(RETURN TO THE TITLE PAGE) 100 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. The same act of reorganizati0n also provided for the appointment of a secretary and steward. Mr. Berry, of Cincinnati, was appointed secretary, and William Van Hyde, of Lancaster, steward. Subsequently, the functions of the secretary and steward were consolidated, and Mr. Berry filled both positions until his resignation, in the spring of 1880. At the annual election of that spring, C. M. L. Wiseman, of Lancaster, was elected secretary and steward. A further Act of the Legislature, supplementing the reorganizing Act of 1878, provided for the annual appointment of one trustee, as the terms of the incumbents respectively expired, in such manner, that the board should consist of four members, with the acting Governor of the State as the fifth member, but only to act when a deciding vote became necessary ; and further, that said board of four trustees should be so appointed as to consist perpetually of two Democrats and two Republicans. The Ohio Reform Farm consists of 11.70 acres, and is situated six miles from Lancaster, a little south of southwest. The surface is exceedingly rugged in some of its parts, being cut with sharp ravines, with out-cropping sandrock. The soil, for the most part, is poor, being mixed all over the farm with the grindings of the old red sandstone, which underlies the entire surface. The timber is chestnut, white and pitch pine, scrubby oak of several varieties, laurel, and whortleberry. There are some belts of fair soil. The hill slopes are well adapted to grape and peach growing, while the upper tablelands have been recovered, and are used for gardening and vegetables generally. Very little grass can be produced on the farm; in dry seasons, not even green pasturage, sufficient for the few cattle that are required. The poorest of the hills produce nothing but ferns, whortleberry, and a few scrubby bushes. Small quantities of wheat and oats can be produced. Peaches, as a rule, have clone well, as also strawberries and blackberries. Both of these have received considerable attention. In 1880, there were 30 acres of gardening, 8,000 peach trees, and besides, about lo0 acres of tillable ground. Apples are produced in considerable quantities. The highest surfaces are about six hundred feet above low water in the. Hocking, four or five miles east, and about live hundred above the site of Lancaster. The farm is reached, from Lancaster, over a good summer road, along pine-covered ridges, that, in warm days, make the air redolent with resinous exhalations, and presenting to the eye, on either hand, stretching off in the distance, romantic scenery, nowhere surpassed in Ohio. From its elevated position, the air is healthful and bracing in summer. From a very humble beginning, in January, 1858, when ten boys were brought, from Cincinnati, and placed in the first rude wooden buildings erected, the farm has grown into a place of gigantic proportions and beauty. The idea seems to have been popular from the start. Soon other boys were brought, and the need of more room became apparent. The attention of the Legislature was awakened, and ample appropriations were not wanting. The log structures soon disappeared, and tine brick buildings took their place. HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 101 The main building is 161 feet in length, with projections. It contains offices, reception rooms, parlors, dining rooms, residences, guest rooms, storage rooms, council chamber, and telegraph office. The kitchen, culinary department, and boys' dining rooms, are all in projections of the main building. This is situated centrally, with regard to the other buildings. What are denominated family buildings are two story bricks, with basement story. The basement is the wash room and play place for the boys ; the second story is the school room, and apartments of the elder brother and his family ; the third story is the sleeping apartment for boys. There are nine of these family buildings, besides union family buildings. The other buildings of the farm are : first, the chapel; then shops, laundry, and wash house, water tower, bake house, engine house, stables, hot houses, coal houses, hospital, ice house, mending room, knitting room, piggery, and chamber of reflection, besides many other out-buildings. The buildings are disposed in squares, more or less spaced, and altogether occupy an area of probably twenty acres. The Ohio building, which is the home of the Small boys of .ten years and under, is isolated from the others, and stands of nearly a mile to the east, and is in connection with the chapel and main grounds by a good plank walk. The grounds are laid off with gravel drives and plank walks, and are beautifully decorated with evergreen trees, arbors, flower houses, and grass lawns. The family buildings are named after rivers in Ohio, thus : Muskingum, Ohio, Hocking, Scioto, Cuyahoga, Huron, Maumee, Miami, and Erie. The family of boys of each building take the family name after the building, as the Maumee family, Muskingum family, Hocking family, etc. In the incipient state of the school, some discrepancy of opinion existed in regard to modes of discipline. By some it was proposed to adopt the House of Refuge plan, in part, in connection with the open system. The latter was adopted. The time of the boys is divided between work of some kind, school, and recreation. Every boy is half the day in school, and the other half at work. There is an hour for dinner. Recreations are taken after supper, on Saturday afternoons, sometimes, and on holidays. Each family is under the management of an officer, denominated the elder brother, whose wife, with few exceptions, is the teacher. The branches taught are those of a common school English education. Within the last three years, a grammar school department has been added. The boys are held to close and rigid discipline, but treated with uniform kindness and trust, whenever trust can be extended. One of the leading features of the discipline is to inspire the inmates with the ambition of earning a good reputation, and trustworthiness. In many instances, boys are permitted the freedom of coming and going, and even to transact business. Corporal punishment is only resorted to in extreme cases, and is always with the rod. A lock-up is provided for the most incorrigible, and is denominated the "chamber of reflection" Here, those condemned to this mode of discipline, are left to confinement, until they are willing. to make proper confession their wrong doing, and promise of amendment. In it few instances, 102 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. the chain and ball have been found necessary to restrain the vicious, or to prevent escapes. A constant care is observed to prevent escapes by running away, but numerous escapes have taken place notwithstanding. The boy who escapes, and is returned, loses credit on his .good conduct, the effect of which is to protract the time of his detention. Credit is given for merit, and good boys work themselves out in shortened time. No specified time is fixed in the commitment.. The time is left to the superintendent, and ,depends very much on the conduct of the boy. The State pays five dollars each for the return of runaway boys. In addition to school education and manual labor on the farm, mechanical branches are also taught. The institution has a shoe and boot manufacturing establishment, a brush fact0ry, a tailor shop, a cane-seat making department, and a telegraph office. Several good telegraph operators have left the farm, and are doing well. Other mechanical trades have been learned there, that have been highly creditable to the institution, and greatly advantageous to the boys. It is one of the cares of the management to find homes for such boys, on their discharge, as have no home to go to, and this duty is always carefully carried out. Boys under sixteen years of age, who commit penitentiary crimes, are usually sent to the Reform Farm ; and some, who have been sentenced to the state's prison, have been commuted to the farm. There is a hospital, for the sick, always provided with competent nurses ; and it is the duty of the matron to visit the hospital in person, as often as may be necessary, to see that all is right, and that the wants of the sick are properly attended to. A physician is appointed especially for the inmates, who resides in Lancaster, and can be called at any hour. But this does not prevent the right of parents, or others, from employing physicians of their preference to attend their sick boys, at their own expense. Religious services are held in the chapel every Sabbath. This has, for the most part, been clone by the clergy of Lancaster by alternation, and for a compensation of five dollars for each visit. X. Catholic priest visits the farm, at stated periods, for the instruction of Catholic boys. During the summer of 1880, a stated pastor was arranged for, and settled at the farm, but who, after a few months residence, resigned. A Sabbath school is maintained, at which all the boys are required to attend, Catholics as well as Protestants. There is, also, a library, provided by the state, for the use of the boys, and from which they draw books under regulations. The number of inmates is constantly increasing. In commissioner Howe's annual report to the governor for 1876, the number who had passed through the institution, from the beginning to date, was given at 2,019 and in superintendent Douglass' report, of the date .of Nov. 15, 1880, the number received at the farm, from the first, is given at 3,170, and 514 remaining. In June, 1881, the number of inmates, exceeded 550. It is the concurrent testimony of all the official reports, that a large majority of the boys who have passed through the Reform Farm school, have turned out well. Mr. Howe gave the proportion of those who HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 103 sere discharged during his nineteen years of control, and who did well, at eighty per cent. ; and superintendent Douglass, in his report of Nov. 15, 1880, gives a similar favorable account. A few have turned out badly. A complete history of the finances of the farm, from 1858 to the present, cannot be easily obtained ; nor would the specifications be important. It may suffice to say, that the present value of the farm, with all its buildings, improvements, and fixtures, exceeds half a million of dollars, and that the appropriation asked for, by the trustees, for the year ending Nov. 15, 1871, was $105,340. 104 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. CHAPTER XVI. THE LOG CABIN CAMPAIGN OF 1840. WHEN General William Henry Harrison and John Tyler were placed in nomination for the presidency, by the national convention, an indiscreet, and not far-seeing Democratic editor, thinking, doubtless, to make a coup de main in the start, penned a paragraph to the effect that General Harrison was better qualified to sit in his log cabin, and drink hard cider out of a gourd, than to be President of the United States. It was, of all other things that could have been said, the worst for the opposition. From Maine to Florida, and from Charleston to Detroit, every Whig organ saw its advantage, and turned it to account. It was not two weeks before the whole country was in a blaze. The yeomanry did not relish the idea of having their log cabins and hard cider referred to derisively. It was their proud boast, that they and their ancestors had been dwellers in log cabins, and they did not want people, who sat in cushioned chairs, or rode in "English coaches," to make fun of them. But the paragraph had become public property and could not be recalled. “Tyler, too," chiming in so euphoneously with "Tippecanoe," it became of easy construction in song, and at once Harrison was raised to the hem of Tippecanoe, and the r adopted by the people, and nothing could check the avalanche. Mr. Allen, notwithstanding his, accustomed discretion and good sense, made a mistake, when he said that the ladies of Chillicothe voted General Harrison a " petticoat," for his prowess at the Thames, for, no matter about the truth or untruth of the allegation, he should have foreseen that the not very dignified title of " Petticoat Allen" would be attached to his name. He should have been astute enough to comprehend that in the excited state of the popular mind, the masses would not stop to inquire into the truth of his statement. They simply accepted it as a thrust at the log cabin candidate. Such are the foundations of the log cabin and hard cider campaign. The excitement came just on the heels of the universal financial crisis of 1837, and at a time when scarcely a bank bill in the whole country was at par, and when the circulating medium consisted largely of corporation and individual shin-plasters. With few exceptions, the banks were in a state of suspension, and the country was flooded with irredeemable notes. The Bank of the United States had been suspended, and the prospect ahead was gloomy enough, being one of these general conditions of any country that incites the people to desire a change in the administration of the public affairs. The occasion was opportune, and the uprising of the masses was natural and legitimate. General Harrison and John Tyler were elected by an overwhelming majority of the popular vote, as well as of the electoral college, having two hundred and thirty-four electoral votes, to sixty for Van Buren and Johnson. . General Harrison died on the fourth day of April, 1841, thirty-one days after his inauguration. At this time, the administration passed into the hands of the Vice President. But a revnlsion soon followed, HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 105 and the same people who elected " Tippecanoe and Tyler too," in 1840, without the experience of a test of his policy, undid all they had done. Thomas Corwin, who was elected Whig governor of Ohio, in 1840, over Wilson Shannon, Democrat, by a majority of sixteen thousand, was, in 1842, defeated by Shannon by a majority of over 2,000 ; and in 1844 James K. Polk was elected President by the Democratic party. The emblem of the Whig party was the buckeye! that of the Democrats, the hickory—originating from the term, " Old Hickory, as applied to General Jackson. The emblems adopted by the Whigs, during the campaign, were coon-skins, cider-barrels, live coons, blood-hounds, and log cabins ; while the Democrats added to their hickory pole, the rooster and the petticoat. But the log cabin was the central and leading feature of the " Tippecanoe; and Tyler too," rally. They were to be seen everywhere, from the miniature cabin of a foot square, nailed on top of the gate-post, to the log cabin of a thousand capacity, covered with clapboards. Almost every village had its log cabin, in which the people assembled to sing, and make speeches. They were built in the most primitive style, of unhewed logs and poles, and, sometimes, the primitive stick and mud chimney. For the most part, their decorations consisted of cider-barrels and coon-skins, attached to the logs on the outside. On special occasions, the spectacle of a live hound, secured on the roof, was, no strange sight. Sometimes a rifle was to be seen, lying in the wooden hooks on the wall, a gourd hanging beside the door outside, etc. The Whigs of Lancaster built their log cabin near the court house. It was a very primitive appearing structure. However, many a merry crowd was entertained within its walls, and it was, in fact, the instrument of proselyting many a voter. Only a few can remember it, and the echo from the following, among other doggerels : "We'll cut out a window, and have a wide door in, We'll lay a good loft, and a first-rate floor in. * * * * * * * * * On the fourth day of March Old Tip will move in it, And then little Martin will, have for to shin it. Hurrah hurrah! for Harrison and 'Tyler; A nice log cabin, and a barrel of hard cider. " Oh I what, tell me what, will be your cabin's fate ? We'll wheel it to the Capitol, and place it there in state, For a token, and a sign, of the Bonnie Buckeye State." “What has caused this great commotion? Motion, motion, motion. It is the ball a rolling on, For Tippecanoe, and Tyler too, For Tippecanoe, and Tyler too, And with them we'll beat little Van, Van, Van, Van's a used-up man. And with them we'll beat little Van." " Three cheers for the old log cabin's friend, Long time ago. The cabin boys on him depend, Long time ago. In English coaches he no rider, But he can fight, and drink hard cider, Long time ago." 106 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. The processions of the Whigs were comical enough, sometimes. Every possible kind of vehicle was brought into requisition. Immense wagons were improvised by fixing long poles on two pair of wheels ; and, when they could be procured, buckeye limbs and bushes were either nailed on, or inserted into the poles, so as to present the appearance of a moving grove of green buckeyes. Seats were arranged, and sometimes from seventy-five to one hundred persons would be crowded into one of these large wagons. Flags, banners, songs, and cheers brightened the scene, and the levity of one of these occasions was participated in by the men, women, and children of the best families. The wagons often displayed the emblems and insignia of log cabin life. The cider barrel usually is a prominent feature. Also, plows, wooden harrows, pitchforks, flails, flaxbrakes, scutching board, hatchets, johnny cake boards, Dutch ovens, old-fashioned looms, and women "making believe" they were weaving on them. Sometimes men appeared, as if in the act of threshing wheat ; others breaking and scutching flax ; at other times, blacksmiths with their sleeves rolled up appeared at their work ; coopers were seen driving on hoops, others slinging the maul ; women were represented as being at the wash tub ; perhaps a blood hound was visible ; gourds hanging on nails, and coon skins tacked up, were common appendages. Raccoons were very common. One of these processions passed through the principal street of Lancaster, with "Mother Green," as a prominent feature. Mrs. Ruhama Green, the pioneer mother, who was identified with the beginning of Lancaster and Fairfield county, only survived this occasion two years. When Gen. Harrison was to speak in Chillicothe, a large delegation from Lancaster went down. The delegation left Lancaster very early in the morning, and consisted of a long line of carriages and horsemen. Arriving in the vicinity of Tarlton, a tall hickory pole, by the roadside, indicated the residence of a Democrat. From its top fluttered a red petticoat. The boys called a halt, and said it must come down, and began to look about for an axe. "Uncle Christ," over forty years younger than he is now, was there with his four horse coach, filled with Whigs, He thought it would not be right to cut it down, and proposed to climb the pole, and take down the offensive rag. When he had reached about ten feet from the ground, his hands slipped and he slid back to terra firma. Nothing could induce "Uncle Christ" to make the second attempt, and the procession moved on, while possibly the owner of the offensive pole was convulsed with laughter, as he viewed from his concealment their discomfiture. The Whigs of Pickaway, Madison, north Clinton, Fayette and this county, took up the line of march from Washington court house, about the twentieth of July, for a grand march to the Hillsboro mass meeting, leaving with three thousand strong. They were gone about three days, leaving but very few Whigs at the court house, to take care of things. Upon their return it was contemplated to hold a rousing meeting, in the log cabin, standing near the south-West border of the town, with a seating capacity of about five hundred. It had been the scene of speech, song and jubilation, all summer. The crowd that assembled there HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 107 nightly consisted largely of ladies, but during this lull in the merriment, the Democrats took advantage of the absent ones, having things pretty much their own way. The log cabin, upon the return, was found not only untenable, but unapproachable, so much so, that renovation was rendered impossible ; subsequently, as the only way of abating an unendurable nuisance was to reduce it to ashes. In this dilemma, small posters were displayed about the town, in the afternoon, to the effect that the "Tippecanoe Club," would meet to- night in the court house. Word was brought to the Whig headquarters, that the Democrats had stolen into the court house, and organized a meeting. Inside of twenty minutes forty stout Whigs marched down the pavement by two's, seized the dozen Democrats, who were going through the formula of 'a meeting, and set them down in the middle of the street. The president, whose avoirdupois fell but little short of three hundred pounds, required a double force to transfer him. It amounted to nothing more than a big joke, not a word having been spoken. On their way from the "Queen City," the stage (with the nine occupants,) stopped in a village to change horses and the mail. One of the passengers was a grocer, and had in the coach a number of hideous false faces. As they neared the town, the passengers, thinking to be- guile the monotony of stage travel a little, concluded to have a little fun, and, accordingly, each man drew on a mask. When entering the town, seeing green buckeyes growing along the side-walks, they, legitimately enough, concluded they were entering a good Whig village. When the stage stopped in front of the tavern, they commenced to sing at the top of their voices, "Old Tip's the boy to swing the flail, Hurrah, Hurrah, Hurrah, And make the Locos all turn pale, Hurrah, Hurrah, Hurrah, He'll give them all a tarnal switchin', When he begins to "clear de kitchen." The refrain was not sung, for just at that point a big fellow stepped to the coach window from the crowd that had collected, wanting to know if anybody in there thought himself man enough to give a Democrat a "tarnal switching," and seemed determined to press his demand. He was pulled back with the words, (in rather a low voice,) "Why, Jim, you fool, keep away from them, they're Indians." At this point, the new team having been hitched, '•Old Hundred" welled up, and the stage dashed away, under a tremendous "Hurrah for Van Buren." A special feature of the log cabin campaign was a kind of drink sold all over the country, known as "coon oil." It had a sweetish lemon flavor, yellowish in color, and rather oily consistence. Its special peculiarity was its efficiency in making men drunk, and that, in a shorter time, than ahy intoxicating liquid, ever before known, perhaps by its seductive taste. As the coon was an emblem of the Whig canvass, this drink, which it was said, left men without headaches or other bad feel 108 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. ings, was named "coon-oil," and the place of rendezvous was to be known as "coon boxes." These extravagances were almost entirely on one side. The Demo.. critic party had its hickory poles, standing as sentinels all over the country, whilst roosters and other insignia decorated their banners. In their processions, hickory bushes and roosters were carried, but they were visibly weak, and expended their principal batteries against ".The wild delirium and extravagance of the Whigs." They were rather overwhelmed, and their enthusiasm was moderate, the field pieces being chiefly the hickory, rooster and petticoat. There was not, on either side, separate from paraphernalia, very much display of logic. HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 109 CHAPTER XVII. STATISTICS. The number of children in Fairfield county eligible to enter the corn-non schools, that is between six years and twenty-one years of age, n 18/9, was 11,904. The number of civil judgments entered in Fairfield county court if common pleas, for the year ending June 30, 1879, was 289. Of those, 195 were rendered for money alone, and 94, where money was included. Amount of judgments, $131,900. Within the same time, 36 decrees were rendered by the county, for the year ending March 31, 1879. Number of births in the county for the year ending March 31, 1879, 725. Number of letters of guardianship issued by the probate court, for the year ending March 31, 079, 47 ; number of wills probated, 40; letters testamentary, 24 ; letters of administration issued, 51 ; estates administered on, 75. Number of persons sent to insane asylums from Fairfield county for the year ending March 31, 1879, 17 ; males, 6 ; females, i I. Number of paupers supported by Fairfield county, for the year ending March 31, 1879, 209. Total expense to the county, including outside support, $12,420. Average cost of each pauper per diem, twenty cents. POLITICAL.—Since 1832 the county of Fairfield has been Democratic by majorities ranging from 800 to 1000. As is well known, the birth of the Democratic party was coincident with Andrew Jackson's presidential canvass. The numerical relation between the Republicans and Democrats of the present clay is almost the same as existed between the old Whigs and Democrats. Prior to the Rebellion the Abolition party had no existence in this county, there never having been more than three or four votes cast. There is hardly a civilized nation on earth that is not represented in Fairfield county, some countries having furnished thousands of its present population. In 1798, when immigrants first began pouring into the hocking Valley, Pennsylvania furnished the most, followed by Virginia, Maryland and Kentucky. In 1799 and 1800, several small colonies of Swiss arrived and settled in the neighborhood of what is now Basil, Liberty township. This continued until a considerable Swiss settlement was formed, and the name "Liberty" was given to the township by them. Soon after the population of Fairfield county was greatly and rapidly augmented by arrivals from "Der Faderland" and Holland. The dialect of every German province is spoken in Fairfield county, the Teutonic being second only to the English tongue, in th e number of its representatives. There is not a European state or province, or one of the original 110 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. thirteen United Colonies of America, not represented in Fairfield county, the New England States and Carolinas furnishing the smallest number of settlers. MARRIAGE LICENSES.—By reference to the records of the clerk of court, and those of the probate court, it is found, that within a period of forty-six years, viz., from April 1835 to April 1881, there were issued within and for Fairfield county, 13,243 marriage licenses, being an average of 290 to the year. This would give the number of persons married within the same time at 26,680. This seems wonderful, because the average population of the county for the same years, has been below thirty thousand souls, all told, including children and aged persons ; and yet this is true. Even the present population is but little above thirty thousand. SOME MORTALITY STATISTICS.—The average duration of human life in Fairfield county, until recently, has been estimated at 33 years ; it is now supposed to be between 35 and 37 years, undoubtedly owing to improved sanitary conditions and better modes of living. 1 o throw some light on the subject of longevity, the births and deaths within the county for the year 1877 are here given. City of Lancaster, first ward, births, 30 ; deaths, 16 ; second ward, births, 14 ; deaths, 8 ; third ward, births, 22 ; deaths, 14 ; fourth ward, births, 14 ; deaths, 4 ; fifth ward, births 17 ; deaths, 5. Total for the city of Lancaster—births, 97 ; deaths, 47. Hocking township, births, 28 ; deaths, q ; Amanda township, births, 48 ; deaths, to.; Pleasant township, births, 44 ; deaths, 28 ; Richland township, births, 28 ; deaths, 9 ; Rush Creek township, births, 58 ; deaths, z6 ; Greenfield township, births, 33 deaths, 12 ; Madison township, births, 25 ; deaths, 17 ; Bloom township, births, 46 ; deaths, 9 ; Walnut township, births, 40; deaths, 17 ; Violet township, births, .66 ; deaths 18 ; Berne township, births, 31 ; deaths, 15 ; Liberty township, births, 58 ; deaths, 15. Total births for the county, outside of Lancaster, 525 ; total deaths in the county, outside of Lancaster, 187. Total births, city and county, 622 ; total deaths, city and county, 236. It will be noticed that the number of deaths in proportion to the births, is greater in the city than in the country. The population of the county in 1877 varied a little either way from 34,000 ; the inhabitants of the city of Lancaster, for that year, numbered about 6,000. The number of deaths in Fairfield county for the year ending March 31, 1879: White, males, 137 ; white, females, 129 ; colored, males, 3 ; colored, females, 2 ; deaths, where sex was unknown, 14. Total deaths for the year, 285. Causes Of death in the county for the year ending March 31, 1879: Measles, I ; scarlet fever, 5 ; diphtheria, 12 ; croup, 9 ; whooping cough, 2 ; typhoid fever, .9; erysipelas, 1 ; influenza, 1 ; cholera infantum,8 ; ague, 2 rheumatism, 4 ; gout, I ; dropsy, 9; cancer, 6 ; mortification, ; scrofula, 3 ; consumption of the bowels, 1 ; consumption of the lungs, 49 ; dropsy of the brain, 1 ; inflammation of the brain, 3 ; apoplexy, 2 ; paralysis, 7 ; epilepsy, 1 ; convulsions, 4 ; brain disease, 7 ; inflammation about the heart, I ; heart disease, etc., 19 ; bronchitis, 2 ; asthma, 3 ; lung disease, etc., 29 ; inflammation of ;he stomach, 1 ; inflammation of the bowels, 2 ; fistula, 2 ; liver complaint, 2 ; diabetes, HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 111 2 ; joint disease, 6; carbuncles, 1 ; skin disease, 1 ; child-birth, 3 ; old age, 20 ; atrophy, 2 ; fractures and contusions, 1 ; burns, 1 ; suicides, ; sudden deaths and causes unknown, 17 ; still-births, 1. INQUESTS—The number of inquests held in Fairfield county by justices of the peace, for the year ending June 30, 1879, was 5 ; by the county coroner, 6; of this number two were suicides, three were homicides, and six by accident. Of the eleven, three were foreign born, three were native born, and five nativity unknown. 112 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. CHAPTER XVIII. THE WAR OF 1812 AND MEXICAN WAR. Though war with England was not formally declared by Congress until June 18, 1812, history shows that a company of infantry was mustered in Fairfield county in the month of April of the same year, to operate on the northern border against the British. The company was recruited by the late General George Sanderson, with headquarters at Lancaster. When the company started for the frontier, it numbered forty-two ; and was officered as follows : Captain, George Sanderson ; First Lieutenant, David McCabe ; ensign, Isaac Larimar; sergeants, John Vanmeter, John Smith, James Larimar and Isaac Winter ; corporals, James White, Daniel Hudson, Robert Cunningham and William Wallace. Privates, George Baker, William Brubeck, Daniel Baker, Robert Cunningham, John Dungan, John Davis, William Edmunds, Reese Fitzpatrick, John Hiles, Christopher Hiles. Thomas Hardy, Philip Hines, Archibald Darnell, William Dinkins, Samuel Johnson, Isaac Finkbone, John Kerley, Joseph Loveland, John Collins, Charles Martins, John McIntire, Jacob Monteith, James Monteith, Jacob Mellon, Daniel Miller, William McDonald, William McClung Henry Martin, William Nelson, Joseph Oburn, Cornelius Post, William Ray, John Swiler, Daniel Smith, Jacob Sharp, Thomas Short, Samuel Work, Joseph Wheston, Henry Shoupe, John Huffman, Samuel Nolan, in all fifty-three. This entire company, with all its officers, was included in the surrender of General Hull, when in front of Detroit, August 16, 1812, and were paroled by order of the British General Brock, then in command of the post, not to take up arms against the British army until regularly exchanged, which exchange did not take place until in May, 1812. This surrender of the American forces under the command of General Hull, including all the military stores and munitions of war within his department, was in violation of the best judgment of his officers, who solemnly affirmed there existed no necessity for it, and at the same time so enraged the soldiers, that subsequently many of them disregarded their parol, and re-enlisted. The majority of the Fairfield county men subsequently. re-entered the service, and remained in it until the close of the war, including Captain Sanderson. In April, 1813, Captain Sanderson recruited a second company, partly from Fairfield county, and partly from Franklin county, Delaware county and the Western Reserve, numbering, when they struck tent to march to the front, one hundred and fifty-seven men. This company served until the close of the war, and was honorably discharged. The officers were—George Sanderson, Captain ; First Lieu- HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 113 tenants, Aurora Butler, Andrew Bushnell, John A. Milford, Abraham Fish, Second Lieutenant, Ira Morse ; Third Lieutenant, Wm. Hall ; Ensign, John Vanmeter ; First serg't, Chaney Case : Second serg't., Robt. Sanderson ; Third serg't., John Neibling ; Fourth serg't., John Dugan ; Corporals : John Collings, Peter Cory, Smith Headly, Daniel T. Bartholomew. Musicians : John C. Sharp, Drummer ; Adam Deeds, Fifer. Privates : William Anderson. Joseph Anderson, John Atkins, Joseph Alloways. Thomas Boyle, John Bartholomew, John Berrimen, Bent Bixler, Abraham Bartholomew, Samuel Bartholomew James Braden, Sheldon Reeber, James Brown, Jokn Beaty, Eli Brady, Charles Berdinoo. John Batiere, Daniel Baker, John Burley, Thomas Billings, Daniel Benjamin, Henry Case, Archibald Casey. Joseph Clay, Holden Collens, Mader Cremens, Chester I'. Cabe, Nathan Case, Chaney Clarke, Almon Carlton, Stephen Cook. David Crosby, Jesse Davis, Asa Draper, Walter Dunham, Geo. Daugherty, Enos Devore, Benj. Daily, John Evans, Joseph Flinger, Peter Fulk, John Forsyth, Daniel Filkall, John Faid, Ephraim Grimes, William L. Gates, Elnathan Gregory, Joseph Gibson, Samuel Gause, John limit, James Hagerty, Josiah Hinkley, John Hall, Fred. Hartman, David Hughs, Perlin Holcomb, John Harter, Jacob Headly, John Harbeson, John leas, Ambrose Joice, James Jones, John Johnson, James Jackson, John L. Jack: son, John Kisler, James Kincade, George Kissinger, Jonathan Kitts-miller, Samuel Kinsman, Joseph Lariman, Fred. Leathers, Henry Lief, Amos Leonard, Marinas Leonard, William Lauther, John McClung, John McElwayne, Francis McCloud, Hosea Merrille, John McClarky, Josh Merrill, James Moore, Joshua Mullen, Thomas Mapes, John McBride, William M. Clare, Henry Mains, Andrew Miller, John McConnell, Alex. McCord, William Harper, Isachar Nickerson, George Osborn, George Parks, Samuel Pratt, Powel Pain, Benjamin Berkhart, Luther Palmer, Arzell Pierce, John Ray, David Ridenor, William Reed, George Raphy, Elijah Rogers, Asa Rose, Joseph Straller, Henry Shadley, Christian B. Smith, Perry Spry, John Sunderland, Christian Shy-power, David Seress, John Seress, Henry Skolls, Ephraim Summers, Henry C. Strait, Jonathan Sordan, Jacob Shoup, Charles Smith, Mynder Shears, Adam Senor, John Smith, T. Sharp, S. Shenor, G. Shadwick, S. Taylor, J. Trorenger, F. Tesler, B. Thorp, F. Tucker, I. Thorp, J. Twadle, P. Vancleaf, I. Vanney, Thomas Thorp, J. Twadle, B. Thorp, A. Walker, A. White, I. Weaver, T. Wheatley, D. Walters, J. Wright, J. Welchaus, C. Wolftly, F. Williams, W. Wallace, A. Wilson, W. Watson, J. Young, H. Zimmerman. D. Zeigler, D. Wood- worth, S. Tyler, G. Tennis, L. Vanney, J. Wilson, I. Wheeler. The first company commanded by Captain Sanderson, and which marched from Lancaster in April, 1812, formed a part of Colonel Lewis Cass's Regiment of Ohio Volunteers. There was another company, which was in part recruited in Fairfield but of which very little information is to be obtained. The company was attached to Colonel Paul's regiment of Twenty-Seventh United States Infantry. They were honorably discharged at Detroit, in 1814. Accident placed in the hands of Dr. Scott an old blank book, which was purchased with a lot of odds and ends at the executor's sale of the effects of the late venerable John Leist, one mile west of Amanda, by a son of 15 114 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. the late William Graham, of Hocking township. It is .a journal in diary form of a third company of Infantry recruited in Fairfield county, with headquarters at Lancaster. The company was commanded by Capt. Jesse D. Courtright ; John Leist. First Lieutenant ; but no other officers or other specifications of the constitution of the. company are written in the-memorandum. The record seems to have been kept by one, Samuel Taylor,. probably an orderly sergeant. The Journal opens thus : "Rendezvoused at Lancaster, on the 26th day of August, 1812, for a six months tour on an expedition towards Canada." The record then proceeds in the firm of a regular kept diary, giving particulars of the daily marches and encampments, until the Maumee country is reached, when it terminates abruptly with this brief paragraph. "General Harrison arrived at the rapids, and started next day with a thousand men, commanded by General Perkins, to reinforce General Winchester. They did not get far, when they met some of Winchester's men, who told them that Winchester's army was all taken prisoner, or killed." There was also a rifle company organized in .1812, numbering from eighty to one hundred strong, raised chiefly along Ewing's Run, and north of Lancaster, marching first to Upper Sandusky, where they were encamped for some time. What part they further enacted in hostile movements, does not appear. They enlisted for six months, and at the expiration of this time they were honorably discharged. This company. was commanded by Captain Dayid Ewing, Thomas Ewing, First Lieutenant and John Burton Second. Lieutenant. To give a minute account of the part taken in the war with Mexico by Fairfield county, in 1846 and in 1847, at this late day, in the absence of. muster rolls, is almost impossible, nor Would a specific detail of the particularities serve any special purpose to future history. But it may he said, that Fairfield furnished as many soldiers as any county in Ohio in proportion to her population, and that she was as prompt in responding to the call. There were two companies from the county. The first company left for the seat of war in 1846, and was commanded by Captain Wm. Irvin, with Aaron Julien as First Lieutenant. The company went out full, and served one year, and was honorably discharged. They were in several sharp engagements, but did not suffer greatly. A few of their number died from disease.. The second company started out in the month of May, 1847, sixty strong, and filled up at Cincinnati. They were absent a little more than-one year, their return being in July 1848; they suffered some from sickness. This company did mostly guard duty. _It was commanded by W. F. Furguson, First Lieutenant, W. Rice ; Second Lieutenants, Alva Perry and Perry Steinman. The company was-honorably discharged. HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 115 CHAPTER XIX. WAR OF THE REBELLION. To Fairfield county belongs the distinguished honor of sending the first company of soldiers to the state capital under President Lincoln's first call for 75,000 men just after the fall of Fort Sumter. As the intelligence of the surrender of this fort-flashed over the country, at Lancaster-it enkindled the same intense patriotism, and aroused the same righteous indignation that was displayed throughout the entire north. The colors of the nation had been assailed and trodden under foot, and under this national insult, party differences were for a time forgotten, and the wildest excitement prevailed. The call for men was made April 15th, and on Tuesday, 16th, Lancaster was in arms. The Lancaster Guards, a military company, had just lost its captain by removal from the county, and J. A. Stafford, a young shoemaker of Lancaster, had been elected in his place. Tuesday evening a large and enthusiastic citizens' meeting was held, volunteers were enlisted and one thousand dollars were contributed by the citizens for the benefit of the families of those, who obeyed their country's call. Wednesday all was confusion and excitement. The company paraded the streets with the stars and stripes and with music. The little military band by enlistments, had swelled its numbers to over one hundred privates, and about four o'clock in the .afternoon formed into line on Broadway and marched to the depot, escorted by an immense throng• of citizens, led by the Lancaster Brass Band. Farewells were spoken to parents, wives and sweethearts, and at five o'clock the train departed for Columbus, via Zanesville: It was the first to arrive but was speedily followed by the Dayton Guards and other companies. THE FIRST OHIO VOLUNTEER INFANYRY was organized on the morning of April i8 at Columbus, with A. M. McCook as Colonel, and before the dawn of the next day together with the Second Regiment, was OD its way to Washington. The Lancaster Guards had the proud distinction of being Company A. So speedily had come the clash at arms, that equipments were unprovided for, but the regiment was ordered to proceed to Washington without arms. It made a halt of a day or two at Harrisburg, where the soldiers were hospitably entertained by the ladies of the city. At Lancaster, Pennsylvania, they halted for arms and equipments, and after several vexatious delays, reached Baltimore a few days after the Massachusetts Regiment had been fired upon in the streets. One of the boys in a letter home, after his arrival at Washington says : "Well, here we are at the capitol. When we arrived at the depot at Baltimore, some of our boys were timid about going through the city, remembering the assault on the Massachusetts men ; but as we could not crawl under it, nor fly over it, and would not go around it, we marched through the streets with our guns well charged and our lingers on the triggers." 116 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. The First and Second Regiments crossed the Potomac, and went into camp, six miles west of Washington, at Camp Upton, Fairfax county, Virginia. The earliest action of the First was at Vienna, where General Schenck unexpectedly met the enemy, and lost six or seven men. Company A was detailed for guard duty, at the Cross Roads, near Falls Church, a few miles from Vienna. The three months' term of service expired a few days before the battle of Bull Run, but the regiment remained, and did efficient service in covering the retreat. The only loss Company A sustained was one man taken prisoner. he found his way back to Lancaster, about the close of the war. The company was sent home, and discharged in August. It numbered one hundred and fourteen men. J. A. Stafford was Captain ; Thomas M. Hunter, First Lieutenant, and Ezra Rickets, Second Lieutenant. Within a few days after its discharge, Company A re-enlisted. The place of rendezvous was at Camp Corwin, near Dayton. The organization of the regiment was not completed until October. November 4th, it received arms at Cincinnati, and on the 16th, at Camp Nevin, Kentucky, reported to General McCook, then in command of the Second Division of the Army of the Cumberland, and assigned to the Fourth Brigade. December 17th, it marched to Green River, where it was first engaged. It remained in camp here until February 14, 1862, when orders were received to join the forces of General Grant, then moving on Fort Henry. At IJpton Station, news was received of the fall of Fort Henry, and a retrograde movement was begun. It reached Nashville, March 3d, and encamped, late at night, five miles out on the Franklin Turnpike. The men had neither tents, blankets, nor shelter of any kind, and the rain, snow, and sleet was falling fast. Encamp? ing in an open field, the men suffered terribly. Its first severe struggle was at Pittsburgh Landing. At daybreak, on the morning of April 7th, the regiment reached Pittsburgh, after a forced march, and, at six o'clock, moved to the front, and formed in line of battle. It was engaged in the hottest of the fight all clay, and lost sixty men, killed and wounded. Captain Hooker was among the severely wounded. The regiment participated in the tedious movement on Corinth, having occasional skirmishes. Under Major Langdon, it had a brisk fight at Bridge Creek. The First did not participate in the pursuit of the enemy, but remained in and about Corinth, doing picket and guard duty till June to when it received marching orders for Nashville. After several diversions, it reached Nashville, September 10, and continued its march, in company with General Buell's army, in pursuit of Bragg's Rebel army, then on its way to Louisville. The National forces reached Louisville first, through forced marches, but the extremely hot weather, dusty roads, and absence of drinking water, occasioned great loss. October 9, at Dog Walk, a brisk engagement was had with the enemy. A number of arduous marches, and sharp skirmishes followed, and December 31. the First was engaged in heavy lighting at Stone River. It was stationed in the front, line of battle, and maintained that position, alter a little confusion, until the close of the action. January 6, 1863, the regiment went into camp, four miles from Murfreesboro. HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 117 On June 24, 1863, the movement on Tullahoma commenced. The First was not actively engaged at Liberty Gap, being held in reserve, but was under a heavy artillery tire. Rapid and tedious marches were made, and at one o'clock in the night of July 1, the deserted Rebel camps, with tents standing, and artillery, etc., lying about at Tullahoma, were reached. August 16, the march was resumed, and Bellefonte reached on the 2211: The First was engaged in the Chickamauga campaign. September 18. it was placed on picket, near the right of the National lines, and during the day there was constant tiring between the pickets. On the morning of the 19th, the regiment was relieved from picket duty, and marched to the support of General Thomas. It was placed in the front line. of battle, with the Second Division on the right of the Fourth Brigade. A charge was made, and the enemy driven a mile and a halt, their artillery captured. and the ground occupied by General Baird fully recovered. The enemy attempted to regain their position, but were handsomely repulsed. About dusk, the rebels reappeared in great force, and, driving in the center, the First Ohio was compelled to change its position, to confront the enemy. It fell back about one hundred and fifty yards, reformed its lines, and, in the gathering gloom and smoke, a terrible carnage ensued, t'rom which the enemy soon retired, and the National division received orders to fall back. On the following morning, the First occupied the second line of entrenchments. About one o'clock it made a charge, with the Louisville Legion, upon a heavy Rebel force marching around to the left, and put it to flight. The loss of the regiment, during the two days, was one hundred and twenty in killed and wounded. October 20, it formed part of the important expedition down the Tennessee River, which resulted in the capture of the ridge commanding, Brown's Ferry, and the roads, thus enabling supplies to reach Chattanooga. November 23, the battle of Orchard Knob was fought, the opening of the battle of Mission Ridge. About noon, the First Ohio and Twenty-third Kentucky consolidated, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Langdon, and was tOrmed in column doubled at the center, to the right of Hazen's Brigade. It advanced on the enemy, and captured his rifle pits, and one hundred and fifty prisoners. This position was held till the afternoon of the 25th, when the First was placed in the front line, on the right of the brigade and division, and advanced on the rebel works, about a mile distant, on the double quick. The rebels were fairly lifted out of their works, almost without firing a shot. After taking possession of these abandoned works, the troops were exposed to a galling fire from the crest of the ridge. A charge was made upon the works at the top of the ridge, under a withering fire, in which Lieutenant-Colonel Langdon and Major Stafford, were wounded. The crest was gained, but the First lost five officers and seventy-eight men, killed and wounded. January 17, 1864. it had a hard fight at Strawberry Plains. On May 4, it started with Sherman. on the Atlantic campaign. During the next two months, it was engaged at Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Adairs 118 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. ville, Burnt Hickory, Kenesaw, and Chattahoochie River. In all of these engagements it sustained losses. August 15, 1864, Company A was mustered out, with twenty-seven men, only one-fourth the number which enlisted. In all, it participated in twenty-eight battles and skirmishes. Captain Stafford was promoted to Major, and was mustered out with Company A. He had command of the regiment a great part -of the time. Lieutenant Hooker succeeded him in the captaincy of Company A. SEVENTEENTH O. V. I.—This regiment belonged more distinctively to Fairfield county, and contained a greater number of her men than any other in the field. After Company A, of the First, had reached Columbus; on the 17th of April, Sergeants A. II. Geisy and Theodore Michels, and Leo Noles, Abraham Ogden, and J. W. Stinchcomb were detailed to return to Lancaster, and raise another company. By the loth of April, one hundred and eighty-five men had been recruited, and two companies were organized, for three months service. The second call of the President for troops, found these two coin panics encamped at the Lancaster. Fair Grounds, christened Camp Anderson. They were at once made the nucleus of the Seventeenth Regiment, which John M. Connel was ordered to recruit, and which was rapidly formed here. Within a few days, eight companies, from surrounding counties, reported. and on the loth the regiment started for West Virginia. J. M. Connel was its Colonel. The two Fairfield county companies were officered as follows : Company A, A. H. Geisy, Captain ; Abraham Ogden, First Lieutenant ; Leo Noles, Second Lieutenant. Company I. J. W. Stinchcomb, Captain : John Wiseman, First Lieutenant, and J. C. Watson, Second Lieutenant. Its first duty was to guard trains to Clarksburg, Virginia. Company A was there one of two companies detailed as guard to General McClellan. Company I was sent down the river, with several others, to operate against the guerillas. It was stationed at Ravenswood, with another company, and performed good service in breaking up rebel recruiting camps. Governor Wise, of Virginia. made preparations to capture the two companies, but they were reinforced, and he wisely forebore. The regiment consolidated at Buckhannon, and was ordered to occupy and fortify Sutton, Virginia, which was done. August 3, the regiment started for home, reached Zanesville on the 13th, and were mustered out on the 15th. Efforts were at once made to reorganize the regiment for three years, and August 30, it assembled at Camp Dennison. In the new regiment, Colonel Connel commanded, and one-half the companies belonged to Fairfield county, as follows : Company A, Benj. F. Butterfield, Captain Benjamin Showers, First Lieutenant ; Henry Arney, Second Lieutenant. Butterfield was promoted to Major, December, 1862. Lieutenant Showers, in May, 1864, was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel. Lieutenant Arney was promoted to the Captaincy, in December, 1863. Company B, James W. Stinchcomb, Captain ; Aaron P. Ashbrook, First Lieutenant, and Owen NV. Brown, Second Lieutenant. Stinchcomb became Major in December, 1863. Company F.—Ezra Rickets, Captain ; Irvin Linn, First Lieutenant, and Daniel Sullivan, Second Lieutenant. HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 119 Company I.—Abraham Ogden, Captain ; Leo Noles, First Lieutenant, and Theodore Michaels, Second Lieutenant. Company K.—Daniel M. Rea, Captain ; Wm. Cook, First Lieutenant ; and Seth Collins, Second Lieutenant. Rea resigned in August, 1862, and was succeeded by Captains Kumler, Clark, and others. September 30, the regiment was ordered to Kentucky, reporting at Camp Dick Robinson, October 2. Thence it moved to Wild Cat, participating in the fight there, and losing several men. It also participated in the battle of Mill Springs. When in the vicinity of Mill Springs, Colonel Connel, in command of the' Seventeenth, was ordered to defend a ford on the Cumberland River. When some two or three miles from the rebel position; he took with him Captain Rickets. Lieutenant Sifer, and ten men, and advanced to reconnoiter. He stationed his men as pickets along the road, and advanced, alone, to an eminence in front of the enemy's camp, where, at a bend in the road, he suddenly encountered a band of mounted rebels, about thirty yards distant. They dashed towards him, unsling their carbines, and shouted the challenge. The Colonel put spurs to his horse, and the fire of his pursuers passed, harmlessly over his head. Unfortunately, his charger stumbled and fell, throwing the rider, then galloped off. Captain Rickets, attracted by the lire and challenge. dashed up to his fallen and injured Colonel, dismounted, and assisted him to his own saddle ; then, instantly turning-, he discharged his revolvers at the advancing rebels, and plunged on foot into the thick woods that lined the roadside. Both reached the camp in safety. From this place the regiment proceeded to Nashville, arriving March 3, 1862. 'Thence it guarded a wagon train to Shiloh, but did not arrive in time to take part in the battle. It participated in the siege of Corinth, and was engaged in several severe skirmishes, in one of which Company B, with seventy men, penetrated the rebel lines, drove the rebel pickets on their -reserves, and held the position two hours, losing six men wounded. At the battle of Perryville, the Seventeenth did not participate, though it was under fire, in the rear of General Mitchel's command. At Stony River, the brigade to which the regiment was attached, was stationed on the extreme right, until December 29, when', after night, it marched from Nolinsville, to the Murfreesboro' Pike, and next day had a severe skirmish with Wheeler's Cavalry, at Lavergne, and recaptured the wagon trains he had taken. About one o'clock December 31, the regiment went into battle line, and with the brigade charged the Rebel General Hanson's Brigade, drove them in confusion, killing their general and about one hundred and fifty of the rank and tile. The loss of the Seventeenth was twenty wounded. After the long rest at Murfreesboro', General Rosecrans inaugurated the Tullahoma campaign. The Seventeenth moved with its brigade, and at Hoover's Gap, under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Durbin Ward, charged the Seventeenth Tennessee Rebel Regiment, strongly Posted in a belt of woods. In making the charge, it was compelled to cross an open field, and receive a full fire directly in its left flank, from 120 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. a rebel brigade and battery, yet it drove back the Seventeenth Tennes- see, and occupied its position. At the battle of Chickamauga, the regiment was on the extreme right of the center, attached to the corps, commanded by General Thomas. When General Wood's division was double-quicked out of the line, the gap left exposed the right flank of the regiment, of which the rebels took immediate advantage, and opened fire, both on the right and front flank, causing it to lose heavily, and scattering its men in confusion. Halting about three hundred yards from where they had been driven, about two hundred of the Seventeenth were collected, and charged back on the enemy, but to little purpose. as they outnumbered them ten to one. Falling back again, they held a given point and fought throughout the day, leaving the field with but fifty-two men. The loss of the Seventeenth in killed and wounded, not including those with slight flesh wounds, was over two hundred. It was the severest fight, in which the regiment participated. The gallant Captain Rickets, tell dead in the early part of the fight, and Lieutenant-Colonel Ward, fell about the middle of the afternoon, on the front line, badly wounded: During the siege of Chattanooga. the Seventeenth was in several severe skirmishes, and at Brown's Ferry, it won honor, along with the brigade to which it was attached. At Mission Ridge, though in the rear when the battle commenced, it was at the front when the top of the hill was gained. In this brilliant charge, the brave and gallant Major Butterfield fell mortally wounded, while leading the regiment. January 1, 1864, the subject of re-enlisting, as veterans having been agitated, three hundred and ninety-three members of the Seventeenth agreed to enlist for a second three years term, if it became necessary. January 22 the regiment started home on furlough, and on the 7th of March, returned to the field with over four hundred recruits. It went with Sherman to Georgia, and at Resaco, May 13, bore its full share of the conflict. An assault having been ordered, it moved forward with Turchin's Brigade, until, unsupported on either side, it could go no further. Still it held the position it had gained, until the commanding General decided to abandon the attack on the enemy's works at that point. Its loss here, was quite heavy. At New Hope Church, Pumpkin Vine Creek, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, and several other places, the regiment was actively engaged.. Moving with Jeff. C. Davis' corps, to the rear of Atlanta, the Seventeenth was among the claimants for the honor of having been the first to strike the railroad. The next day Minter's Brigade, formerly Turchin's, in which the Seventeenth had been placed through the campaign, sustained Este's and advanced under a galling tire of musketry and artillery, to the assault on Jonesboro. This ended the campaign. The Seventeenth was always at the front, never doing a single day's service in, mere garrison duty. It was never driven, except at Chickamauga. Even then it quit the field only under orders, and that at nightfall. The Seventeenth Regiment Band, was composed of eighteen members, all of whom were from about Lancaster. It served with the regi- HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 121 ment for about a year. in the Army of the Tennessee, and ssits discharged September 9, 1862. There were three deaths in the band, during the term of service. Its leader was George Blithe, who was subsequently. commissioned Lieutenant, captured and imprisoned in Libby for nearly a year. SIXTY-FIRST O. V. I.—This regiment, though organized at Camp Chase, is more intimately connected with Lancaster. During the winter of 1861-2, General Newton Schleieh, maintained a recruiting office in Lancaster, using the starch factory building fora barracks. Several companies were recruited, but transferred to complete other regiments as fast as recruited. In April, 1862, under a stringent call for immediate troops, three regiments, partially formed, the Sixty-first, Fiftieth and Fifty-second, were consolidated at Camp Chase, under name of the Sixty-first. The other two regiments were afterwards organized. Colonel Newton Schleich commanded the regiment, and Captain Daniel J. Schleich, Company B, the only Fairfield company. George. J. Wygum and Edward Hay, were the Lieutenants of- the company. The regiment was mustered in for three years, and left Camp Chase for Western Virginia, May 27, 1862, where it was connected with Gen. Fremont's (afterwards Pope's) arms. It first saw the enemy at Cedar Mountain, where it arrived too late to participate actively, but in time to receive a severe shelling from the enemy's guns, and sustained some little loss. A number of brushes with the rebels occurred, and in the second Bull Run battle, the regiment assisted in covering the retreat of the National forces, and lost twenty-five men, killed and wounded. September 2, it was engaged with the enemy at Chantilly, then fell back towards Washington, and formed part of General Sigel's reserve force. It went into winter quarters at Stafford C. H. On May 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th, it stood under fire at Chancellorsville, and sustained loss. It joined in the pursuit of Lee's army, and July 1 opened the battle at Gettysburg as skirmishers. It was so furiously received, that it was obliged to fall back to Cemetery Hill with great loss. It held its position here, till the close of the fight, and then joined in pursuit of the flying enemy. Captain J. M. Reynolds of Cincinnati, in command of company B here, was killed by a shell. During the night of October 28, a fierce tight -took place between-the Sixty-first and the rebels at Wauchatchie Valley, in which the-latter were routed. November 22, it crossed the Tennessee River, and joined the main army: On the three succeeding days, it was engaged at Mission Ridge. Several marches were made and the regiment went into winter quarters at Bridgeport, Tennessee. In March, 1864, it re-enlisted, and returned to Ohio, on thirty days veteran furlough. Re-assembling at Camp Dennison, it started for the front and joined the Main forces at Rocky Face Ridge, May 7. From this time it was almost constantly engaged with the enemy in the Atlantic campaign. May 14, in the vicinity of Resaca, it rescued the Fifth Indiana Battery, which had been deserted by its support, and drove the enemy before it. The next day the battle of Resaca was fought and won, and the continued pursuit of the enemy commenced. May 19, the army again caught up with the enemy, and again routed them. On the 25th, near Dallas Georgia, it was again found. The 16 122 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. Sixty-first was here deployed as skirmishers, and in performing this duty lost six men killed and seventeen wounded. Skirmishes, many of them severe, were constantly had, till June 22, when the army reached Kenesaw Mountain, and commenced building works at Cuip's Farm. While. thus engaged, the enemy made a dash upon the National and for a few moments had things their own way, but the troops rallied and drove them back. In this affair, Major Becket was killed, and a number wounded. While the fight was in progress, Colonel McGroarty was ordered to advance his regiment to a certam point, but in executing the order, he placed it far beyond the line intended, and in the darkness became almost isolated from his brigade. An attempt was made by a rebel regiment, to capture them, but in moving through the dense woods in the dark, the rebels were detached from their officers, and, becoming alarmed, attempted to hide themselves in the thickets. The Sixty-first, in falling back to its proper lines, stumbled across these fellows, and captured a large number of them. Colonel McGroarty alone brought in seventeen of the scared rebels. Peach Tree Creek was the next severe engagement, in which the regiment participated. In it five officers were wounded, one fatally. Over seventy men were wounded, and about twenty killed. The corps to which the Sixty-first was attached was the first to march into Atlanta. It remained here until November 15th, and then started with Sherman, on his march to the sea. At Bentonville the last real battle of the campaign was fought, and our regiment performed its part of it. At Goldsboro', North Carolina, they went into camp, and here the Sixty-first was consolidated with the Eighty-second Ohio, under the name of the latter. The name of the Sixty-first was thus extinguished from the rolls of the army. It was always a reliable _regiment, and always found at its post, as the numerous losses it suffered will attest. At its last roll call but fifty-fiVe men answered to their names. The consolidated regiment marched to Washington, participated in the grand review there, and returned horne. It was mustered out of service at Columbus, in September, 1865. The Regimental Band was organized at Lancaster, with E.W.Wolfe as leader. It remained a year with the regiment, and in May, 1862, Was, mustered into General Hugh. Ewing's Brigade, as Brigade Band. During the operations about Vicksburg the band became disabled, by death and sickness, and was again discharged by special order from the War Department, in May, 1863. After this, the band was reorganized as Post Band, at Camp Chase, where it remained till the close of the war, and was finally mustered out .February 4, 1865, THE FORTY-THIRD O. V. I contained one Company, I, enlisted in Fairfield county, during the winter of 1861-2. Peter Brown was the Original Captain, but he soon resigned, and Lieutenant Peter Hewiston was promoted to the vacancy, where he remained until he was mustered out, in October, 1864. Henry S. Beck was made Captain of this company, on its re-enlistment. O. W. Rigby and S. J. Morrell were the Lieutenants. The gallant and lamented J. L. Kirby Smith was the original commander of the regiment. It was organized at Mt. Vernon, February 7th, 1862, HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 123 and was assigned to the Army of the Mississippi ; and in all the operations that distinguished that army, in its first campaign, it bore a conspicuous part. At New Madrid, Missouri, Island Ten, Tiptonville, Tennessee, Fort Pillow, and Inka, it rendered most efficient service. At Corinth, October 4th, the Forty-third and Sixty-third Ohio deserve particular honor. They were posted on either side of Battery Robinet, and, without any support, bore. the brunt of the rebel hand-to-hand charge, and succeeded in hurling back the opposing columns, when our lines Were breaking in all other parts of the field. Colonel Smith fell at the first onset, mortally wounded, and over one-fourth of the Forty-third was killed or disabled. It was With Grant at Oxford, Mississippi, and in the campaign against Forrest, in West Tennessee, and General Dodge's raid, in North Alabama, in April, 1863. In December, 1863, it re-enlisted almost unanimously, and at the expiration of its veteran furlough returned and captured Decatur, Alabama. May 3rd, 1864, it took the advance of the Army of the Tennessee in the Atlanta campaign. It participated at Resaca, on the 13th, and the two following days was engaged in heavy skirmishing. At Dallas it took an important part. In all the general movements of its corps-the Sixteenth—during the campaign, the Forty-third participated. July 22nd, it started with a train of some fifteen hundred wagons, with the Ninth Illinois Mounted Infantry, from Marietta. to Decatur, and by its prompt and fearless action, prevented the train from tailing into the hands of the enemy. When Hood attempted to cut off General Sherman's communications, the Forty-third assisted in the chase, and on .its return to Atlanta, joined in the " March to the sea." It participated in the grand review at Washington, and, returning to Ohio, was mustered out July 13th, 1865. THE FORTY-SIXTH OHIO rendezvoused at Worthington, Franklin county, and was organized October 16th, 1861. Two companies were recruited in Fairfield county—C. and F. Company C was officered by John Wiseman, Captain ; Frank -Linnville and John Lutz, Lieutenants. Company F by Henry Geisy, Captain ; John J. Carron and C. H. Rice, Lieutenants. Captain Geisy was promoted to Major, and was killed at Dallas, May.28, 1864. Colonels Thomas Worthington, C. C. Walcutt, and E. N. Upton successively commanded the regiment. It left Camp Chase for the field, in February, 1862, and reported a few days later at Paducah, Kentucky. Its first important battle • was at Shiloh, in April. It was engaged during the entire fight, and received a total loss, in killed and wounded, of two hundred and eighty seven men. April 27, it moved with the army upon Corinth. The summer and part of the autumn- of 1862 was spent in garrison and provost duty. Early in June, 1863, it was transported to Vicksburg, and participated in the seige there. At . the battle of Mission Ridge the regiment was engaged severely, and sustained a heavy loss. It then moved on the Knoxville campaign, and marched to Scottsboro, Alabama, for winter quarters. Here the regiment was armed with Spencer's repeating rifled muskets, and here, too, it re-enlisted as veterans, and was furloughed. 124 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. At Resaca it was actively engaged, May 13th, i4th, and 15th, but met with small loss. It arrived at Dallas on the 26th, and took a position on the extreme right of the army, where it twice aided in repelling a rebel assault. The Spencer rifles produced sad havoc in the ranks of the opposing columns, and caused the Forty-sixth to be thenceforth dreaded. At New Hope Church it gained a position within eighty yards of the enemy; and Colonel Walcutt, commanding the brigade, by strategy caused the rebels to abandon their lines in confusion. At Kenesaw, Walcutt's Brigade led several brilliant charges, but suffered' considerable loss. July 20th found the regiment in line before Atlanta,. and here it performed noble service. At Ezra Church it was again engaged, and finding the rebel regiment, Thirtieth Louisiana, that had confronted it at Pittsburg Landing, assailed it with such vigor that the rebel Colonel, ten of his officers and half of his men were killed, and their colors taken. During August the regiment was frequently engaged in skirmishing, and on the 29th, took part in the battle at Jonesboro. At Lovejoy 's Station, the Forty-sixth and the Sixty-sixth Illinois was deployed in front of the army, and a challenge passed between the two regiments, as to which would first occupy the enemy's lines, about a mile distant. As they neared the lines, the conflict became hand-to-hand. The enemy were forced to retire, and the Forty-sixth gained its part of the line first, capturing about fifty prisoners. Next the regiment participated in the campaign against Hood, in northern Georgia. November 25th, it left Atlanta with its brigade for Savannah. When near GrisWoldsville, the brigade was attacked by a greatly superior force. The men waited until they had advanced to within one hundred and twenty-five yards, then opened fire upon them with fearful effect. Fiye times the enemy was broken and driven back, the last time not to return. Early in 1865, it charged-the enemy at Bentonville, and captured the works. For its service here, it was especially complimented for gallantry. The regiment marched northward, via Petersburg and Richmond to Washington. It was mustered out at Louisville, Kentucky, July 22nd, 1865. During its term of service, the Forty-sixth lost twenty men captured, and seven hundred and live men killed, wounded, and died of disease. THE FIFTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT contained Company I, recruited in Pickaway and Fairfield counties, by Captain Samuel M. Morrison. William Roby and Stephen Defenbaugh were Lieutenants. February loth, 1862, the regiment left-Camp Chase, and arrived at Fort Donaldson, Tennessee, on the morning of the 13th. Stopping only long enough to prepare their coffee, the regiment, then within four miles of the fort, pushed on with energy, over rough and circuitous roads, but did not form in line in time for action that day. On the 14th, however. it engaged in the assault, and on the 15th marched into the fort at its surrender. After Pittsburg Landing and the March on Corinth had been experienced, the regiment participated in various expeditions. Battles and skirmishes were participated in at Milliken's Bend, Haine's Bluff, HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 125 Greenville, Bolivar, Landing, and Johnson's Landing, at which latter place the regiment lost forte-seven per cent. of the whole number. engaged. It remained in the vicinity of Yazoo River till January, 1863, when it assisted in the capture of Arkansas Post, April 29th the battle of Grand Gulf was fought, where it lost heavily. Its last service was at Vicksburg, January 14.th. 1865, after which it was mustered out at Columbus. EIGHTY-EIGHTH O. V. I.. This regiment contained one full company (A), from Fairfield county. Its history is somewhat confused with that of the Eighty-fifth. James C. Henley was authorized to recruit a company for the Eighty-eighth, and he raised the company and received his commission as Captain June to, 1862. June 14, 1862, the company was, for some reason, transferred to the Eighty-fifth, the organization of which was never completed. It consisted of a battalion only (four companies), and rendered service in guarding rebel prisoners at Camp Chase. At the expiration of three months this partially formed regiment was discharged. Captain Henley's Company in this regiment was K. His Lieutenants were George Orman and Henry C. Sites. During Morgan's raid this company was ordered to Kentucky, under command of Lieutenant Orman. In September, 1862, Captain Henley recruited another company from near Pleasantville and Royalton principally, Its term of service was three years. it became Company K of the Eighty-eighth. Though enlisted for regular service its duties were largely confined to Camp Chase. henry E. Howe and Harlow Park were First and Second Lieutenants. Colonel George W. Neff commanded the regiment. After a few months the guard duty at Camp Chase became exceedingly irksome, and the men clamored to be placed in the field. Their hopes for a change, however, were, delusive. Though detachments were occasionally sent abroad for short periods of time, the greater part of the three years' service was spent in and about Columbus. Company A was ordered to Williamsport, Maryland, and from there to guard the ford at Blennerhasset's Island against Morgan's escape from Ohio, It also marched twice to Grafton, Virginia. Companies A and B were the two companies sent to Holmes county, under Colonel Wallace, of the Fifteenth, to quelch the insurrection of those who attempted to resist thedraft. The insurrectionists had built a fort and entrenched themselves behind it, but, after a few shots were fired, concluded that they preferred war abroad to war at home, and fled ignominiously. The company also served a short time.in Cincinnati on guard duty. The regiment was well drilled, and had it been given a chance would undoubtedly have performed good service in the field. it was mustered out July 3, 1865. THE NINETIETH O. V. I. contained two companies from Fairfield County. Of these Company D was officered by Alvah Perry, Captain ; John M. Sutphen, First Lieutenant, and George W. Welsh, Second Lieutenant : Company I - by Lewis R Carpenter, Captain Augustus R. Keller, First Lieutenant, and Samuel L. Weidner, Second Lieutenant. Captain Terry was promoted to the rank of Major in April, 1863, and Lieutenant Sutphen succeeded him as Captain of Company and Was mustered out with the regiment. Captain Carpenter resigned in 126 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. December, 1862, and Lieutenant Keller was promoted to Captain. Lieutenant Weidner also attained this rank. The Colonels of the regiment were Isaac N. Ross, Charles H. Rippey, and Samuel N. Yeoman, successively. The two Fairfield companies were organized at Lancaster and rendezvoused at Circleville. They were mustered into service August 28, 1862, for three years. Their first duty was outpost picketing at Lexington, Kentucky. A forced march of over one hundred miles was made from this place to Louisville in eighty-six hours. The new recruits were compelled to quench their thirst with stagnant pool water and march through stifling dust. Their suffering was intense, and many sunk Under it. October 15, the enemy was met and conquered at Wildcat Mountain, and on the l0th the regiment surprised twelve hundred of the enemy, and captured two hundred- of them. The morning of December 31 found the regiment in line at Stone River, where they fought with the intrepidity of veterans, losing one hundred and thirty men, killed, wounded, and missing. Captain Perry was captured here and sent to Libby Prison. He was afterward exchanged and rejoined his regiment. January 1, the Ninetieth was in line all day, and on the morning of the 2d it occupied the hill on which was massed the forty pieces of artillery which sent Breckinridge's Rebel Corps howling back over Stone River. At five P. M. the Ninetieth Ohio and Thirty-first Indiana were ordered to move over an open field. They obeyed and charged a rebel position, still held on the national side of the river, and, with but little loss, became masters of it. On September 12, after the Tullahoma campaign, the regiment found itself on West Chickamauga Creek, On the 18th it was ordered to move with its brigade to the support of General Thomas's Corps. The line of battle passed at quick time over a corn-field and through a strip of timber, and, on debouching froth the timber, discovered the enemy at close range in the act of completing their movement of turning and enclosing General Thomas's right flank. A charge was made which succeeded in driving back the enemy until the brigade formed on the prolongation of General Thomas's right flank. This lino was established at one o'clock P. M., and, notwithstanding the repeated efforts of the enemy, was held until half-past two P. M., when the supply of ammunition became exhausted, and Colonel Rippey received orders to retire his regiment to a strip of timber one hundred and fifty yards in the rear. Here a section of a battery was obtained and the enemy held in check till a fresh supply of ammunition was obtained. The rebels again attempted to flank their position, and to meet this new movement the regiment made a right-half wheel, about faced, and was in position to meet the impending charge. To save a rout of the right it was plain that a counter charge must be made. The Ninetieth led the charge in gallant style, and caused the enemy to retreat in confusion. It was next ordered to the support of General Jackson's Division, then hard pressed. September 20 the brigade constructed works and repelled his assaults. The Ninetieth then relieved the Second Kentucky under a heavy tire. The line was afterwards broken on the left of the brigade and the regiment exposed to a rear and flank fire. The enemy was driven back, but again turned the right flank, which HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 127 compelled the abandonment of the works. The retreat was made under fire on the Dry Valley road. The loss of the regiment in this engagement was three officers killed, and eighty-three men killed, wounded, and missing. May 3, 1864, the regiment joined in the great Atlanta campaign, and for one hundred and twenty days marched, fought, and suffered, till the objective city was entered. October 3 it left Atlanta, and, with the Fourth Corps, repassed the scenes of its advance, and participated in the desperate battle of Franklin, and others. It was also at Nashville, and after the victory joined in the pursuit of the rebels. Returning, March t, 1865, it remained at Nashville until the surrender of the rebel armies, and' was then sent to Ohio and mustered out of service. COMPANY K, OF THE ONE HUNDRED AND FORTIETH O. V. I. was recruited from Fairfield and Pickaway counties. It was intended for the Ninetieth, but that regiment was full before the company was completed. George W. Hurst of Williamsport, was its first Captain and Isaac Butterfield and Joseph Bury its Lieutenants. Hurst soon resigned, and the two Lieutenants were successfully promoted to the Captaincy. The regiment was mustered in, September it, 1862, and was ordered to Memphis. Thence it moved down the Mississippi River to Johnson's Landing on the Yazoo River to join General Sherman. December 26th, it participated in the assault at Chickasaw Bayou, and after the retreat assisted in taking Arkansas Post. It next moved down the river to Young's Point, Louisiana, where it lost over one hundred men from sickness and death. The regiment was in the whole of the Vicksburg campaign and participated in the battles of Thompson's Hill, Champion Hills, Big Black Bridge and the siege of Vicksburg. It sustained considerable loss here. It was on duty in Louisiana until November 28th, when it was embarked for Texas, landing at Decrow's Point, on Matagorda Peninsula, December 3. It remained on this barren sand coast until January 14, 1864 and then moved to Matagorda Island. April 18th it was ordered to Alexandria, Louisiana, and arrived on the 26th. Here it was engaged for six days and retreated with General Banks' army. At Marksville and. Yellow Bayou the enemy was met and defeated. This campaign was very severe. Forced marches of twenty-five miles per day and ten days duration were endured. The army was continually harassed by the enemy, both on flank and rear, and suffered greatly front the stifling heat and dust. The weary march ended with the approach of the Mississippi. November 21, it was ordered to the mouth of White River, Arkansas, and was here consolidated with .the'' One Hundred and Twentieth Ohio. December 6th, the regiment was ordered to Morganza, Louisiana. January 8th, 1865, it moved to Kenna and, on the 24th, was ordered to Barrancas, Florida. It remained at this point until May and was sent to Texas. On the way it helped take Mobile, remaining there eight days. From Texas the regiment came home and was discharged in July. During its term of service it was engaged in eight hard fought battles and many skirmishes. Its loss in killed and wounded was eighty-six. During the first year about two hundred men died from disease 128 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. and many were discharged for disability ; but the latter part of the service was singularly free from casualties. It performed duty ill ten different States and marched by land and water over ten thousand miles. THE ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-SIXTH was organized at Camp Steubenville. Eight companies were ready for marching, when three arrived from Fairfield and Perry counties, which had been raised for for the Ninetieth. The organization of the regiment was complete however before they could join it and they were transferred to the One Hundred and rfwenty-sixth. The three companies were consolidated into two, Company I being principally Fairfield county men and K, Perry county men. Company I was recruited principally from Richland, Walnut, Rush Creek and Pleasant townships. Captain, Henry C. Yontz of New Salem commanded and Jacob Lamb and Joseph C, Watson were Lieutenants. The Lieutenant-Colonel of this regiment, the brave Aaron W. Ebright of Fairfield county, was killed at Winchester, Virginia, September 19th, 1864. Col. Benj. F. Smith commanded the regiment throughout its whole career The first winter was spent among the mountains of Virginia. The regiment suffered greatly from typhoid fever and small-pox. June 13th at Martinsburg the brigade, to which this regiment was attached, was attacked by Lee's advance army and about seventy men of the One Hundred and Twenty-sixth, mostly from Company I, were captured. The 14th was consumed in hard fig-liting and in the evening the Union forces retreated to Harper's Ferry. At Manassas Gap it had a brisk fight with the enemy. In August 1863, it went to New York to aid in enforcing the draft there. In the spring of 1864 it participated in Grant's march on Richmond. May 12t11 it suffered severely from an engagement with the enemy at the Rapidan. It participated in all the engagements of the campaign, up to June 7th. At Cold Harbor, Monacacy and Winchester it lost heavily. It arrived at Cedar Creek just in time to take part in that memorable battle. During the first months of 1865 part of the regiment were on picket duty and in the trenches within sight of the enemy constantly. , On the morning of April 2d, it performed an important part in the charge on the enemy's intrenched lines. During the next few days it participated in the pursuit of Lee's army, and on the night of the 5th was detached for guard duty. It was mustered out near Washington, June 25, 1865. During its term of service the regiment lost nine officers and one hundred and eleven men killed ; ten officers, and three hundred and seventy-nine men wounded, an aggregate of five hundred and nine, or more than one half the regiment. THE ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-EIGHTH was commanded by Col. J. A. Stafford. It was recruited for one year's service in the fall of 1864. Company C was composed of Ross and Fairfield county men. The Fairfield quoto was recruited by Lieutenants P. H. McGrew and J. A. Sears. Charles Cavinor of Ross county commanded it. The regiment was dispatched to General Thomas' command in Tennessee, and during the siege at Murfreesboro was severely engaged. In this engagement Company C lost its two color bearers, Irvin Linn and George Crumley. Both were shot dead. In the affair at Wilker- HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 129  son's Pike. in which two tine twelve-pounder Napoleons and two hundred prisoners were captured. the One hundred and Twenty-sixth participated. After the defeat of General Hood's rebel army, at Nashville, the regiment was engaged in a snarl skirmish with the enemy at Wise's Fork. After the advance to Raleigh it performed garrison duty at Charlotte, North Carolina, till mustered out of service, June 29, 1865. It was discharged at Cattip Chase. July 10, 1865. THE FIRST OHIO VOLUNTEER CAVALRY was organized at Columbus during the latter part of the stnntner of 1861, under the first call of President Lincoln for three years' service. As it was the first organization of the kind in the State, there was a great anxiety, and in the selection of its'members, a fine, physically developed regiment was procured. The strictest military discipline was inaugurated, and a ant-Colonel, and fell at Chickamauga. Lafayette Pickering, the First Lieutenant, succeeded to the Captaincy. The other Lieutenants high degree of efficiency soon attained. Company F was from Fairfield county, recruited by its Captain, Valentine Cupp, who was afterwards promoted to Major and Lieutent of the company, during its services, were J. H. Pierce, resigned ; Allen T. Overly, mustered out ; Wm. G. Lowder. mustered out as Captain ; George V. Ward,, mustered out ; Henry G. Ward, resigned ; 'Wm. T.- Brison mustered out, and Geo. W. Keys, honorably discharged. December 9th the First proceeded to Louisville, the first regiment of cavalry to enter that department. It will be impossible to even mention all its services, and only the most important will be noticed. It was almost constantly engaged in scouting. skirmishing, raiding and clearing the country of guerrillas and bush-whackers, when not charging the enemy in battle. In January, 1862, among other rebel parties encountered in Kentucky, was a detachment of the John Morgan guerrillas, who were severely handled. The regiment participated in the advance on Corinth. and frequently engaged the enemy in the vicinity of Murfreesboro ; from December 26 to 31 it was repeatedly in conflict. On the 31st it covered the retreat of our infantry. The brave Colonel Milligan in command of the regiment, Major Moore and Lieutenant Condit, and it long list of men were slain in checking the overwhelming, advancing foes. Perceiving the imminent danger of the infantry, the Colonel dashed fearlessly into the pursuing rebels without any support, until entirely surrounded. He succeeded in checking the advance momentarily, and then cut his waymomentariy,lines again, but the gallant strike cost him his life. In June, 1863, the brigade to which the First was attached, moved on the extreme left of the army in its advance on Tullahoma. On AlIcrust 18, the regiment under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Cupp, crossed the Cumberland Mountains with its brigade, and captured a number of prisoners. On Sunday, SepteMber 19 the First arrived at Chickamauga and was immediately led into the tight on the right. Through some tnisapprehension the 'Lieutenant-Colonel was ordered to charge the enemy's line, and with drawn sabers the little band of about two hundred and .fifty men—four companies being detached—started across the interven4g space to precipitate themselves upon the foe when the order was countermanded. A moment later and scarcely a man could have re.. 17 130 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. turned. As it was, the dashing and brave Cupp was slain and one-fifth of the rank and the were killed or wounded. In September the First rendered General Crook's Division in East Tennessee signal service by encountering a vastly superior force of rebel cavalry under General Wheeler. In November, with five other cavalry regiments under Colonel Long, the First moved from about Chattanooga, crossed the river and made a raid in the rear of Brigg's position, which was brilliantly successful. Twenty miles of railroad and the largest percussion-cap and torpedo manufactury in the Confederacy were destroyed, two hundred wagons burned, six hundred horses and mules and five hundred prisoners captured and brought into Chattanooga. Other successful raids followed. In January 1864, about three hundred men re-enlisted and the regiment was recruited. May 26 it participated at Moulton and lost about twenty men. In front of Kenesaw the First had frequent and severe skirmishing. Captain Pickering was wounded here. When surrounded by the enemy at Lovejoy's Station the regiment distinguished itself by holding in check, for some time, a force from Cleburne's rebel infantry, suffering a loss of fifty men. After the evacuation of Atlanta the non-veterans were mustered out and the regiment weakened somewhat. October 13, it 'carried the advance of Garrard's Division in the tight near Rome, Georgia. Soon after the First was sent to Louisville, Kentucky, to be refitted for the field. December 28, it left Louisville to join the cavalry corps near Gravelly Springs,Alabama. From March 19,1865 to April 22,when it entered Macon, the First was in continual active service. The last severe engagement in which it participated was the night assault on Columbus; by the capture of which its arsenals and factories were possessed, and twelve hundred prisoners and ninety-six cannons taken. The regiment continued to garrison Georgia and South Carolina until September when it was mustered out and discharged. THE ELEVENTH OHIO CAVALRY also contained a company which was largely recruited from Fairfield county, Company C. John Van Pearce was first authorized to recruit a company for the Sixth Cavalay, but before it was completed, orders were issued to stop the enlistment of cavalry, and the partially formed Sixth and Seventh Regiments were consolidated. Of the new regiment thus formed a battalion of four companies were mounted and equipped, and these, impatient at delay, were ordered to St. Louis, Missouri, leaving the other two battalions in Ohio. They never met afterwards, and the connection between them was permanently dissolved. The Western Battalion contained Company C, which was officered by Thomas L. Mackey, of Chillicothe, Captain ; John Van Pearce, of Lancaster, First Lieutenant, and Thomas P. Clark, of Springfield, Second Lieutenant. Through the promotion of Mackey, Van Pearce became Captain, and John P. Reeves, of Lancaster, Lieutenant. The four companies were known as the First Independent Battalion, Ohio Volunteer Cavalry, until the summer of 1862 when two battalions were added and the organization denominated the Eleventh O.V.C. While the battalion was at Benton Barracks, awaiting the move- HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 131 ment of an expedition to the southwest, of which it was to form a part, the Indians, instigated by rebel agents, became hostile and cut off all communication, overland, with the Pacific. The battalion was ordered to proceed at once across the plains to open and protect communication. It left St. Louis April 4, and reached Fort Laramie after great suffering, May 30. From this. point the battalion was scattered in small detachments almost to Salt Lake City. The small number of troops and the vast extent of territory under their charge made the services extremely active. arduous and hazardous. Company C was scattered between Sweet Water Crossing to South Pass during 1862, chiefly in three detachments under Captain Mackey, Lieutenants Clark and Reeves. In the fall the company was re-united and built Fort Halleck, where it remained the following winter. The summer of 1863 was spent on the River Cache la Poudre to protect the Overland Mail Route ,from Indian depredations. The troops at Fort Halleck were menaced by the Ute Indians in February 1863, and Company C was ordered to march to their relief. While on the route a terrible snow storm overtook them, from which all suffered to a greater or less extent. Two men, John, Griffith and Courtright, were frozen in their saddles. This is only one of many incidents that happened to the Eleventh in its frontier service. The first battalion was mustered out April 1, 1865, having served about three years and it half. There were many other regiments which contained a number of Fairfield county men, yet few, if any, that contained an entire company. The aggregate, however, was very considerable. In all, the county had in service more than three thousand soldiers. These were almost all volunteers. Only one or two drafts were made, and they were quite small. In the Sixty-second, Clement F. Steele, of Lancaster, was commissioned Major at its organization but rose to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. The regiment contained a few Fairfield county soldiers. Henry B. Hunter, of Lancaster, was Lieutenant-Colonel in the One Hundred and Twenty-third. The Fourth and the Tenth Ohio Cavalry each included in its ranks a quoto from this county. The Twelfth U. S. Regulars, Company A, was partially recruited here. The Seventy-third, One Hundred and Seventy-sixth, Eighteenth, Sixtieth and many others were also represented. GENERALS.—Fairfield county may well pride herself on the number and ability of the commanders she furnished for the war. Besides the regiment and company officers, whose record for brave and gallant service is not surpassed by any other county, she can claim a Lieutenant-General, two Major-Generals and several Brigadier-Generals. William T. Sherman, now General of the United States Army, was born at Lancaster, February 8, 1820. His father, an eminent lawyer, died when William T. was nine years old and he was adopted into the faintly of Hon. Thomas Ewing. he entered West Point in 1836 and graduated four years later. Remaining in the regular service thirteen years, Ile resigned his commission to engage in banking business at San Francisco. In 1857 he turned his attention to law and practiced 132 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. for a year or two in Kansas. He conducted the Louisiana Military Academy for a year or more but resigned on the first intimations of the approaching war. When called to his nation's service he was President of the St. Louis Street Railroad Company. His brilliant career throughout the four years' Struggle has immortalized his nanie and made it a familiar household word of devoted patriotism. Thomas H. Ewing, the son of Hon. Thomas Ewing, was born at Lancaster, August I I, 1829. He received a liberal education and began practice at-the bar. In 1856 he removed to LeavenWorth, Kansas, and soon rose to the rank of a leading lawyer. He recruited the Eleventh Kansas Infantry, of which he was appointed Colonel. For gallant services at Prairie Grove he was promoted to Brigadier-General in March, 1863, acid soon after assigned to the command of the District of the Border, afterwards to the St. Louis District. At Pilot Knob, September 27, 1864, he commenced one, of the most stubborn and sanguinary conflicts of the war, with an enemy vastly exceeding him in the number of men. His withdrawal from the place and the retirement of his forces to Rolla was masterly, and won for him the rank of. Brevet Major-General. He resigned his command March 12, 1865. Hugh Ewing, the brother of Thomas Ewing, was engaged in the practice of law at the breaking out of the war. He was appointed Brigade Inspector of the Third Brigade, Ohio Militia, in May, 1861 : participated in the battle of Rich Mountain, and in August, 1861, was appointed Colonel of the Fortieth. He rose to the command of a brigade and served efficiently throughout the war. For meritorious services he was brevetted Major-General, March 13, 1865. The connection of Jacob A. Stafford with the First Ohio, and as Colonel of the One Hundred and, Seventy-eighth, has already been mentioned. March 13, 1865, he was breveted Brigadier-General. No officer in the army possessed the confidence of his men or was More intensely liked than General Stafford. Though a severe disciplinarian he was generous and brave, accustomed to spring from his horse and lead his regiment afoot to victory. Newton Schleich was appointed one of the three Brigadier-Generals to command Ohio troops during the three months' service. At the expiration of that time he recruited and commanded the Sixty-first Ohio, as already narrated. HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 133 CHAPTER XX. EARLY HISTORY OF LANCASTER. EBENEZER ZANE was the owner of a section of laud, one mile square, upon which Lancaster was built. He acquired this section from the Government, as part compensation for opening Zane's Trace," from Wheeling, West Virginia, to Limestone, (Maysville), Kentucky, in 1797, His article of agreement, with the first purchasers of lots, is as follows Article of agreement, made and entered into by and between Ebenezer Zane, of Ohio county, Virginia, and the purchasers of lots in the town of Lancaster, county of Fairfield, Territory northwest of the Ohio River, now, for sale in lots, on the east side of the Hocking River, by Ebenezer Zane. SECTION I.—The lots to he numbered in squares, beginning at the northwest comet of the town, and thence alternately from north to south, and from south to north, agreeable to the general draft of the town. SECTION II.--One-fourth of the purchase money will be required to be paid two weeks from the date of this article. The residue of three-fourths will be required on or before the fourteenth day of November, one thousand eight hundred and two, to be approved by secured notes, bearing lawful interest, from the fourteenth day of. November, one thousand eight hundred. SECTION III.—Square number sixteen, including five lots situated in the southeast corner of the town, was thereafter to be held in trust, for the use of a graveyard, the erection of a school-house, a house of worship, and such other buildings as may be found necessary, all of which to be under the direction of trustees for the time being. Also, four lots at the intersection of the two main streets, running east and west, north and south, known by appellation of the center square, are given for the purpose of erecting public buildings not heretofore specified, but under the supervision of the trustees. SECTION IV.—Possession will be given immediately to purchasers complying with Section II of this article ; when fully complied with, the said Ebenezer Zane and heirs bind themselves to make a deed to the Purchasers, their heirs and assigns. If the terms be not fully complied with the lot shall be considered forfeited, and returned again to the original holder.   SECTION V,— For the convenience of the town, one-fourth part of an acre, lying west of the lot numbered two, in the square numbered three, including two springs, will be. and are hereby given for the use of its inhabitants, as the trustees of the town may think proper. 134 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. SECTION VI.—In consideration of the advantages that arise from the early settlement of mechanics in a town, and the encouragement of those who may first settle, lot number three, in the twentieth square ; number six, in the fifteenth square ; number six, in the twelfth square ; will be given, one to a blacksmith, one to a house carpenter and joiner, and one to a tanner, all of whom are to settle, and continue in the town, pursuing their respective trades, for the term of four years, at which time the aforesaid Zane binds himself to make them a free deed. In testimony of all and singular, the premises, the said Ebenezer Zane, by his attorneys, Noah and John Zane, hath hereunto set his hand and affixed his seal, this fourteenth day of November, in the year of our Lord 1800. EBENEZER ZANE. A full list of the names of the first settlers of Lancaster are here given, the last one dying more than forty years ago. They purchased their lots during the years 1800-1-2: Emanuel Carpenter, Noah McCullough. Jacob Taylor, Ralph Duddleston, Ebenezer Marten, Peter Reber, John Barr, John Reed, J. Denny, Benjamin Allen, Nathaniel Willes, Thomas Worthington, Thomas Terree, Noah Zane, John Zane, Jeremiah Conaway, Jacob Teller, Peter Teller, Philip Teller, B. Teller, Abraham Reeger, Nathaniel Johnston, William Trimble, William Stoops, Thomas Barr, Joseph Beard, Nathaniel Wilson, James Denny, Kerp, Grubb, and Hampson, Michael Skoag, Joseph McMullen, John McMullen, Thomas Sturgeon, John Overdear, Rudolph Pitcher, Ralph Morris, Joseph Hunter, Jacob Woolford, Henry Meison, James Converse, George Coffenberry, James Hanson, John Williamson, Samuel Coats, William Harper, Mary Pas.- tor, John Vanmeter, Solomon Reese, James Hardy, William Rabb, John Lynch, John Jups, John Carson, Amasa Delano, Henry Westwine. Lancaster, the county seat of Fairfield county, received its name as complimentary to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, many of its first citizens being former residents of that town and county. It was first called New Lancaster, but it soon became obvious that confusion would arise in the mail service between New Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and New Lancaster, Ohio. To avoid this, the Legislature of 18o5 changed the name to that of Lancaster. The place continued, however, to be called New Lancaster for years afterwards, and mistakes in sending letters continued to occur, until 1840, Pennsylvania mail being received at Lancaster, Ohio, and letters intended for the latter place, were carried to the former. Lancaster is situated on the east bank of the Hocking River, and in the northeast corner of Hocking township. In 1877, its eastern boundary was parallel with the western line of Berne township, where Maple street is now located, running due north and south, so that citizens residing east of that line, and all of East Lancaster, were in Berne township. By an act of the Legislature, East Lancaster was annexed to Lancaster, and constituted the Fifth ward. By the same act, the boundaries of Lancaster were extended one mile each way, making a square of two miles. which territory was by law annexed to Lancaster township, with a municipal organization independent of the city proper. HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 135 The boundary lines of Zane's section of land has been variously located by the old citizens of Lancaster. It has been generally understood that " Lundy's Lane " was the north line of the section. Good authorities locate this line ten miles south. No dispute has yet arisen in regard to the east boundary. The southeast corner of the section is near the residence of Squire Thomas H. White (Kuntz's Hill), thence west to the residence of G. Mithoff; then north to the intersection of the northern line. In November, 1800, one month prior to Governor St. Clair's declaration of Fairfield county, Lancaster was surveyed, and the sale of lots begun, the prices ranging from five to fifty dollars, according to location. A lot of two acres was donated by Zane for public use. This is divided into four equal parts by the crossing of Main street and Broadway. In after years legal opinions were at variance in regard to the use to.be made of this donation. It was contended by some that the city authorities could not sell and convey the ground without forfeiting the title, yet they had the right to erect upon it any kind of buildings they wished, providing the rent or other income should be used for public purposes. Others contended that no buildings, except those to be used exclusively for the public, could legally be erected. In 1879-80, a test was made in the case, where the city authorities leased the west half of the square, lying on the north side of Main street, to a company, to erect an opera house, city hall, and offices, the lower rooms to be used as offices. On the west half it was leased for the building of a business block. The leases were perpetual, or ninety-nine years. An injunction as served and sustained by the Common Pleas Court, and this part of the public square remains yet (1881) vacant. A part of the ground upon which the injunction was allowed was the allegation by the heirs of Frederick Schaeffer, contending that the erection of such buildings as proposed would materially damage the Shaeffer property, they claiming the required right of the pavement on the east side of the Shaeffer block, this being a public thoroughfare. In 1824, the market house was erected on the south side of the quare, and later the City Hall, " Old Red Lodge " building, and public scales. At the time of the founding of Lancaster, and the sale of lots, not more than two or three small cabins were built on the east of Hockng. The entire site of the present city, from Mount Pleasant south to the bank of Flocking, was a wild forest of trees and underbrush, inerspersed with ponds of water and deep marshy swales. One of the wales at the north crossing of Main Street was filled with water the Talmage round and used as a watering place for stock. Another, where the Talmage block now stands, was at times deep enough to swim a horse. These places have since been filled up for building lots. As late as 1841, Neibling's pond, north of King street, was inclosed with trees and thickets of under-brush, affording resort for flocks of wild geese and ducks, for the pleasure of sportsmen, and in winter, affording a fine sliding place for the boys.. 136 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. In 1841 nearly the entire northern part of the city was either vacant land, or fields of grain. A few buildings extended out on Columbus street north to the Wagenhall neighborhood. On Broadway. the most northern building was a small frame, occupied by Mrs. Peebles, and now owned by F. J. Buying. East of Neibling's pond, were several smaller ponds, also in the direction of Mount Pleasant. They are now all filled, and built upon, first being drained by sewers from King street, passing out under the canal. The square on the hill, donated by Zane, for a cemetery and the erection of a house of worship, is located between High street on the west, Chestnut street on the north, Broad alley on the east and the Methodist church lot on the south. Zane sold the south half of his section to Emanuel Carpenter, who laid a portion of it out into town lots, and sold to purchasers. In the original survey of Lancaster, the principal streets were Chestnut, Main and Wheeling, running east and west, and the cross streets were Columbus, Broadway and High. These still remain unchanged. The exact route of "Zane's trace" through Lancaster is supposed to have entered from the east on Wheeling street to Columbus street, here diverging to the left, crossing Main street, east of the present canal, passing between the canal bridge and the first lock, thence to the crossing of the Hocking. At an early day Christian King, one of the merchants of Lancaster at that time, assisted by his brother William, built a toll bridge over Hocking, which was kept up until the enterprise of constructing the Maysville and Zanesville turnpike road, when the company purchased his right, and located their road on the same route, the bridge at that day being a public necessity. The Hocking, at times, overflowed its banks. making the road, during a freshet, impassible. The bridge extended in both directions, over the marshy ground, and was an accommodation to the public. It is said that many of the first settlers of Lancaster were mechanics, building their small one story cabins, of logs cut from the lot upon which they were built, probably covering it with clapboards, made from a sturdy oak, slabs or puncheon being used for floors. At times mother earth served as this last purpose, while the smoke curled forth from the stick and mud chimney. The newly opened streets were covered with stumps and unremoved logs. Rail fences, if any, inclosed the lots. Few domestic animals were to be seen. Small patches of ground, were cleared for garden patches. Such was Lancaster more than eighty years ago. At that time, ( 1800) squads of Indians were still lingering in the valley of the flocking ; camping near Lancaster ; spending their time hunting during the summer and fall, but in the winter disappearing. They were daily visitors at the cabins of the villagers, always peaceable and friendly, never causing trouble, unless under the influence of liquor, when they required careful watching. In a very early clay a sickle factory was in operation at Lancaster. It was located on the north bank of the Hocking, near the fourth lock. It obtained water power from "Baldwin's Run. It was in operation, HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 137 as near as remembered, previous to 1810. It was established for the manufacture of reaping sickles, and the building is reported by David Foster not to have been moved until 1828. The builder and owner's name being disputed, it is given by sonic parties as Frank, by 'Alters as Roland. In the winter of 1876-7 a tunnel was sunk under the canal, to give outlet to the water from the low lands on the northside. In doing this the foundation of this factory building, including the water wheel part of a grinding stone and other relics, were found buried two or three feet below the surface. A quarter of a mile south of the sickle factory, a water power mill for breaking and scotching flax, was in operation. This, as reported by Mr. Foster, belonged to the owner of the sickle factory, and was built on the site of the frame dwelling, belonging to the Giesy mill, and is first remembered as being in operation, in '816. Every vestige of the building has long since disappeared. A powder mill, owned and run by George Bickler, was in operation about the same time, on the Fricker farm, a short distance southwest of Lancaster. Dr. Charles Shawk, came with his father from Kentucky, and settled in Lancaster in 18o6, then a small boy, but now over eighty years of age. He has a distinct recollection of the infant days of Lancaster ; remembers seeing horses swim the pond, (spoken of elsewhere) now covered by the west end of the Talmadge block ; wagons swamped in the mud in Main street, and men prying them out with long poles ; hearing Governor Worthington make a speech in the old court house yard, in 181o, when he was a candidate, and how he was cheered, being a favorite of the people. He mentioned Governor Worthington and Judge Abrams, being en- gaged in surveying the land, in the vicinity of Lancaster, and down Hocking, into what is now Hocking county ; remembering that at that time a part of Main street was bridged with poles, called corduroy: that bears and deer often came into town, and flocks of wild turkeys straying through the woods near the cabins in day time, was a common occurrence. When he came, (1806) but six or eight cabins were then built on Wheeling street, and on Main street about thirty. These constituted the village. On account of the condition of Main street in muddy weather, Wheeling became the principal thoroughfare. He remembered the rough and tumble lights so common on muster day, or other public gatherings. In 1817, he shot and killed a huge bear on Kuntz's hill, now within the corporation. About the same time John Rhodes killed a panther near there. It measured seven feet from the tip of the tail to the tip of the nose. In 1812, Mrs. Flora Butler King, relict of Christian King, came to Lancaster, and taught school in a small log cabin, where Dr. Turner's brick office now stands, on Main street. She was the first lady teacher in Lancaster. At this time, (1812) William King and John Creed were the principal dry goods Merchants, though there were several others selling dry goods. The doctors were, Wilson, Torrence and Shawk ; leading lawyers, Philomon Beecher, William Irwin and Robert F. Slaughter. 138 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. The principal taverns were kept by Thomas Sturgeon and John Sawyer. Frederick A. Foster, who died in the eary part of 1880 at the age of eighty-nine, came to Lancaster in 1810. A short time before his death he stated that when he arrived in the place, there was but a single brick house in the village, that being built on the Schofield property, now the gunsmith shop of Herman Peter, previously the law office of John T. Brazee. In the fall of the same year (1810) Philoman Beecher built his brick office adjoining his residence, on what is now known as the Rising corner. The third brick building was the residence of John Wright, on the north side of Main street, now the residence of H. J. Reinmund. Mr. Foster also referred to the typhoid epidemic that prevailed in Lancaster in 1823, and that not more than two persons in the village, Christian Weaver and himself, escaped this fatal disease. A great many of the prominent citizens died. he and Mr. Weaver escaping the malady, the care of the sick, as well as the burial of the dead, devolved upon them. In 1799 the government established a mail route from Wheeling, Virginia, to Limestone, Kentucky, to be carried on horse back over "Zane's Trace," once a week, each way, the whole distance being two hundred and twenty six miles. With the exception of a few cabins at the crossing of the Muskingum, Hocking and Scioto Rivers, almost the entire distance was an unbroken wilderness. The line was divided into three routes. The first extended from Wheeling to the Muskingum ; the second, from the Muskingum to the Scioto, and the third, from that to the Ohio at Limestone. 1 his was the first mail route established in the "Northwest Territory." A post office was established at the same crossing of Hocking. This was about one year before Lancaster was laid out. Samuel Coates, sr., was appointed postmaster, and kept the office in his cabin, at the crossing. Samuel Coates, sr.,and his son, Samuel Coates, jr , were Englishmen, who came from England to the United States for the purpose of making the new country their home ; having penetrated as far as the Hocking, they stopped at the crossing, put up a cabin, and planted a patch of corn. As soon as they established a settlement, their families were sent for. The elder Coates did not long survive, and his place in the office was taken charge of by his son. After Lancaster began to assume the appearance of a village, the post-office was removed to a cabin at the west end of Wheeling street, on the same lot where James Kinney now lives. Previous to the rebellion, the post-office was removed to an apartment in the new city hall building, where it still remains. The following are the post-masters that have served since 1799, to 1881 : Samuel Coates, Senior, Samuel Coates, Junior, Jacob D. Dit- rich, E. Scofield, H. Drumm, Thomas N. White, Daniel Sifford, Henry Miens, James Craumer, John C. Castle, Benjamin Connell, J. L. Luthill, C. M. L. Wiseman, and john M. Sutphen, now (1881) serving his third appointment. The late General George Sanderson, when a boy fifteen years old, HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 139 carried the mail between Lancaster and Chillicothe. Christian Rudolph, one of Lancaster's oldest citizens, was at one time mail boy between Lancaster and Zanesville. He was hired by Richard M. Johnson, who, at that time, had the contract for carrying the mail between Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, and Limestone (Maysville), Kentucky. Mr. Rudolph began the service in October, 1815. His route required him to be out, sometimes, all night, which, over narrow roads through forests, dark nights, and cold weather, made it a dreary and lonesome task for a young boy. On one occasion, arriving at Zanesville late in the night, and being behind time, he received his mail and turned back, coming as far as Somerset without feeding his horse or taking anything to eat himself. He had several streams to cross, sometimes when the water was dangerously high from a freshet. The river was crossed in canoes, and horses changed on each side. Two or three years after he began to carry the mail, open box-wagons were placed upon the road, the new contract requiring the mail to be carried six months in wagons, and six on horseback, this contract being with John Dugan. In 1820, stage coaches were introduced on this line. The mail carriers in early times carried tin horns, or trumpets, which were blown when approaching the post-offices. These were denominated the " post-boy's horn. Some of the carriers acquired the art of blowing tunes on their long, tin trumpets, which, on quiet evenings, wakened the country far and near. The sound of the " postboy's horn " aroused a lively cheer as far as the sound penetrated, often brining joy to many a weary heart. The charges for carrying letters then was regulated by distance, and not weight, as now. For fifty miles., and under, the rate was six and `one-fourth cents. Over fifty miles, and under one hundred and fifty, twelve and one-half cents. Between one hundred and fifty and three hundred miles, eighteen and three-fourth cents, and over three hundred to any part of the United States, twenty-five cents. It was the duty of the post-master to mark the price of the letter in figures on the outside. If the postage was prepaid, the word ''paid" was also written. If not, the price marked was paid by the person addressed. Two sheets folded together was charged double rates. These old-fashioned letters were written on the pages of the sheet, which was afterwards so folded as to allow the blank side to form the outside of the letter, upon which the address was written. The fourth page of letter paper was left minded for this purpose. The old-time letters were sealed with sealing-wax in the form of wafers, which were for sale in all stores and groceries. They were in color, red, blue, black or green. Now they are not to be found anywhere, except as unsold rubbish, pushed on the hack shelf. The introduction of envelopes has superceded them. COLORED PEOPLE OF LANCASTER --There were colored persons among the very early settlers of Lancaster, as a number are remembered to have come to the place previous to the year 1810. They were mostly emancipated slaves from the state of Virginia. A few were brought out with their former masters, who emigrated to Ohio. Since the be- 140 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. ginning of the War of the Rebellion, many have came into the county from the Confederate states. The Lewis family, it is believed, were among the first of the race who came to Lancaster—the father, mother and three children. Stephen, the oldest, married Judy Jones. He died many years ago. His wife, familiarly known as "Aunt Judy," survived him many years, and died about 1880. "Aunt Disa " was the sister. She lived to a great age, and has been dead a few years. She boasted of having nursed General Washington. Problematical. Elijah Jones is still a locum tenens, at an age that the memory of man runneth not therewith. Scipio Smith was a very early settler. He came from Virginia, and was a tinner by trade. His death occurred not far from 1860—probably a little earlier. He is remembered by his artificial leg, and his exceedingly black face. Reuben Banks dated the time of his arrival in 1814. He was an emancipated slave from Virginia, and thought he was fourteen years old when he came to Lancaster ; his death took place in 1881. Nelson Smith was a very old settler, and was a popular barber in Lancaster for full fifty years. He died. in 188o, at an advanced age. His sons, of whom Egbert is the oldest, have succeeded him in the tonsorial profession. There were many other well-known colored characters residing in Lancaster' during its early years, but space forbids further mention of them. Some of them possessed peculiar traits, and most of them spent lives of usefulness, though generally in the humbler avenues of life. HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 141 CHAPTER XXI. LANCASTER AS AN INCORPORATED VILLAGE AND CITY—FORMATION OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. In 1831, upon petition, an act of incorporation was passed by the Legislature, incorporating the village of Lancaster, and endowing it with certain specified municipal powers and privileges. The municipal officers were one mayor, one marshal, one recorder, one treasurer and a board of trustees. The respective officers were elected by the qualified electors, annually, on the first Monday of April. The act of incorporation conferred power to levy a tax for revenue. The fiscal resources were light--taxation, and license to shows and exhibitions. The following exhibit is from an old copy of the Ohio Eagle, of the date of June, 1827, and shows the finances of the village of Lancaster, for two years, ,viz. : from April 20, 1825, to April 23, 1827, thus : Amount of income from all sources, for two years, $888.14 1/4 ; total disbursements for all purposes, for the same time, $932.881 ; showing a balance against the treasurer of $44.741 ; signed, Benjamin Connell, treasurer ; attested by Gotleib Steinman, recorder. The total absence of all records for the twenty years between 1831 and 1851 renders it impossible to furnish much of the municipal history of the village during that period. It is known that for the years 1848 and 1849, John Garaghty was mayor. Beyond that, nothing appears on record. In the year 1851 Lancaster was made a city of the third class, by a special enactment of the State Legislature. The act provided for one mayor, whose term of office should be two years ; one city clerk, one city solicitor, one marshal, and two councilmen for each ward, the latter to serve two years, and so arranged that one councilman in each ward should be elected each year, and one term expire each year, The act of incorporation at the same time divided the city into four wards, and fixed their boundaries. And thus, when the Fifth ward was created by the annexation of East Lancaster, the city council was made to consist of ten members, one-half of whom should he elected annually. The succession of mayors, from 1851, under the city government, was as follows : 1851-53—William P. Creed. 1853-55—John D. Martin. 1855-57—Silas Hedges. 1857-59—Alfred McVeigh. 1859-63 -Kinnis Fritter. 1863-67—Samuel Ewing. I 867-75—Tallman Slough. 1875-77—Philip Bennadum 1877-79--John McCormic. 1879-81 - William Vorys. 142 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. Samuel Rainey, elected in 1881, is the present incumbent. The city elections are held on the first Monday of each April. The financial showing fifty years later than the foregoing exhibit, by way of contrast, will measure the growth of the population and business of Lancaster for a half century. The gross receipts for the two years of 1875 to 1877, from all sources, for city purposes, and not including school funds, as shown by the treasurer's books, was $61,437.56; and the total expenditures for the same time, not including school funds, was $53,220.08, leaving a balance to the credit of the city of $8,217.78. There is likewise a showing, that during the two former years, $5.00 were paid to Thomas Ewing by the village for legal advice, and that during the two latter years, about $1000.00 were paid for counsel. The burdens the city bears is a legitimate part of its history. It supports ten churches at an annual expense of abont $15,000, exclusive of Sunday school and missionary collections, and the building and repairing of church edifices. The amount levied on the city for corporation purposes, and to meet the interest on city bonds, school bonds and other purposes, with not fill short of $30,000 annually. In addition to the foregoing the city has built—within the last ten or fifteen years two new school buildings, at a cost of about $80,000, including the cost of building kits. The annual levy for school purposes alone, including interest on school bonds, is about $26,000. These burdens are sustained by a population of something less than eight thousand souls. Lancaster has always, until within the last twenty-five or thirty years, been a slow-growing, conservative community, though possessing many superior local advantages. But its growth has been steady and substantial. There arc perhaps a greater proportion of its citizens who live under their own roofs, than any other town of Ohio of equal or approximate population. Within the last dozen or more years, its manufacturing and other interests have been greatly extended. Lancaster has acquired abroad, a reputation almost classic, more especially in its early history. which it owes not to its institutions of learning, but to an unusually large number of distinguished citizens who found their way to it. The death rate in Lancaster during forty years is probably in about the same ratio of other communities, though the place sustains a reputation for general healthfulness and exemption from epidemic disease. The epidemic of 1823, elsewhere referred to, has never had an approximate parallel in the place. But the natural death rate may be noticed. The citizens of Lancaster of forty years ago, who were past the middle age, and who were the leading business men and women of the place are all dead. Less than a dozen business men of Lancaster of 1840 are alive, and the few there are of them remaining have, with few exceptions, retired from active duty. An entirely new population has come in. The Lancaster of to-day is in no respect the Lancaster of forty years ago, neither socially, commercially nor in any single one of its features. In August 185o, Lancaster suffered a visitation of cholera. The disease was prevailing in Columbus at the time, and it was supposed to have been brought to Lancaster by a foot-man, who walked down HISTORY OF FAIR FIELD COUNTY - 143 on a hot day with the disease upon him. He stopped a short time in East Lancaster, and died on the following day. The disease immediately broke out, and during about two weeks some thirty deaths occurred. In three instances nearly the entire family was swept away. Great alarm prevailed, and many left the place. The deaths were chiefly in East Lancaster and the immediate vicinity. In Lancaster proper there were only five deaths. There have been several visitations of small-pox, at various intervals of time, generally malignant and confluent, many of the cases proving fatal. A rigid system of non-intercourse with the affected houses, and the use of the yellow flag, usually confined the malady to its first locality, thereby presenting its spread and saving the town from its epidemic influences. ADDITIONS : That part of the city of Lancaster known as "Carpenter's Addition" embraces all lying south of an alley running east and west parallel with the south end of the first tier of lots on the south side of Chestnut street, and extending east, west and south to Zane's section lines, and was purchased from Mr. Zane by Emanuel Carpenter, jr., in 1814. Mr. Carpenter at once platted his addition to the town of Lancaster, which plat and the list of sales were recorded September 13, 1814. The alley referred to, which runs between the original town and the Carpenter addition is now called Center alley—its original name being Jackson's alley. Its eastern terminus at High street is about opposite the line dividing the old grave-yard from the Methodist church premises. The grounds upon which the M. E. and A. M. E. churches stand and also a third lot adjoining the A. M. E. church on the south were devoted by Mr. Carpenter for church and burial purposes. The last named lot was subsequently condemned by the city authorities and made a part of Walnut street. The continuation of Columbus and Broad streets from Jackson alley through the new addition was effected without changing their names. High street —Fourth street of the old town—south of Jackson's alley he named Jackson street. To the first street running east and west in the. new addition he gave the name of Walnut, which it still retains. Perry street of Carpenter's addition extending diagonally from Broad street at the railroad to High street south of the Methodist church, was named by him and Winding street of this addition is still the same. The Lawrence street, surveyed and named by Mr. Carpenter, is now the railroad bed. Grogon is a short street, which runs from the railroad south towards the canal, on the west side of Hood's row. The large hill, the south end of which is cut by Walnut street, which is familiarly known as "Green's Hill" is marked "Mount Prospect" on Carpenter's Plat. The open space at the south end of Broadway, through which the railroads pass was called "Center Circle" by Mr. Carpenter, as several streets converge there. He gave lots sixty-nine and twenty-three, both triangular, for school purposes. Lot sixty-nine is at the southwest corner of high and Perry streets ; twenty-three is on the southeast corner of Columbus and Walnut streets. Carpenter's plat extended to the present canal. All beyond as far as the original boundary of Zane's section, west, south and east, was subsequently surveyed and sold as out-lots, and is principally so used, though portions 144 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. of this ground have been sold as town lots and improved. Up to the present time more than twenty other additions have been added to the original plat of the town of Lancaster. The Hop Company addition, comprising the northeast part of the Fifth ward is among the largest. Its principal street is Hop avenue, ruining north and south. This is property Talmade's addition, as Theodore Talmade laid the ground off into town lots after having purchased it of the Hop Company, in which he was a large stockholder. The ground originally contained about eighty acres. Joseph C. Kinkead laid out an addition, situated chiefly between the north end of Broadway and Chestnut streets. Thomas Swing's addition was to the southeast corner of the city, and extended down to the east graveyard. Hunter's addition borders on the west side of the east graveyard, embracing Maple street. There is also an addition called "Hunter's heirs' addition, all belonging to the original tract. Carter's addition lies along Main street, east of the hill. John C. Weaver, being the owner of some land over the hill and in the present southeast part of the -city, laid it off into lots, which he sold. John G. Willock made an addition to the north part of town. His lots were on North Broadway near the fair grounds. The Wagonhals addition is on North Columbus street, in the northwest part of the city. At an eary day a man named Branstadt laid out and sold a number of lots in what is now known as the "Hood neighborhood.'' John Latta laid off aud sold some lots lying north of Mill street, between Broadway and Columbus streets. The section of buildings south of Columbus street, between Pratt's tanyard and the old' Logan road, is known as Giesy addition. Daniel Sefford made two additions to Lancaster, one east of the hill and on the north of the Zanesville pike, the other north of Mill street, between Broadway, and Columbus street. Hugh I3oyle's addition was on Mulberry street, embracing the Keitz corner, and extended up Broadway to the first alley on the north side, and also extending on Columbus street. Henry Sutsen sold some lots on the west side of the canal, embracing the old tanyard. East of Broadway and south of Main street, additions were made to the original plat of Lancaster by Michael Garaghty, John Reber, and Jesse B. Hart. The Cox heirs' addition is principally on King street, between Broadway and High streets. Abraham Syfert made a small addition to East Lancaster. Thomas Sturgeon has made additions to various parts of the city, but chiefly to the northeast part, on both sides of Mulberry street, east of High street. John H. Tennent sold one tier of lots on the south side of Chestnut street and west from Maple. Tunis Cox was the proprietor of a small addition of town lots in the vicinity of the old starch factory, on the north bank of the canal. Rising's addition comprises a number of lots In the north part of the city, lying between Broadway and Columbus streets. The plat of a town of the same size as Lancaster was originally is among the county records, though not half a dozen persons now living have ever heard of it. The name of this paper creation was " The Town of Fairfield." It was surveyed and platted by John Murphy in 1802, and was regularly entered in the recorder's office. The lots were all numbered and the streets named. It is not certain that any lots HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 145 were ever sold. It is reasonably certain that the plat of the town of Fairfield was in section 34 of the original township of Richland, and about one mile west of West Rushville. Zane's section was located and bounded before the Government surveys were made. It happened, therefore, that when the Government sections were established Zane's section was surrounded on all sides by irregular and inconvenient gores, from which have arisen many difficulties in establishing metes and bounds in the resurvey's, as witness the contest between the city and the Cox heirs, some years ago. As an instance of the awkwardness of some of the section lines, it may be mentioned that Zane's section line was some four hundred yards south of the north line of Hocking township, and on the east, the west boundary of Berne township extended into Lancaster originally to Center alley, while Zane's section extended east as far as Maple street—nearly three squares from the township line. The same difficulties, therefore, necessarily existed with regard to the section lines on the south and west. Fairfield county was established by Governor St. Clair, December a, 1800. That part of the proclamation defining its boundaries reads 9s follows : " Beginning at a point in the east line of the fifteenth range of townships, and west of the fourteenth range, as surveyed in pursuance of the ordinance of Congress of the 20th of May, 1795, where the said line intersects the south boundary line of the military land, and running front thence north until it intersects the Indian boundary line ; thence returning to the before-mentioned, and running south by the said range line between the fourteenth and fifteenth ranges. until if intersects the northern boundary line of the Ohio Company's Purchase ; thence with the said northern boundary line due west to the north-west corner of the said Ohio Company's Purchase ;" thence south six miles ; thence with a line drawn due west until it intersects the western boundary, of the twentieth range of the townships, thence with the western boundary of the said twentieth range to the before mentioned Indian boundary line, and with that line of limit to the before mentioned intersection of that boundary Territorial Land Laws. 19 146 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. CHAPTER XXII. LANCASTER SCHOOLS. No records whatever of the primitive schools of Lancaster are in existence, and, therefore, a specific history in detail cannot be written. Their history is the same as that of all the schools of Ohio during the same year. The sites of some of the school-houses are pointed out, and a few of the early teachers are remembered previous to the year 1820. The primitive log-cabin school-houses of the early times, with their slab or rough plank benches, and common writing benches arranged along one side of the room', were then the only ones seen. They were lighted by paper windows, or eight-by-ten glass, where the scholars would sit by turns to write their copies with goose-quill pens. The first and second spelling classes stood in rows along the walls, intent on spelling the missed words and gaining the head of the class, while the schoolmaster stood out in the middle of the room with Webster or Dilworth in one hand and a hickory gad in the other, giving out the spelling lesson. The master sat on a split-bottom chair, with the rod in hand. or stood within eatiV reach and patiently took the little urchins by hid side to assist them in saying over the a, b, c, or ab, eb, lb, &c. ; and the larger scholars coming up, one at a time, to read their assigned lessons in the English Reader, Sequel to the English Reader, Introduction to the English Reader, American Preceptor, Columbian Orator, or, it may be, Weem's Life of Washington or Marion ; after which he heard the Testament or Bible class. The big boys or big girls, who were learning to " cypher," came with their slates to the master to see if they " had done their sums right," or to ask for help if they were " stalled." Flora Butler taught school in 1812, in a little log school-house that stood where Dr. Turner's brick office now is, on Main street ; James. Hunter taught a school on Columbus street, where the old blacksmith shop of Stephen Smith stands. Andrew Hunter, still living, says he went to school to him when he was a little boy, and the first morning he either forgot to take off his hat, or did not know he should do so, and that the scholars laughed at him. This made him angry, and he never went back. The first advance to better educational facilities in Lancaster was in the erection of the brick Academy, on Wheeling street, by a number of the most wealthy citizens, and which is the present modernized residence of Andrew Bauman. This building was erected shortly before 1820. It was the enterprise of Philomon Beecher, Elnathan Schofield, William Irvin, Robert F. Slaughter, John Noble, ;Thomas Ewing, Gotlieb Steinman, John Creed, Hugh Boyle, and a few others. Mr. Whittlesy was the first man to teach in it. After him, and about 1825, the late John T. Brazee taught a six months' term. After Mr. Brazee, HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 147 Professor Howe occupied it for a number of years, when the trustees sold the building to Dr. Bigelow for a private residence, some time between 1834 and 1839. After the abandonment of the brick Academy, Professor Howe built a. frame house on Mulberry street, on ground belonging to Hugh Boyle, and reopened his school. This school was for many years known as Howe's Academy, and was conducted about ten years. In this school, and as pupils of Mr. Howe, General and Secretary Sherman, P. B. Ewing, Boyle Ewing, J. C. Kinkead, and many others of Lancaster's young men and young ladies attended. The first public schools in Lancaster were opened May 30, 1830. At that time the population of the town was about 2,800. In the spring of that year, Samuel Carpenter, George Sanderson and Henry Doople were elected school trustees, and a public school was opened on Columbus street, south of Main, in a building known as the Old Reform church. William Charles was hired to teach at thirty dollars a month, for a term of four months. At the same time another school was opened on Walnut street, in a building occupied before as a shoe shop. Louis A. 131aire was employed as teacher of this school at twenty dollars a month. The branches taught here were reading, writing, arithmetic, geography and grammar. There was no uniformity of text books, and but little classification. The furniture was of the most primitive style. In 1838 a public school was opened in a frame building on the corner of High and Chestnut streets, where the residence of John S. Snider now stands. At the same time a school was opened in a brick building on Walnut street, immediately west of the old Radical church. A Mr. Booth, assisted by a Miss Collins, taught this school. In 1842 a school was opened in the basement of the Presbyterian church, with a Mr. Johnson as teacher. The public school fund, controlled by the school directors at this time, was not sufficient to pay the small salaries of the teachers, and keep the schools in session more than four or five months in the year. In addition to these public schools, there were private schools, one of which was located on Wheeling street, and known for a time as Booth's Academy ; another located on Mulberry Street, known as Howe's Academy, already referred to. These schools were patronized by persons of sufficient means to enable them to educate their children. Previous to the year 1830, there was no public school fund in Ohio provided by law. All schools, whatever, were sustained entirely by private subscription. The relation between teachers and employers was that of a private contract with each parent, in which he agreed to pay a stipulated price for each scholar sent to the school. Under that system no school directors nor certificates of qualification were required. The contract was in the form of an article of agreement, signed by both the contracting parties. Each employer wrote opposite his name, in figures, the number of scholars he proposed to send, which bound him to pay whether he sent for a day or the full term. The price per scholar, for the term of three months, the usual time, was from $2.50 to $3.00, payable at the end of the term. In an old copy of the Lancaster Gazelle, bearing the date of Juy 5, 1838, appears the following remarkable notice : 148 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. "LANCASTER INSTITUTE, for the instruction of young ladies, corner of Columbus and Mulberry streets ; conducted by Mrs. and Mr. McGill, A. B., R. H. A. " The principals beg leave to announce to their friends, and the people generally, that they have opened the above institution. " The course of instruction comprises the Latin, French and English languages ; music. and singing on the Logerian system ; drawing And the elements of perspective ; geometry ; fruit, flower, figure and landscape painting, in oil and water colors ; oriental painting on paper, satin, velvet and wood ; Grecian and glass painting ; Japamng ; mezzotinting and transferring ; orthography ; reading ; English grammar ; composition and letter writing : history, ancient and modern ; writing on a free. beautiful and easy system, in which legibility and elegance are combined ; the ornamental hands ; arithmetic and book keeping on an improved system, adapted to domestic accounts ; geography ; use of the globes construction of maps ; astronomy ; mythology and chronology ; practical chemistry, as it relates to the useful arts dependent on that science ; natural and moral philosophy ; botany, with instructions for drawing and coloring plants, flowers, &c. ; plain and ornamental needle and fancy work.” How many of the young ladies of Lancaster availed themselves of the advantages of this remarkable course of study, and what was the ultimate success of the " Institute," does not appear on the records. But little, if anything, was done between 1830 and 1847 to improve the conditions of the public schools. On the evening of the fourth of December, 1847, a meeting of the citizens of Lancaster was held at the court house to take into consideration the condition of the common or public schools. In the call for this meeting the citizens were urged to turn out and earnestly consider the matter of their schools, with admonition that, " No subject exceeds it in importance ; and yet no other has received less attention." This call for a public meeting to consider the school question, and to receive suggestions looking towards a general improvement of the system, was signed by the following citizens: H. C. Whitman, William Slade, Benjamin Connell, M. A. Daugherty, Henry Orman, F.A. Foster, George Kauffman, John D. Martin, John C. Weaver, Joseph Work, Elias Perry, H. H. Robinson, Geo. H. Smith, Rev. Wm. Cox, Geo. W. Boerstler, John Reber, Alfred McVeigh, Robert Reed, John Garaghty, James Gates, John G. Willock. At this meeting the inefficiency of the existing schools, and the great importance of immediate action for their improvement, were ably and earnestly presented by II. C. Whitman, William Slade, Rev. Cox, P. Rope and others. The meeting was largely attended, and at its close the sentiment seemed generally in favor of securing better schools. Other meetings were held, and as a result of the interest thus awakened, there is to be found among the proceedings of the Legislature of that winter, the passage of an act for the "support and better regulation of common schools in "the town of Lancaster, Ohio," passed February "19, 1848. The provisions of this act are similar to the law generally known in this State as the " Akron school law." Section first of this law provided, HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 149 that the corporate limits of the town of Lancaster he erected into one general common school district. provided, that if any of the districts of said town, as now organized. shall, on the first Monday of April, 1848, at the place of holding of said town elections, between the hours of to A.M. and 4 P.M.. of said day, by a majority of the resident voters therein, decide, by voting "nay," not to come into said general district. then. and in that event this law shall in no manner apply to said district or districts, either in its benefits or burdens." At the election that part of the town lying north of. Main street, and known as the north district, adopted, by a large majority, the provisions of the new school law. A majority of the voters residing south of Main street voted, on the same day, "nay," thus deciding not to share with the north half of the town the burdens or benefits of an improved system of schools. The north district proceeded immediately, to organize, by electing a board of education, composed of six gentlemen, viz. : Henry C. Whitman. John Reber, William Slade. Robert Reed, John C. Rainey and William Upfield. Ground was purchased at the northeast corner of Broad and Mulberry streets, and the erection of a school building began. The building was completed with unusual dispatch, being ready for occupancy by the spring of 1849. It was built of brick, was two stories high, and contained eight school rooms, four on each floor. It was supplied with furniture, a very great advance on the old "slab benches" of the most intelligent communities of the past. Schools were opened in this building in June, 1849. They were divided into six grades, or departments. John S. Whitwell was employed as the first superintendent, and teacher of the high school, assisted 1w M. M. Barker. The salary of the superinten dent at that time, was $600. per Year. and that of his assistant, $300. The following are the names of his subordinate teachers for the first year : Mrs. Thorn, Mrs. Claspill, Miss Slaughter, Miss Louisa and Miss Anna Mather. The highest salary received by the female teachers was $150. In a copy of the Ohio Eagle, under the date of November 9th, 1849, is found the following in the editorial department : "The education of the youth of Lancaster is not neglected. During the past Year, a most beautiful and large brick building was erected and completed for occupancy by the public schools of the north district, and at this time there arc live hundred children in attendance. The city feels proud of the building, and loves to point it out to strangers and visitors." The people were greatly pleased with their enlarged and improved school facilities in the north district, and notwithstanding the strong opposition of some, the south district voted at the April election of 1850, by an emphatic majority, to accept the "burdens and benefits" of the new school system,. The following gentlemen were then. after the organization of the south district. elected a common hoard of education : John Reber, John D. Martin. Robert Reed, John L. Tuthill, Jacob Mite and John C. Rainey. One of the first acts of the board was to take the necessary steps 10 secure a school building for the use of the south district. Four acres of ground, favorably and eligibly situated, were pur-