COUNTY BUILDINGS - 425

CHAPTER LI.

COUNTY BUILDINGS.

Acts relating to County Buildings—The Old Court-House—Present Court-House—Sheriff's House and County Jail—Poor-House, now County Home—Tables of Expenditures, etc., for County Home—The Cattle Show — Wool-Growers' Association — Westmoreland County Agricultural Society.

THE act of 13th September, 1785, is as follows :

" WHEREAS, the seat of justice for the county of Westmoreland hath not heretofore been established by law, for want of which the inhabitants of said county labor under great inconveniences; for remedy whereof

"Be it enacted that, etc., That it shall and may be lawful for Benjamin Davis, Michael Rough, John Shields, John Pomroy, and Hugh Martin, of the county of Westmoreland, or any .three of them, to purchase and take assurance, in the name of the commonwealth, of piece of land, In trust for the use of the inhabitants of Westmoreland County. Provided said piece of land be not situate farther east than the Nine-Mile Run, nor farther west than Brushy Run, farther north than Loyalhanna, nor farther south than five miles south of old Pennsylvania road leading to Pittsburgh, on which piece of ground said commissioners shall erect a court-house and prison sufficient to accommodate the public service of the said county."

By an act of the 27th of December, 1786, the powers given to the commissioners by the above act, and the acts passed on the 26th of February, 1773, and the 22d of March, 1784, to purchase land and erect thereon a court-house and jail for this county, were superseded until the Legislature should further and otherwise direct, and the mode of settling their accounts was prescribed. But this suspending law was repealed by act of 14th of February, 1789, which in its preamble and enacting clause throws light upon the subject of which we are considering. This reads as follows :

"WHEREAS a law, passed on the 13th day of December, 1786, empowering certain trustees, therein named, to purchase a piece of ground within certain prescribed limits and bounds, and thereon to erect a court-house and prison for the use of the county, and in aid thereof the commissioners of said county were authorized to levy the sum of one thousand pounds, which was accordingly levied and collected for the purposes aforesaid;

"AND WHEREAS the said trustees found it expedient to proceed immediately in erecting a small wooden building to accommodate the public business of the county, as a temporary convenience until proper materials could be procured for a substantial and permanent court-house and prison;

"AND WHEREAS by a subsequent law, passed the 27th of December, 1786, entitled ` An act to suspend the powers of the trustees of Westmoreland County, the powers of the said.trustees, and all further proceedings by them Intended, respecting the substantial and permanent building aforesaid, were suspended until a Legislature should further and otherwise direct concerning the same;

"AND WHEREAS the sheriff, the justices of the peace, and other officers of the county of Westmoreland have, by their petition, stated the great deficiency of the small wooden building, which was only intended for temporary purposes, and the many inconveniences which the officers of the court, as well as the prisoners in confinement, are subject to from the present uncomfortable state of the small building, and pray that the same suspending law may be repealed ;

"AND WHEREAS it appears just and reasonable that the said county of Westmoreland should be accommodated with decent, sufficient, and permanent buildings, calculated to answer all the important purposes of a court-house and prison ; and that the money which has been levied= and collected for these purposes should be applied agreeably to the intentions of the law by which it was granted ; therefore

"Be it enacted, etc., That the said suspending law, by which the powers of the trustees of Westmoreland County were suspended, is hereby repealed, made null and void, to all intents and purposes; and that the said trustees are hereby authorized and required to proceed in applying the remaining part of the money so levied and collected to the express purposes for which it was granted."

COURT-HOUSE.

The court-house usually known as the old courthouse was a two-story brick building, located on the square of the present court-house. It fronted towards the east, and its entrance from that side was about where the entrance of the present one is. The door of this entrance, with another and smaller one which opened into the jail-yard, was the only means of ingress and egress. A paved yard extended from the street to the house, and the floor of the first story was reached by two steps. The whole of this story was used for a court-room. A high balustrade extended the length of the room north and south, and separated it into two parts. In the middle of the balustrade was a gate, and on each side of the gate were columns of wood which supported the lofty ceiling. On the western side of this partition were the judges, lawyers, jurymen, and criminals. The judges sat against the wall facing the east ; the jury box was on their right. The eastern side of the room, or that part outside of the balustrade, was reserved for the public. 1

In the upper story was the grand jury room. This room was large, lofty, well aired and well lighted. In it, as well as in the ball-room of the Dublin Hotel, were held theatrical performances by amateur societies and by strolling minstrels, " where the king was welcome, and the lover did not sigh gratis." 2 In it was the fittest room in the town, and commodious enough for its auditory. The students of the Greensburg Academy in 1812, as before that, were publicly examined in Greek and Latin and delivered orations and discourses in the grand jury room. This was the court-house proper, and it was reserved for the purposes of the court when in session. None of the public offices were in this building. The sheriff's, register and recorder's, prothonotary's, and clerk of the courts' offices were kept in a two-story brick building which stood north of the court-house, and between it and the building still standing, which was best known as the Dr. Morrison property. On the south of the court-house was a one-story brick building, in which was the commissioners' office. This was the building in which, tradition reports, were first kept the records, and where court was first holden on the removal of the county-seat from Hannastown.

Behind the judge's bench in the old court-room were placed two rams' heads with ponderous horns moulded out of plaster, while lesser ones moulded out of clay and colored white were fixed against the columns which supported the ceiling. A pious and

1 According to the seal of the burgesses and corporation of Greensburg, which was intended to represent the old court-house, it stood with the gable front to the street; the door was round arched. It was two stories high.

2 Hamlet to the players.

426 - HISTORY OF WESTMORELAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

iconoclastic generation demolished these memorials of an ancient art, and in the new court-house, under the inspiration of the modern renaissance, had painted on the walls of the new court-room some horrible daubs, which were said to be intended for Maj. Alexander and Judge Coulter, for Washington and Jackson, but which bore no more resemblance to their prototype than a cow bears to a canal-boat, a hawk to a hernshaw.

The bell which hangs in the belfry of the present court-house hung in the old one. It hung there until Friday, the 6th of May, 1854, when it was taken down in the process of removing the public buildings. It had been originally cast for a church-bell, as the inscription circling its mouth would indicate, " I will sound and resound unto Thy people, 0 Lord, and call them to Thy word I" It is one yard in diameter across the mouth, and was cast by George Hedderly, Philadelphia, in 1813. It has rung out with many strains for more than two generations. It was used for a long time to call the children to school and the people to church. It has been rung for war meetings and for peace meetings. It has tolled for sorrow and pealed for joy. It was rung on the termination of the war of Eighteen-Twelve, the Mexican war, and the civil war. Its tones, as all will distinguish, are beautiful rather than loud, but remarkably sonorous. It is said by travelers and connoisseurs to compare, in this respect, with the most famous bells of America or Europe.

The old court-house stood until it was demolished in 1854. In pursuance of a presentment from the grand jury, under the advice of the court, the commissioners of the county prior to that time had taken incipient measures for the erection of a new courthouse and for the demolition of the old. The courts from the time the old house was torn down till the new one was ready for occupancy were held in the Methodist Church. The present one was first occupied in 1856.

In 1853 a contract was made between the commissioners and Bell & Arnold to build a new court-house and jail for the sum of thirty-nine thousand six hundred and fourteen dollars, according to a plan furnished by an architect named J. Edgar. On further consultation the plan of Mr. Edgar was rejected, and a plan furnished by Samuel Sloan, of Philadelphia, was adopted. This plan required a greater expenditure of money, and so another contract was made in 1854, by which terms the county of Westmoreland agreed to pay the builders forty-six thousand seven hundred dollars, besides additional sums for adventitious work. It was, moreover, stipulated that the architect should decide whether the compensation for the whole work was just and proper according to the estimate of cost and labor, and in the manner in which the workmanship of all parts was executed.

On the 24th day of October, 1854, the corner-stone of the new court-house was laid with all due cere mony and formality. Notice of the event was given, and a number of the most intelligent and respectable citizens of Westmoreland were invited to be present. Prayers were offered to the throne of grace by the Revs. Geisy and Valentine, and addresses were delivered by the Hon. Henry D. Foster and the Hon. Edgar Cowan. A copper box, containing copies of the census, of all the papers published in the county, a description of the burning of Hannastown from the pen of Judge Coulter, and a number of other things that may be instructive and amusing to remote posterity, were placed in the corner-stone. The stone was then laid on the southeast corner of the diagram, in the right position indicated by the great mystery of Masonry.

Disputes arose between the commissioners and the contractors about the proper understanding of the contract, and the non-fulfillment of some of its specifications, and hence, in August, 1855, the contract with Bell & Arnold was rescinded by the mutual consent of both the contracting parties. In the same month another contract was made with Johnston & McFarland for the completion of the public buildings. By the conditions of this contract they stipulated that the court-house should be finished in time to hold the session of the court in the next May, and that all the public buildings should be completed by August, 1856. In return for this work the stipulated price was twenty-seven thousand six hundred and eighty-eight dollars. The contract was executed, and in 1856 the law was administered in the new temple of Themis.

It is very difficult to give the exact sum which the new public buildings of Westmoreland cost the county treasury. There were a number of contracts separate and apart from the main one, such as contracts for shelves, wainscots, railing, and pavements. It is, however, estimated that all the expense connected with the public buildings from the inception to the completion amounted to a sum between ninety and one hundred thousand dollars.

The new court-house stands about the middle of the town, at the corner of Main and West Pittsburgh Streets. It has its façade to the south on Pittsburgh Street, and extends northwards in a longitudinal manner along Main Street, with a space of some twenty feet between it and the common pavement. It is one hundred and thirty feet in length and sixty-two in breadth. It comprises a deep and extensive basement, first and second floors, with halls and apartments, in part a third floor, garret, and belfry. Two sides, the eastern and southern, are built of stone. The northern and western sides are built of brick and covered, with cement. This is so moulded by the trowel as to resemble stone. The walls are very massive, and present an appearance of great durability. The inside of the house is plastered, painted, frescoed, and wainscoted. Although in some instances the materials were not good, and although there were some defects

COUNTY BUILDINGS - 427

in the arrangement, the construction appears to have been good, and the house united style and durability with fine proportions and handsome ornamental workmanship.

The basement of the building is large and deep. In a wide passage that runs lengthwise throughout the middle of it are placed three large furnaces, by which the whole building is warmed through flues and gratings in the side walls. For the furnaces coke is used, which is burnt and prepared for this purpose by the paupers and help at the county home. On each side of the passage where the furnaces are placed there is a row of ten heavy stone arches, making in all twenty arches. The basement is as cool as a cellar in summer, and very warm and comfortable in winter. The approach to the main entrance to the courthouse on the southern side is by a series of a dozen or more heavy stone steps, which extend along the whole front, and reach from the pavement to a stone platform. Several more steps lead from the platform to three large double doors, which open into a wide vestibule. Two massive pillars, more than a yard square, support the arched ceiling at the back of the vestibule, and offer access by three openings to the main passage of the edifice.

The main passage is cruciform. The stem of the cross runs from south to north, and the transept from east to west. On passing the pillars of the vestibule, within recesses to the right and left hand are two flights of stairs that ascend and wind about the walls until they reach the second floor and the lobby before the court-room. At an advance of some few feet from the bottom of the stairs, and south of the transept, on the right hand, are two doors that open into the offices of the treasurer and commissioners. North of it, and on the other side of the transept, arc two doors that lead into the offices of the clerk of the courts and prothonotary. On the left hand side of the stem of the cross, and south of the transvere arm, are the two doors of the arbitration-room, opposite those of the treasurer's and commissioners' offices. North of the transept are two doors that open into the offices of the sheriff and register. A stairway at the northern end leads to the jury-rooms and court-rooms on the second floor. As you enter from Main Street into the transept, a door on the north side opens into the clerk's office, and one on the south side into the commissioners' office. Both the stem and the transept have doors at all the ends, or cardinal points of the compass, and both are paved with small square and octagonal colored English tiles, which are intended to represent counterpanes. The arbitration-room is also thus paved. The cruciform passage is ten feet wide and about fifteen feet high, and is brilliantly lighted in every part by gas through the means of pendants.

On a level with the second floor, and above the vestibule, is a portico, whose roof is supported by four large fluted columns, with ornamented cast-iron capitals. The portico is about thirty feet in length, twelve in width, and twenty in height. The floor is flagged, and the roof covered with metallic fire-proof sheeting. There is no access into this fine, airy, handsome portico except through windows that open through the main wall of the building from the lobby before the court-room. In summer-time innumerable birds, sparrows, martins, and pigeons roost here, and even build their procreant cradles under the overhanging eaves of this temple of justice.

After passing the lobby on the second floor one enters the court-room. It is about sixty feet in length, forty-five in width, and twenty-four in height. The room is not well adapted for a display of oratory, for which many reasons have been assigned, the most probable of which is that it is so high, and there are so many angles, caused by the recesses of the windows, that the voice is lost or broken, and reverberates upon itself. The platform where the judge sits is at the north end of the room. At this end about one-third of the floor of the room is elevated above the remainder, so as to form a kind of dais or estrade. The dais is surrounded with, balusters, and upon it are chairs for lawyers, clients, and jurymen. Outside of the balustrade the rest of the room is occupied by nave, aisle, and pews, like those in churches, only that the hinder pews are elevated about the height of a foot above those in front. On entering the room, at the south side a nave of the width of five or six feet leads nearly to the bottom of the balustrade. Along the walls on the east and west sides are aisles, and between the nave and them are double rows of pews, making four rows in all. Each pew will comfortably contain nine persons. There are sixty-four pews, and so seats are provided for five hundred and seventy-six persons, exclusive of those who can be seated within the balustrade.

The room is lighted at night with two gas candelabra on the judge's bench, and with three chandeliers. There are from six to ten globes on each chandelier. By day it receives light from fourteen windows, being seven on each side. The windows are fifteen feet in height and four in width.

The original frescoing of this room was very tasty, and cost the county four hundred dollars. It was done by a foreign artist, Signor Michel. But the mortar of the walls being defective it gave way, and necessitated a new coating, the frescoing of which was executed in an inferior manner. At present the ceiling is lined with boards, and it and the walls now carry the third coat of colors.

The belfry is some twenty feet in diameter, and the floor and roof are both covered with fire-proof iron and tin plates. The view from the belfry is noble and beautiful,

On the eastern and western sides of the court-house runs a stone wall surmounted by a handsome iron railing. Along Main Street the wall is from three to six feet in height, and is twenty feet distant from the house: Along the western or alley side the wall rises

428 - HISTORY OF WESTMORELAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

to fifteen or twenty feet in height, and on both sides it is some twenty or thirty feet longer than the courthouse itself. Between the wall and the court-house on both sides terraces have been formed, walks paved with stone, and the remaining space has been sown with grass and planted with shade-trees. The entire railing cost eleven hundred and seventy-nine dollars.

This is the court-house, a grand and handsome and costly building, which is an ornament to the town of Greensburg, and a matter of honest pride to the public-spirited citizens of Westmoreland.

SHERIFF'S HOUSE AND JAIL.

Intimately connected with the court-house are the sheriff's house and the common jail. Prior to 1854 the sheriffs rented their own houses, but then, in accordance with the provisions of an act of Assembly, a public or official house was erected for the use of the sheriff.

The sheriff's house of Westmoreland stands on West Pittsburgh Street, with only an alley intervening between it and the wall of the court-house. It is a plain two-story brick building. Behind and connected with it is the county jail. A large iron grating, with a grated door inside, separates the entry of the sheriff's house from that of the jail. The jail is small, badly lighted, and ill ventilated. There are four dungeon cells in the basement, ten cells on the first floor, and ten on the gallery. It is indeed a miserable place, and is said to be far inferior to the old jail in all that respects security, size, salubrity, ventilation, light, and convenience. The whole place is so marked by vileness and meanness that a Christian man could wish his worst enemy no worse quarters. It is, moreover, so insecure that it has led to the remark that those who had the planning of it must have been thieves in their hearts, and intended at some future day to escape from it, and thus avoid the consequences of a felonious taking of somebody's goods and chattels. It has been regularly condemned by every grand-jury who have inspected it, and it is an eye-sore and a disgrace to the people of the county.

POOR-HOUSE.

"The poor ye have with you always." The old system of maintaining the paupers of the county was so liable to objections on the ground of inhumanity, inconvenience, trouble, and litigation that some citizens, moved by considerations of charity and public spirit, obtained the passage of an act by the Legislature to provide for the erection of a house for the accommodation and employment of the poor, if the project was approved by the sense of the people of the county, expressed in regular form at the ordinary annual election. The act was passed and approved

on the 5th of April, 1849, by the Governor of the Commonwealth. It consists of nineteen sections, and its provisions are full, clear, and stringent, embracing the purchase of farm, erection of buildings, election of directors, appointment of physician; matron, and steward, management and treatment of poor, and penalties for neglect of or non-compliance with official duties.

By the first section Benjamin Byerly, John Kuhns, Sr., John Trout, Samuel Hill, Thomas Trees, John C. Plumer, Henry McBride, Robert Hitchman, Joseph Budd, John McFarland, John Hill, Joseph Cook, Joseph Jack, John A. Hays, and Jacob Dible were appointed commissioners, and charged with the duty of purchasing, on or before the 1st of January, 1850, such real estate as they may deem necessary for the accommodation of the poor of Westmoreland.

By, the last section it is provided that the vote of the people be taken at the election in October, 1849, on the subject matter of the act, by tickets labeled on the outside " For a Poor-House" and "Against a Poor-House," and if, on casting up the ballots by the return judges, a majority be found in favor of a poorhouse the act was to take effect, but if a majority was against it the act was to be considered null and void.

As the people, actuated by good sense and benevolence, decided in favor of the erection of a poorhouse, the commissioners recited in the act proceeded to discharge the duties enjoined upon them. On the 30th of November, 1849, they entered into and mutually signed articles of agreement with William Snyder, of Hempfield township, for the purchase of a tract of land situate in the same township and containing one hundred and eighty acres, for the sum of six thousand dollars. Snyder agreed to give possession on the 1st of April, 1850, and to make the commissioners who acted on behalf of the county a good and sufficient deed of warranty. According to the provisions of the act of Assembly, three directors were elected in the fall of 1850, who, in discharge of their official duties, proceeded to procure the erection of a building suitable for the reception of the poor of the county on the tract of land bought by the commissioners. The whole amount expended in the erection of the first poor-house was $9092.24 ; $1375 were paid to Ramsey for brick, $7350 to Bryan on contract, and $367.24 for extra work.

These buildings were totally destroyed by fire on the 20th of August, 1862. The fire originated a little before noon from a spark from a chimney, which ignited the cupola. Notwithstanding all efforts to save it the interior part of the building was consumed. The contents of the house, however, were saved, excepting a cooking-stove, which had fire in it, and two or three old bedsteads.

On the next day a number of the paupers were brought to Greensburg, and domiciled in the county jail until arrangements had been made for their welfare elsewhere.

Immediately after the destruction of the buildings a contract was made with Lyon & Bierer for the erection of a new, or rather the rebuilding of the

COUNTY BUILDINGS - 429

former house ; for the brick walls had been but slightly injured by the fire. The new house cost in all, including both main contract and extra work, $5716.50. It thus appears that in the purchase of the poor-house farm, the original erection and subsequent rebuilding of the house, more than $20,000 have been expended.

That building in its turn was destroyed by fire in December, 1878. We shall, however, say something of it, as in its day it was regarded as a great institution.

The house extended one hundred feet in length from north to south, by fifty feet in breadth from east to west. It was built of brick, and was three stories in height. It was regarded as possessing many advantages of light and ventilation, which, however, closer scrutiny and comparison would not justify us in repeating. In addition to the windows in the gable ends, there were three rows of large windows on each side of the two main sides. Besides the wide doors by which one entered into the halls, there were ten windows in the rows of the first, twelve in the second, and thirteen in the third stories. In addition to the garret and attic, the house contained three principal divisions. The entrance to the first or basement part was by doors level with the ground at the gable ends, or by stairs which descended from the upper portions of the house. In this part was a large room, furnished with huge chests or bunks for flour and other provisions, and kitchen for the family of the steward, a general kitchen, washing- and baking-rooms, and an entry with five cells on each side, intended for the confinement of very refractory inmates, or for those insane paupers whose conduct made it necessary to keep them separate from the other inmates and occasionally to keep them in close custody. On the west side of the hall was a large dining-room, where all the paupers, except the sick, could eat at the one time. There also were the steward's office, a storeroom for dry-goods, clothes, groceries, and a room for women. On the eastern sides were two rooms for the private apartments of the steward, and four rooms, with four beds in each, for women. In the third part there was a large hall exactly similar to the one in the story below it, with five doors on each side that opened into the bedrooms of different sizes, intended for the use of the male paupers. Each room had a fireplace, and was supplied with from three to half a dozen of beds, with tables and chairs. A large room on the northwest corner in this division was used as an infirmary. The beds of the sick were placed in a row, with chairs between for clothes, and small tables at the foot.

A writer, in an account of the condition of the old poor-house, written in 1865, gives the following facts:

" As there is abundance of both wood and stone-coal on the farm, the poor-house

is as well warmed in winter as it is ventilated in the summer. There are large stoves in the infirmary, and in the hall before the

- 28 -

sleeping-rooms of the male paupers. There are grates and stoves in all the rooms, and immense fires are kept up in the general kitchen and washing-room. The inmates are furnished with coarse but very comfortable clothes and shoes whenever they need them. Their food is better in qtiality and cookery than that of many poor families. They are allowed three full meals every day, consisting of bread, flesh, soup, and vegetables. At two of the meals they are furnished with fresh meat and coffee. One plug of tobacco is given every week to those who use the weed, and to the working-men more is given, according to their labor'and apparent wants. In harvest and at thrashing and other heavy work the more generous stewards, at their own expense, have been accustomed to give whiskey in moderate quantities to those whose former habits made them require some stimulation under the pressure of labor.

" At the present time there are," he continues, "some one hundred and fifteen men, women, and children in the poor-house. This number is from time to time increased or diminished by admissions and discharges, and in the winter season it usually rises to one hundred and fifty or thereabouts. Of the present inmates forty-four are women, fifty men, and the remainder children. There are ten women with young children. The paternity of these is not certainly known, and it may be safely presumed that they are all illegitimate. There are twelve insane and idiotic women and girls, and six insane and idiotic men and boys. Among the women are some clean and good-looking girls, whose virtue having become too relaxed, and having suffered in consequence, they are undergoing a course of material and moral astringents."

By section third of the act of the 5th of April, 1849, relative to the Westmoreland poor-house, the directors elected by the people are constituted a body politic, with all the powers incident to an incorporate existence. They are empowered annually to appoint a treasurer, who shall give bond and security, and to employ and remove at pleasure physicians, surgeons, stewards, matrons, and all other attendants that may be necessary for the health and comfort of the poor. They are empowered to bind out as apprentices all such poor children as may come under their authority, provided that the apprenticeship of the male ceases at the age of twenty-one years, and that of the females at the age of eighteen years. By section tenth provision is made to guard the poor against any tyranny, harsh treatment, carelessness, or misconduct on the part of the officials who have the daily superintendence of the paupers. It is as follows :

" A quorum of said directors shall, and they are hereby enjoined and required to, meet at the said house of employment at least once in every month, and visit the apartments, and see that the poor are comfortably supported, and hear all complaints and redress, or cause to be redressed all grievances that

430 - HISTORY OF WESTMORELAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

may happen by the neglect or misconduct of any person or persons in their employment or otherwise."

The mode of keeping the poor now is a great improvement on the old plan, under which paupers were sold out to the lowest bidders in their respective townships, and kept on the coarsest and worst food in garrets and outhouses. The erection of a house for their keeping and employment was a design worthy of an elevated benevolence and enlightened Christianity. In it they have warm clothing, good shelter, abundance of wholesome food, and a physician, medicines, and attendance in sickness. To these things are added the solace of company and the consolations of religion. The poor often are not criminal, but simply imprudent and unfortunate. There are many worse men and women prosperous in the world and respectable in society than any of those within the walls of the poor-house, and the gate of heaven is not more easily entered by the rich than it is by these poor, humble penitents in this monastery of St. Lazarus.

The Westmoreland poor-house is about two miles and a half south of the town of Greensburg, and within a hundred yards of the Southwest Railway and of the road which leads to Mount Pleasant. The present building is built near the site of the former one, upon the eastern verge of a level space of ground that descends on the east into a vale through which runs a brook, and ascends on the west into undulating and hilly ground. The house faces to the rising sun, and commands a fine and pleasant prospect, especially in a southern direction. The situation of the house is commendable, not only on account of the view, but on account of the ample ventilation. It is reached from the platform of the railroad by several flights of stairs, which have along either side protecting rails. The home is a station for all trains of the Southwest Railway, and on its schedule is known as " County Home."

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURES OF WESTMORELAND COUNTY

HOME FOR THE YEAR 1881.

Credits of J. J. WIRSING, Treasurer of Poor-Fund

THE CATTLE SHOW.

The first effort of the agricultural people of the county to effect an organized society resulted in what was called " The Cattle Show."

In the Gazette for October 31, 1823, appears the following notice of the first meeting of the society:

"The Society for the Promotion of Agriculture and Domestic Manu. factures for Westmoreland County held their first annual exhibition in this place on Wednesday last. It rained almost the whole day, and it was extremely unpleasant to be out ; notwithstanding, an immense number of people were present- Many persons were prevented from bringing stock to the exhibition from the unfairness of the weather; but ws are happy to say that, for the first, it will bear comparison with many others. There were some fine cattle, and some very fine hope, among which we noticed one of Gen. Markle's, which weighed five hundred and seventy-four pounds. The specimens of domestic manufactures were exceedingly fine. The gypsy hat manufactured by Miss Weigley from the spear-grass was the prettiest thing of the kind imaginable."

Of this society A. W. Foster, Esq., was president, and John I. Scull, secretary.

At the second meeting of the society, Oct. 20, 1824, Andrew Findley, Jr., got he premium of five dollars for the greatest quantity of Indian corn raised on five acres, being seventy-four bushels of shelled corn per acre. Robert Jamison got two dollars and a half for the greatest quantity of potatoes raised on half an acre, being two hundred and two bushels.

Accordingly in the county papers for August the 24th, 1854, advertisements appeared with the following headings in display lines: " Westmoreland County Agricultural Society, The first annual fair of the Westmoreland County Agricultural Society will be held at Greensburg on Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, 11th, 12th, and 13th of October next. Premiums to the amount of five hundred dollars and upwards will be awarded for the best and second-best stock horses and mares ;" and so on for other horses, mares, cattle, sheep, swine, and poultry, for other specified products of the field, dairy, or shop. It also further set forth that besides the above, " the several committees have power to award discretionary premiums on all meritorious articles not enumerated in the premium list," and that " any person, by paying into the treasury of the society the sum of fifty cents, may become a member, which gives him and his family (this includes only the children in their minority) the privilege of admission into the fair-grounds at any time during the fair. It also gives him the privilege of entering his stock or other articles for exhibition without further charge."

It was further announced that a ladies' riding match was to come off on the second day of the fair at ten o'clock ; that an address would be delivered on the second day at two o'clock P.M. ; that a pk.wing match would come off on the last day of the fair ; and that a brass band had been secured for the occasion. It was also announced with great gravity that competition for premiums was open to all the States. This announcement was signed by John Eichar, J. C. Rankin, and J. W. Turney, committee of arrangements.

Some time later an effort was made to establish a local agricultural society at Mount Pleasant.

WOOL-GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

On Feb. 17, 1866, a meeting of some of the principal farmers of the southwestern portion of the county was held at Mount Pleasant to organize a woolgrowers' association. At the meeting a constitution was adopted and promulgated. The object of the association was declared to be to advance the interests of wool-growers in the district represented, and to cooperate with other similar societies in aid of State and national ,associations. The officers elected for the then ensuing year were : President, John D. McCaleb ; Vice-Presidents, Mount Pleasant township, Amos Trout ; East Huntingdon township, Tobias F. Landis ; South Huntingdon township, 0. P. Fulton ; Rostraver township, E. F. Houseman ; Sewickley township, P. S. Pool ; Hempfield township, J. Charles McCausland ; Unity township, Alexander Culbertson ; Donegal township, William Kessler ; Salem township, James Dickie ; Ligonier township, Hugh Little ; North Huntingdon township, John Blair ; Bell township, Maj. James Paul ; Derry township, Jesse Chambers ; Allegheny township, David Carr ; Corresponding Secretary, Daniel S. Tinstman ; Re-

432 - HISTORY OF WESTMORELAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

cording Secretary, Jacob B. Sherrick ; Treasurer, . William B. Neel.

WESTMORELAND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The following is the act to incorporate the Westmoreland County Agricultural Society :

"Section 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in General Assembly met, and is hereby enacted by the authority of the same, That George Rhey, D. W. Shryock, Thomas Donohoe, David Tinsman, George F. Huff, James C. Clarke, William S. Jackson, Alexander Kilgore, Israel Painter, John A. Byers, Amos Trout, William Bennett, Thomas C. Pollock, John Hargnett, John Agnew, C. R. Painter, Joseph Jack, C. S. Overholt, Alexander Culbertson, James A. Dick, John P. Kilgore, George Gallagher, George T. Paul, James Dickie, John Hugus, A. M. Fulton, Joseph Shepler, Robert Seaton, James Graham, Samuel Warden, John Irwin, Robert Smith, J. O. McCausland, F. Y. Clopper, John L. Bierer, C. H. Stark, William Donnelly, John L. Smith, Wm. B. Snodgrase, John W. Turney, John C. Rankin, Daniel Reamer, their succeseors and associates, be and the same are hereby made and conetituted a body politic and corporate by ths name and style of the Westmoreland County Agricultural Society, and by the said name they and their successors shall and may have perpetual succession, and shall be in law capable of sueing and being sued in ell courts and judicatories whatever, and also of contracting and being contracted, with relation to the business and objects of said corporation, as hereinafter declared; they may have a common Deal, and shall have power to lease and purchase, in fee simple or otherwise, such real estate in the county of Westmoreland as may be necessary for carrying on the business of said corporation or society; Provided, That they shall not at any one time hold more than one hundred acres of land; And provided farther, That the land so held shall be exempt from oounty and all other municipal taxes.

"SEC. 2. The object of said society is, end shall bo exclusively, to advance the interests of agriculture in said county.

"Sec. 3. That tho capital stock of said society shall be thirty thousand dollars, to be divided into shares of five dollars each, for which certificates shall be issued, sealed by the seal of said corporation, and signed by such officer or officers as may be designated by the by-laws, and which shall be assignable under such reg-ulations as the directors may eetablish for the same, and each share of stock shall entitle the holder thereof to one vote in all meetings and elections, and may be cut by duly consti-tuted proxy ; Prorided, That no person shall st any time hold more than one hundred sharee in his own right.

" SEC. 4. The foregoing named corporators, or a majority of them, shall, as soon as three thousand shares of stock are subscribed, give at least two weeks' previous notice in all the newspapers published in said county of the time and place, to be by them appointed, for the subscribers to meet in order to organize said society, and to choose by ballot, by a majority of the votes of subscribers to be cast at aaid election, nine managers, to serve until their successors shall be duly elected, which shall be annually on the first Monday of February thereafter, and said managers shall select one of their number president, end shall select a secretary and treaaurer to serve for the same term; the treasurer shall be required to give bond in such stint and with such eecurities as the board of managers shall approve; Provided, That at said first elec-tion no person who is not, in the opinion of a majority of the said cor-porator, present, a bona jIde and responsible subecriber shall be entitled to vote, and at all subsequent elections only such es may have paid their stock in full, or such portion as may have been called for by the man-agers.

" Sec. 5. That the board of managers of said society ahall have power to make by-laws for the. regulation and well-being of the society not in-consistent with the laws of the Commonwealth, and shall keep minutes of their proceedings, which shall at all proper times be open to the in-spection of the stockholders, and at the annual meeting aforesaid they shall make a full report of their transactions, and the condition of the society ; and they shall also have power to declare dividends of eo much of the net profits of the society as shall appear to them advisable, and at such tirnes and payable when the by-laws may fix.

" Sec. 6. That every person who shall have subscribed and paid the sum of ten dollars or upwarde to the association known as the Agricultural Society of Weatmoreland County shall be entitled to one share of the capital stock of this corporation or society for each sum of five dollars so paid; and every person who shall have paid the sum of one dollar to the name shall be entitled to one share of said stcck upon payrnent to this society the sum of four dollars.

" Sec. 7. That the said board of managers shall have power to alter or change the location of any public road or highway which may pass through or over any land.leased or purchased by them ; Provided, That they make and conetruct for the use of the public as good and convenient a road in every respect lathe roads so altered and changed; And provided further, That no such road shall be obstructed or interfered with until the said road shall hays been examined by three disinterested view era, to be appointed by the Court of Quarter Sessions of said county, who shall make report thereof, and such report shall be approved by said court, and the costs and expenses of said view shall be paid by said society.

" JOHN CLARK,

"Speaker of the House of Representatives.

"WILMER WORTHINGTON,

" Speaker of the Senate.

"Approved the seventeenth day of April, Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine.

"JOHN W. GEARY."

CHAPTER LII.

NOMENCLATURE.

THE subject of the origin and derivation of the names common to the nomenclature of our country hereabout is not wholly, as we apprehend it, without some interest. The names of nearly all our streams, mountains, and villages may be traceable to either an English or an aboriginal origin.

The names first given by the British to localittes and places which were named by them generally commemorated that of some prominent military officer or some civilian for the time being in favor. Thus Bouquet called the stockade fort which he erected at the Loyalhanna after Sir John Ligonier, an officer of distinction of French extraction, but in the service of England. with whom he had served in the Continental wars of Europe. This gave name to the village subsequently built near the old fort, and to the whole valley, a region of country which has always been regarded as a prominent, and indeed for 'certain occa-sions in early times, as a separate, if not an independent, portion of the county, cut off from the rest by great natural barriers.

The names of the original townships are but echoes of European names, and they involuntarily recall one's attention back to localities of an older date and more ancient history. These names, it must be remembered, were designated for the chief part by the Scotch-Irish, who for that matter here had cart,e blanche. This one fact, rightly considered, evidences the domination of that race. These names are mostly the repetition of the names of townships of the Scotch-Irish colonies in the eastern part of' Pennsylvania and in the adjacent parts of Maryland. " Hempfield" was the name of a township in Lancaster County, Pa., and also the name of a township in Mercer County. " Mount Pleasant" is the name of a township in Adams (formerly York) County, and of a hundred in Cecil County, Md. This name was transferred to Washington County, and to other Pennsylvania

NOMENCLATURE - 433

Scotch-Irish settlements. " Huntingdon," an English Cromwellian name, no doubt sacredly treasured by the descendants of the defenders of Londonderry and Enniskillen as the name of the manor-home of the Protector, was given to a township in Adams (formerly York) County. " Rostravor," " Rosstravor," or " Rostrevor," changed to " Rostraver," was a seaport town and watering-place in the County Down, Ireland. There is a monument erected there totheb memory of Gen. Ross, who was killed at the battle ofNorthh Point, near Baltimore, September, 1814. " Menallen" and " Springhill," now two Fayette County townships, but first known as Westmoreland townships, were named, the former after a township in Adams (formerly York) County, the latter by Col. George Wilson in commemoration of the locality in West Augusta County, Va., whither he had removed.'

With probably the exception of Westmoreland, Fayette, and Greene Counties, there are no other counties in Western Pennsylvania the names of whose townships or boroughs would alone indicate whence their first settlers came.'

Of the first three townships formed after the original ones that of " Derry" is in its name purely North Irish. " Salem" and " Unity" probably took their designation from the respective settlements about the churches of those names, which were the most prominent settlements within their limits at the date of their formation. Both the latter names are old and strictly orthodox. The name of " Donegal," too, was a favorite one in Scotch-Irish settlements, and is traceable to Ireland. It was the name of one of the congregations of the Old Redstone Presbytery, which has since been changed to that of Pleasant Grove. So, too, have the names of the earlier churches and congregations sometimes been perpetuated in those of settlements, of communities, of post-offices, and of villages. Hence is there " Congruity," " Chartier," " Bethel," " Sardis," and " Mount Pleasant," the last as it is applicable to the name of the borough of Mount Pleasant. That the old Mount Pleasant Church, a most noted landmark, was called after the name of the village is an erroneous notion to entertain. The truth is that Mount Pleasant congregation wassomethingg of an old congregation under the pastorate of Rev. Mr. Power when there certainly were not more than two or three cabins on the whole site of the present town. But the opposite to this, without any show of authority, has long obtained.

But the presence of that strange race of red men will never be effaced or forgotten among us so long as we retain the memorials of our written history or call our mountains and streams by the names they gave them.

1 See Judge Veech in Centenary Memorial, App. No. 4.

2 A township In Fayette is called "German" because settled by the Germans.

" Ye say they all have passed away,

That noble race andbravse ;

That their lightcanoess have vanished

From off the crested wave;

That midthse forests where they roamed

There rings no hunter's shout;

But their names are on your waters,

Ye may not wash them out."

The names of most of our streams in Western Pennsylvania are of Indian origin ; so, too, are the names of most of the more prominent mountains of the State. It has been remarked from a general observation that the most important contribution made by the aborigines to our language has been in their bestowing the names upon natural objects,—upon mountains, lakes, and streams.

Most of these Indian names in the region of Western Pennsylvania are from the dialect of the Lenni Lenapes, or Delawares, whose pronunciation was less abrupt, and whose idioms were more sentimental than that of their conquerors, the Iroquois, or Mingoes, whose ideas and words, on the opposite, partook of a warful character.

The origin of the name of one of our local streams has been the subject of much contention. The name of the Loyalhanna Creek has been variously accounted for, and we are not familiar with any that has been so maltreated, one so replete, as a philologist would say, with homonyms.

Some with ignorance and stupidity trace it to an English original, saying, for example, that it was named for Robert Hanna ; others erroneously purport that the old Indian name signifies " Clear running water ;" " while the legend," in the words of Dr. Frank Cowan, " which attributes the name to the faithful daughter of the last of the Indians hoo resided in the gorge, a certain Loyal Hanna' (mirable dictu!), who supported her father in the extremity of age with her bow and arrow (after he had been abandoned by the rest of his tribe), is on a par with the popular origin of the word Ligonier, namely, that an early hunter, shooting at a deer while the animal was scratching its ear with its hind foot, by chance killed it, perforating at the same time the Leg an' ear."' 3

The name Loyalhanna, from the best authorities, which are now recognized as satisfactory, is derived from an Indian compound word, "La-el Han-neck," which means Middle Creek. The word " Hanneck" is evidently the generic name for stream, creek, or river, and is to be found in Susquehanna, Meshannon, Mahoning, and in other names of streams throughout the State. The Loyalhanna appears to have been known by that name before the arrival of Bouquet there in 1758, as is evidenced in many old records, and by the narrative of Capt. James Smith, and the

3 "Poems, etc."" By Frank Cowan.

The " faithful daughter" story appeared on placard inviting pleasure-seekers, in the interest of the Ligonier Valley Railroad, to go to Idlewild. The leg-and-ear account was imparted to me in great confidence as an item of local information not nearly so generally known as its importance justified.

434 - HISTORY OF WESTMORELAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

narrative of John McCullough. With Capt. Smith's narrative most readers are familiar ; of McCullough's not so much is popularly known.

John McCullough was taken by the Indians in July, 1756, near Fort Louden, in York County. At that time he was quite young. He says 1 that the morning before they came to Fort Duquesne they came to Kee-ak-kshee-mannit-toos (Kiskiminetas), which signifies Cut Spirit, 2 an old town at the junction of La-el-han-neck, or Middle Creek, and Quin-nimmough-koong, or Can-na-maugh (Conemaugh), or Otter Creek. 3

McCullough in his narrative divides the words into syllables, and labors to give the pronunciation as like as possible to that of the Indian. Thus wigwam he writes weik-a-waum, and tomahawk, tim-ma-keek-can.

The name Loyalhanna is variously spelled by different authors and in old papers, as there was no uniform method of spelling proper names, and in the absence of any standard authority the writer made an effort to conform to the sound of the word.

Forbes in his letters and reports writes " Loyalhannon." In Washington's correspondence in Sparks' it is written " Loyal Hanna." Smith in the narrative has " Loyal Hannah." Smollet in his continuation of Hume's " History of England" calls it the stream "which was called by the aborigines' the " Lyel Anning." Some old warrants and surveys have " Lyelanna" and " Lyel-anning." In Frederick Post's Second Journal (1758) it is "Loyal Hanning." In so late a publication as the " St. Clair Papers" its ancient name is reproduced as " Lyal henning."

Kiskiminetas, as we now have it, was an old Indian name. The stream is called by Conrad Weiser (1748) " Kis-ke-min-e-toes." He was good authority, for he was Indian interpreter for the colonial government. " Kickena-pawling Old Town," called by Post (1758) " Keck-kek-ne-pol-in," was the site of an Indian settlement at the junction of Stony Creek with the Conemaugh. On this site is now the city of Johns. town, Cambria Co., which got its name from Joseph Johns, a hardy German, who settled there near a hundred years ago, and gave his name to the place, which the Welsh changed from Jahnstown to Johnstown. "Kis-ke-men-e-co" is also mentioned by Post (1758), as well as by McCullough, as an old Indian town, opposite the site of Saltsburg, but then lying waste. 4 These were Shawanese names and settlements. Among its many forms it has assumed these "Kiskiminites," " Kiskimintes," " Kiskiomeanity," " Kiskaminetas."

1 See narrative in "Border Life."

2 We confess ignorance of any such tutelary divinity among the aborigines, unless it was Indian for "Old Scratch."

3 If there was anything in the phonetics of a language by which one could establish the motive of those people in naming places and objects, one might suspect that this region of the Conemaugh and Kiskiminetas indicated " the place of large and small bull-frogs."

4 Rev. W. W. Woodend, D.D., a local historian and a scholar, in his centennial speech, delivered at Saltsburg, Indiana Co.,1876, says, "Even

Not less various, however, have been the forms in which Monongahela has appeared. In Washington's letter to Governor Hunter, 27th April, 1754, it is " Monongialo." In Scarroyady's address to the Provincial Council (1755) it is " Minongelo." In Albach's "Annals of the West" there are two spellings," Monongiala" and " Mohongely." It was also sometimes written " Mongolia," and many of the common people of Virginia corrupted it into " Monigehale," as they called Conococheague " Connikegig." The versatile Brackenridge has furnished the translation of several of the Indian names of the Western streams, sometimes with accuracy, and sometimes with a liberal poetic license. He says that Monongahela means falling-in banks or mouldering banks. Rather different, however, is the interpretation which is given by some other writers.

Writing of the derivation and the signification of these river names, Brackenridge says the word "Ohio" in some of the Indian languages means bloody, and, literally interpreted, the " River of Blood." As well established as is the fact that the name which the French gave it, " La Belle Riviere," has no affinity with the Indian name " Ohio," yet many persist in associating the meaning of the one name with the other. The Indian word " Ohio," whatever it originally may have meant, certainly was not their word used for beautiful.5 The word, in the language or, the Senecas, was " O-hee-yuh."

When McCullough was taken prisoner by the Indians, he narrates that when they came to the Allegheny River the Indian who claimed and adopted him took him by the hand and led him down to wash his white blood out in the water of the " Al-lee-gecon-ning," as he writes it, and which he says signifies "the impression made by the foot of a human being; for the reason, said they, that the land is so rich about it that a person cannot travel without leaving the mark of his feet." 6 According to Loskiel, the Allegheny was called by the Delawares, who inhabited the region about it, " Alligewisipo ;" but the Iroquois, or Mingoes, regarding it as a continuation of the larger stream, called it the Ohio. Most authorities trace the name Allegheny to a designation of the mountains, previously known to that of the river. Some writers and geographers, yet observing a distinction without a difference, write the last two syllables of the word which they use to designate the mountains " gha-ny," and the last two when they

the untutored aborigines of the country were not slow to discover the natural beauties and advantages of the place, and planted here amid the native forests one of their towns. Like its builders, every vestige of this ancient village has disappeared, and even its very name has been for. gotten."

This is ornate, but not correct. The name of the Shawanese Indian town still lives in the name of their river.

5 We are inclined to believe that "Ohio," in some form, is part of " Youghiogheny-"

6 Quere. If this was the case, must not the Allegheny Mountain have been named after the stream and taken their name from it?

NOMENCLATURE - 435

designate the river " ghe-ny." The spelling of the word varies now, and some good authorities write " Allegany," some "Allagany," and the same name for a county in New York is spelled differently in Pennsylvania. In the earlier documents it appears in sundry grotesque forms. We recall " Allegaening" in the "Message taken down by Edmund Cartlidge for Governor Thomas, April, 1730." 1

In some examples these earliest forms of the aboriginal names are probably the most correct, for the reason they were written thus with the special purpose of retaining their Indian designations. Thus it is asserted that Kittochtinny, the name of a famous landmark, a mountain, in one of the first purchases is more correct than Kittatiny, the name by which it was known on the deed to the whites ; and that the Indians could not recognize it by the name which Penn's officers gave it. It is likely that " Cat-tanyan," the name of the Indian village on the Allegheny River, as Smith in the narrative has it, approaches the original more nearly than " Kittanning."

No name, however, appears to have so misled our predecessors, and those who had occasion to use the word in writing, as the spelling of the river " Youghiogheny."

In the diary of a soldier who was in Braddock's army in the expedition in 1755, which diary is vol. 212 of the King's Library, London, it is spelled "Yoxhio Geni."

On Governor Pownell's map of the British Middle Colonies prior to the American Revolution it is spelled " Yochio Geni," and it would seem to have so designated a tribe of Indians about the lower portion of the stream, for when the river itself, or the creek, as he denominates it, is marked, as it is above Confluence or Turkey Foot, it is " Yaw-yaw-ganey," an orthography which savors faintly of a Teutonic original. 2 On this map Stewart's Crossings is called Stewart's Rift.

On a map in Ponchot's "Memoirs of the Late War in America," called Carte des .Frontieres Francoises, etc., it is spelled " Oxiogany."

In many of the earlier letters to and from the provincial authorities, and particularly in George Crogan's letters to Governor Morris, 1755, it is spelled and written " Yohiogain." In Crogan's Journal, 1751, it is " Yogh-yo-gaine."

In a deed between some Indians and others and Capt. Henry Monton, H.M.S. (His Majesty's service), recorded in Bedford County, 10th September, 1772, it is spelled " Yaughyagain."

A letter from Samuel Sackett (settled in laniontown, 1781, in 1778 removed to Georges Creek, Fayette Co., Pa.) published in the Pittsburgh Commercial Gazette, Oct. 26, 1880, is dated ". Shirtee (Chartier) Settlement, Yougang' County."

1 See Egle's " History of Pannsylvanla," 319.

2 Although this was in Somerset County it was before the Revolution.

Hildreth, in his " History of the United States," spells it " Youghiogeny."

Among the petitions to the earlier courts are the following various renderings : " Youghiagana," " Yougagany," " Youghiogeny." In the description of the first townships it is " Youghiogena."

A localism once obtained, which had its origin in convenience, if not in necessity. This was the naming of streams, which were at certain distances in particular directions from prominent points. The streams which flowed into the Loyalhanna were designated as Two-Mile Run, Four-Mile Run, Nine-Mile Run, TwelveiMile Run, Fourteen-Mile Run, and so on, because they were nearly those distances, respectively from Fort Ligonier, and that either at where they flowed into the Loyalhanna or where they were crossed by the main road. A person who resided near one of these streams was then addressed on letter by the name of the stream, and he dated his letter under the same name. Thus St. Clair sometimes writes from Loyalhanna, William Proctor and Archibald Lochry from the Twelve-Mile Run. So, too, was this method of naming streams followed by the settlers along the Monongahela and the Youghiogheny.

It will probably be admitted without dissension that the aboriginal names of these streams, both in sound and sense, are superior and preferable to the majority of the names of those designated by the practical first settlers. Of these we have Brush Creek', Bushy Run, Turtle Creek, Crooked, French, Mill, Tub, Pine, Stony, Redstone, Redbank, Crab, Goose, to which may be added the beautiful and ornate names of Whiskey, Tinker, Barren, Bloody, Roaring, Possum, Wild-Cat, and Hypocrite Runs.

The names given to streams and places by the first whites who named them were often done for conveniency. Thus names of camping-places and of passes, of mountains and springs, had for the most part to be coined by the officers and soldiers who came out in the first expeditions, and most of those who kept journals of their progresses, or diaries, or wrote letters while on their march, have, in the absence of certain authority, given different and original appellations to designate such places. In a journal of a soldier in Braddock's army, in the King's Library, before quoted, a small stream in their route is called " Thickety Run." Turkey Foot, sometimes called Crow Foot, as in Braddock's letter to,Governor Morris, July 6, 1755, was an appiopriate designation of the three streams which form the Youghiogheny, in Somerset County, and it was thus long known to the first settlers thereabout, and has been fixed in enduring annals. It was thus named from a fancied resemblance. It is now known as Confluence. Catfish was the ancient name of Washington Town, and was derived from the name of a Delaware chief who had his home there. That whole settlement was known as the Catfish settlement. The creek which flows past the town is called Catfish Creek.

436 - HISTORY OF WESTMORELAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

Jacobs Creek, in Westmoreland County, is called for Capt. Jacobs, a noted Indian chief, who had his lodges and pappooses betimes near it. Jacobs Swamp was the designation of a large body of land in East Huntingdon township, about Ruffi3dale, and is the name by which a portion of the land was patented. This stream in Governor Pownell's map of the colonies, 1776, is called Salt Lick Creek. This Capt. Jacobs is the same gentleman whose name was such a dreadful one to the frontier settlers after Braddock's defeat, who headed more than one marauding excursion, and who figured in the capture of Kittanning by Col. Armstrong in 1756. 1

The names by which some of the older landmarks and settlements were known to the first settlers have been in later times changed and altered. This has been done sometimes by corrupting them in an involuntary manner, sometimes by the common consent of those of the vicinage, and sometimes by legislative enactment. And in some instances it does not appear to have been done for the better, neither in the interest of good taste nor with a spirit of veneration, which, if it is apparent in a people at all, is apparent in a pride in and an attachment to old names for the association of ideas, and which must necessarily belong to the names of old places.

In some instances the beautiful and appropriate names given by the Indians have been abandoned, and in their stead have been substituted the names of cities, of mountains, and of divinities of the heathen mythology. And these we now use to designate railroad stations, post-offices, ferries, and cross-road villages. What shameless taste, partaking of effrontery, did it evidence to substitute Logan's Ferry to designate the crossing of the Allegheny River for the Indian name Pucketo, and to call a thrifty business town, noted chiefly for its trade in lumber, after that mountain in Greece sacred to one of the Muses, Parnassus. So, too, we now have Apollo for Johnson's, which was itself a bad name for Kiskimineto. Then we have Bethany, which was long used for the name of a village whose chief claim to notoriety was in the whiskey distillery then in operation within its sacred precincts, and Lycippus, the name of a celebrated sculptor of antiquity, for a post-office on a spur of the Chestnut Ridge, a name wholly inappropriate to the locality, and which has suffered beyond endurance at the hands, or rather mouths, of an unappreciative populace, who by a concatenation between words and ideas are forever associating it with a certain scorbutic disease, calling it Erysipelas, and, more horrid still, Lycippius. Neither is there any congruity in calling

1 This heroic personage might have been to the Indians a "great chief," but as a "captain" he was one of Doll Tearsheet's kind. The body of the Indian killed there was identified by a pair of long military boots which he had on, and which had belonged to Lieut. Alexander. He could not escape with them on, and was slain in trying to get them off. At that time he was not iu " good standing." He was a small man. There was, however, another Capt. Jacobs, probably his son.

one suburb of Greensburg Mudtown, and another Paradise ; one suburb of Mount Pleasant, Texas, and another, Bunker Hill.

It was a custom of the Land Office to designate tracts of land in the patents from the State by certain and several names. If this 'subject should be followed up it would be a diversion enjoyable. Thus a tract of land near the Ridge Church, in Mount Pleasant township, upon which Mr. Isaac Smail has been boring for oil, is called " Shakespeare." The lands of the Benedictine monastery of St. Vincent, wherein are the cloisters of the celibates, was patented under the name of "Sportsman's Hall."

Beaver Run and Beaver Dam, a landmark on Jack's Run, were evidently named after the presence of those rodents, which in early times were numerous in all our streams. Their "slides" have been seen at Beaver Dam by many persons still living. Post, in 1758, mentions the fact that there were numerous beaver-dams in this part of the country, and particularly one of them near their camp, not far from Laurel Hill.

After the Revolution the names partook of a distinct American characteristic, and then Washington, Franklin, Greene, Adams, Jackson, and the rest came in.

CHAPTER LIII.

SPECIAL BIOGRAPHIES.

John Covode—Alexander Johnston—William Freame Johnston—John White Geary—Hon. James Keenan—Richard Coulter Drum—Commomodore John Bonnett Marchand—Dr. Joseph Meredith Toner.

HON. JOHN COVODE.

THE Hon. John Covode was one of the most re markable men whom Pennsylvania has ever produced. It is not the purpose of this sketch to present a minute record of his life, tell " the long story of struggles and triumphs" which marked his way from boyhood to the grave, and go into the analysis of his character by the comparison of it with that of other men of force and distinction, or speculate upon the value of Mr. Covode's services to his constituents and the country during his congressional career. A plain statement of the most prominent facts of his career must for the most part suffice the reader of this.

Mr. Covode, who died Jan. 11, 1870, was born in Westmoreland County, March 17, 1808. His father was Jacob Covode, a son of Garret Covode, a native of Holland, who was, when a child, kidnapped in the streets of Amsterdam by a sea-captain, who brought him to Philadelphia, and under then existing laws sold him into bondage as a " redemptioner," in which condition he was held for some years after arriving at manhood, and was employed as a domestic servant in the household of Gen. Washington. He died in 1826 at the advanced age of ninety-four years. The

SPECIAL BIOGRAPHIES - 437

name of Garret Covode does not necessarily represent that of the Hollandish family from which he was born, for it was coined or originated by the sea-captain who stole him, and by him conferred upon the boy.

The mother of John Covode, and whose maiden name was Updegraff, was a Quaker, and it is among the traditions of her family that two of her ancestors, together with a person named Wood, prepared and published a protest against the decision of William Penn recognizing the legality of negro slavery. This protest is said to have been the first anti-slavery manifesto published in this country.

Mr. Covode received only a limited education in the schools. He was brought up on a farm, and afterwards learned the trade of woolen manufacturing, which business he conducted for forty years, but he pursued other avocations at the same time. He was a contractor early in life, connected vrith the public works of the State, was one of the first to encourage the building of the State canal, and after its comple-tion he engaged in the transportation business, and commanded the first section boat which went over it from Philadelphia to the interior of Ohio. In short, his was an active, earnest life of varied labor before he became a public man, as well as after he entered upon the career of politics which made his fame national.

The first note we have regarding Mr. Covode as a candidate for political office indicates the date of 1845, and states that he was then the Whig candidate for the State Senate in a very strong Democratic district, and that the second time he was nominated he came so near being elected that the Democracy, then in power in the State, alarmed at his growing popularity, changed his district. He was then taken up by his party and was elected to Congress in 1854 from the Twentieth District, and was re-elected in 1856, 1858, and 1860. In 1866 and in 1868 he was sent to Congress from the Twenty-first District (under the new apportionment). In 1860 he was a prominent candidate for nomination for Governor, and also in 1863. In 1860 he was president of the convention that nominated Governor Geary. In 1869 he was chairman of the Republican State Committee, and held that position when he died.

Mr. Covode was conspicuous in connection with stirring events prior to and throughout the period of the Rebellion. As chairman of. the Lecompton Investigating Committee in 1858 he won a national reputation, which was made more secure by, his services as member of the committee of Congress to inquire into the conduct of the war, and by his conspicuous and valuable services in support of the government. Few men labored as zealously as did he in behalf of the government during the trying times of the Rebellion, or had better knowledge than had he of the interior workings of the immense enginery em-ployed by the government to suppress the Rebellion. He had the confidence of many of the most important actors in that eventful period, and by his great energy, quick perception, and knowledge of human character was able to render many important services to the nation, which were recognized and appreciated by those in power.

Mr. Covode was a man of strong sense, and possessed the faculty of combination to an unusual degree ; that is, he was what is known in the vernacular of politicians as a " wire-puller" of extraordinary capacity ; could pull more wires, and pull them more persistently and cleverly, than most men. He was fruitful in resources and untiring in whatever he undertook. He was a good neighbor and a fast friend.

ALEXANDER JOHNSTON.

The paternal ancestors of Alexander Johnston, Esq., were originally from Annandale, Scotland, where they at one time possessed the estates of Brackenside ; but the head of the house, Alexander Johnston, being killed at the battle of Fontenoy, on the 30th of April, 1745, where he was serving as a captain of Welsh Fusiliers in the British service, the estate fell into dispute, and finally, through political strife, was lost, and the family settled in Ireland. There Alexander Johnston was born on the 10th of July, 1773, in County Tyrone, Barony of Omagh, and parish of Killskerry, at a place called Scar Brae, which two miles from Lowtherstown, five miles from Enniskillen, and near the border of the County Fermanagh, and died at Kingston House, near Youngstown, July 16, 1872, aged ninety-nine years and six days. He emi-grated to America in 1797, just one year before the great rebellion of 1798. Departures for America were then rare to what they are at present, and so, owing to this, to personal friendship and the ties of kindred, Mr. Johnston was accompanied on his road for some miles by the members of the Masonic brotherhood, to which he belonged, and also by a company of cavalry, of which he had been a member. He sailed from Londonderry and landed in Philadelphia ; from thence he went to Carlisle, Pa., where a cousin, Gen. William Irvine, lived, who, having commanded at Fort Pitt, and knowing Western Pennsylvahia, advised him t,o go to that part of the State. In pursuance of his ad-vice he crossed the Allegheny Mountains to West-moreland, and after a short time went to Butler County, where he located himself on a tract of pre-emption lands then offered to actual settlers. Be-coming dissatisfied he returned to Westmoreland, made the acquaintance of William Freame, a Belfast Irishman, which led to his marriage with Mr. Freame's second daughter, Elizabeth, and located himself in Greensburg.

William Freame had been a private in the British army in 1776, and came t,o America in the army under Wolfe. At the peace of 1763 between Great Britain and France he accepted, with many of his comrades, the proposition of the English government to remain

438 - HISTORY OF WESTMORELAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

in the colonies. He settled first in Lancaster County, where he married Elizabeth Johnston, who had emigrated. from Ireland with her father in 1782. This branch of the Johnston family settled in Kentucky and North Carolina.

The issue of the marriage of Alexander Johnston with Elizabeth Freame was eight sons and two daughters. The two eldest sons were educated at West Point, and served as commissioned officers in the regular army. The youngest, Richard, was a volunteer in the Mexican war. Before its close he was appointed a lieutenant in the regular army, and was killed at the head of his company, while storming the enemy's works at Molino del Rey. Hon. Edward Johnston resides in Iowa. The remaining sons living are residents of this State and county. The biographies of two of them, Hon. William F. Johnston and Col. John W. Johnston, will be found elsewhere in this work: The physical stature of the sons was remarkable, varying in height from six feet to six feet six inches, and in weight from two hundred to two hundred and fifty pounds.

After residing a number of years in Greensburg he removed to Pittsburgh and engaged in the mercantile business. In this he was prosperous, but tempted by the high price of iron, owing to the prospect of war and its actual effects, he bought up a large tract of mountainous land in Unity, Derry, and Ligonier townships, Westmoreland Co., erected a forge and rolling-mill, removed to Kingston, and became an ironmaster. His iron-works were called " Kingston," because the name of the tract of land on which they were located had been so designated in the patent. The enterprise did not succeed. Kingston iron was not estimated at full price in the market. Iron fell in price, and Mr. Johnston became not only disheartened at the result but involved in pecuniary affairs. The turnpike road being located alongside of his mansion house, he rented his works and converted his house into a tavern.

After some years he returned to Greensburg, and acted as justice of the peace until his appointment as register and recorder by Governor Wolf. Mr. Johnston had, indeed, been quite an active politician. He acted with the Federal party till its final dissolution, voting for Andrew Gregg, the last Federal candidate in Pennsylvania. He became a Jackson man in 1824, and acted and voted with the Democrats against the anti-Masons and National Republicans. He held several offices,—sheriff by election, justice of the peace, treasurer, and register and recorder by appointment. The dates of his commissions for these respective offices are as follows : sheriff, Nov. 4, 1807 ; justice of the peace, Oct. 24, 1822 ; treasurer, Dec. 27, 182627 ; register, etc., Jan. 21, 1830. In the latter office he served for six years, when he returned to his mountain home, Kingston, a place peculiarly adapted to retirement, and where he resided until his death.

He is said to have been at his death the oldest living Mason in the United States. As one of that fraternity he was admitted in Ireland ; walked in a Masonic procession as early as 1795, on the festival of St. John the Baptist. He organized, under special authority from the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, the lodge at Greensburg:and also, by deputation, the lodge at Somerset.

Having been honored by his fellow-citizens with offices of honor and profit, he never transcended his trust or stopped short in his line of duty. Having their confidence, he was always foremost in anything projected for their welfare and the advancement of common interests. In his business connections he was exact to the cent, and of all his many employes not one, perhaps, can say but that he got his due. His owu comfortable fireplace felt better as he knew that those connected with him were likewise from want. Occupying public positions as he did, and having many depending upon him as he had through such a long life, he exercised great influence, and certainly great influence for good. His manners were most affable.' It mattered not whether to rich or poor, woman or child, he had to all an agreeable way ; not stiff and dignified, but urbane and unassuming. Neither did infirmity or any untoward cause make a change in his demeanor. His disposition was social, and, especially in his latter days, nothing pleased him so much as agreeable company. It is natural of old age to seek rest, Nestor-like, in the bosom of their family, or in communing with people of their own years, but he took great pleasure in converse with the young, an evidence of the vigor of his mind, and always to their advantage, for he had encouragement and advice through which one might see high moral principle, patriarchal patriotism, and the wise experience of three generations of men. Thus, courteous in his manners, benevolent in his acts, charitable to the poor, Christian in his walk, he wore with venerable simplicity the dignity of " spotless gentlerpan,"—a dignity that needs no robe of office to make it honorable.

His memory was stored with personal anecdotes, and replete with historical reminiscences, drawn in part from reading, and in part from personal recollections. He took great pleasure in conversing on these subjects, and having been a close observer, his mind was a microcosm of the greatest historical century in the annals of time. He remembered the ringing of the bells and the shouts and the bonfires by which the people in Ireland rejoiced when they heard the news of the signing of the treaty of peace at Versailles and the termination of the Revolutionary war. Speaking to the writer of this notice, he said he distinctly recollected hearing the watchmen of their native town call out the hour of the night and the surrender of Cornwallis to Washington at Yorktown, which was joyful news, as many Irishmen were on both sides. And this was after the surrender of the empire at Sedan. So great was his age that

SPECIAL BIOGRAPHIES - 439

he could have heard the first click of the musket on that spring morning at Lexington that startled the world, and after deluging it in blood ceased not to reverberate till the sinister sun went down on that June evening on the shattered columns of the Imperial Guard at Waterloo, an epoch that will always fill a page in the history of the world. When the Corsican Napoleon died he was entering vigorous manhood.

The most casual observer could see as a predominant trait in his character a strong love for his adopted country and its institutions, and although he warmed with native patriotism in recalling the dead—Emmett, Grattan, Burke—men cotemporary with himself, yet Ireland was not to him as America. For the one he grieved ; in the other was his most ardent expectation. He was truly American. When he set his foot in America he shook off the rust and moth of prejudice and felt himself a free man.

The evening of his life was such as old age might ever wish for. He possessed all his faculties unimpaired, and physical decline came slowly as he neared his rounding century. All his children, and many of his grandchildren, stood around his death-bed. Death itself stole gradually over his limbs till, on the evening of the 16th of July, as the day went out the light went out, and with the closing shadows the spirit of the patriarch walked into the shades among his fathers.

"Of no distemper, of no blast he died,

But, fell like autumn fruit that mellowed long,

Even wondered at because he dropt no sooner.

Fate seemed to wind him up for fourscore years,

Yet freshly ran he twenty winters more,

Till, like a clock worn out with eating time,

The wheels of weary life at last stood still."

WILLIAM FREAME JOHNSTON,

William Freame Johnston, the third Governor of Pennsylvania under the constitution of 1838, from July 9, 1848, to Jan. 20, 1853, was born at Greensburg, Westmoreland Co., on the 29th of November, 1808. He was the son of Alexander Johnston, Esq., of Kingston House, Unity township, and of his wife, Elizabeth Freame, and an account of his ancestry will be found in the sketch of Alexander Johnston, which has just been given. The subject of this sketch was in early boyhood taught by a kind and good mother that the cardinal duties were to obey God's commands, to honor parents, and to love native country. His common school and academic education was limited, but he had from youth an ardent taste for reading, and being blessed with vigorous powers of mind and body, he was enabled by great diligence to acquire a vast fund of information, which served him instead of elaborate training. He studied law under Maj. John B. Alexander, and was admitted to the bar in May, 1829, in his twenty-first year. Shortly afterwards he removed to Armstrong County, where he engaged in the practice of law, soon rising to a position of commanding influence. He was appointed by Attorney-General Samuel Douglass, and subsequently by Attorney-General Lewis, district attorney for Armstrong County, which office he held until the expiration of Governor Wolf's first term. For several years he represented the county in the Lower House of the Legislature, and ih 1847 was elected a member of the Senate from the district composed of the counties of Armstrong, Indiana, Cambria, and Clearfield.

As a legislator, Mr. Johnston was bold and original, not beholden to precedents, and was an acknowledged leader. During the financial crisis which arose during the Presidency of Martin Van Buren many expedients were adopted and many plans proposed to alleviate the wide-spread effects of that disaster. Then Mr. Johnston came forward with a proposition to issue relief notes, for the payment or refunding of which the State pledged its faith. This he advocated with his usual energy and logical acuteness, and though a majority of the Legislature was politically opposed to him, it was adopted and gave instant relief. It was designed as a temporary expedient, and as such was remarkably successful. As the originator of this measure and its special advocate, he acquired a reputation for financial skill and ability throughout the Commonwealth, its fortunate result serving only the more widely to circulate his fame.

In 1847, Mr. Johnston was elected president of the, Senate. By a provision of the constitution, if any vacancy occurred by death or otherwise in the office of Governor, the Speaker of the Senate should become the acting executive officer. Governor Shunk, in the extremity of an incurable disease, resigned his office on the last day possible to allow of a new choice at the ensuing fall election, and that day was Sunday. From this complication of affairs arose questions of great constitutional importance. It appeared to be a good opinion that the Speaker of the Senate could hold the office of acting Governor until the election of the next year, but not wishing to hold the office one moment longer than the popular will seemed to dictate, he determined to avoid every occasion of a charge of selfishness and ordered the immediate election. The election thus ordered resulted in the choice of Mr. Johnston for the full term of three years.

He early and persistently, as Governor, took an active and very material interest in the development of the mining and manufacturing interests of the State, and his messages evince the solicitude he had for the public prosperity, and are standing memorials of his practical business and financial views. In all things he was jealous of the honor and renown of the Commonwealth, but he was particularly solicitous for the safety of the records of the Colonial and State government, which until his time existed only in manuscript. In his message of 1851 he recommended that those records worth preservation should he arranged, edited, and printed at the expense of the State. In

440 - HISTORY OF WESTMORELAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

compliance with this recommendation, an act was passed authorizing the appointment of a suitable agent to select and superintend their publication. Mr. Samuel Hazard, a gentleman of taste and ability well suited to the execution of the trust, was delegated, and under his supervision twenty-eight volumes of "Colonial Records" and " Pennsylvania Archives," containing a vast amount of original papers of incalculable value and interest, were published.

Governor Johnston deserved much credit for the successful manner in which he managed the financial affairs of the State during his administration. Upon his accession the debt was over forty millions, having been increased eighteen millions during the preceding nine years. The interest on this vaSt sum was regularly paid.

His political course during his first term bad been so satisfactory to the party by whom he was supported that he received the nomination for re-election, but was defeated by a small majority. Upon retiring from office he entered upon an active business life, and was engaged at different periods in the manufacture of iron, boring for salt, the production of oil from bituminous shales, and latterly in refining petroleum. Under his presidency the Allegheny Valley Railroad was constructed from Pittsburgh to the town of Kittanning. During the civil war he took an active part in organizing troops, and, as chairman of the Executive Committee of Public Safety, superintended the construction of the defenses at Pittsburgh. In connection with Mr. John Harper, he became responsible for the ammunition which was sent to West Virginia at a critical juncture in the fortunes of that State, and which materially aided in preserving it from being overrun by the Confederates. He was appointed by President Andrew Johnson collector of the port of Philadelphia, the duties of which office he for several months discharged, but through the hostility of a majority of the Senate to the President he was rejected by that body, though ample testimony was given that the office was faithfully and impartially administered.

He was married on the 12th of April, 1832, to Miss Mary Monteith. The offspring of this marriage were five sons and two daughters. 1

JOHN WHITE GEARY,

Governor of Pennsylvania from Jan. 15, 1867, to Jan. 21, 1873, was the youngest of four sons, and was born near New Salem, 2 in Westmoreland, on the 30th of December, 1819. The family was originally Scotch-Irish, but for several generations his ancestors had enjoyed the privileges of American birth. Richard

1 We have drawn largely in this sketch from the very valuable and interesting "Lives of the Governors of Pennsylvania," etc., by William C. Armor, Philadelphia, 1872.

2 Mr. Armor, in his " Lives of the Governors of Pennsylvania," says Gen. Geary was born near Mount Pleasant. On this point there is not a unanimity of opinion.

Geary, his father, a native of Franklin County, had received a liberal education, and was a man of refined tastes, amiable disposition, and superior moral excellence. His mother, Margaret White, was born in Washington County, Md., and was in all respects a worthy compagion and helpmeet of her husband. His father had engaged in the manufacturing of iron and had failed, when in this trying situation he fell back upon the resources of his early education and opened a select school in Westmoreland County. The remainder of his life was devoted to this profession, at all times honorable.

Being himself possessed of liberal culture, it was the earnest desire of his father that his sons should receive a collegiate education. Prompted by paternal love, every sacrifice possible was made to compass this end, and after passing the usual course of preliminary studies the youngest son was entered a student at Jefferson College, Cannonsburg, Pa. By the sudden death of his father his career was thus interrupted. To suitably provide his mother he left college and opened a school on his own account. He then subsequently returned to college.

On leaving college he turned his thoughts on commercial pursuits, but soon evinced a preference for civil engineering. This he intended to adopt as his fixed vocation. With this end he went to Kentucky, where he was engaged, partly in the employ of tile State and partly in that of the Green River Railroad Company, to make a survey of several important lines of .public works. Returning to. Pennsylvania, he soon after became assistant superintendent and engineer of the Allegheny Portage Railroad. While thus engaged the war with Mexico broke out. In a short time he raised a company in Cambria County called the American Highlanders. At Pittsburgh the command was incorporated with the Second Pennsylvania Regiment, commanded by Col. Roberts, of which regiment Geary was elected lieutenant-colonel. Shortly after the surrender of the capital Col. Roberts died, and he was elected to succeed him. The services of the regiment in Mexico are well known to all.

On the 22d of January, 1849, being in political sympathy with the administration in power, President Polk appointed him postmaster of San Francisco and mail agent for the Pacific coast, with authority to create post-offices, appoint postmasters, establish mail routes, and make contracts for carrying the mails through California. On the 1st of the next April he entered upon the duties incident to his appointtnent. President Polk's successor, President Taylor, appointed Jacob B. Moore Geary's successor. But eight days after his removal he was elected first alcalde, though there were ten different tickets submitted to the choice of the electors. Shortly after he was appointed by Brig.-Gen. Riley, the military Governor of the Territory, Judge of First Instance. These offices were of Mexican origin, and they imposed onerous and important duties. The alcalde was

SPECIAL BIOGRAPHIES - 441

sheriff, probate judge, recorder, notary public, and coroner. The Court of First Instance exercised both civil and criminal jurisdiction throughout the city, and, besides this, adjudicated all those cases arising under the port regulations which usually fall within the cognizance of Courts of Admiralty.

On May the 1st, 1850, in a vote upon the first city charter and for its officers, Judge Geary was elected the first mayor of San Francisco by a large majority. He declined a re-election, but accepted a place on the Board of Commissioners, which had been created by the Legislature for the management of the public debt of the city, and was made its president. As chairman of the Democratic Territorial Committee, he was instrumental in securing the Free State claw in the constitution of the State, and the reference of that instrument to the people for their sanction.

In February, 1852, he returned to Westmoreland, where his wife, in failing health then, soon after died. He engaged in farming interests here, and specially directed his attention to the rearing of stock. In 1855 President Pierce offered him the Governorship of Utah Territory, which he declined. He, however, accepted the Governorship of Kansas, and was com-missioned in July, 1855. He arrived at Fort Leaven-worth Sept,ember 9th, and his administration extended only from that date to March, 1857, at which time the Presidency of Buchanan commenced.

Gen. Geary was in Westmoreland when the civil war commenced. Immediately on receipt of the attack on Fort Sumter he opened an office for recruits, and offered his individual services to the President. They were accepted, and he was commissioned a colonel, and authorized to raise a regiment. In the course of a few weeks he received applications from sixty-six companies, soliciting permission to join his command. On account of the numerous and urgent appeals he was permitted to increase his regiment to sixteen companies, with one battery of six guns, making the full complement to consist of fifteen hundred and Ofty-one officers and men. The artillery company was that which subsequently became the celebrated Knapp's battery.

The services of Gen. Geary in the civil war on the part of the Union army were so varied and so distinguished that they may be relegated by us with pro-priety from a provincial history to the history of the nation, to which they belong. The general reader has at hand so many varied and comprehensive his-tories of this struggle that we are sure that whatever we naight say here would be useless verbiage.

Gen. Geary, who was a Democrat until the breaking out of the war, at the ending of it became a Republican, and in 1866 was elected by that party Governor. He was inaugurated on the 15th of January, 1867. On the expiration of his first term he was renominated without much show of opposition and re-elected by something of a reduced majority. He served out his term and died.

Governor Geary was married on the 12th of February, 1843, to Margaret Ann, daughter of James R. Logan, of Westmoreland County. By this marriage he had issue three sons, one of whom died in infancy, and another was killed in the battle of Wauhatehie; the third is an officer. in the regular army. Mrs. Geary died on the 28th of February, 1853, and in November, 1858, he was married to Mrs. Mary C. Henderson, daughter of Robert R. Church, of Cumberland County, and had issue several children.

Governor Geary through life was a man of good habits and strong physical powers, and greatly owed his success to great energy, prudence, and temperance. He was a Presbyterian iu religion, and belonged to a number of secret societies. He wa.s proud of his military titles and somewhat fond of show and ostentation.

HON. JAMES KEENAN

was born in the ancient village of Youngstown. He struggled in early life with many adversities. These, however, only served to make bim self-reliant, and to bring into greater activity traits of character which were in after 1ife of no inconsiderable importance to his success. When war was declared by the United States against Mexico he was among the first to offer his services, and on lst of December, 1846, volunteered as a private in Capt. Herron's company, the " Duquesne Grays," of Pittsburgh, First Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers. In 1847 he returned from Mexico, laboring under a severe chronic disease which he had contracted by exposure on the field. He, however, rapidly recovered, and soon after received the appointment of a lieutenant in the Eleventh United States Army Infantry, and opened a recruiting-office in Greensburg. Again, in the spring of 1848, he started with his command for Mexico, and remained in the service until the close of the war, when his commission expired. His gallantry in the service, and his bold and daring adventures at the head of his command, brought him prominently into no-tice, and after his return froin Mexico he was, in the fall of 1849, elected register and recorder for

Westmoreland County. At the expiration of his term he was again re-elected to the same office, in 1852, for another period of three years. During the period that Gen. Keenan was register and re-corder he introduced various improvements in the manner of keeping the books and papers of the office, which were followed by his succe.ssors, and which have proved highly beneficial to the public. On the 2d of February, 1852, while he held the office of register and recorder, he was appointed by Governor Bigler adjutant-general of Pennsylvania. In June of the same year President Pierce tendered him the position of consul to Hong Kong. This latter appointment was held under consideration for some time, which he, however, finally concl'Ided to accept, and in the fall of 1853 resigned the offices of register and recorder

442 - HISTORY OF WESTMORELAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

and adjutant-general, and sailed in October, 1853, for Hong Kong, China. During the first year of Mr. Buchanan's administration, Gen. Keenan paid a visit to his friends in this country, and while here was married to Miss Elizabeth Barclay, an estimable lady of Greensburg, with whom he immediately left the United States for his consulate in Hong Kong, which position be occupied until the 22d of January, 1862, when he with his family sailed in the ship " Surprise" for the United States, and arrived in New York on the 16th of the next May, very ill, having been confined to his berth in the ship for six weeks previous to the end of the voyage. On the day after his arrival- he was removed with much difficulty to Blanchard's Hotel, on Fourth Avenue, where he remained until Thursday evening, the 22d. Although he seemed to revive somewhat for the first forty-eight hours after landing, yet the best medical skill and kindest attention was unavailing against the deep-seated disease, which had got such a firm hold on him, and he afterwards commenced sinking, which continued until it terminated in death.

His mortal remains, under the care of James. C. Clarke, his brother-in-law, were brought to Greensburg on the next Saturday, and on Sunday afternoon interred in the cemetery at Greensburg in the presence of the largest concourse of citizens that perhaps ever assembled in this place on such an occasion.

Gen. Keenan was a young man, but he possessed endowments, both mental and physical, which entitled him to a very high position in the estimation of his fellow-citizens. From his firSt entry into public life until his final end, his career had been upward and onward, and although he had not reached the zenith of life, yet no young man in Western Pennsylvania had a more brilliant career before him.

A warm personal friend, who published this sketch of his life, had this further to say, which is not an overdrawn characterization :

" From a long and intimate acquaintance with the deceased of the , most unreserved character, first formed in 1846, the writer of this notice can say, without exaggeration, that Gen. Keenan was possessed of many of the noblest qualities that endow human nature. He was generous, brave, intrepid, and courageous, yet gentle, kind, and humane ; his knowledge of human character was very accurate, and his confidence was consequently seldom misplaced ; his manners were courteous, easy, and graceful, not assumed for the occasion, but natural, the generous overflowing of a happy disposition and beneficent heart. He was not surprised or disconcerted by sudden danger, but only roused to cool and .intrepid action. He had many of the qualities of a great commander, and if events had drawn him into that channel he would doubtless have greatly distinguished himself.

" Without the aid of either friends or fortune, except those whom he endeared to him by the excel

lence of his own character, he rose rapidly, step by step, without a single 'reverse or defeat, to a position of great public importance, and if God had spared his life many predicted for him a still more brilliant career. The excellence of his person, the counterpart of his mortal organization, was in perfect harmony with his mental structure. Nature is seldom so lavish of her gifts. An intimate friend may say that, within the limits of his knowledge, he never used these glorious gifts, ready passports to a confiding heart, to ensnare innocent and unsuspecting innocence. Being an elder brother, many of the responsibilities both of a father and a brother were cast upon him in early life. With what unceasing fidelity and tenderness he provided for his widowed mother, and with what wise counsels he guided the steps of his young and inexperienced brothers, their bleeding hearts will now recount. May we not trust and hope that these noble traits of character, preserved in the midst of so many temptations, were evidences that the hand of God was upon him, and that the glory of His power and the munificence of His grace will be magnified throughout all eternity by grateful homage of his ransomed spirit, perpetually rendered for undeserved mercy.

He died on Thursday evening, May 22, 1862, aged thirty-eight years, eight months, and six days.

RICHARD COULTER DRUM.

Richard Coulter Drum was born in Greensburg, Westmoreland Co., Pa., in 1825, and from the Greensburg Academy graduated to Jefferson College, where, after spending a short time in the acquisition of the higher studies, he commenced the study of the law, having managed in the interim to pick up the very exemplary trade of the printer. From these pursuits he was awakened by the sound of the bugle from the Rio Grande, where his brother, Capt. Simon H. Drum, was already serving with the Fourth Regular Artillery, and shouldering his musket as a private soldier on the 8th of December, 1846, he entered the Mexican war as a member of Company K of the First Pennsylvania Volunteers. Scarcely two months later, on the 18th of February, 1847, he was commissioned a second lieutenant of infantry and assigned to the Ninth, in which he performed such gallant and meritorious services before Chapultepec on the 13th of September as to gain him a brevet, an event that was saddened by the untimely death of his brother, who met his death the same day in the famous assault upon the Belen Gate. At the close of the war he was transferred to the Fourth Artillery and ordered to Florida, his regimental comrades including such names as Pemberton, Getty, A. P. Howe, Garesche, Garnett, Mansfield, Lovell, Fitz-John Porter, Couch, and Gibbon, and where he awaited his promotion, which met him at Fort Sumter on the 16th of September, 1850. During the next decade his services were marked by stirring episodes and flattering marks

SPECIAL BIOGRAPHIES - 443

of approbation. He fought with Harney in the perilous Sioux expedition, and as aide-de-camp to that gallant veteran aided to maintain the peace during the Kansas disturbance of 1855. In November of the following year he was appointed an aide to Gen. Persifer F. Smith, and acting assistant adjutant-general of the Department of the West, and at his death, two years later, he rejoined his battery at Fort Monroe, where he was made adjutant of the post, and on the 16th of March, 1861, was transferred to the adjutant-general's department with a captaincy by brevet. This merited promotion, which sent him with Gen. Sumner to the Presidio, was unfortunate in the respect that it removed him'from the scenes where his knowledge of the practical tactics of war would have been of the greatest value to the government, to an isolated command where the duties and dangers were great, requiring management of the most delicate character.

The necessity of holding open the overland route to travel, of repressing the tendency of the Indian tribes to revolt at a time when the resources of the government were severely strained in the States, of watching the covert hostility of the Mormons, and holding the Mexican frontier against incursions from the South, where Maximilian and Bazaine had secured a threatening foothold, were duties that called for the most dextrous management and the most thorough comprehension of the situation. How well he performed these duties, and with what satisfaction to the people of the Pacific coast, was shown by the fact that at the termination of his service, on the 1st of October, 1866, a sum of money exceeding $40,000 was raised at San Francisco and presented him as a testimonial of their appreciation. While in California he was promoted, on the 3d of August, 1861, to the rank of major in the adjutant-general's department, and on the 17th of July, 1862, to lieutenant-colonel.

Returning East, he was made adjutant-general to Gen. Meade, whom he accompanied a month later to the Third Military District, where he rendered no unimportant aid in the arduous duties attending the reconstruction of the States of Georgia and Alabama. After turning over these States to the civil authorities Gen. Drum attended Gen. Meade to the new Department of the. South, where he remained until March 20, 1869, having been promoted to a colonelcy on the 22d of February, and later to the Division of the Atlantic, with headquarters at Philadelphia. On the death of Gen. Meade he continued as adjutant-general to Gen. Hancock, who succeeded him, where he remained until the 26th of November, 1873, when he was sent to the Division of the Missouri at Chicagd, where he remained until the 2d of May, 1878. During the labor riots of the summer of 1877, Gen. Drum again found occasion for an exercise of that personal judgment and sound discretion which had characterized his administration at San Francisco. The threat-

ening emergency found both Gens. Sherman and Sheridan absent on the plains, far beyond the reach of the telegraph, a howling mob in the streets of Chicago, crazy with the tidings of the success of their fellows at Pittsburgh, and a like impending fate hanging over the city. Aware of his ability, the War Department placed upon Gen. Drum the full power and responsibility of maintaining the public peace. Without an instant's hesitation he collected all the regular and militia forces within reach, seized the gas and waterworks, planted Gatling guns at strategical points, and patroled the city with bristling bayonets, and by such prompt and vigorous measures checked and dispersed the mob without firing a gun, and before it could effect the slightest damage to person or property. For these services he received the public thanks of the people and the highest commendation of the War Department. On the 2d of May, 1878, he was ordered to Washington, where he remained until the retirement of Adjt.-Gen. Townsend on the 15th of June, 1880, when, without political influence or personal effort, he succeeded to the vacancy amid general approbation of the appointment.

Gen. Drum signalized his entrance into office as adjutant-general of the army by one of the most important moves in the history of the War Department. Recognizing the importance of the uniformed State militia as the nursery which in time of war must be called upon to furnish the officers to organize and command the volunteer forces, and with a view to assimilate the rules and forms governing both the regular army and the militia, he addressed a letter to the adjutants-general of the States, in which he expressed the warmest desire to be of service to the State forces, and intimating the propriety of sending them copies of all general orders issued from the War Department. The responses to this overture of friendship and cooperation were most hearty and unanimous. " It is a happy augury for the future of this country," remarked Gen. Jones, of North Carolina, "when high officials of the government begin to recognize the true relations between the regular army and militia or National Guard. It is an indication that the men who now shape and control public affairs are returning to the wisdom which prevailed with those who laid the foundations of this republic, and leads me to believe that the militia may yet become what it was originally intended to be, a thoroughly organized, disciplined, effective force, a sure and permanent bulwark of national defense." " I have to thank you for your extreme courtesy in this matter," writes Gen. Berry, of Massachusetts, " and to express again my pleasure at the interest taken by you, an interest which is so much needed, and which will tend to raise the standard of the organized militia throughout the country." "Your arguments and conclusions," said Gen. Backus, of California, " are worthy of the distinguished officer and gentleman who now presides over the adjutant-general's department of the United States army, and are

444 - HISTORY OF WESTMORELAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

such as would be expected from a gentleman who, while assistant adjutant-general of the Department of California, so successfully administered affairs as to leave pleasant remembrances and a host of friends."

A year later this initiatory step was followed by issuing to the States, upon requisition, the tactical works and blank forms and books prescribed for the regular army, as still further aasimilating the man-agement, drill, and internal government of the two forces, while regular officers have been detailed to in-spect the camp and troops of the militia at their an-nual musters. The importance of this step cannot be overestimated, and the progress of the National Guard towards that discipline and development which is imperatively demanded of the great factor of success will date from the moment when Gen. Drum, as adjutant-general of the army, extended the helping hand of the national government.

In private life Gen. Drum presides at the head of one of the most charming households in Washington. He married, during his subaltern days in Louisiana, the daughter of Gibbs Morgan, of Baton Rouge, a notable Southern family, our present minister to Mexico being a brother to Mrs. Drum,who is now one of the most popular and accomplished ladies in so-ciety, and has two daughters, one a widow and the other a recent debutante. Their home is a large and substantial pressed-brick house, situated on K Street, between Fifteenth and Sixteenth, in the centre of fashionable Washington, and is an attractive example of the modern architecture, involving carved brown-stone and brick trimmings, stained window-glass, with halls and parlors finished in natural wood, and the whole furnished with elegance and taste.

It remains to be added that the general is about five feet nine inche.s in height, with a complexion that is florid, and hair and moustache gray and grizzled as becomes a soldier, and will weigh not far from one hundred and forty. To quote from a recent sketch, " he dresses in extreme good taste in civil costume, is quick in his movements, writes rapidly, decides quickly, knows a soldier when he sees hiin, works hard, is cautious in his manners, has a friendly smile and a quick frown, is not particularly religious, is given to fishing as a diversion, does not quarrel with the good things of this wicked world, and, take him all in all, he is a charming gentleman, a good officer, a true friend, and an admirable adjutant-general." 1

Military History of Brig.-Gen. Richard C. Drum, Adjutant.General of the Uniled States Army.-Enrolled as a private in Company K, First Pennsylvania Volunteers, Dec. 8,1846, and was mustered into service Dec.16, 1846. Served with his regiment in the war with Mexico (being engaged in the siege of Vera Cruz) until discharged at Vera Cruz, Mexico, March 17, 1847, having been appointed a (second lieutenant, United States Infantry, Feb. 18, 1847 ; second lieutenant, Ninth Infantry, April 9, 1847; transferred to the Fourth Artillery, March 8, 1848; promoted finst lieutenant, Fourth Artillery, Sept. 16, 1850; brevet captain and assistant adjutant-general, March 16, 1861; vacated commisasion of first lieutenant, Fourth Artillery, May 14, 1861; major and assistant adjutant-general, Aug. 3, 1861; lieutenant-colonel and assistant adjutant-general,

1 " Army and Navy Register," Feb. 4, 1882.

July 17, 1862; colonel and assistant adjutanbgeneral, Feb. 22, 1869; and brigadier-general and adjutant-general, June 15, 1880.

Breveted first lieutenant Sept. 13, 1847, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of Chapultepec ; colonel, Sept. 24, 1864, for meritorious and faithful (service during the war, and brigadier-geueral, March 13, 1865, for faithful and meritorious service in the adjutant-general's department during the war.

Service: Joined the Ninth infantry, May 19, 1847, and served there-with in the war with Mexico (engaged at the battles of Contreras, Churubusco, Molino del Rey, Chapultepec, and Garita de Helen) to July, 1848, when he joined the Fourth Artillery, and served with that regiment route from Mexico to Fort Monroe, Va., to Aug. 14, 1848; at Fort Monroe, Va., to Oct. 21, 1848; Fort Pickens, Fla., to April 25, 1849; Baton Rouge, La., to June 4,1850; on leave to Oct. 20, 1850; on detached service with light battery to March 11, 1851; with regiment at Fort Columbus, N. Y. H., to May 23, 1815; on detached service conducting recruits to Fort Kearney, Neb., to July 21, 1851; with regiment at Fort Columbus, N. Y. H., to Aug. 12, 1851; Fort Johnston, N. C., to June 6, 1852; Fort Brady, Mich., to October, 1853; Fort Leavenworth, to May 25, 1855; on detached service as acting commissary of subsistence of a battalion of the Sixth Infantry en route to Fort Kearney, Neb., to July 1, 1855; with regiment the field, Nebraska Territory, on expedition against hostile Sioux Indians (being engaged at the action of Blue Water, Neb., Sept. 3, 1855), to Oct. 20, 1855; aide-de-camp to G.. W. S. Harney, commanding the Sioux expedition, to Nov. 10, 1856; aide-de-camp to Gen. P. F. Smith, commanding the Department of the West, also acting assistant actiutant-general at headquarters of that department to May, 1858 ; with regiment at the artillery school, Fort Monroe, Va., from June 4, 1858 (also post-adjutant of school from September, 1858, to Jan. 9, 1860, and ordnance officer to April 21, 1860), to April 3, 1861; awaiting orders and ern routs to California to May 6, 1861; on duty as aseletant adjutant-general at headquarters Department of the Pacific, San Francisco, Cal., to June, 1865; headquarters Department of California, to Oct. I, 1866; headquarters Department of the East, New York City, from Dec. 27, 1866, to Jan. 6, 1868; headquarters Third Military District, Atlanta, Ga., to Aug. 1,1868, and of the Department of the South to March 20, 1869 ; at headquarters Military Division of the Atlantic, Philadelphia, Pa., from April 3,1869, to Dec.16,1872, and at New York City to Nov. 26, 1873; headquarters Military Division of the Missouri, at Chicago, Ill., from Nov. 28,1873, to May 2, 1878 ; on duty in the adjutant-general's office, Washington, D. C., to present date, June 16, 1880.

COMMODORE JOHN BONNETT MARCHAND

was born on the 27th day of August, 1808, on the banks of the Sewickley., in Hempfield township, Westmoreland Co., Pa., on a farm located by his grandfather, Dr. David Marchand, in 1770, nine miles from Greensburg. His father, Dr. D. Marchand, was elected prothonotary of the courts in 1823, and at the age of fifteen years young Marchand entered the office as clerk.

In December, 1828, he went to Philadelphia, and entered the United States navy. His appointment being dated in May previous, was sent to Greene County in mistake, thus causing the delay. In 1837 he was promoted to master, immediately after which he was put in charge of the expedition sent to survey the Savannah River. On the 15th of September, 1841, he was put in command of the schooner " Van Buren," and on the 3d of September sailed from Baltimore to operate against the Seminole Indians in Florida. In this war he took a conspicuous part, and was frequently exposed to great danger in the swamps and bayous. On July 8, 1842, the Indian war being then over, he sailed from Indian Keys for the North. From this date on until 1843 his services were varied, the greater portion of the time being spent on board ship. On the 4th of May, 1843, he sailed from Hamp-

SPECIAL BIOGRAPHIES - 445

ton Roads in the U. S. S. " Brandywine" for a cruise in the East Indies, but before completing this duty he received orders from the Navy Department to make a cruise of the world, and immediately sailed in pursuance thereof, in which expedition he visited many places of interest, and professionally examined the waters of the European and Asiatic seas. He returned to the United States Sept. 17, 1845, which he touched at Norfolk, Va., having completed the circuit of the globe. On the 25th of November, 1846, war having been declared against Mexico, he sailed in the ship " Ohio" to join the American squadron in the Gulf of Mexico. He participated in the celebrated action in which the American ships of war bombarded the Castle of San Juan de Ulloa, under the cover of the fire of which the army of Scott debarked at Vera Cruz. On the 29th of March, 1847, Vera Cruz surrendered, and possession was taken of the city and fortifications by the Americans.

From the close of the Mexican war till the beginning of the civil war, the country being at peace, the professional life of Commodore Marchand was not varied from ordinary routine duty. He was engaged in the interim in visiting foreign courts and performing duty abroad. On Dec. 15, 1858, he left New York to join the Paraguay expedition in command of the " Memphis," returning to the United States the following spring.

At the outbreak of the civil war he was on lighthouse duty in Detroit. During this time an incident occurred which illustrates the devotion he had for the profession which he had chosen from among all others, the navy. While here he was offered the command of a Michigan regiment, which he refused to accept, though he gratefnlly acknowledged the honor conferred upon him, but he made application at once to the Department for immediate sea duty. He was given the " James Adger," and put in command of the blockade naval forces at Charleston and Georgetown, S. C. On the 16th May, 1862, he was wounded off the mouth of the Stone River. On the 24th of October following he was ordered to command the " Lackawanna," and in February following reported for blockade duty off Mobile. From this time until the 5th of August, 1864, the date of the battle of Mobile Bay, he was engaged in blockade duty, during which time he captured many of the vessels engaged in assisting the Confederates, among them being the British steamer " Neptune" and the rebel steamer " Planter."

We will now turn to the battle of Mobile Bay, which can best be described in the commodore's own words, which I copy from his journal :

"On the 5th of August, 1864, the vessels took position alongside, and lashed to each other as required. The ' Lackawanna,' with the ' Seminole,' was in the centre of line of battle. Fort Morgan opened fire upon us first, and the rebel boats ' Tennessee," Morgan," Gaines,' and ' Selma,' inside of the bay, raked

- 29 -

our vessels with shot and shell. It was a magnificent sight, every vessel with ensigns at their mastheads and peaks, the shot and shell flying through the air with their piping sound, the dense volumes of smoke from the guns sometimes hiding the nearest ships, then floating away towards the forts, and the loud cheers of all hands. Although shot and shell were flying around none struck the Lackawanna's' hull, doing serious injury, till we were within four or five hundred yards of Fort Morgan, when a heavy, elongated shot from the fort passed through the ship's side, killing and wounding sixteen men at the 150-pound rifle, when it carried away two stanchions of the taffrail, passed through the foiemast, and carried away the head of the sheet-cable bits, and then passing through the other side of the ship fell into the water. Blood and mangled human remains for a time impeded the working of the 150-pounder. The firing of shells from our fleet was so continuous that the enemy were driven away from their guns. At 8.30 o'clock A.M. our fleet had passed beyond the range of the guns of Fort Morgan, when the ram ' Tennessee' was seen approaching. The admiral made signal to the `Monongahela,' as being nearest, to run her down, and instantly the same was made to me. The ' Monongahela' struck her angularly near the stern and glanced away. I was more fortunate, striking her at right angles to her keel. The concussion was tremendous, and we rebounded, but soon after drifted against her broadside to broadside, head and stern, when our marines and some of the crew, with muskets and revolvers, opened fire into her ports, preventing the reloading of their guns, which had been firedinto our bows when almost touching, exploding two shells, and sending one solid shot into her berth-deck, killing and wounding many of the powder division and the already wounded.

" In ramming the "fennessee' we had done her no perceptible injury except demoralizing her,crew, but our stern was cut and crushed far back of the plank ends.

" Our guns had been pivoted on the opposite side, in anticipation of swinging head and head, so that but one ix. gun could be sufficiently depressed to bear upon the ' Tennessee,' which was fired nearly into one of the ports, causing the port shutter to jam, becoming useless during the remainder of the engagement. We then separated in different directions by her going ahead, and we having nothing to hold on by, I ordered the helm hard over, to bring the ship around to make another attempt at ramming the ' Tennessee,' but our great length and the shoalness of the water, which sometimes was not more than a foot under the keel, prevented our turning rapidly, and in going around we collided with the flag-ship, the ' Hartford,' knocking two of her quarter-deck ports into one, although every effort was made on my part, by backing the engine, to prevent the occurrence. We sustained no injury by the collision. As

446 - HISTORY OF WESTMORELAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

soon as we cleared the ' Hartford' I again started to run down the ' Tennessee,' but before reaching her she had hauled down her flag, hoisted a white one, and surrendered to the fleet, which had by that time gotten around her."

Thus closed one of the hardest-fought naval engagements of which the annals of America contain record.

On the 28th of November, 1864, he resigned command of the " Lackawanna," and arrived at Hampton Roads Dec. 11, 1864. On July 11, 1865, he was ordered to the Philadelphia Navy-Yard as executive officer, and on the 25th of July, 1866, was promoted to commodore for meritorious services, and put in command of the navy-yard at Philadelphia.

On the 27th of August, 1870, he was placed on the retired list, under the longevity law. The Army and Navy Journal, commenting on his retirement, says, " The operation of a general law only by a few weeks deprived him of the highest rank in his profession."

He died April 13, 1875, at his residence in Carlisle, Pa:, and is buried in Ashland Cemetery.

In stature he was five feet nine inches in height, being stout, but not corpulent, and always wearing a clean-shaved face. When in active service he wore his uniform only when absolutely necessary, but after be was retired it was never seen. A correspondent writes, " It is said of him by those who sailed with him that no profane word was ever heard from his lips ;" and when on shipboard and without a chaplain he always read the Episcopal service every Sunday to his crew.

At the age of forty-eight years he married Margaret Donaldson Thornton, daughter of Paymaster Francis A. Thornton, U.S.N.

JOSEPH MEREDITH TONER, M.D.

Of distinguished men now living and taking an active part in the higher affairs of the world, who are bound by ties of birth or blood, to the county of which we write, must not be forgotten Dr. Joseph M. Toner, of Washington City, one of the foremost gentlemen in his profession in America. Dr. Toner was born in Pittsburgh, Pa., April 30, 1825, and is the elder of two sons, the only surviving children of Meredith and Ann (Layton) Toner. His brother, Hon. James L. Toner, resides in Derry township. Dr. Toner received his early education in the common schools of Pittsburgh, and of Westmoreland County, whither his parents removed while he was yet young, and where other relatives of theirs lived. He subsequently attended the Western Pennsylvania University for a year, and was sent to'Mount St. Mary's College, where h,e, continued his studies for two years longer, but left without having completed a classical course. He began the study of medicine in 1847 with Dr. John Lowman, the leading physician of Johnstown, Pa., attended Jefferson Medical College in the winter of 1849-50, and at the close of his term entered Ver

mont Medical College, at Woodstock, and received the degree of Doctor of Medicine from that institution in June, 1850. In July of that year he began practice at Summitsville, in Cambria County. He, however, shortly after attended Jefferson Medical College a third term, and received his degree of M.D. from that seat of learning in 1853. He was in practice in Pittsburgh during the cholera epidemic of 1854. After that, passing the summer on the farm with his mother, he, in 1855, removed to Harper's Ferry, Va., but observing that there was not sufficient room for any considerable professional advancement there, he in November of the same year took up his present residence in Washington.

We can scarcely do more in this short sketch than advert to the fact that Dr. Toner has made for himself in the medical profession of the United States and in the domain of natural science a reputation of the very highest degree. He has labored for his profession with untiring zeal. Of the many instances in which his learning and the results of his own labors have been freely offered to the public for public good we shall instance but one. Prompted by a desire to encourage students to aspire to a higher and more scientific education in the profession, and being impressed with the idea that much remained to be effected for the encouragement of special and original studies, perhaps through other means than those in vogue, Dr. Toner founded in 1872 by endowment, in the District of Columbia, the " Toner Lectures." "Believing," writes the founder, " that the advancement of science (that is, a knowledge of the laws of nature in any part of her domain), and especially such discoveries as contribute to the advancement of medicine, tend to ameliorate the condition of mankind," he therefore set aside a fund, the interest of which was mainly to be used in maintaining the "Toner Lectures," to be delivered annually in Washington, to consist of a series of discoveries, memoirs, or lectures, which " should contain some new truth or discovery, based on original investigation," which were, if approved, to be published. This fund has been placed under the control of five trustees. One of his biographers says that the doctor has perhaps been the most successful biographer, thus far, of the medical profession of the United States. " He is an authority in nearly all matters relating to the history of medicine, medical biography, and the local history of the District of Columbia."

Sketches of his life have appeared in Allibone s " Dictionary of Authors," Johnson's "New Encyclopedia," the Northwestern Medical and Surgical Journal, etc. He is a member of the Medical Society of the District of Columbia, of the Medical Association of the District of Columbia, of the American Medical Association (since 1864), of the American Public Health Association, of the Philosophical Society of Washington, and of the Alumni Association of Jefferson Medical College, an honorary member of the

APPENDICES - 447

California State Medical Society, of the New York State Medical Society, of the Wisconsin Historical Society, of the Detroit Academy of Medicine, a corresponding member of the Gynecological Society of Boston, of the Virginia Historical Society, of the Albany Institute, bf the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Little Rock, a visitor to the Government Hospital for the Insane, and patron of the Toner Scientific Circle of Georgetown College.

A list of Dr. Toner's chief publications may be found in the " Catalogue of the Surgeon-General's Library." They are so numerous as to be of themselves a library. He has been working for years on a " Biographical Dictionary of Deceased American Physicians," which when finished will be one of the most complete works of its kind ever published. The doctor's library is the most extensive of any private medical library in the United States, with possibly one exception, and is, without doubt, the largest of any south of Philadelphia.

APPENDICES.

APPENDIX "A."

[See Chapter XL]

A LIST OF NZGRO AND MULATTO SLAVES

Registered in Westmoreland Omenty pursuant to an Act of Assembly of the State of Pennsylvania, entitled " An act for the gradual abolition of slavery," passed the 1st day of March, A.D. 1780, and to an Act of Assembly entitled " An act to redress oertain grievances within the counties of Westesorotaisd and Washington," passed the 13th day of April, A.D. 1782. 1

Sept. 25, 1780.

JAMBS GRAY. Female, 26, Beck.

Oct.12, 1780.

EDWARD COOK. Male, 46, Jame ; female, 36, Sall ; male, 24, Davy ; male, 22, Joshua; female, 17, Father; female, 16, Nelly; female, 1, Sue.

PROVIDENCE MOUNTS. Male, 28, Sam ; female, 22, Let ; female, 2, Phillis.

VAN SWEARINGER. Male, 26, Will ; male, 30, Tony ; male, 23, Winn ; female, 13, Wester or Hester ; female, 9, Feby ; male, 4, Harkless ; male, 16, Jack ; male, 18, Tom ; male, 1, Will, Jr.

JOSEPH JONES. Female, 17, Cloe ; female, 16, Bridget; male, 1, Dick.

DEVEREUX SMITH, Pittsburgh. Female, 43, Suck ; female (mulatto), 7, Lucy.

Oct. 16, 1780.

THOMAS GALBRAITH, Fairfield township. Adele, 20, Ben ; male, 13, George.

Oct. 18, 1780.

JOSEPH DORSEY. Male, 30, Charles; male, 32, Phil; male, 19, Aaron; male, 19, Tom ; male, 26, Cuss ; female, 28, Jane ; male, 12, Pompey ; female, 6, Rachel ; female, 4, Phillis ; male, 2, George ; male, 1½, Frederick ; male, ½, James ; male, 5 months, Harmer.

Oct. 18, 1780.

JOHN HAMAL. Male, 40, Bigion ; female, 30, Phillis ; female, 8, Armice ; female, 6, Dorrah ; female, 4, Chisiah ; female, 2, Hanna.

Oct. 22, 1780.

HENRY HUSK, Mount Pleasant township. Male, 45, Friday ; male, 45, Monday; female, 36, Jane; female, 30, Madam ; female, 11, Suck ; female, 14, Bay well ; male, 8, George ; male, 6, Bob ; female, 2, Gob ; male, 3, Harry ; female, 16 months, Phillis.

Oct. 22, 1780.

MOSES WATSON. Male, 30, Jame.

ARTHUR O'HARA. Male, 6, Bob.

Oct. 26, 1780.

ARTHUR FRAZER. Female, 23, Jude; female, 1½, Pat.

Dec. 28, 1780.

JOHN McKIBBINS. Male, 16, Lidge.

ZACHARIAH COMEL. Male, 32, Tom ; female, 40, Luce.

1 The date of entry is first given, then the names of owners in SMALL CAPITALS, followed by the sex, age, and name of the slave.

HENRY HEATH. Male, 45, Peroks ; female, 40, Judea ; a mulatto, name nor sex ascertained, 14.

ANEREW HEATH. Male, 11, Dick.

WILLIAM CONWELL. Female, 14, Gin.

ANDREW ROBERTSON. Female, 39, Elizabeth.

Oct. 28, 1780.

WALTER BRISCOE. Male, 39, Mudd ; male, 36, Roger; male, 65, Tom ; male, 70, Fortymore ; female, 14, Phillis ; female, 14, Dinah ; male, 15, Jacob; female, 39, Meager ; female, 9, FAther.

EDMUND FREEMAN. Male, 35, George ; male, 27, Harry ; female, 41, Charlotte ; male, 17, Ned.

GEORGE SWAN. Male, 17, Pryor ; female, 36, Kate ; female, 12, Jean ; male, 9, Luke ; female, 6, Violetta ; female, 1, Betty ; female, 25, Penelope; male, 5, Gerard ; female, 2, Sibia.

JOHN SWAN. Male, 35, Jack ; male, 12, John.

DAVID DUNCAN. Male, 18, Peet ; female, 21, Sue ; female, 10, Cate; female, 11 months, Cook ; male, 2½ Frank.

DAVID SAMPLE, ESQ. Male, 14, Tom ; male, 12, Nero ; female, 12, Vine ; female, 14, Dinah.

SOCKEY WRIGHT. Male, 22, Toby ; female, 20, Sine ; male, 9 months, Cuff.

BENJAMIN KIRKINDALL. Male, 28, Sam ; male, 13, Ned ; female, 9, Nance.

ZEDICK WRIGHT. Male, 16, Ben.

Oct. 29, 1780.

FRANCIS MCGINNIS. Male, 12, Tom.

Oct. 30,1780.

ÆNEAS MACKAY. Male, 31, Pompey.

NATHANIEL HURST. Male, 35, Sam ; female, 35, Def; female, 3, Sal ; female, 1, Hanna.

Nov. 10, 1780.

CHARLES CAMPBELL. Female, 40; male, 15.

JOHN MCDOWEL. Male, 13, Pompey.

JOHN NEVIL. Male, 32, Harry ; male, 30, Jack ; male, 33, Lennon ; male, 25, Jerry ; male, 24, James ; male, 27, Cato; male, 19, Jacob; female, 48, Nan ; female, 35, Esther ; female, 24, Pegg; female, 23, Pendey ; female, 22, Vilet; female, 23, Doll; male, 7, female, 6, Sall: male, 4, Putnam ; female, 2, Beck ; female, 3, Liz ; male, month 1, Jack ; male, months 3, Lemon ; male, days 18, Anthony.

Nov. 10, 1780.

JOHN DECAMP and NEHEMIAH STOKELY. Male, 35, Byres ; female, 40 Nan ; female, 14, Melsey ; male, 6, Prince ; female, 4, Nance ; female, 1 and 11 months, Pegg ; female, 10 months, Frank.

JOHN RYAN. Male, 18, Frank ; female, 16, Suck.

Jan. 10, 1781.

ROBERT BELL. Male, 50, Pompey, Sr.; female, 45, Mary ; male, 35, John ; female, 20, Rachel ; female, 21, Dorrety ; male, 19, Pompey, Jr.; male, 13, Benjamin ; female, 10, Margaret ; female, 8, Jean ;

448 - HISTORY OF WESTMORELAND COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA.

female, 6, Ann ; female, 5, Sinah ; female, 9, Lydia ; male, 7, Cato ; female, 4, Dinah ; male, 3, Nace ; female, 2, Lucy ; male, 4, Samuel ; fsmale, 3, Fanny.

EDMUND RICE- Male, 26, Gay-

JAMES BLACKSTON- Male, 34, Boswrine ; male, 55, Sam ; female, 18, Bett ; male (mulatto), 8, Sam.

MARGARET VANCE. Female, 27, Priscilla ; male, 7, Harry ; male, 3, Daniel.

JOHN WINTER. Female, 23, Sall; female, 8, Suck ; male, 4, Sam.

MARGUS STEPHENSON. Male, 45, Suder; female, 18, Luce ; female, 4, Poll.

JAMES STEPHENSON. Male, 55, Fortune.

JOHN STEPHENSON. Male, 22, Harry ; female, 21, Poll; male, 12, Jeffrey ; female, 10, Jenny ; female, 5, Betty.

March 26, 1781

EBENEZER FINLEY. Male, 13½, Primus

Oct. 10, 1781

SAMUEL EVALT. Male, 30, Moses.

ANDREW MCFARLAND- Female, 17, Bett

Oct. 11, 1781.

RICHARD STEPHENS. Mole, 21, Simon; female, 14, Plats ; female, 5. Daphney ; female. 18, Jin.

ANDREW LYNN. Male, 28, Jupeter ; female, 30, Doll ; female, 10, Roge ; male, 7, Need ; male, 5, Reuben ; male, 3, Race ; male, 1, Frank.

Dec. 10, 1781

VAN SWERINGAN. Male, 24, Harry ; male, 24, Pster, female, 13, Tamer ; fsmale, 8, Bett.

RICHARD FINLEY. Male, 12, Sampson ; female, 40, Moll ; female, 15; Luce ; female, 13, Jude ; female, 9, Sarah ; female, 7, Priss

Dec. 14, 1781.

JAMES WHITEACRE- Female, 45, Nell ; female, 39, Sue; female, 17, Dinah ; female, 1, Cash ; male, 37, Orange ; male, 12, Hampton.

Dec. 20, 1781.

WILLIAM McGREW. Male, 30, Tom ; Male, 17, Isaac.

Dec. 18,1781.

THOMAS CLERE - Female, 8, 6 mo., Heager.

ANN BURGESS (widow) Female, 28, Matty ; female, 14, Nelly ; male, 13, Harry ; male, 10, Batchelor ; female, 10, Dinah ; male, 10, Ben.

ELIZABETH BURGESS. (Not given) 3, Jessama

Dec. 19, 1781

ISAAC FINLEY. Female, 25, Fortune ; male, 14, George; male, 8, Ned ; female, 30, Crils ; female, 13, Sarah ; female, 12. Lid ; female, 4, Jin ; female, 2, Suck

SARAH MATTERSON- Female, 37, Fill ; male, 16, Tom.

PAUL LASH. Male, 35, Sequire.

SAMUEL KINKADE. Female, 28, Tenea , female, 10, Sue ; male, 7, Isaac ; male, 5, Pitt; female, 10, Grace.

AARON MOORE. Female, 19, Priss.

MARK HARDEN. Male, 34, Reuben ; female, 40, Elizabeth.

JOHN and MARTEN HARDEN- Male, 20, James; female, 15, Casner ; female, 13, Jude.

JOHN MCMAHAN- Male, 32, Ellender ; female, 9, Hannah ; male, 7, George ; male, 5, Benjamin; male, 3, Sambough.

THEOPHILUS PHILIPS- Female, 17, Susannah ; male, 2, Harry

Dec. 23, 1781

ROBERT ORR- Male, 18, Benn ; female, 15, Sook ; male, 3, Tom.

Dec. 24, 1781.

GAITHER SIMPSON- Male, 26, Peter.

SALLEE EVANS. Female, 24, Rachel

ISAAC PEARCE. Male, 18, Yock ; female (mulatto), 21, Jade ; male, 5, Isaac; female, 1, 3 mo., Rhodey.

JAMES FINLEY. Female, 7, Sall.

PHILIP SHUIT. Female, 18, Patt; male, 11 months, George.

SAMUEL STEPHENS. Male (age not given), Robert.

JOHN COE. Male, 30, Keziah ; female, 17, Delia; female, 15, Susan ; male, 14, Peter

BENJAMIN STEPHENS. Male, 38, Jem ; male, 30, George ; male, 17, Will ; female, 26, Nan; female, 4, Fanny ; female, 2, Charity.

CHARLES STEPHENS. Female, 17, Chloe.

Dec. 20, 1781

DORSEY PENTECOST. Male, 15, Jack ; male, 40, David ; female, 18, Sall ; female, 20, Patt ; female, 14 months, Flora; female, 18 years, Jem ; male, 21, Dick ; male, 32, Tom ; male, 14, Will ; female, 12, Hanna ; female, 15, Linda ; male, 25, Sam; male, 20, Joe ; male, 19, Harry ; male, 13, Gilbert.

CHRISTOPHER HAYS- Male, 28, Peter.

Dec. 24, 1781.

JOHN MURPHY- Male, 25, Nerrow ; male, 5, Jerry ; female, 35, Onner; female, 17, Cato ; female, 9, Fan ; female, 7, Fanner.

Dec. 10, 1781.

JONATHAN REESE- Male, 20, Will.

ZEKEL MOORE. Female, 38, Frank

PHILIP PEARCE- Male, 15, Jack

CHARLES WICKLIFFE. Female, 50, Frank ; female, 30, Frank or Fung ; female, 17, Amey ; female, 7, Hanna ; male, 5, George; male, 2, Joshua

SARAH HARDEN- Male, 36, Frank; female, 21, Hanna; female, 42, Philis ; female 5, Minea; male, 5, Race; female, 3, Elizabeth ; female, 2, Carner.

MARY WICKLIFFE, widow of Robert Wickliffe, deceased Female, 45, Catron ; male, 21, James ; female, 19, Esther ; female, 17, Sarah; female, 14, jan.

SAMUEL PAIR. Male, 4, Weine

JAMES WHITE, Springhill. Male, 20, Abraham ; male, 12, Jonas ; female (mulatto), 10, Ellender

Dec. 24, 1781.

CHARLES Cans. Male, 16, David.

Dec. 29, 1781.

JOHN GIBSON. Female, 50, Nell.

Dec. 14, 1781.

Rev. JAMES FINLEY- Male, 12, Primus

REV. JAMES WRIGHT. Female, 14, Jean.

REV. SAMUEL IRWIN. Male, 10, Ben ; female, 17, Patty ; female, 22, Jack ; female, 23, Will ; female, 18, Poll.

GABRIEL COX. Female, 15, Hannah ; male, 28, Squash ; male, 20, Job; male, 21, Jack ; female, 19, Sall.

JOSEPH BECKET- Female, 25, Beck ; male, 18 months. Tom; male, 9, Harry ; female, 22, Esther ; female, 12, Violet ; female, 16, Bett male, 32, Moses

June 4, 1782

AUGUSTA Moose- Male, 11, Abraham.

WILLIAM HARRISON. Male, 40, Larrow ; female, 17, Sall ; female, 15, Jacob.

THOMAS MOORE. Male, 40, Simon ; femsle, 17, Sall ; male, 15, Jacob.

JOSEPH GRAYBILL. Male, 21, Dick ; female, 22, Hanna; female, 2 years, 4 months, Nelly

BENJAMIN DAVIS. Male, 23, Pomp ; female, 25, Hanna ; male, 7, Milton ; female, 4, Sue

JOSEPH HILL- Male, 23, Tom ; female, 22, Florence; female, 8, Susanna ; female, 6, Dinah ; male, 4 years 3 months, George ; female, 2 years 4 months, Lucey.

July 6, 1782.

THOMAS McGINNIS- Female, 25; Jane ; male, 5, Andrew ; male, 4, Jack.

July 11, 1782.

DENNIS SPRINGER- Male, 33 ; Dave ; female (mulatto), 22, Poll ; male, 5, Frank

July 26, 1782

DAVID WHITE. Female, 20, Sall

ROBERT VANCE- Male, 4, Tom

Aug. 26, 1782.

REV. JAMES FINLEY. Male, 30, Plato ; female, 30, Bett ; female, 12, Nan ; male, 10, Toby ; female, 9, Betts; male, 5, Plato ; male, 40, James.

Sept. 4, 1782.

JAMES MCCULLOCH- Male, 11, Essex

Sept. 21, 1782.

JOHN TAYLOR., Male, 12, Brier ; female, 4, Bet.

Oct. 8, 1782.

JOSEPH HILL- Male, 18, Jack

JACOB MACHLING. Male, 20, Tom ; female, 9, Bets

JOHN MEASON- Female, 30, Miles; male, 4, Bill.

Oct. 9, 1782

MICHAEL CAMPBELL. Male, 10, Bob ; female, 8, Jin ; female 4, Cate

Oct-.10, 1782.

HEZEKIAH McGRUDER. Male, 34, Robert ; male, 28, Tobias ; male, 24, Erasmns; male, 23, Edward ; male, 23, William ; male, 5, Abraham; male, 2 years 6 months, Benjamin ; female, 38, Rachel ; female,32,

APPENDICES - 449

elizabeth ; female, 27. Hanna; female, 22, Eleanor; female, 10, Teraminta; female, 9, Alice : female, 9, Charity ; female, 2, Caa-sandra ; female, 2 years 4 months, Leah.

MARGARET HUTTON. Male, 37, Jeremiah ; male, 20, Thomas ; male, 16, Isaac ; male, 14, Philemon ; female, 57, Hannah ; female,.40, Cath-arine ; female, 19 ; Susanna; female, 8, Henrietta ; female, 5, Rachel.

RICHARD NOBLE. Male, 22, Joshua ; male, 9, John ; male,4, John ; male, 21, Ignatius ; female, 29, Lucey ; female, 15, Patience ; female, 6, Dinah.

WILLIAM GOE. Male, 27, James : male, 24, Anthony; male, 11, Scotland ; female, 46, Jane ; female, 36, Ann ; female, 18, Dye ; female, 14, Daphney ; female, 8, Priscilla ; female, 3, Hannah ; female, 2½, Lucey.

John Goe. Female, 20, Jane.

MARGARET Goe. Female, 24, Rachel.

EDWARD COOK. Male, 12, Ben.

LEVI STEPHENS. Female, 18, Elizabeth.

JAMES STEPHENSON. Male, 70, Fortune ; female, 12, Bet.

Oct. 11, 1782.

SARAH BRADLEY. Marl, 22, Jack.

JOHN PIERCE DIVALT. Female, 45, Crish.

Oct. 12, 1782.

HENRY SPKARS. Male, 39, Crombo; male, 28, Ohonora; male, 21, Sambo ; male, 15, James; male, 7, York ; male, 5, William ; male, 5, David ; male, 4, Jeremiah ; male, 3, George; male, 2 years 4 rnonths, Andrew ; male, 2 years 2 months, Daniel ; female, 39, Sungra; female, 35, Obina ; female, 23, Flora; female, 9, Barbara ; female, 6, Jane ; female, 4, Ann ; female, 2 years 3 months, Pheby; female, 2 years 2 months, Elenor.

PETER REASONER. Female, 14, Dina.

Oct. 14, 1782.

JOHN WADDLE. Male, 27, Butler ; female, 14, Dinah.

THOMAS WARRING. Male,30, Charles ; female, 38, Nell ; female, 13, Gin ; female, 11, Nenbe ; female, 5, Bett.

Oct. 15, 1782.

GASPER GAYER. Male, 20, Jim

Oct. 23, 1782.

JOHN CARR. Male, 23, Bass.

Nov. 12, 1782.

JOHN LINDSEY. Male, 26, Job ; female, 25, Hannah ; male, 14, Samboe ; female, 9, Judea ; female, 8, Abby.

Nov. 17, 1782.

CHARLES HABRA.. Female, 22, Rose.

MICHAEL SHILLYS. Female, 22, Phillis.

Nov. 25, 1782.

CHARLES FOREMAN. Female, 17, Amynta

THOMAS GIST. Male, 32, Jesse.

ROBERT ROSS. Male, 22, Gabe ; male, 30, Dubbin.

BENJAMIN POWERS. Male, 25, Peter.

JAMES DEATH, JR. Male, 18, Tom ; female, 18, Polldore ; female, 12, Flora ; male, 8, Caesar ; female, 7, Sale; female, 5, Rachel.

CHRISTIAN RODENBAUGH. Male, 19, Frank.

SAMUEL FULTON. Male, 15, Hercules; female, 15, Miley.

JAMES LYNCH. Female, 25, Jude ; female, 8, Dinah : male, 3, Peter.

JAMES GRAY. Female (age not given), Neel.

GEORGIE CLARK. Male, 18, Ben ; male, 4, Tom ; female, 16, Suck.

GILBERT SIMPSON. ?dale, 56, Orson; male, 20, Dufley; male, 18, Simon ; male, 19, Daniel ; female, 22, Ann ; female, 20, Jean ; female, 18, Lucy ; male, 7, Joseph ; female, 5, Alle ; female, 3, Lydia; male, 3 Philip; female, 1, Darcus.

Nov. 26, 1782.

WILLIAM STEEL. Male, 18, Phil

Nov. 30, 1782.

James Cross. Male (mulatto), 24, James ; female, 26, Susanna; male, 22, Bill ; female, 30, Lett ; female, 5, Edy ; female, 6, Lucy; female, 3, Maffy ; female, 2, Mary.

Dec. 3, 1782.

DANIEL ELLIOT. Female, 12, Hannah.

Dec. 5, 1782.

JOHN NEAL. Male, 12, Prince.

Dec. 10, 1782.

ELI COULTER. Female, 19, Lucy ; male, 35, Guilbert.

JAMES LAUGHLIN. Female, 30, Pegg.

HUGH LAUGHLIN. Female, 25, Moll ; female, 14, Jean ; male, 18, Jacob ; female, 5, Kett.

JOHN LAUGHLIN. Female, 40, Margere; female. 15, Dinah.

Dec. 17, 1782.

JAMES STERRET. Mille, 35, Bob; male, 10, Moses ; female, 32, Sib; female, 4, Lydia; male, 8, Dick.

JOHN HALL. Male, 30, Frank ; female, 25, Fillis; mulatto (age not given), 9, Hick ; male, 7, Wapping; female (mulatto), 5, Jude ; male, 3. Sam.

JACOB HEWIT. Male, 30 (age not given); female, 20, Esther ; male, 1, Ben.

Dec. 19, 1782.

JOHN KIDD. Male, 15, Bob.

JOHN WRIGHT. Male, 22, Jack ; male, 14, Abraham ; female, 22, Eaffe ; female, 16, Hanna; female, 16, Jean.

Dec. 20, 1782.

JONATHAN JOHNSTON. Male, 28, Toby ; female, 26, Chloe; male, 20, Lacum ; female, 12, Rachel; female, 3, Patty ; female, 1, Esther.

WILLIAM BLACKMORE. Male, 21, Bush ; female, 20, Peter.

WILLIAM PRICE. Male, 38, Francis; male, 19, Natt ; boy, 7, Dick ; boy, 9, Thorn.

ISAAC MEASON. Female, 30, Vallee ; female, 10, Febe ; female, 4, age not given ; male, 22, Jack ; male, 13, Joseph ; male, 9, Ben; male, 20, Harry ; male, 9, Dick.

MARY MEASON. Male, 30, Solomon.

ELIZABETH. Female, 20, Philis; male, 3, Peter.

JOHN AND JAMES PERRY. Female, 27, Belinda ; female, 30, Phillis ; male, 4, Amos ; male,3, Bill ; female, 10, Fortune; female, 6, Bett; female, 2, Sall; male, 1, Nise ; male, 18, Tom ; male, 15, Sam ; male, 20, Jack.

EDWARD FREMAN. Male, 28, Jack ; male, 27, Dick ; female. 19. Charlotte ; male, 4, Ned.

REUBIN KEMP. Fernale, 40, Flora.

James RUTTA. Female, 20, Jenny.

BENJAMIN COE. Male, 15, Titus.

JOHN McKIFFINS, Male, 26, Daniel ; male,12, David ; male, 18, Jarret ; male, 20, Jack.

Dec. 22, 1782.

WILLIAM PITTS, Female,18, Rachel; male, 25, Luke; male, 16, George ; male, 3, Saul ; male, 17, James.

Dec.23, 1782.

JOHN IRWIN. Female, 30, Heger ; male (mulatto), 12, Tom ; female, 10, Venue.

WILLIAM IRWIN. Female (mulatto), 16, Vall.

JOHN JOHNSTON. Male, 17, Boast; male, 30, Jack.

Dec. 28, 1782.

JAMES SMITH. Male, 11, Jeese.

Dec. 27, 1782.

THOMAS BROWN. Female, 29, Susanna ; female, 26, Margaret ; male, 20, Abner; male, 18, Doreby ; female, 6, Phillis ; male, 3, Richard.

OTHO BRASHEARS. Male, 28, Henry ; female, 23, Rebeccah.

NACY BRASHEARS. Male, 40, Moses ; female, 37, Sarah ; female, 38, Dinah ; male, 20, Peter ; female,21, Cloke; female,13, Pegg ; male, 12, Gardner ; male, 11, Jully ; male, 8, Edesen ; female, 4, Hanna ; female, 3, Dilly ; female, 3, Catharine.

LEVEN WILCOX. Female. 30, Chloe; male, 22, Tom ; male, 15, Aaron ; female, 7, Susanna; male, 7, Samuel ; female, 8, Jean ; male, 4, Jeffry ; female, 3, Ann.

JAMES HAMMOND. Male, 17, Sam ; male, 21, Nick ; male, 7, Frank ; female, 4, Milley.

RIZIN VIRGIN. Male, 15, Will ; male, 7, Tom.

JONATHAN ARNOLD. Male,19, Bobb; female, 3, Bett.

JAMES MCMACHAN. Male, 7, Wright.

ARMSTRONG PORTER. Male, 33, Sam.

Dec. 28, 1782.

RICHARD STEPHENS. Male, 17, Agaday ; female, 14, Eve.

JOSEPH BRACKEN, JR. Male, 65, London.

JOHN WELLS. Female, 14, Kate; male, 12, Dick ; female, 10, Poll.

Dec. 29, 1782.

EDWARD MILLS. Female, 21, May.

PETER LAUGHLIN. Male, 2.5, Sam; female, 18, Lydia ; female, 10, Fane ; male, 2, Mich; male, 2 months, Toby.

ROBERT HARRISON. Male, 15, Ned ; female, 9, Rachel ; female, 7, Hager.

JOHN HARRISON. Female, 45, Sue.

ISAAC NEWMAN. Male, 27, Richard ; female, 27, Hanna; male, 11, George.

THOMAS GORHAM. Male, 45, Sam; male, 30, Jey ; male, 19, Tom ; male, 8, James ; female, 40, Betty ; female, 14, Dyner.