees. A board in front of the preacher was the reading-desk ; the back and sides were closely boarded. Logs and puncheon-seats arranged against the incline of the ground served for the congregation. To such occasions of public worship are to be traced those peculiar revivals which are recorded in the ecclesiastical history of Western Pennsylvania and Western Virginia.   None of the earlier churches tell the date of their construction nor of their organization. But the first churches were the round log cabins made double, with the logs joined to each other along the sides. There are instances of churches being built in a single day. The recess left in the middle of such buildings was occupied on one side by the pulpit. In the earliest buildings no fire was used, and when fire was first utilized it was sometimes made in an earthen vessel in the centre of the building.   On Sept. 13, 1775, Dr. McMillan preached at a meeting-house at Long Run, and Judge Veech, after giving the subject some reflection, states that there were doubtless meeting-houses at Mount Pleasant, Sewickley, Laurel Hill,' Dunlap's Creek (the scene of Dr. Power's early labors), not later than 1777. The first house in which Mr. Power preached for the Sewickley congregation stood on the road leading from Markle's paper-mill towards Pittsburgh, about half-way between the Big Sewickley and the Little Sewickley. It was a clapboard-roofed cabin, with openings in the logs covered with glazed linen for the windows. The clapboards were kept to their place by saplings or split logs. The seats were cleft logs raised on blocks ; the door and windows had been cut out after the house was built, and the door was hung on wooden hinges.   The old translation of the psalms, called Rouge's, was the only one tolerated, and Watts' version was slow in superseding it. The clerk lined out (presented) the lines of the psalm or hymn from his place under the pulpit. He also published the banns of marriage. He managed to sing and talk through his nose in a monotonous monotone. At first all the congregation sang the air only, but gradually the other parts were introduced,—the treble, the counter, and the bass. The number of tunes were few, and were known to all evangelical sects from Virginia to Massachusetts. These were called the twelve tunes of David. Parson, in his " Life of Jefferson," says that the psalmody of early Virginia for almost two hundred years was restricted to a fewer number of airs than this. When the notes to them were used they were such as afterwards were called by an irreverent generation " buckwheat" characters ; in size these were about the circumference of a grain of buckwheat, which, in truth, they somewhat resembled.   The first innovation in psalmody is blamed to those Yankees of New England who passed the winter of 1788 along the Yough awaiting to embark in the spring for the new lands along the Ohio, and whom Dr. Hildreth has made famous. These had among them the proverbial Yankee singer and fiddler, who followed in the wake of their great prototype, Ichabod Crane, to smash hearts, and, Orpheus-like, " to wake the woods of Rodope, when rocks and trees had ears to rapture." These, it is said, first introduced the bass viol to chord with the human voice in the choir; whence we have an idea of the effect of this innovation in the   1 Now Connellscille, Fayette County.   240 - HISTORY OF WESTMORELAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA-   direction of the old minister to " let us feedle and sing" such and such a psalm. Those people of passage introduced here a wonderful variety of tunes, and first, from among the hidden mysteries, disclosed the beauty of the " fugue" tunes in which our old people when they were young took so much enjoyment. The peculiarity of the fugue tunes will be remembered by those who have heard them, but it is hard to explain. After the four parts into which the music was divided had been passed over together for the first two lines of the verse, they were separated, each portion of the congregation then singing for itself, and each following the other and taking up the line as the preceding portion ended on it. The nicety of it was that they all managed to come out together, and in this was the art. We have heard some very respectable old persons say this manner of singing could not give a reverently- and spiritually-inclined creature a very forcible notion of the celestial harmony of the beatific spheres, for each part had to sing the highest, the loudest, and the strongest.   The Presbytery of Redstone, increasing in population and in the number of pastors and churches, was from time to time changed in bounds and extent. In 1830 the Presbytery of Blairsville was erected from the territory of Redstone, embracing the ministers and congregations north of the Pittsburgh and Stoystown turnpikes, viz. : Rev. Messrs. J. W. Henderson, Francis Laird, David Barclay, James Graham, John Reed, Samuel Swan, Jesse Smith, Thomas Davis, John H. Kirkpatrick, Samuel McFarren, Elisha D. Barrett, James Campbell, and Watson Hughes, with their respective charges. The new Presbytery held its first meeting at Ebenezer, Rev. Francis Laird, presiding.   The old churches in the county which originally belonged to the Redstone Presbytery, but which now belong to the Blairsville Presbytery, are Fairfield, Donegal, Salem, Unity, and Poke Run. Those in existence in 1830, when the Presbytery was organized, were Greensburg, Plum Creek (first called Ebenezer), Congruity, and Ligonier. Those which have since been added are Murraysville, New Alexandria, Latrobe, Penn, Parnassus, Irwin, and Derry.   The Presbyterian Churches in Westmoreland County are as follows :

Name of Church	Name of Minister	No. Of Members
Laird Fairfield Union New Alexandria Pine Run Harrison City Manor Unity Greensburg Poke Run Latrobe Livermore New Salem Ligonier Salem Derry Congruity Irwin Murraysville Parnassus Pleasant Grove Centreville Mt. Pleasant Reunion Long Run West Newton Scottedale Mt. Pleasant Sewickley Pleasant Unity Rehoboth	Rev. John Kerr, S.S. " W. M. Donaldson, P “ ” “ " F. L. Lenour, P " John M. Jones, P Vacant Rev. James Kirk, P " D. W. Townsend P " W. W. Moorhead, P " Henry Bain, P " Thomas B. Anderson, P " James S. Woodburn, P " J. L. Thompson, P " E. G. McKinley, P Rev. D. R. McCaslin, P “ ” “ " E. S. Robinson, P " A. Z. McGogney, P " John I. Blackburn, P Vacant  Mr. E. H. Dickinson, S.S. Vacant Rev. Spencer L. Finney, P “ W. P. Moore, P " John C. Meloy, P " J. H. Stevenson, P " Wm. F. Ewing, P Vacant Rev. A. A. Hough, P " A. F. Boyd, P	83 130 80 215 147 105 100 157 400 360 225 121 212 120 96 125 221 143 251 157 115 29 130 175 170 111 191 100 93 134

REFORMED CHURCH.   The German settlers on coming out did not bring ministers with theor did the have any for many years ; but they had in nearly every settlement, after the German custom, a schoolmaster who instructed he children in the catechism, and taught them reading and writing, who baptized the babes and read the prayers at the grave, who married young couples and who visited the sick. The school-house, later, was erected alongside of the church ; or if the school-house had been first the church was erected near it, so that services were often held in those buildings before they had church buildings.   And so it was the custom long after this to make the house or outbuilding of some prominent Lutheran or German Reformed the centre of a congregation for a place of worship. Hither the pastor came and preached, held communion service, and catechised. These periodical services sometimes lasted for a week.   The German branch of Protestantism which rose from the Reformation in the sixteenth century resolved itself into two distinct communions, the "Reformed" and the " Lutheran." The Reformed Church in the United States, up until the General Synod held in Philadelphia in 1869, was officially known and is sometimes yet popularly called the German Reformed Church, but at that meeting of the Classis the word " German" was officially dropped from the title of the church. The Reformed is sometimes confounded with the Presbyterian Church, by being considered the German branch of that church, but they differ chiefly in this, that the latter is less liturgical and more rigidly Calvinistic than the former.   The original members of both the Reformed and Lutheran Churches came from the German nations of Europe, and they were bound together by many ties, of which the strongest were lineage, language, intermarriage, a commonality of liturgies, of pastoral, authority, of profession of faith, and of symbolical observances and formulas. It would appear to a disinterested observer that the theology of the Heidelberg Catechism was not so strictly taught then as later, and that in its views of the sacraments of the Lord's Supper and of baptism the church differed not so much from the Lutheran, for it now professes to be in   ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY - 241   these two questions more with Geneva than with Augsburg. But we make these remarks merely as an observer and without authority, and advance them to explain the commonality of these two communions as it is observed of their respective histories in our county in the primordial days.   In the government of their churches they are both Presbyterial, in distinction to Episcopal. Papal, or Congregational, and so called because it is a government of elders ; that is, as they say, by the " ministers and the congregational officers elected by the respective congregations for certain temporal and spiritual needs." These form the first body for church organization and business, while larger bodies formed together in a representative capacity, which larger bodies are called by some Presbyteries, but by these, " Classis," and so on.   In the early days of the colony, and particularly in the region outside of the more thickly populated parts, the rising generation of the German Protestants first found little in these two different churches to disagree in. They therefore frequently intercommuned together, the common or nearest pastor performed the first and last rites of their ministerial functions to those in need without regard to church connection, and they both mutually assisted each other.   There was originally in both these churches a great disparity between the population holding these religious preferences and the number of pastors to supply their spiritual wants.'   At an early date the members of the two German churches, the Reformed and the Lutheran, were accustomed to meet in respective localities at the houses of some of their members,, and here they. held religious services. These services were at first conducted without a minister, and consisted in singing from their German hymn-books, reading the Bible, and offering prayers from their German prayer-books. Among the Lutherans especially, and also, as we have seen, among the Reformed, when they had a schoolmaster, who they usually brought with them, it was part of his duty to catechise and to administer the sacramental rite of baptism. By this means they got along for some years, and when each denomination at first got its pastor he was sufficient to supply the spiritual wants of a large district. Thus, when the pastor at the old Brush Creek congregation gathered his class of catechumens, the settlers brought or sent their children a distance of above twenty miles. Hither they came for catechisation from the Alemann settlement in Butler County, from Puckety, and beyond the Kiskiminetas.   1 Rev. Schlatter, who arrived in America in 1746, brought the congregations together and formed a Synod. At the first meeting of thatbody, Sept. 29, 1747, it consisted of five ministers and twenty-six elders, and yet the Reformed population was estimated to be about 30,000.   " History of Reformed Church within the Bounds of the Westmoreland Classic." We have consulted this publication, and it is our authority for local data and statistics.   The two churches likewise bought nearly all their church property in common. They worshiped together in one house, and not infrequently performed and administered the sacraments of the church each for the "other. The members of their congregations intermarried, and were buried side by aide.   The distinctive congregational polity of the orthodox German churches is nowhere more apparent than it is among those older congregations. They at first secured land at moderate rates sufficient for church purposes, and frequently glebe-land for the pastor's support; they built a house for their schoolmaster ; they erected their churches with their own hands, and nearly every congregation had a stone-cutter who raised head- and foot-stones over the graves of the dead.   The old graveyard of the Harrold congregation, with its mural remains of memorial tablets, rudely carved tombstones and modern monumental pillars, tells the whole story. For many years, and until very lately, it supported its own stone-cutters, who on the dressed flag-stones of the neighboring quarries carved the most grotesque figures, and made for weeping friends most melancholy epitaphs which soothed the widow's anguish, and even at this day bid the by-passer stop and ponder. These graven images did not conduce to idolatry, for they were not the likeness of anything in heaven above, in the earth beneath, or in the waters under the earth. Touching the designs on the pyramids and obelisks, on the mausoleums and sarcophagi of all people who hold the dead in memory, these are all in a sense symbolical. The moderns following the footsteps of the ancients, and the latest is but a refinement on the earliest. Thus on these you have stars for the Chaldeans, triangles for the Hebrews, corbels for the Parsees, the sacred lotus for the Egyptians, urns for the Greeks, and for the Latins, lilies such as Father Anchises in Elysium, speaking to the pious .near, wanted to scatter over the shade of the youthful Marceline. The commonest ornamentation of these tombstones is a curling vine around the upper disk terminating in broad leaves. In the centre where these begin is a flower which we incline to think was intended for an imitation of the tulip ; a flower that carried the memory back to the straight walks, the trim gardens, the cozy cottages, and the bridal wreaths of the bride along the Rhine. These flowers and vines have been painted, and some are green, some blue, some yellow, and others red.' Dear friends have scattered the seed of summer-savory and coriander, which springing up in thick beds scarce allows room for the periwinkle and golden-rod, and which when trod upon emits a strong odor.   2 For fear some antiquary should in future time attribute some emblematic significance to these characters, we would hint that they were merely put upon the stones for ornamentation. These old ones, covering many years' time, were blocked out and chiseled upon by a man named Hines, as appears by the token.   242 - HISTORY OF WESTMORELAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.   "Yet even these bones from insult to protect Some frail memorial still erected nigh, With uncouth rhymes and shapeless sculpture deck'd, Implores the passing tribute of a sigh.   "Their nettles, their years, spelt by the unletter'd muse, The place of fame and elegy supply ; And many a holy text around she strews, To teach the rustic moralist to die." 1   The first German Reformed congregation in the county was the Harrold congregation. Balthazer Meyer, their schoolmaster, has left, some of the records of the names of the children baptized by him before they had a minister. Among the first in the list was " Peter the son of Antony and Elizabeth Walter born 11th September, 1771—Baptised, August 2d, 1772." The last child baptized was " Susanna, daughter of John and Christina Rudabaugh, born 30th May, 1782, baptized 4th June, 1782."   In 1782 or 1783 requests were sent from the county to the Coetus (or Synod) for a Reformed minister to be sent them. Answering them, the Rev. John William Weber came as a missionary, and remained their first pastor. In June, 1783, when he entered on his work he had four congregations to serve,—Harrold's, or Saint John's, and the Brush Creek, both in Hemp-field township ; Kintig's, in Mount Pleasant township ; and the Ridge Church, about one mile south of Pleasant Unity, in Unity township. He also preached at Pittsburgh. Besides these regular places of service, be held services and gave instructions in Ligonier Valley, and to the scattered Germans of both his own church and the Lutheran Church all over the southern part of the county in nearly every locality where later has been a congregation.   In respect to its church organization, all those of the Reformed Church in Western Pennsylvania belonged to the Old Synod of the United States. The first missionaries hither were the Revs. John William Weber, Henry Habbiston, and William Winel, who were sent to Westmoreland County and the contiguous regions by this Synod, and reported to it from year to year. The first Classis was formed by the ministers and charges located west of the eastern line of Bedford County, and was named the Western Pennsylvania Classis, and was part of the Synod of the United States. In 1836 this Classis was allowed to unite with the Synod of Ohio and adjacent States. In 1839 the name of this Classis was changed to the Eastern Distract Synod of Ohio. In 1842 this Synod   1 On a tombstone in the Brush Creek graveyard is the following line (inter alia).   "She was young, she was poor/fair"   "Poor" has been engraved for fair, and then crossed out and "fair" engraved above:   In another graveyard, a widow, after telling of the virtues of her deceased husband, reminds the world that,   " This stone is erected Out of the Gratitude Of his Consort" Truly, " the force of satire could no further go"   was changed or divided into two Classes, to be thenceforth known as the Westmoreland and the Erie Classes.'   In 1850, by the Ohio Synod, the pastors and charges north of the Kiskiminetas River, and belonging to the Westmoreland Classis, were permitted to organize a new Classis. Westmoreland remained with the Ohio Synod up to the formation of the Pittsburgh Synod, Feb. 12, 1870.   In October, 1871, the Pittsburgh Synod granted a request to the Westmoreland Classis to divide again into three parts, to be known by the names of Westmoreland, Somerset, and Allegheny Classes. This division went into effect in June, 1872.   The first meeting of the Classis was held at New Salem (Delmont P. 0.) in June, 1872. Rev. John I. Swander (now of Ohio) was elected president ; Rev. J. F. Snyder, stated clerk ; and Rev. John W. Love, treasurer.   We give the statistical report for the Westmoreland Classis for 1881 :

MINISTERS	Cong- regat’s	Charges	Mem-bers	Uncomf Members
Jacob F. Snyder John W. Love David B. Lady John McConnell Samuel Z. Beam Cyrus R. Dieffenbacher George D. Gurley Benjamin B. Ferer John Dotterer Albert E. Truxal Charles W. Good Prof. Lucian Cort James Grant Supplied by Rev. Good Wm. H Bates Total, 15	2 3 2 2 4 2 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 25	Emmanuel  Second, Greensburg Brush Creek Salina Mount Pleasant First, Greensburg Latrobe Pleasant Unity Pine Run Irwin Salem Principal Greensburg Female Seminary Without charge.  St. James Congregation Johnstown	339 289 650 103 228 480 65 315 129 200 243 ..... ..... ..... 46 50 3036	293 267 432 78 132 400 60 235 80 165 178 ..... ..... ..... 20 ..... 2340

In the mutation of things, the history of the Reformed Church in Westmoreland County has a chapter full of matter for melancholy reflection. This is the one devoted to the sketches of those congregations which are now extinct. Of these there were five,—namely, the Mühleisen (now called by its English name, the Milliron), Donegal, Indian Creek, Barren Run, and the Forks congregations. These were all located in the southeastern part of Westmoreland and the northeastern part of Fayette County. The dates of their organization are not known, and very little   2 Accordingly, the first meeting of Westmoreland Classis proper convened by appointment of Synod at Kindigh's, or St. John's Church, near Mount Pleasant, Pa., May 28th, 1843. There were present at this meeting six ministers and seven elders, namely : Revs. N. P. Hacke, Wilham Conrad, H. A. Ibeken, William Winel, H. E. P. Voigt, H. Knepper ; and Elders John Wentzel, Henry Smith, Michael Ruby, Benjamin Countryman, M. Zimmerman, Peter Whitehead, and David Stemble. There were absent Revs. H. Koch, G. Lidy, P. Zeiser. and J. Althouse. Rev. William Conrad was elected President ; Rev. H. A. Ibeken, Secretary, and Elder Peter Whitehead, Treasurer"   ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY - 243   of their history, as no documentary history has been preserved.   These were, no doubt, the result of Rev. Weber's missionary labors in that region dnring his ministrations. Probably some of them are of a later date, as the first record of these congregations, as referred to in the " History of the Reformed Church," is found in the minutes of the Eastern District Synod of Ohio for the year 1841. With the exception of the Milliron congregation, there is no written record of any of them prior to this date. Tradition, however, reports that they were served by the Rev. Weber and his successors, Revs. Weinel and Voight. The record for that year shows that these congregations, except that of Barren Run, were a part of the Mount Pleasant charge, of which Rev. Voight was pastor. In 1845 the name of the Forks is dropped, and that of Barren Run appears for the first time. But from the following year it does not appear again upon the record. The number only, and not the names of the other congregations, appear after 1849, but some of them still are continued till 1859. From this time there is no further notice taken in the records of the Classes of any of them.   Of these it may be said that there is no evidence they were ever in a prosperous condition, that they seem to have been weak and unpromising interests from the start, and that organized in remote localities, they could not receive the necessary pastoral services to make them prosperous, even under more favorable circumstances. For many years the organizations were kept up, and served with difficulty by the pastors, until they died from neglect. The membership was scattered, and some being absorbed in other denominations.   The Rev. C. C. Russell is reported as the last Reformed minister who preached at Indian Creek and Barren Run. He visited the congregations for the purpose of reorganizing them, but found the material entirely lost to the Reformed Church. The Rev. J. A. Heller stopped preaching at Donegal, while he was pastor at the Mount Pleasant charge, about 1870-72. This is the last account of any services held in any of these congregations.   The Mühleisen, or Milliron, congregation shall have something more said of it in the local history of the township to which it belongs. In their " Gottes-Acker" they hold the bones of their first missionary, John William Weber. And strange, while the congregation itself has passed into the " unseen forever," the old church, with its old octagonal pulpit, now covered with spider-webs, and the old " pastor's house," still remain deserted but not desecrated, while the little graveyard, with many unmarked graves, is yet kept cleanly and neatly, and over all is the granite monument erected by the Westmoreland Classis to the memory of their pioneer missionary.   REV. JOHN WILLIAM WEBER.—Rev. John William Weber was born in the province of Wittzistein, Germany, on the 4th of March, 1735. He was a school-teacher in the fatherland. He emigrated to America probably in 1764, and in the "Coetal" (synodical) minutes of 1771 he is mentioned as a "schoolmaster, who appeared with the request that he might he examined as to his knowledge of Divine things." The examination proving satisfactory, be was authorized to preach. His first charge must have been in Northampton County, or rather in that part of it which constitutes Monroe County in this State. The German traveler Schoepf, who passed through there in 1782, says in the account of his journey, "After we left Eckhardt's we missed the way which we were to take to Brinker's Mill, turning to the left; in this way, however, we came past several farms, for which we would not have looked in this region. They lay scattered in the woods, and are settled for the most part by Germans; for these are inclined mostly to locate in remote places, where they can obtain land at a low price. We passed a small log church, which has been built by the Lutheran and German Reformed, whom it served alternately as a place of worship. Rev. Pastor Weber last served this congregation. We went to Pittsburgh."   In a document drawn up by Mr. Weber himself, he says that he came to Westmoreland County in September, 1782, and that he preached in Pittsburgh before the 18th of October in the same year, when he was officially called to the charge at a salary of £116 in money, one hundred bushels of wheat, a free house, and firewood annually. The traveler, Schoepf, refers again to Mr. Weber, when he was at Pittsburgh, in October, 1782. Speaking of this city he says, " Public buildings, as houses for worship,. there are as yet none here. There is, nevertheless, a German preacher here who ministers for believing persons of different confessions." These " believing persons" Mr. Weber no doubt organized into a congregation very soon afterwards, as the records of 1783 and his own constant language clearly imply. His labors extended over a large territory, and continued for many years. He preached much. He catechised the young regularly in all the congregations. He laid the foundation of his church in these parts broad and deep, and upon them a structure has been raised worthy of the man. He is described by Dr. Harbaugh : " ln personal appearance Mr. Weber was a good-looking, portly, well-formed man, blessed with a strong and vigorous constitution, and to undergo a great deal of labor and fatigue. He was of an ardent, quick temperament, free spoken, rapid, but clear and distinct, in his enunciation while preaching, and in the habit of what is generally termed `calling things by their right names.' " His labors in Pittsburgh appear to have extended to the year 1812. He continued his labors in the country congregations until almost the day of his death, in July, 1816. He reached the ripe old age of nearly eighty-two.   His name is mentioned in the still remaining frag-   244 - HISTORY OF WESTMORELAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.   mental congregational records. More particular reference to his labors here we have in his journal and in the papers referred to in his biography. A pretty full account of his life and services is contained in the second volume of Harbaugh's " Fathers of the Reformed Church," from page 208 to 221.   REV. NICHOLAS P. HACKE, D.D.—This eminent divine departed this life on Monday, Aug. 26, 1878. His remains were interred in the German burying-ground, in Greensburg, on Thursday, August 29th, in the presence of a very large assemblage of citizens, ministers, and professional men. The Rev. Thomas G. Apple, D.D., president and professor in the theological seminary in Lancaster, Pa., was present, and preached the funeral sermon in the old German Church in Greensburg, where the remains of the deceased were placed during the funeral ceremonies, in which several distinguished clergymen participated.   The closing of the business houses and the unusually large number of people who assembled to pay the last sad homage of respect to the memory of Dr. Hacke, evinced the profound respect that was felt for the deceased. Dr. Hacke was born in Baltimore, but educated in Germany. When he was about sixteen years of age he returned to America and studied divinity in Baltimore under the care of a Reformed minister. At the age of about nineteen years he came to Greensbnrg, in Westmoreland County, and soon after took charge of the German Reformed congregations in Greensburg, at Harrold's and at Brush Creek. The old German meeting-house in Greensburg, erected at the joint expense of the Lutheran and Reformed congregations, was a log building, erected in 1796 or shortly before that time, on the parsonage lot where Dr. Hacke lived previous to his death. Prior to his coining to Greensburg, the old brick Lutheran and Reformed German meeting-house, on the west side of Main Street, was commenced, but not finished when Dr. Hacke came out here, and it is said he preached his first sermon in Greensburg in the old court-house. He was the cotemporary of six of the president judges of Westmoreland County, namely, Judges Young, White, Knox, Burrell, Buffington, and Logan, and has survived all of them but two, and of all the members of the bar who were practicing law in 1819, when Dr. Hacke first came to Greensburg, but one is now surviving. At different periods of his life he had charge of at least nine congregations, namely, Greensburg, Harrold's, Brush Creek, Ridge, Ligonier, Youngstown, Hill's, Seanor's, and Manor.   No man in the county had intimate social relations with so large a number of respectable and influential citizens, and hence when Dr. Hacke was in the vigor of life he was himself a power in the county, and young men entering upon a professional career sought his friendship as a passport to success. His learning was accurate, solid, and comprehensive, and his conversation varied, chaste, mirthful, and entertaining. His judgment of capacity and character was excellent.   A superficial, pretentious outside appearance never deceived him. In fact, all such characters soon discovered that it was nseless and damaging to subject their shallow assumptions and pretended knowledge to the clear sunlight of his great discernment. By some law of our rational natures, men of great ability, although of very dissimilar talents, naturally gravitate towards each other. With such there is an inherent law of friendship and cordial feeling when this tendency is not overcome by some stronger motive of competition or ambitious aims. Not to speak of the living, we may refer to two of the eminent men of Greensburg, now deceased, as a striking illustration of what has just been remarked upon. The Hon. J. M. Burrell, formed by nature for politics rather than for the law, and Dr. Alfred T. King, the naturalist, both of whom were pre-eminent in their respective positions, were strongly attached to Dr. Hacke, and entertained for him the most profound respect ; and he, on his part, seems to have reciprocated this sentiment of devotion. There was nothing in their professional or religious tendencies that led to this. It existed in spite of these causes of divergence. Dr. Hacke was not only a Christian theologian, but also a religious philosopher, who in any age and in any country—on the banks of the Ganges, the Nile, or the Obi—would have " understood by the things that are made" the eternal power and divinity of the Creator, and his right to the homage, respect, and veneration of all intelligent creatures. It is said of Spinoza that he was a mystic, drunk with God. Dr. Hacke was the reverse of all this. His mind was practical rather than speculative. In the sphere of the things of the world he demanded proof or clear, logical demonstration based upon known facts. While this was the tendency of his mental structure, it is evident that he was not wholly satisfied with this piecemeal and rodent process of attaining a knowledge of the facts in nature, because he read incessantly and with eagerness, but with great discrimination, the advanced thought and profound speculations of educated writers in every department of learning.   There is one trait of character without which no man can be great, whatever may be his ability. It is that inflexible firmness of purpose that moves along the whole stage of life without vacillation. The soul so habilitated is founded on a rock, and when the popular humor of the hour is spent is spared the mortification of having floated on a bubble, a retrospect of which is hardly consistent with enduring self-respect. Dr. Hacke possessed in a remarkable degree this trait of character. New measures, transient outbursts of popular fervor in advocacy of one virtue to the oversight of others equally important, did not enlist his sympathies or disturb the even tranquillity of his steadfast and immovable disposition, and then when the ephemeral excitement had passed away, even those who had, fallen in with the current of the abnormal movement could see and ap-   ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY - 245   preciate " how much happier is he who remains immovable, and smiles at the madness of the dance about him." For fifty-eight years of active ministerial life Dr. Hake sustained this solid character of temperateness, even in doing good, and when the community was surprised by radical and passionate popular movements in politics, morals, religion, and temperance, many learned to wait and hear what Dr. Hacke would say. This steadfastness indicated no indisposition to legitimate progress. Dr. Hacke was a great reader, and kept himself well informed on all scientific questions, and doubtless this had the effect of modifying his earlier convictions in regard to scientific truth. Perhaps the most difficult trial that he had to undergo in his ministerial capacity was the transition from German to English. The old members of his congregations of course insisted on adhering to German preaching and services in the churches, while the younger members, some of whom understood but little German, insisted on English preaching. Here was a dilemma hard to reconcile. Dr. Hacke was a man of large foresight, and doubtless was convinced that sooner or later the transition must come; but while he lived he was anxious to preserve the unity and harmony of all his church-members, and could not, with propriety, take a very decided stand on either side, and some were uncharitable enough, perhaps, to say, " Yaw, der Hacke will auch Irish werden." But this was a great mistake. Dr. Hacke was a thorough German, proud of his Saxon ancestry. He had spent his youth at Bremen, on the Weser, which takes its rise near Detmold, where Arminius, his countryman, in the ninth century had annihilated the legions of Varus, the Roman consul, and where, at a later period, Wittekind, a man of illustrious descent and immense estates, in the eighth century resisted for several years the armies of Charlemagne. Their character was that of wild, obstinate freedom, and they were the last of the German tribes to accept the Christian religion; but within a generation after the:, had accepted it they became the most devoted followers of the Saviour.   And now, concludes his biographer to whom we are indebted, after fifty-eight years of active ministerial service, the old patriarch, descended from this noble stock, bas bid adieu to all the active pursuits of this world. In a good old age, crowned with honor and respect, he has been gathered unto his fathers, and will not rise "till the heavens be no more."   THE GREENSBURG SEMINARY.   Greensburg Seminary is located at Greensburg, Westmoreland Co., Pa., thirty-one miles east of Pittsburgh, on the line of the Pennsylvania Railroad. At a meeting of the "Board of Trustees of Literary Institutions" of the Pittsburgh Synod of the Reformed Church, held March 3,1874, this institution was established by the action of that body. In accordance with this action the preliminary steps were immediately taken to put the institution on foot, and the idea of a permanent female seminary, which had been attempted at different times before, was now about to be realized. The Rev. Lucian Cort, of Martinsburg, Pa., was called to take charge of the enterprise. Although engaged in an important work in the institution over which he presided at the time, he was induced by the earnest appeals and solicitations of the friends of the new enterprise to accept the call. After due consideration of the risks and the financial responsibilities of commencing and carrying forward such an undertaking, he entered upon the work in good faith, and the erection of the necessary buildings was accordingly commenced without delay. On the 18th of April a suitable location was purchased on elevated grounds overlooking the town and surrounding country. On this beautiful site a large, elegant, and commodious building of the most substantial structure was erected for the accommodation of boarding pupils and school purposes. The formal opening of the institution took place with appropriate services on the 7th of April, 1875. Thus in less than one year from the time of commencing the erection of the buildings they were entirely completed, and the institution went into full operation. It took its origin, as may be seen on the one hand, from a deep-felt want in the minds of many of the citizens of Greensburg and surrounding community of a school of a high grade in their midst for the education of their daughters, and on the other hand from the positive enactment of the Synod of the Reformed Church, in order to meet the educational wants of her own membership. The institution is thus brought into close relit? tion to the church, which gives it a broader basis and a more permanent character than a merely private project. It secures not only the support but the sanction of the church, without which no institution of learning can expect permanently to prosper. Whilst it is thus under the fostering care of the Reformed Church, it is not sectarian, but only denominational and distinctively Christian. Its advantages are not exclusive, but free and open to all. With such a wide scope in view, it hopes to subserve the general interests of Christian education, as well as the special wants of the particular denomination under whose care and direction it was more especially established.   The general object and character of the institution is set forth in a circular letter published before the opening, and is as follows :   "The object of this institution is to afford to young ladies the advantages of a Christian education as distinguished from a mere secular training. It aims to accomplish this important end not by cultivating their mental powers only, but their moral, social, and aesthetic nature as well, thus developing the female character in broad, beautiful, and harmonious proportions. Her education should be such as to fit her for the duties of her appropriate sphere. She may have an important mission to accomplish in the more public or literary arena, but she wields a far greater power and influence in the social and domestic relations of life, which is undoubtedly her appropriate sphere of action.   " It will be the constant aim of the principal to develop all those   246 - HISTORY OF WESTMORELAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.   powers of mind and character which will fit her to move with dignity, grace, and effect in the various relations of life. While the solid branches of an education will always be made a principal object, those of a more ornamental character, such as music, painting, drawing, etc., will also receive special attention. The cultivation of correct taste and good manners will always be insisted upon as an important element in female education. These attainments, with the grace of Christian piety, form the crowning virtues of the female character. The course of studies is broad and liberal, such as to meet all the demands of a good education. "   "The instructions will be thorough, scientific, and practical. The very best facilities and advantages for gaining a first-class education will thus be afforded those availing themselves of its provisions."   In accordance with this design and purpose the institution was opened, and the work of education commenced and carried forward under most favorable auspices. All the departments of instruction were filled with able and competent teachers, which at once gave character to the institution, and was a means of attracting pupils. From the beginning the school enjoyed a respectable patronage, and the pupils have always come from the more substantial class of our citizens. It has grown in favor and in confidence with the pupils and people gradually until it has attained to the character and reputation of a first-class school. While many of the older schools in the country were compelled, on account of the pressure of hard times, to suspend their exercises temporarily, or to close entirely, Greensburg Seminary maintained itself successfully beyond the expectation of its most sanguine friends. It is no more a doubtful experiment but an accomplished fact,—a successful enterprise, and ranks among the best schools of the land. The annual examinations of the various classes, the elegant entertainments by the young ladies in the department of music, the splendid exhibitions of the art department, and especially the creditable exercises of the annual commencement, are the best evidence of the character and efficiency of the work accomplished for the cause of higher education by this young but vigorous institution. It assuredly is a matter of great gratification to the principal and friends of the institution to see so much evidence of the good work accomplished, and to know that their efforts in behalf of the cause of female education have been, at least to some extent, appreciated by the public. It is, therefore, hoped that the seminary will continue to receive the patronage and support its merits so justly deserve, and that its future will be as successful as its past history. Young ladies completing the prescribed course of study and passing the final examinations will be awarded diplomas by the authorities of the institution.   It will be perceived from the foregoing sketch that Greensburg Seminary is not merely an ordinary select or high school, but an institution of a high grade, in which young ladies may acquire all the branches of a polite and liberal education.   The school was originally established as a female seminary exclusively, and as such was carried forward successfully for four years. To meet the want of a good school for young men, it was then thought best to open a male department in connection with the seminary by so changing its original design as also to extend its privileges and advantages to young men. This opened the institution to a wider sphere of usefulness and more extended operations. Accordingly, suitable departments" of instruction were provided for both sexes.   It was, however, not intended by this change to interfere with the seminary course proper for young ladies, but so to enlarge and arrange the curriculum of study as to allow also of a course for young men. While the primary object of the institution, the education of young ladies, will thus be reached, the advantages of a higher collegiate education will also be afforded to young men. These departments constitute two distinct but co-ordinate courses of instruction. The one was not merged into the other by promiscuously mixing the sexes together in the same course of study. While some branches might be pursued with advantage to both in the same recitations, the interests of the higher education of both sexes demand that other branches should be pursued separately, according to the respective wants and requirements of each- Hence distinct courses are maintained for the several departments so as not to interfere with each other.   The object of the male department, as given in the first circular, is to afford young men the advantages of a liberal education. The course of study is broad and comprehensive, including all the branches of a good English education, as well as those of a higher or collegiate course. It corresponds substantially with that of our best colleges, and may be pursued .with advantage by those desiring it to the junior year.     The attendance in this department has been good from the beginning. The number of students enrolled for the present term is forty-six. The outlook for the future is encouraging. A great proportion of the students are in the regular course. The study of the languages is a prominent feature of this department, while mathematics and the sciences receive their full measure of attention.   Thus the work of education has been carried forward for the last four years in the interest of both sexes. The general cause of higher education has thus been subserved, and the usefulness . of the institution greatly enlarged.   The seminary proper has lost nothing by the change, but the institution has gained much by extending its operations in offering its advantages to young men. The institution is doing a good work not only for Westmoreland County, but for Western Pennsylvania. The number of pupils in attendance in both departments is about one hundred. While the majority are from Westmoreland, there are some from five or six adjacent counties. The institution is now in the eighth year of its history. It has had its trials to contend with, such as are incident to all en-   ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY - 247   terprises of the kind, especially during the hard times we have lately passed through. These have all been overcome, and the future of the institution is looming up with brightest visions of prosperity. The expenses of the institution have necessarily been great, but by economy and proper management these have been met, and the institution saved from financial embarrassment. The institution to-day stands on good footing, and enjoys the confidence and patronage of the public, and promises to be a blessing to future generations.   It speaks well for the institution that three members of the faculty as it Was originally constituted are still of membership, and are the most active of its professors.   EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH.   The Evangelical Lutheran Church is that body of Christian believers who hold the doctrines of the gospel as restored to the church and taught by the great reformer, Martin Luther, and as contained in the Augsburg Confession, which was written by Philip Melancthon, and read and published before Charles V., at the Diet of Augsburg, on the 25th of June, 1530.   This Confession has passed into the literature of the Christian world, has been translated into almost every modern language, and now is confessed by more than forty millions of believers. The Lutheran Church in the United States dates back to the colonial times. Confessors of this faith came to this country from Holland in 1626, one hundred and fifty years before the Declaration of Independence, and Lutheran emigrants came from Sweden in 1636, and German emigrants came to this country early in the eighteenth century. At this present time the Lutheran Church in the United States numbers one million communicants, with a population of at least three millions.   The history of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in our county reaches back over one hundred years, but its early beginnings are difficult to trace, as only very imperfect records of those early times have been preserved.   Its origin here is like the course of a mountain stream, that winds its way unseen amid woods and forests till it comes into the open country. Lutheran families came from eastern counties and from their fatherland to this part of our State before Westmoreland County was erected. The Detars, the Rughs, the Millers, the Gangawares, the Harrolds, the Altmans, and Longs settled in Hempfield township between 1762 and 1770. There were also settlements of Lutheran families in several other localities soon after the county was formed, namely, Brush Creek, Manor, Kintigs, Ridge, Brandts ; and the history of the Lutheran Church runs parallel with the history of the county itself.   The meagre and imperfect records of those early times render it very difficult to give a satisfactory account of the Lutheran Church, and make it impossible to trace the origin and progress of those old congregations with minuteness and accuracy.   We know that congregations existed ; we know, too, that they were early founded, and we conclude from the best information that we can gain that where members of the Lutheran Church (and other churches) settled in sufficient numbers in the same vicinity they soon associated themselves together into a religious assembly and engaged in Christian worship, and by common consent constituted themselves into a Christian Church, without a formal organization by passing resolutions or the adoption of a written constitution ; for in many of these congregations we can find neither written constitutions, nor records of' the organization and official acts of the congregation for the early years of their history.   At first they met at private houses, and in the absence of regularly ordained ministers the services were not unfrequently conducted by laymen, especially by schoolmasters who acted as evangelists. These services consisted of reading the Scriptures, singing and prayer, reading a sermon, or making some suitable remarks.   Baptisms were often performed by these evangelists. In the congregations at Harrold's and Brush Creek, in Hempfield township, which were commenced quite early, baptisms were performed and religious services conducted by these schoolmasters for a number of years.   At Harrold's (Zion's Church) a congregation was gathered as early as 1771, and there is a record of baptisms by such an evangelist as we have spoken of above. Balthazer Meyer, a schoolmaster, conducted services and baptized children from 1772 till 1782, during which time this congregation was without a regular setted pastor.   In the Brush Creek congregation, which commenced, perhaps, a few years later than Harrold's, similar services were conducted by these evangelists until a permanent pastor was secured.   The first Lutheran minister who was settled in this county was Rev. A. Ulrich Lütje. 1 He was a German by birth and education, who came to the Harrold's Church about the year 1782, just one hundred years ago. He served the Zion's Church at Harrold's about ten years, which he more fully organized, and finished the first church, which was built of logs with floor of puncheon, rough benches instead of pews, and very primitive in all its arrangements.   He secured for Harrold's Church a tract of land by patent as a glebe, which the Lutheran and Reformed congregations now hold in common, on which there is a cemetery, or " God's acre," and a church which was built in 1829. The farm of seventy acres of land is under the control of the trustees of the two congregations. Rev. Lütje also ministered to the people at Brush Creek and several other points, but as only   1 Pronounced " Loot-ye."   248 - HISTORY OF WESTMORELAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.   few records of his work have been preserved we cannot speak of it with minuteness.   In 1791, Rev. John M. Steck, a native of Germany, came to Westmoreland County from the eastern part of our State, and settled in or near Greensburg. Het carried on the work that had been commenced by his predecessor with energy and success, for he was then in the prime of life. He was thirty-five years of age when he came to Westmoreland County, and labored here for thirty-eight years. He died the 14th of July, 1830, in the seventy-fourth year of his age, and after a long and successful ministry. His mantle fell upon his son, Rev. Michael J. Steck, who was so well and favorably known in this county, and was successor to his father in the Greensburg charge.   Rev. John M. Steck was really the patriarch of the Lutheran Church in this county, for he organized most of the old congregations and laid the foundations for others organized later, and was the only settled Lutheran minister here for twenty-five years. When he located at Greensburg he found two congregations that had been organized by his predecessors, namely, Harrold's and Brush Creek. A few years after his arrival he organized the first German congregation of Greensburg. Early in the present century (1809) Manor Church was organized; also St. James' and Hankey's a little later, in the north of the county ; also St. John's (Kintig), Swope's, Ridge, and Youngstown, south and east of Greensburg. These congregations and a number of stations constituted Father Steck's charge during the many years of his ministry. He served all these congregations and ministered to the spiritual wants of these people as far as possible for many long and weary years. Occasionally he received a little aid from other ministers and theological students. His son, Michael J., rendered some assistance for a short time before he accepted a call to Lancaster in 1817.   Rev. Jonas Mechling also rendered him some assistance whilst yet a theological student, and after his licensing, in 1820, became his co-worker in this large field. He took charge of the St. James and Hankey's Churches in the north of the county, and of the Forks and West Newton and Barren Run in the western part, and Donegal and Brandt's in the southern, and the rest of the county constituted the Greensburg charge during the remaining part of Father Steck's ministry ; but the principal congregations of this important charge were the First German Church at Greensburg, Harrold's, Brush Creek, and Manor. A brief notice of these will not be out of place here, inasmuch as they exerted an important influence on other churches, and their history gives us the history of the church in general.   The first German Lutheran congregation of Greensburg was commenced soon after Rev. J. M. Steck settled in this county. Baptisms are recorded in 1792, but there is no record of communion till several years later. No precise date can be fixed when this congregation was formally organized, and we believe that it grew gradually into the stature of a Christian congregation without a formal organization, like Harrold's and Brush Creek. In the latter end of the last century a log church was erected, which was built after the style of the log church at Harrold's, and corresponded with it in all its appointments. This church stood until the present one was built, commenced in 1815 and completed in 1819.   This congregation has now a history of ninety years, has had a wide field of usefulness, atd has no doubt exerted an important influence on other congregations. It now numbers over four hundred members, and Zion's (English) congregation, that went out from it in 1848 on the ground of language, numbers three hundred (for at that time the services in the parent church were all conducted in the German language).   Brush Creek congregation, which was founded before the one at Greensburg, also had a log church built after the same plan, and had the same kind of furniture as the Harrold's Church, which was replaced by a new brick church in 1820, and which is still in good condition.   The Manor congregation, which was founded in 1809, completed the present church in 1815.   These four congregations were associated during the long pastorates of Revs. J. M. Steck, Michael J., his son, and Jonas Mechling, covering a period of seventy-five years.   Father J. M. Steck served them from the time of their organization into a charge till his death, in 1830, and Rev. M. J. Steck became his father's successor, and continued to be pastor of this charge till his death, in 1848, and then Rev. Jonas Mechling became pastor in 1848, and continued to work in this field till the Master called him to his rest, in 1868.   In Father Steck's time the Greensburg charge had control of the whole county, and he was bishop of Westmoreland County and adjacent parts, and during the ministry of Rev. M. J. Steck, St. James, Hankey's, Seanor's, and other points were connected with this charge, but during the ministry of Rev. Jonas Mechling the charge consisted of these four congregations.   Since his death the charge has again been divided. Now Greensburg and Harrold's Churches are under one pastor ; Brush Creek and Manor are joined to Adamsburg and Salem respectively.   The pastors who have served this charge under its present arrangement are Revs. G. A. Brenger and Enoch Smith, and the present pastor is Rev. J. C. Kuntzman.   Brush Creek has been served by Rev. J. S. Fink, and Manor by Revs. Brenger, Bauman, Smith, Ulery, and Roth.   The history of the Greensburg charge gives us a comprehensive view of the history of the Lutheran Church in the county, and its growth and develop-   ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY - 249   ment is an index of the general development of the church. At the beginning of this century there was only one charge in the whole county. In 1820 the first division was made, when Rev. Jonas Mechling took charge of the remote congregations that had been hitherto served by Father Steck, and thus became his co-worker.   In 1841, when Rev. Jacob Zimmerman took charge of several churches in the northern part of the county, a still further division was made of the field. He served the following congregations in Westmoreland, namely, Klingensmith's Church (near Leechburg), Hill's, and Hankey's, in Franklin township. The last two he served from 1843 till 1849, and he served the first till he was compelled to quit the active duties of the ministry on account of his failing health.   In 1847, Rev. W. S. Emery was called to West Newton and Seanor's charge, formed out of part of Rev. J. Mechling's and Rev. M. J. Steck's charge. He labored in this field with acceptance and success till 1859, when he was called to Indiana, Pa.   In the autumn of 1847, Rev. J. Rugan came to Greensburg with a view of forming an English congregation, and in January, 1848, a small English organization was founded of members belonging principally to the German Church, and soon after a similar organization was founded at Adamsburg of members from the Brush Creek congregation, and these two congregations constituted the Greensburg and Adamsburg charge, to which Rev. Michael Eyster was called in the autumn of 1848, and in which he continued to labor with remarkable success till death summoned him from his toils on earth to his reward in heaven.   Thus we see that the history of the Lutheran Church in Westmoreland County records considerable growth since its beginning. Instead of a few feeble congregations they have a goodly number of large ones, and instead of one or two lonely pastors they have a whole conference. Then also it must be borne in mind that many members have removed to adjoining counties and neighboring States, where they have been instrumental in forming and strengthening new and other congregations. But gratifying as the growth and development of this church is, it would have been much greater but for two things, the lack of efficient English ministers and the reluctance on the part of the fathers of the Lutheran Church to give up the German language.   The present condition of the church may be briefly stated as follows :   There are now twelve pastoral charges in this county, and there ought, in the opinion of their clergy, to be three or four more, but it is not considered wise to form new charges when pastors cannot be found for some that have been formed.   1. The Greensburg charge, consisting now of the First German congregation of Greensburg and Harrold's Church, Hempfield township. Rev. J. C. Kuntzman, pastor.   2. Zion's Lutheran Church, Greensburg. Rev. W. T. Ulery, pastor.   3. Mount Pleasant charge, consisting of Mount Pleasant congregation, St. John's, Swope's, and Ridge's. Rev. S. L. Harkey, pastor.   4. Donegal charge, consisting of Donegal congregation, Franklin, Donegal township, and Bethel, in Cook township. Rev. D. Earhart, pastor.   5. Ligonier, consisting of Ligonier congregation, Latrobe, Youngstown, and Derry. Rev. H. L. Mc-Murry, pastor.   6. Saltsburg charge, consisting of St. James', Fenneltown, and Saltsburg. Rev. R. if. Zimmerman, pastor.   7. Delmont charge, consisting of Salem and Manor Churches. Rev. J. D. Roth, pastor.   8. Brush Creek and Adamsburg charge, consisting of Brush Creek, Adamsburg, and Irwin congregations. Rev. G. E. Lund, pastor.   9. West Newton charge, consisting of West Newton, Barren Run or Hoffman's charge. Vacant. Rev. A. G. Wenzel, stated supply.   10. Seanor's and Stanton. Vacant.   11. Hankey's and Brinton. Vacant.   12. Swedish pastorate, Irwin and Braddock's. Vacant.   13. Hill's Church. Rev. A. D. Potts, pastor.   There are twenty-six Lutheran congregations and three thousand eight hundred communicants in this county, with a Lutheran population of about eight thousand.   MINISTERS OF THE EARLY LUTHERAN CHURCH.   REV. MICHAEL J. STECK, one of the founders of the Pittsburgh Synod and its first president, was the son of Rev. John M. Steck, for many years pastor of the Lutheran Churches of Greensburg and vicinity. He was born in Greensburg, Westmoreland Co., Pa., on the 1st of May, 1793. He early desired to be a preacher in the church of his baptism, and his father availed himself of every suitable advantage to give him a liberal education. After finishing his preliminary education at the old academy at Greensburg he commenced the study of theology under his father's supervision ; but inasmuch as the pastoral duties of his father left him but little time for instructing his pupil, he sent him to the Rev. Jacob Scharle, pastor of the German Lutheran Church at Pittsburgh, under whose care he pursued his theological studies with great diligence and success. In June, 1816, he was licensed by the Synod of Pennsylvania, which held its sessions at Philadelphia. After the meeting of Synod he returned to Greensburg and became an assistant to his father. In this capacity he labored for a short time, preaching mainly to the remote congregations of his father's large field.     In December, 1816, he received and accepted a call to Lancaster, Ohio, then in the backwoods. He served congregations in the town of Lancaster and