1855	1865	1875
Number of pupils enumerated    “ ” enrolled Average daily attendance Number of teachers    " " school rooms    " " grades    " " weeks in session Amount paid teachers Total expenditures Value of school property	1226 876 547 10 15 66 40 $2,860 7,547 13,000	1465 1020 662 16 16 9 42 $6,933 115,866 16,000	2232 1035 762 22 25 10 41 $12,267 24,933 100,000

The enrollment in the public schools does not appear large, compared with the number of children enumerated. This is accounted for, in part at least, by the fact that the Catholics at the same time maintained a school in Lancaster, enrolling about 250 pupils. There were likewise private schools operation in the town, with more or less attendance, making the total enrollment in the city for the year 1875, probably 1300, and for the year 1881, probably 15oo to 1600. For several years after the adoption of the union system, the grad- HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 151 ing and classifications were very imperfect. Various modifications and changes in the course of study have been made from time to time. The schools are now divided into four departments, embracing nine grades below the high school, the work of each grade, requiring one year for its completion. 1. Primary Department, composed of four grades, A. B, C and D. 2. Intermediate Department, two grades, A and B. 3. Grammar Department, three grades, A, B and C. 4. High School Department, embracing a four years course of instruction. The course of study for the grades below the high school, included rending, spelling, writing, arithmetic, geography, English grammar, etymology, U. S. history and constitution, algebra, physics, drawing, composition, German and object lessons. First lessons in reading are taught by the object and word methods combined. Words used in the reading lessons, must be spelled by the sound, as well as the letters. In the reading lessons, in all the grades, practical attention is paid to the articulation. In writing; script letters are used from the beginning. First lessons in numbers are taught objectively. Pupils who have passed through the first four grades, are able to write and read numbers readily, as high as hundreds of thousands ; can add, subtract, multiply and divide correctly and rapidly. Arithmetic is completed and reviewed in the grammar grade. No text book is put into the hands of the pupils, until they have reached the B intermediate grade ; but in the grades below that, the subject is taught orally. Instruction in the correct use of language, is commenced in the D primary grade, and is continued throughout the course. Technical grammar is taught through the grammar grades, and is reviewed in the fourth year. in the high school. Political geography and arithmetic are also reviewed in the last year of the high school course. German is taught by a special teacher, in all the grades above the C primary. Drawing is alternated with writing in all the grades below the high school. Composition, declamation and object lessons receive attention throughout the course. Monthly examinations are held in all the grades ; these examinations are both oral and written. During the last term of the school year, the various departments are examined by the superintendent. The grades received on this examination are averaged with the grades of monthly examinations, and on this basis the transfers are made. The monthly examinations are regarded as excellent incentives to study, and as best test of the knowledge of the subject possessed by the Pupil. The report calls the attention of parents to the standing of their children in their studies, and secures for the teacher a more hearty co-operation at home, than could otherwise exist. Transfers are made annually, the first week of the fall term ; hut pupils, who are found to be decidedly ahead of their classes, are promoted at any time during the year. Such promotions are frequent in the Lancaster schools. When the graded system was first adopted teachers, who had had experience hi classified schools, could not be had at the salaries then paid, and the board, from a necessity, selected teachers of but little experience, and to the most of whom the phrase, "Methods of Instruc- 152 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. tion," was a misunderstood expression. Many of these made the best teachers after becoming acquainted with the new system. A gentleman who had some experience in "keeping school," applied for a position as teacher soon after the adoption of the graded system. He was employed to teach .a primary grade. consisting of about forty pupils. The second day after he took charge of the school .the superintendent visited his room, and inquired how he was getting along. He replied, very well, only he found some difficulty in "getting around," with his recitations. Upon further inquiry, the superintendent learned that he had been calling up the pupils singly, and trying to hear as many recitations as he had pupils. His services were dispensed with. Teachers' meetings, county, district, and State teachers' associations, educational journals, and a higher standard of qualifications, have been some of the means of improvement in the profession of teaching in the Lancaster schools. The aim has been, and still is, to encourage the teacher to be an earnest seeker for better methods, and for increased skill in the art of instruction; The buildings, erected in 1849 and 1851 for schools, were occupied —the north building until the fall of 1875, and the south building until 1874. In 1867, the south building became so crowded with' scholars, that the board found it necessary to furnish room for another school. The old Radical Church on Walnut street was purchased, and used for a primary school for a time. In the spring of 1870, the board of education procured a competent architect to examine and report on the condition of the north building. It was pronounced unsafe, and the schools were temporarily suspended. A public meeting was called to consider the propriety of abandoning the building, and for the further purpose of taking action towards erecting a more secure and better planned building. The board submitted to the qualified voters of the city the proposition of levying a tax of forty thousand dollars, payable in from one to ten years. It was approved by a large majority. The board was delayed for some time m securing a site, but at last four and three-quarters acres were secured on North Broadway. Plans were adopted, contracts awarded, and work on the new house commenced. The old north house was strengthened and rendered safe, and the schools reopened in it in 1871. In the spring of 1872, the south building was found to be so crowded with pupils, that the board was compelled to provide additional rooms for school purposes. The building known at the county building, located on Broadway, near Main street, was rented, and arranged for occupancy by the high school and south C grammer, and were so occupied on the first day of April, 1872. At a meeting of the board, held on June 21, 1873, the following resolution was adopted : " That the board deem it expedient for the welfare and accommodation of the schools to be taught in the southern part of Lancaster, that the old school building should be removed, and a new and substantial one be erected." For the purpose of carrying out this resolution, a meeting, to vote on a proposition to levy a tax of thirty thousand dollars, was called, HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 153 July 15, 1873. The tax was authorized, and plans for the new building adopted, the contract let, and work immediately begun on the old site. The new north house, a brick, three stories in height, containing twelve school rooms, chapel, hall, reception room, and superintendent's office, each school room provided with improved furniture, was ready for the schools at the opening of the fall term, September 1, 1873, the high school occupying two rooms on the third floor, the remaining rooms, on the first and second floors, being occupied by the lower grades. At the opening of the schools, September 1, 1873, the south schools were removed to the old north building, where they remained till the first of September, 1875, at which time the new south building, an elegant brick, containing ten large school rooms and a chapel hall, furnished. the same as the north building, was ready for the schools. This south building is modeled after the north, and is, also, three stories high. A separate school for the colored children was established in 1856, and maintained since that time. It is composed of two grades—a primary and a grammar grade, and being under the same supervision as the white schools, has the same advantages as the others. The north school grounds have been enlarged to about seven acres, and have been tastefully ornamented with flower beds, evergreens, and forest trees. The rounds of the south school, including over four acres, are similarly improved, though not equally, with the north. The schools are all provided with the necessary apparatus required to illustrate subjects taught, among which are an excellent telescope, with three and a-half inch object glass, an improved air pump, a fine collection of mineralogical and geological specimens, etc. No better evidences of the public appreciation of the school is needed than the readiness and cheerfulness with which the citizens generally support them, and consider nothing a burden that is deemed necessary for their greater success and advancement. At the opening of the schools in the north building, April 1, 1849, a high school was organized, in which algebra, geometry, philosophy, history, chemistry, and Latin were taught, by Mr. Whitwell, the superintendent of the schools, assisted by Mr. Barker. In 1851, Miss Wilcox was elected principal of the high school, which position she filled with ability. In the fall of 1857, she resigned, and was succeeded by Mr. Haskins, who remained one year. More room being required for use of the primary classes of the north district, the high school was changed to the south building in 1856. Since 1858, the principals of the high school have been : 1858-68—Miss Jane Becket. 1868-69--Miss Holbrook. 1869-70—C. Wilkinson. 187o-73—C. F. McCoy. 1873-74—Mr. Manly. 1874-75—G. F. Moore. 1875—Mr. Halderman, six weeks. 1875-77—Rev. E. B. Cartmill. 1877-78—Miss Ella Trout. 1878-79—Mr. Waldo Dennis. 1878-81—E. Burgess. 20 154 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. Miss Mary Hamilton entered the high school, as assistant teacher, at the fall term of 1875, and still holds the position. The first graduate was Miss Mattie Connell, in 1853. The second class graduated in 1855, and was composed of the following young ladies : Mary Brazee, Lillian Williams, Louisa Hoffier, and Ellen Williams. Since that time sixteen classes have graduated, varying in numbers from five to twelve. In 1878 the high school course of study underwent some change from the previous courses, and that which is now used was established, which is likely to be permanent. There is an English course, and a classical course, optional with pupils and parents. The following have been the superintendents of the schools, with duration of service : 1849-51—John Whitwell. 1851-56—John Williams. 1856-57—W. Nelson. 1857-61—Rev. Daniel Risser. 1861-62—Mr. E. F. Fish. 1862-68—Rev. Jacob Reinmund. 1868—W. R. Spooner, six months. 1869-79—George W. Welch. 1879-81—Samuel Knabenshue. Geo. W. Welch was elected in 1881, and now holds the position. The Board of Education consists of the following gentlemen : Rev. G. W. Meckling, President ; John Gravitt, Secretary ; John D. Martin, Treasurer ; Kinnis Fritter, H. G. Trout, Thomas Cox. The following gentlemen have, at various times since the inception of Lancaster free schools, served on the board of education, with possibly two or three names omitted : H. C. Whitman, William Slade, John Reber, Robert Reed, John C. Rainey, William Kinkead, Mahlon Smalley, Newton Schleich, 0. H. Perry, E. C. Kreider, Jacob Hite, Jesse Vandemark, Wm. Vorys, Henry Gabelein, and Gen. Thomas Ewing. To the devotion and diligent attention of many of these gentlemen just named, the achievement of the schools in arriving at their present success and completeness, is due. Some of them, more than others, have found time to frequently visit the schools, and give personal attention to the promotion of their general welfare. Few cities or municipalities of Ohio excel Lancaster in the completeness and general efficiency of her schools. During the year 1880 a school building was erected on the north school grounds, for the use of the colored schools, at a cost of $1,300. It is a neat brick of one story, divided into two compartments. The colored school has two grades—a primary and a grammar grade. The present enrollment of colored children is about sixty-five, with an outside number not yet enrolled. The school capacity is to be increased, when the attendance will reach one hundred pupils. Previously, and from the first organization of the free school system, the colored school was kept in the basement of their church. For the purpose of raising the necessary funds to meet the ex- HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 155 penses of the erection of the public school buildings of 1849 and 1851, and of the more costly edifices of 1870 and 1874, seven per cent. bonds were sold by the city authorities. The aggregate amount of bonds, sold for the erection of school buildings, has been about $100,000. The total cost of the buildings of 1870 and 1874 was about $70,000, viz. : north building, $40,000 ; south building, $30,000. To provide a contingent fund, a levy of ten mills was made on the general duplicate of the city, which, together with the city's portion of the state school fund, has proved adequate to meet the current expenses of running the schools, and to meet the interest on the school bonds, with a constantly increasing surplus ; so that in April, 1881, the levy was brought down to seven mills. The indebtedness of the board had, at the same time, been reduced from $100,000 to $13,000. The old north school grounds, on the northeast corner of Broad and Mulberry streets, were, in about 1879, sold to the St. Peter's Lutheran congregation, for $6,000. The present north school building stands on the east side of North Broadway, within two squares south of the fairgrounds, and the south building is situated on a four-acre lot, in the southeast part of the city, fronting on Walnut street. The total value of the school property within the incorporate limits of the city, at the present time, will not vary much from $113,000 ; possibly a few hundred dollars more. The contingent expenses for running the schools, including salaries, light, fuel, and janitor's salary, for the year 1880, was $22,000. The salaries of teachers have been increased with the growing prosperity of the schools. At this time, the salaries are : superintendent, $1,400; principal of high school, $1,000; assistant in high school, $600 ; grammar schools, $800 ; two female teachers receive, each $500, and all female teachers below receive $375 ; principal of colored schools, $800. 156 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY, CHAPTER XXIII. CHURCHES OF LANCASTER. METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH—The Methodist were the pioneers in Fairfield county. The first Methodist class organized in the county was in the fall of 1799, at a place known as "Beal's Hill," about two miles northeast of Lancaster. The society consisted, at its organization, of ten members, viz : Edward Beal and wife, Jesse Spurgeon and wife, Ishmael Dew and wife, Elijah Spurgeon and wife, and Nimrod Bright a wife. They held their meetings in the cabin of Mr. Beal, he being class leader. Previous to coming to Ohio, Mr. Beal was class leader in Maryland, from where he emigrated. Very soon after the formation of this little class, they were visited by the Rev. James Quinn, then a young Methodist minister, and, so far as known, the first to enter the Hocking valley. The first quarterly meeting in this county was held in the year 1800, at the cabin of John Murphy, about one mile west of the present West Rushville. The preachers present on this occasion were Bishop Asbury and Daniel Hitt, who was at that time a presiding elder in the Baltimore conference. The first class formed in Lancaster was in the spring of 1812, with a constituent membership of ten persons, viz ; Jacob D. Detrich and wife, Peter Reber and wife, Christian and Elizabeth Weaver, George and Mary Conode, and Thomas Orr and wife. The first house for worship erected by the Methodists was a brick of two stories, with .a gallery. It stood nearly on the site of the present brick church on the hill, and was erected in 1816. Rev. James Quinn preached the 'first sermon in it, using for his pulpit a carpenter's bench. Lancaster was then included in the. Hocking circuit, formed in 18o1. Joseph Chenowith was the first preacher to travel the Hocking circuit, and, at the close of the first year, returned a membership of three hundred and sixty-six persons, which showed an astonishing increase, as only three years and about six months had elapsed since the arrival of the first pioneer family in the Hocking valley. Nathaniel B. Mills succeeded Mr. Chenowith on this circuit, in 1802, followed, in the years 1803-04, by James Quinn. In 1804 James Williams was sent out by the conference to assist Rev. Quinn. Lancaster, and the present county of Fairfield, remained in Hockhocking circuit until 1811. Between 1811 and 1830, a number of circuits were formed, of which Fairfield was one, including Lancaster. The increase of membership between 1811 and 1830, a period of nineteen years, showed Fairfield circuit to contain one thousand, two hundred and seventy- HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 157 six members in full fellowship. In 1830 Lancaster was made a half-station, with several appointments in the country. During the nine ensuing years, the following ministers supplied the circuit, in the order in which their names occur : Zachariah Connell. William Young, John Ferree, Edward D. Rowe, William H. Lowder, Levi White, William T. Snow, John J. Bruce, William T. Hand, Charles R. Baldwin, John Reed, Charles R. Lowell, and Charles Swain. The present brick edifice was erected in 1838-39, the basement story being used as the place of worship until the summer of 1843, when the audience chamber was finished for public use. At the session of the annual, conference of 1839, Lancaster was made a full station. Since that time, and until the year 1881, the following ministers have occupied Lancaster station, in the following order, the date referring to the time of appointment to the station by the conference : 1840—Henry Baker, one year. 1841—William R. Anderson, one year. 1842-William P. Strickland, two years. 1844-Randolph S. Foster, two years. 1846—M. Dustin, one year. 1847—Granville Moody, two years. 1842-William Sutherland, one year. 1850—Moses Smith, one year. 1851—A. Brooks, two years. 1853—N. Westerman, one year. 1854—James M. Jamison, two years. 1856—E. M. Boring, one year. 1857—Joseph H. Creighton, two years. 1859—William Porter, one year. 1860 - E. C. Felton, two years. 1862—C. A. Vananda, two years. 1864—T. H. Phillips, two years. 1866—L. Taft, two years. 1868—B. N. Sparks, two years. 1870—T. R. Taylor, three years. 1873—Joseph H. Creighton, one years. 1874—T. W. Stanley, three years. 1877—J. R. Miller, three years. 1880-Orville I. Nance.  The total membership of Lancaster station in 1881 was between six nd seven hundred. The Methodists organized a Sabbath school at an early day, which has never been interrupted in its course. It embodies on its rolls now from two to three hundred children, and has always been in a flourishing condition. METHODIST PROTESTANT CHURCH.—This is another pioneer denomination; of which there are no records in existence showing its founding, progress, and final dissolution. The society was organized in 1836 or 1837. At one time it had quite a flourishing membership, embracing a number of the business and substantial families of Lancaster. The society owned, during its existence, a commodious brick church. For 158 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. a number of years they maintained a stated pastorate and flourishing Sabbath school. Their church was located on the north side of Walnut street, between Broadway and Columbus streets. By the death and removal of a few of the responsible members, the society became weakened, and finally ceased to ask their conference for a preacher. At length the society was regarded as disbanded, when a portion of the members found homes in other churches. Their church building, after standing vacant a few years, was purchased by the board of education, and converted into a school house for a time. It was then sold to the " Old School Baptists," and is their present place of worship. The proceeds of the sale of the property, after defraying some small liabilities, for 'which the society was responsible, were divided among the original members. After the society was disbanded, and had been dropped from the conference list, a claim was issued, by the Ohio conference for the church property. The members resisted and suit was brought in the Court of Common Pleas. After passing through several terms, in which able council was employed on both sides, the case was finally decided in favor of the society. The suit was brought up after the sale of the property to the school board, and the funds were taken charge of by the court, pending the final decision. Among the leading and working Members during the prosperous years of the church were Benjamin Connell, John Arney, Cooper Mussie, William Pierce, George IIood, Salmon Shaw. REGULAR BAPTIST CHURCH.—The Regular Baptist Church first obtained a formal and recognized status in Lancaster in the year 1811, with Rev. Geo. Debolt, as their pastor. The constituent members were Isaac Church and wife, James Lowry and wife, Stephen Whittlesy and Anna Bruin. The last named was quite a remarkable person, and is entitled to a special mention. She was a descendant of the colored race, and uneducated ; nevertheless she possessed a vigorous, clear intellect ; was industrious and frugal, was single, and resided in the family of George King, who was a Baptist. Anna Bruin was a favorite among her acquaintances, and was welcome wherever she choose to go. So devoted was she in her religious faith. and to her church, that she was never absent from any of the stated meetings, unless in case of sickness, or other unavoidable reason. She died in 1875 at the age of one hundred and six years. This little church with its humble origin has ever since maintained its organization in Lancaster. In religious faith they were predestinarian, which faith has undergone no modification with them to this day. Their maximum membership at one time was about fifty ; at present (June, 1880 it is twenty. They continue to have preaching once a month statedly, but more frequently as preachers pass through the place. Their present pastor is Rev. William Fisher. Very soon after their organization, the little band succeeded in erecting a comfortable frame church on Chestnut street near the Talmage house. In this edifice they continued to worship until it was destroyed by fire in 1870. The ground was subsequently sold to Darius Talmage, for fifteen hundred dollars. This fund was used for the purchasing of their present church on Walnut street. HIST0RY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 159 The Rev. Debolt continued to preach for this church a number of years. He died a few years since at the age of ninety. This vacancy caused by his death, was filled by the Rev. William White, father of the late Dr. James White. His labors were continued until 1829, when the Rev. Samuel Carpenter took charge, and continued until the time of his death in the summer of 187o. BAPTIST CHURCH.—This church disclaims the appellation "New School" but claim they are the regular Baptist Church. They were formerly of the mother church, but they have a separate history, having a communion and fellowship of their own. With their denominational relation this history has nothing to do. This society was first organized in Lancaster in 1842, with a class of twelve members. Many of the original members possessed means, and were influential citizens. They at once went to work in earnest to secure a house for public worship. This they accomplished in less than two years, and a neat brick church with a seating capacity of about five hundred was soon the fruits of their diligence. It is situated on the southwest corner of Columbus and Mulberry streets. During the greater part of the thirty-eight years of its existence, the church has maintained, with only short intervals a connected succession of pastors. Below is a list in the order of their occupancy. Rev. J. M. Courtney was the first, remaining about two years and was succeeded by Rev. S. T. Griswold, Rev. J. B. Sackett, Rev. E. F. Strickland, Rev. S. G. Dawson, Rev. J. R. Powell, Rev. William Sharp, Rev. H. A. Lyon and Rev. E. Daniels. For the past ten years and at this time (June, 1881) the church has been without a permanent pastor, having only occasional preaching by supplies. The Sabbath school of this denomination is prosperous, and the membership of the church has increased in the same ratio of other churches. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. John Wright, a young man from Kentucky, came in the year 18ot as a missionary of the Presbyterian denomination, and settled in Lancaster. There were at that early day a number of Presbyterian families in Lancaster and its vicinity, also in other settlements of the county. He at once began to preach in the village and such other neighborhoods as desired preaching, more especially along Rush Creek, and that part of the county where Bremen and Rushville are now situated. He also visited Newark, preaching there occasionally, as well as in other parts of the county, which was then large. At that time, the whole county was little else than a wilderness, interspersed with the simplest form of log cabins. In these pioneer huts for the want of better accommodations, the first religious services were held. During the first four years, Mr. Wright's labors seemed to have been on the missionary plan, as an organization of members was not effected until some time in the year 1805. After the building of the first court-house, completed in 1807, the Presbyterian, as well as other denominations, held services in it for a number of years until the societies became strong enough to erect churches. In the year 1820 the first Presbyterian church was completed, as ap- 160 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. pears from their old church books. It was located on the southeast corner of Broadway and Mulberry streets, at the same place where the residence of J. S. Wright now stands, about thirty feet from the north wall of the present church. The ground was purchased from Peter Reber. The members of this church held a meeting in Lancaster, Nov. 24, 1819, at their usual place of worship, Rev. John Wright officiating, and Samuel F. McCracken acting as secretary. The society proceeded to elect the following trustees : David Ewing, Thomas Propeck and Samuel F. McCracken, and Frederick A. Foster, clerk. The trustees were required to circulate subscription papers, the proceeds thus obtained to be used in purchasing a site and building a church at an early day. They were sworn in by George Sanderson, Justice of the Peace. From the church records, the following, concerning a meeting held July 6th, 1822, is taken : The pews were to be assessed, and sold at auction. The salary of the pastor was to be paid from the proceeds. The pews, thirty-two in number, sold on an average of from twenty to four dollars. The church was a neat, one-story brick, and continued in use as a place of worship until the completion of the present church in 1835. Mr. Wright remained pastor of the Lancaster Presbyterian Church until 1835, when he resigned to accept a pastorate in Logansport, Indiana, where he died at an advanced age in the year 1849 or '50. In 1836, William Cox was installed pastor of the congregation at Lancaster and continued until 1854, when he accepted a call to Pickaway, Ohio, where he died a few years since. He was interred in the east cemetery at Lancaster. At his death, Rev. J. M. Lowrey took charge of the work at this place and remained eight years. From 1805 to 188i, the following are the names of pastors, who filled the pulpit of this church: Revs. John Wright, William Cox, J. M. Lowrey, Robert Gillbraith, Webster, George Fullerton, Worden, Muse, Snodgrass and J. R. Boyd, the present pastor, who has occupied the pulpit about eight years. Aside from the above named, a number of supplies have taken the charge for a short period. The membership at present numbers nearly two hundred, none of the original members living now, nor but one, who was a member in 1820, being Betsy Lilly, now residing in Iowa, eighty years of age. The Sabbath school of this denomination is, and always has been, one of great interest ; about one hundred children are in attendance. ST. JOHN'S EPISCOPAL CHURCH.—There being a number of families in Lancaster belonging to the Episcopal denomination, a church organization was effected in 1835, assuming the title of "Episcopal Parish of St. John", its first rector being the Rev. Sherlock A. Bronson. A few years subsequently, and during the rectorship of the Rev. Alva Quinn, the congregation erected a beautiful church with chancel and stained window glass, and the addition of study, library room and end gallery, furnished with an organ and supported by a good choir. The church was located on the southeast corner of Broadway and Wheeling streets. HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 161 The following named persons co-operated with Mr. Quinn in the erection of the church : Henry Stanberry, John T. Brazee, Daniel Sifford, John Reber, Daniel Kutz and William P. Creed: It was consecrated and dedicated by the late Right Rev. Bishop McElvaine. After Mr. Quinn, the following were the succeeding clergymen at the St. John's : Revs. Daniel Risser, J. M. C. Bonte, Frederick Grey, Henry Lathrop, E. Owen Simpson, William Brittian, John Scott, A. S. Gorrell, Edward B. Cartmell and J. N. Rippy, who is now ( t881) rector. The members are all willing workers in the Sabbath school. CATHOLIC CHURCH, ST. MARY'S OF LANCASTER, OHIO.—This is the distinctive title assumed by the Catholic Church of this place, upon its organization. A number of Catholic families were among the first settlers of Lancaster. Their early services were held in private houses, by priests who visited them from time to time, coming generally from Somerset, where an early Catholic settlement existed. The church continued under the care of the Dominican fathers of St. Joseph's Church of Perry county until 1839. About 1820-22, the congregation erected a small frame church at the west end of Chestnut street, south side, and what is now known as the east bank of the Hocking Canal. Here they continued to worship until 1839. The building is still standing and used as a private residence. The burial ground connected with the church was abandoned upon the establishment of the east cemetery, and the dead removed to the new burying ground in 1837-8. In 1841 the new brick church, on the northeast corner of High and. Chestnut streets, was completed and dedicated, its erection having been begun about two years previously. Services, however, were held in it as early as the winter and spring of 1839. This year the Rev. J. M. Young settled in Lancaster as pastor of St. Mary's. In 1854 he was made Bishop and assigned to the see of Erie, where his death occurred about fifteen years after. In 1864 the present church was completed and dedicated ; it was built north of the old church of 1841. About the same time a two-story brick was built on the east end of the church grounds. The two-story frame, that had previously stood adjoining the east end of the old church, was removed and attached to the brick, which constituted the residence of the priest. After the occupancy of the new church, the old building was remodeled for a parish school, for which purpose it is still used. Between three and four hundred children are in regular attendance. From the first opening of the school it has been under the care of several Dominican sisters. The large boys are taught by a male teacher, who also has a general supervision over the whole school. Succeeding Father Young, the Rev. Henry Lange was sent from Cincinnati, and remained in charge from 1854 to 1864, when his death'occurred. He was entombed at the east end of the church. Rev. J. W. Brummer was then placed in charge, temporarily, for a few months. In August, of the same year, Rev. Bernard Evans was sent to the charge. His health failed, and he was compelled to return to Cincinnati, where he survived but a short time. 21 162 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. In 1865, Rev. Daniel O. Rogers came, remaining a little over two years. He also had to relinquish his charge on account of failing health. In a short time afterward he died among his friends at Dubuque, Iowa. The charge was then filled by Rev. F. J. Rudolph, who remained until May, 1868, when a change in the diocese took place, and he, wishing to remain in the western division, relinquished his claim here to key. Louis Decailly' who was in charge until the spring of 1874. He then transferred to the Newark charge. Rev. M.E. Pilger filled this was vacancy made by the removal of Rev. Decailly, remaining but a few months, when he was transferred to Delaware, Ohio. Rev. J. B. Schmidt succeeded him and still has charge. In June, 1875, Rev. Gabriel Volkert was assigned to St. Mary's, as assistant pastor. He died in September of the same year, and the vacancy was filled by Rev. F. J. Campbell, but in a short time he was transferred to Marietta, and Rev. Montague was appointed to take his place in Lancaster. Over two hundred and sixty families are represented in the present congregation at St. Mary's, being about sixteen hundred and fifty members in the congregation. During a year, about eighty baptisms and fifteen marriages are solemnized. The missions, three in number, have been maintained by this congregation, and were attended by Priests from Lancaster until recently. when a special pastor was assigned to take charge of them. "Our Lady of Good Hope," in the southeast part of the county, has over forty families under her supervision ; at " Sacred Heart, near Bremen, about thirty families, and at " St. Joseph's," in the vicinity of Sugar Grove, about forty families. The ground upon which St. Mary's Church and school buildings now stands, was purchased from Michael Garaghty, in 1837 or 1838. These buildings are substantial and handsome, the new church being one of the most elegant in Ohio. Their surrounding grounds are beautifully decorated with evergreens and brick and gravel walks. ST. PETER'S EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH.—This is one of the early churches of Lancaster ; the precise date of organization cannot be given, as the old records were burned with the building in February, 1846. Previous to that year the history is mostly traditional. Some of the old members recollect of a box containing papers relating to church affairs being saved, in so disorderly a condition at the time of the fire, that the person to whom they were entrusted found they were worthless. Previous to the year 1810, the first society was formed by the Rev. Steck. For awhile they held their meetings in the court house, while at other times in the German Reform chapel, on south Columbus street. Subsequently the society built a small log house on the site where the Canal church now stands. This was used for a time, then torn down and a two-story brick built in its place. In 1846 this was burned. At this time a division was effected, and the German members bought the claims of the English and proceeded to erect the brick building that still remains. In 1840 the church was incorporated by an act of the Legislature. HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 163 The names of the incorporators were Henry Arnold, George W. Bantler, Christian Bearster, Christian Baughman, Henry Orman, Philip Bone and Conrad Crumley. The lot upon which the church is erected was deeded to the society by Jacob Beck, the elder, and one of the first members. Mr. Steck remained in charge of the congregation until 1829. His place was then filled by Rev. John Wagenhals, who filled the pulpit until 1845. He then removed to Lithopolis and took charge of a congregation there. Ten or fifteen years afterward he returned to Lancaster, where he is now living, being old and feeble. Succeeding Mr. Wagenhals in St. Peter's congregation were Rev. H. Burcher, Rev. Leon Hart, Rev. Speilman and Rev. Mechling, who is now (1881)pastor. The membership is over six hundred, and a Sabbath school has been sustained for half a century. During the year 1878 the society purchased ground on Broadway and Mulberry streets. In the spring of I88o they began the erection of a church, having prepared the foundation the summer previous. In 1881 the work suspended on account of cold weather, but was resumed and the building was completed. FIRST ENGLISH LUTHERAN CHURCH.—Previous to the year 1843, but one Lutheran Church existed in this place. The German and English element separating at that time, formed separate societies: They continued to occupy the church jointly on alternate Sundays. The one service was in German and the other in English. This continued until the burning of the church in 1846. The English members sold their interest in the site to the German society, and purchased a building lot on the east side of Columbus street, between Wheeling and Mulberry streets. They immediately built a fine brick church, with a basement, entrance hall, and gallery, completing it in the fall of 1846. At the time of the church division the membership of the English was twenty, which, in 1881, had increased to about two hundred, but six of the original members being of this number. From the first they have been earnest and zealous workers in the Sunday school. The following pastors have presided over the charge from 1843 to 1881: Revs. John McCron, Charles F. Shaeffer, J. A. Weddle, L. Kizer, J. Hamilton, Jacob F. Reinmund, Samuel Sprecher, N. J. Knisey, Chas. Steck, John B. Helwig, John O. Hough, G. W. Halderman and J. N. Morris, pastor from the beginning of the year 1881. GERMAN REFORM CHURCH.—This church was first formed by Rev. George Wise, in October, 1816, with twenty members. Rev. Wise continued pastor until 1838, twenty-two years after the organization, during which time he preached in other parts of the county, as well as Ross, Pickaway, Hocking, Perry, Licking and Franklin counties. Rev. Steck was called to this charge after the death of Rev. Wise, and continued to fill all the above named appointments. In 1818 the German Reform society purchased a lot on Columbus street on which they built a small brick chapel, where they continued to worship until 1845,the /hurch being dedicated in 1832. This building was also used for years as a school house and place of worship for other denominations. It still remains and is used as a private dwelling. 164 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY About 1843 the society purchased a second site and proceeded to erect a new and more commodious place for worship. In 1845 this was completed. Rev. Henry Willard succeeded Mr. Wise in 1838 as pastor, remaining in charge six years to 1844, his successor being Rev. Jesse Steiner, At his departure the pulpit was filled by Revs. Jeremiah Good. Henry Brinkerhoff, John Ricker, P. D. Schory, G. W. Meekling, Henry Hockman, John Swander, L. Straussman and William Hale. The latter being called to Dayton, left the charge under the leadership of occasional supplies. During his work here; the title, " Grace Reform," was given to the church. At the time he left, the membership. numbered two hundred and twenty-five. In 188o Rev. J. M. Kendig was called and accepted the charge. An interesting Sabbath school is maintained. EMANUEL'S CHURCH.—The organization of this church took place in 1849 by the withdrawal of twelve members from St. Peter's ChurCh. When formed, it was to be exclusively a German denomination, not admitting English services. In this latter church a portion of the members preferred that services be held only in the German language, while others of American birth desired that the children should be instructed in both languages, and insisted on alternate German and English services. For a time the two services were carried out, but in time twelve of the purely German members seceded from the old division and formed a society constituting the "First German congregation of the unaltered Augsburg Confession," with F. W. Richman as pastor. Immediately upon the completion of the new organization, a site was purchased on Chestnut street near High street, and soon a hand, some brick church was built, seating about four hundred. They dedicated it in 1852, and now have about three hundred members, also an attendance of seventy-five children at their Sunday school. Their constitution provides that only male members who have attained the age of twenty-one years and over are eligible to vote at church elections. Of these they have about one hundred. Under the pastorate of their present minister they have English services occasionally. The following ministers have filled the pulpit : 1849—F. W. Richman. 1853—J. P. Calb. 1857—F. W. Faclinger. 1858—J. S. Daib. 1859--M. Merz. 1865—J. Neithamer. 1866—E. J. Frederick. 1869—J. Slocum. 1870—C. A. Frank. 1873—E. Kailer. 1876—C. A. Frank. Rev. C. F. Borech and Rev. C. Dryer are the present pastors. During 1870 the society erected a handsome two-story frame parsonage adjoining the church. EVANGELICAL CHURCH.--The Evangelical (“Albrecht's Leute ") Association erected a substantial brick church in Lancaster in the sum- HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 165 mer of 1870, under the pastoral charge of Andrew Swartz. It is commonly called the East Lancaster Church, the building standing on Main street, east of Graveyard street.. Mr. Swartz was an ardent worker, and his energy found ready cooperation by the members of the new organization, in the erection and completion of their church. The church was dedicated in 1871, and has a seating capacity of about four hundred. The present membershili exceeds one hundred and sixty. The number of children enrolled in the Sabbath-school, in 1881, was over one hundred. The pastor is Rev. Sherrie!: ; the superintendent, W. H. Cassett. The following pastors have accepted calls to this church : Rev. M. Leohner, Rev. H. Swartz, Rev. A. N. Orwig, Rev. H. Swartz (reappointed), Rev. „M. Shupe, Rev. Cochlin, Rev. H. Spiller, Rev. Hensel, Rev. Rife, Rev. B. Mohn, and Rev. .W W. Sherrick, pastor in 1881. AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH.—As early as 1825 the colored people of Lancaster organized a religious society under the title of "AfriCan Methodist Episcopal Church. ' At once they began the erection of a church on one of the lots dedicated by Emanuel Carpenter for church purposes. Upon this a neat frame church was built, in which they held worship until the erection of their present church in 1860. They have sustained a settled ministry, and held Sabbath-school each Sunday. The following are the names of their ministers from 1825 to 1882: Rev. Grey, Rev. Thomas Lawrence, Rev. Samuel J. Clingman, Rev. Lafayette Davis, Rev. C. H. Peters, Rev. George Coleman, Rev.. Thomas Lawrence, Bev. Daniel Winlon, Rev. John P. Woodson, Rev. Jeremiah Bowman, Rev. John Tibbs, Rev. Edward Esse, Rev. John W. Jones, Rev. Arthur Howell, Rev. Isaac Dillen, Rev. Roberts, Rev. Daniel Cooper, Rev. R. Hogan, Rev. William Arnold, Rev. Gibbons, Rev. Lewis, key. W. D. Mitchell, Rev. Davidson, Rev. Clark, Rev. R. Morris, and R. M. Wilson. COLORED BAPTIST.—This small society of colored Baptists have not succeeded in erecting a place for worship nor employing a settled pastor. The society has been in existence a number of years. A RELIGIOUS REVIVAL occurred in the Methodist Church of Lancaster during the winter of 1841-42, being one of the most remarkable known in the .annals of that denomination. In the history of modern revivals it has no parallel. Although it was an occurrence of forty years ago, still it is vividly remembered and referred to as the "Anderson revival." Many of the efficient members, not only of that Church but others, began their religious life under the influence of this It began in December, 1841. The meetings were held nightly in the basement of the new church, the main auditorium not being completed. Nothing unusual attended the meeting at first, but as it progressed the interest increased, the capacity of the basement room becoming too small to accommodate the crowd that attended. When it became evident throughout the surrounding country that a great revival was in progress in Lancaster, people flocked in from other including preachers from the circuits, members of other denominations taking part. Catholics were in regular attendance. Ministers of other denominations attended and took part in the serv- 166 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. ices. From twelve to fifty persons came to the altar each night as seekers of religion. It was an imposing sight to see persons of all classes kneeling at the altar, some as seekers of religion, while others were praying for the mourners. Some who had been known to denounce noisy revivals were among the most active and earnest workers. The roughest element of the town came, but were decorous and well behaved. The meeting often continued until a late hour. On many occasions, after the congregation had been dismissed, groups of people lingered in the church in prayer and praise, as if unwilling to leave a place that seemed to them hallowed. At late hours parties were heard returning from the church singing, and even pouring forth their happiness in loud shouts of joy, and hallelujah, den continuing in praise and prayer after their arrival at home. On one occasion a young lady, under the influence of religion, passed into a trance, from which all efforts to restore her to consciousness failed. She was removed to the house of a friend, where she remained seven days and nights, unconscious of what was transpiring around her. She was visited by hundreds. At times it was difficult to ascertain whether the vital spark still remained. When she recovered she testified as to being in Heaven, giving descriptions of what she had seen and heard ; had met many of her earthly friends, who had passed away. She lived many years afterward, and loved to converse upon the heavenly scenes she had witnessed, and the glories of the happy home, of which she expected some day to be an inhabitant. The meetings were continued until March, 1842. This revival was remarkable. The number of accessions to the Methodist Church was between two and three hundred, while many who professed conversion joined other denominations, quite a number of the leading business and professional citizens being among the converts. The revival was likewise characterized by the unusual fact that most of these conversions were lasting. CEMETERIES.—The first interments of the dead at Lancaster were probably made in the old graveyard on the hill north of the Methodist church. At the west end of Chestnut street the Catholics had a small cemetery, near their little frame chapel, in which interments were made at an early day. After the purchase and laying out of the last cemetery by the city authorities, the Catholics secured the south-west corner and removed their dead there, in 1837-38, and the cemetery on Chestnut street was abandoned. The Methodists used the east end of their church lot as a burial place—until the purchase of the new graveyard, in 1837. About that time an ordinance was passed by the town council forbidding further interments on the hill. Permits were afterward granted for the burial of such persons who had companions or families interred there. The east graveyard consisted of about ten acres, purchased by the city from John Creed in 1837. The ground was sectioned off for the accommodation of the public, the Methodists, Baptists, and Catholics choosing separate divisions. A large portion of the ground was laid off into family lots and sold under warrantee deeds. Two sections were inclosed with stone walls and mounted with iron railings by several associated families. HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 167 There was also set apart a portion for a colored burying place, as well as a part for public use, and a Potter's Field. In 1881, there were about three thousand graves here. The small burying ground on the hill, northwest of the city, consisting of two acres, was either purchased or donated by Jacob Beck, in 1826. This has been commonly called the German graveyard. The old cemetery dating back to a very early day, is situated on the church lot of the German Lutherans, on the east bank of the canal, in the northwest part of the city. The English Lutheran cemetery lies on the north border of the city. The ground was sold to the church in 1855 by John C. Weaver. The first family lots were sold in 1856. This church sells family lots to parties outside of the society. In the beginning of the year 1881, the Catholic society purchased from Philip Rising fifteen acres of ground, one and one-half miles south of Lancaster, adjoining the State Farm road, on the east side. For this they paid twelve thousand dollars. In June, 1881 they had expended nine hundred dollars in the construction of a stone vault. The grounds were also enclosed, and good gravel drains and walks constructed through the grounds, besides family and single lots. A section of lots is set apart for the use of such Catholics as are not able to purchase. A handsome monument, mounted with the cross, is erected in the north end of the cemetery. The cemetery and purchasing committee are John D. Clark, Hugh Cannon, Thomas Scanlan, George Matt, and Tallman Slough. 168 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. CHAPTER XXIV. LANCASTER PRESS AND AUTHORSHIP. DER OHIO ADLER.—The first weekly paper established in Lancaster was a small German sheet, with the title Der Ohio Adler, by Jacob D. Detrich. The first issues of the paper are extinct, and the exact date cannot be given by the oldest inhabitant here now. Some remember the German paper during the war of 1812, and date its origin in 1809. Mr. Wetzler, present editor of the Eagle, is confident that General Sanderson told him, at one time, that Mr. Detrich came to Lancaster in 1807, and at once began the publication of Der Ohio Adler. This assertion is probably true, as General Sanderson was quite a large boy when he came into the Hocking valley with his father in 1799. We will copy a short extract from an old copy of Der Adler, also, give the translation : " AN EHEKREUTZ.—Ich warna hiermit y,eder man miner frau, Margarette, nicht auf zu miner namen zu leihen, order zu bargen jevile ich mit entsclhossen babe kinen cent fur sie zu bozalen, von dieser data on." " RUSH TOWNSHIP, December 16, 1812. " A MARRIAGE CROSS.—I hereby forewarn every man not to trust my wife, Margaret, or lend to her on my account, 'because I have determined not to pay one cent for her after this date." From this we would infer that some time previous to 1812, Jacob D. Detrich emigrated from Staunton, Virginia, to Lancaster, Ohio, and began the publication of a German weekly paper, entitled Der Ohio Adler. The sheets were about sixteen by twenty inches in size, the paper of coarse texture, and dull white color, the mechanical execution good, the print remaining quite legible. An English issue of the same, bearing date of 1813, is numbered volume four, making 1809 the year of its origin. No dates have been found, showing when the paper passed into the hands of Edward Shafer, but supposed to be in 1813, at this time changing to the English print. It was issued, however, for some time in both languages, after the change, this as late as 1816. In the scrap of Der Adler, before referred to, is found Governor Meigs' proclamation, calling for volunteer troops to serve in the War of 1812. In the English edition is found the following advertisement : " ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS REWARD.—RUH away from the subscriber, living in Moorfield, Hardin county, Virginia, on the twenty-ninth of April last, a negro man named Berry. He is about twenty years of age ; height, five feet eight or nine inches, round shouldered, slender made. He is active and undaunted, but not viciously inclined ; redish lips, stutters when closely examined. Whoever will secure said HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 169 slave in any tail of the United States, so that I can get him again, shall receive the above reward, and all reasonable charges paid, if brought home. ' July 15, 1815.  WILLIAM CUNNINGHAM." After the advertisement, the following appeared : " To THE PUBLIC.—On Sunday last, the 2oth inst., the following circumstance occurred at the great meeting, or love feast, held at the house of Casper Hufford; Raccoon Creek, three miles east of Lancaster. The subscriber, with his wife, attended said meeting. His wife, Wishing to remain there till Monday following, turned the mare she had been riding into a large meadow, containing forty acres, in which about fifty or sixty other horse creatures were at the same time grazing. On the following Monday. his wife, intending to return home, missed the mare, and after the most diligent search, a dark brown mare, without a bridle or halter. was found loose in Mr. Hufford's stable. No person present owning said mare, or knowing the owner thereof, the subscriber took her into his possession. He cannot conceive whether his creature was taken out of mistake for the one left behind in the stable ; whether rode off or wilfully stolen. The subscriber's mare is a bright bay, eight years old, fourteen hands high, shod before, strong built, a natural trotter. and has some saddle and harness marks. Should some person have rode her off, or out of mistake taken away said mare, and left his own in place thereof, he is hereby desired, in a friendly manner, to return the same immediately, as such incautious proceedings may bring on disagreeable consequences. August 24, 1815. GEORGE BRIGHT." The first copy of the Eagle that appears in the English language, bears date of 1813, with Edward Shafer as editor and manager. From 0312 to 1815 its pages contain news of the War of 1812. After Mr. Shaffer, the paper was edited by John Harmon, previous to 1820, as is supposed, the old issues of the paper having been destroyed, when the office burned in 1844. In 1828, Thomas U. White was editor of the Eagle. He was succeeded by John Brough, who had charge in 1839, assisted by his brother Charles. In 1841, Samuel Pike succeeded the Broughs, remaining about one year, when Dr. Casper Theil took charge of the publication, and during his editorship the office was burned. From that time to 1881 the following editors have taken charge : H. H, Robinson, D. Robertson, F. M. Ellis, J. B. Dixon, Newton Schleich, Jackson Gruber, John L. Tuthill, John M. Connell, Charles Roland, William Baker, William L. Rigby. John C. Hite, Victor Zahm, and Thomas Wetzler. Of the above number, Mr. Wetzler has occupied the position the greater length of time, having taken charge in 1870. The Eagle, from its humble origin, during the seventy-two years of its existence, has successfully grown into one of the best, largest, and most creditably executed weeklies of the State. Beyond current newspaper literature, it has b.een strictly a political partizan sheet. In 1828, under the editorial management of Thomas U. White, it supported the claims of Andrew Jackson for the Presidency against John Quincy Adams. After the National Convention of 1832, at which the supporters of Mr. Jackson 22 170 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. assumed the name of the "Democratic party," the Eagle continued to support the Jackson ticket, in 1836, the Van Buren ticket against William H. Harrison. It has so continued to be the Democratic organ for Fairfield county. It has a wide circulation, and a lucrative income. LANCASTER GAZETTE.—The first number of the Lancaster Gazette was issued on the fourth day of April, 1826, by George Sanderson and Benjamin Oswald. The publication continued under the title of Sanderson & Oswald, until the beginning of 1830, when Mr. Sanderson, by purchase, became the sole proprietor. In 1832, Philadelph Van Trump, at the time publishing the Enquirer, became a partner in the Gazette, and the paper was called the Gazette and Enquirer. Two years afterward Enquirer was dropped, and the paper assumed the title of Lancaster Gazette, which still remains. In 1838, Benjamin Moeler purchased the establishment, and became sole proprietor and editor, until 1841, when he was bought out by Percival and Van Fossen, who published the Gazette until 1850, when they sold, to George Weaver, who assumed the editorial control, with John Wright as publisher. This arrangement was continued until 1852, when the establishment was purchased by Thomas S. Slaughter, who published the paper one year, then selling to a company, and Geo. McElroy became editor of the Gazette, for one year. At this time, Joshua Clarke became editor and proprietor, with William Kooken as publisher. The Gazette was then issued under the firm name of Clarke and Kooken, until April 1st, 1860. In the preceding January, Dr. H. Scott purchased the American Democrat and Gazette establishments, and combined them on the first of January. He continued the publication of the Gazette, as editor and proprietor. Before the breaking out of the War of the Rebellion, he sold the paper to Robert M. Clarke, William H. Kooken and John M. Sutphen, constituting the firm of Clarke, Kooken and Sutphen. In 1863, A. P. Miller bought the interest of R. M. Clarke, and the name of the firm changed to Miller, Kooken and Sutphen. In February 23, 1866, S. A. Griswold became a member of the firm, by purchasing. Mr. Miller's share. In 1871, the establishment became the "Gazette Printing Company," by the admission of H. W. Griswold, J. E. Griswold and H. C. Drinkle. The senior proprietor, S. A. Griswold, has been the responsible editor from his first connection with the Gazette, February, 1866, to the present time. (1881.) During the greater part of that time, Samuel Griswold has been local editor, and still holds that position. Like the Eagle, the Gazette has been a partisan weekly. In the presidential campaign of 1828, it supported John Qpincy Adams. and in 1832, as supporters of Andrew Jackson assumed the title of Democratic Party, the friends of Mr. Adams, in their convention one month later, resolved that they were the descendants of the "Whigs of 1776." Hence the Whig party, the Gazette then becoming the organ of the Whig party for Fairfield. county. In 1855, when the American "Know Nothing" party was organized all over the United States, absorbing not only the Whig party, but all small faction also a portion of the Democratic party, the Gazette HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 171 supported the American ticket. Two years later, upon the adoption of the Philadelphia platform, by the National Convention, assuming the title, Republican party, the Gazette took up the appellation, and from that time, has been a strong supporter of the Republican party. During the Rebellion, the Gazate was the uncompromising advocate of the Union, as it was before the breaking out of the war, and of the replanting of the National flag all over the south ; also standing by the government in all its laudable efforts to suppress the Rebellion and restore the Union. The Gazette was of humble origin, its first issue being twenty Years later than the Eagle. They were superior, in a mechanical sense, besides of an improved quality of paper. Its first issues were five columns, whilst the Eagle were four. There was also a notable improvement in the typography. It grew from an insignificant to a large and popular sheet, now vying with . any similar journal of the State or elsewhere, in appearance. It has a weekly circulation surpassed by but few county papers in Ohio, as well as a paying income. The party of the Gazette in this county has from the first been in the minority, hence has received but a small share of the official patronage. To this rule, were two exceptions, viz., 1843 and 1854, by the triumph of the Cork leg," and "Know Nothing" tickets. A single extract from an early number of the Gazette, will give an idea of the temper displayed by the editors in contingencies, fifty-five years ago. He thus gives freedom to his pen, in attempting to rebuke a political adversary for some indiscretion. “The subject of the above proceeding is an insult to the honor and intelligence of our country. The very man who is the instigator of this maneuver, and who professes to be a heroite of the first water, if he were opened, there could not be found in his liver, as much blood as would clog the foot of a flea." The Eagle and Gazette have been successful publications from the first, with very little interruption. Quite a number of weeklies have from time to time been projected in Lancaster, but lived a short period. General Sanderson commenced the publication of a four column sheet, in the summer of 1811, continuing about two years. The second number of volume second is in possession of a citizen, and bears date of November 21st, 1812. It contains President Madison's annual message. The title of the sheet is The Independent Press. About the year 1834, P. Van Trump began the publication of a weekly paper, which he named the Enquirer. It had but a brief existence, soon merging into the Gazette. April 23, 1850, William L. King and Jackson Gruber commenced issuing an independent weekly paper, entitled Lancaster Telegraph. This proved to be a handsome and neatly executed sheet, in a mechanical sense, and rapidly acquired a large circulation. In July, 1851, Mr. Gruber became sole proprietor, by the purchase of his partner's interest. He continued the publication until April 12, 1853, when it was connected with the Eagle, Mr. Gruber becoming partner in that paper. His death occurred in less than two years from this time. In 1848-49, W. S. Beaty published in Lancaster a neat weekly pa- 172 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. per, entitled The American Democrat, which was for a time suspended and again renewed, under the same title. In the winter of 1860, this paper was purchased by Dr. H. Scott, and April 1st, 1861, was consolidated with the Lancaster Gazette. In 1849-50 a small daily sheet was issued from the Gazette office, entitled the Daily Gazette. Its publication was continued about two years, and then suspended. A handsome and well-printed eight-page weekly, entitled The Fireside, was issued by A. R Miller, in 186t. Its pages were devoted to domestic affairs and select literature. After-a few issues of The Fireside, Kinnis Fritter went in as partner, with Mr. Miller, and the name of the paper was changed to The Union, continuing under this title for One year, and was then abandoned. The Lancaster Free Press vas established by the firm of Adams, MacCracken & Co., on the first of March, 1879. At the close of the first year Mr. Adams assumed the full control of the paper, and still conducts it successfully. Its politics is Republican, and, while it is emphatically a "free press," its vocation would have been better expressed by the name of regulator," as it attacks whatever it judges unfair or wrong. It has many readers, and well deserves its hearty patronage on account of its independent fearlessness. The Saturday journal was published every Saturday morning, by John C. Hite. It was a neat, eight-page, six-column paper, of clear typography. It was an earnest Democratic publication, ably conducted, and popular. The Journal was first established in Basil, Liberty township, this county. by J. Evins, in 1875, under the title of Fairfield County News. It was then a four-page sheet, of seven columns to the page. In April, 1879, this establishment was removed into Lancaster, where it was under the editorial control of W. S. Beaty, until June 29th, 1879, when John C. Hite became editor and manager. The last issue of this popular paper appeared December 2nd, 1882, the publisher having sold it to the Eagle, in which paper it is now merged. The Lithopolis Home Yews is a neat, eight-page weekly publication, issued in Lithopolis by Cramer brothers. It is chiefly devoted to home news and general literature. This paper is ably conducted, and, as a family newspaper, is highly creditable to its proprietors, as well as the village of Lithopolis. The Rushville Times is a small sheet, published weekly at Rushville, in the eastern part of this county. The villagers are proud of their " home journal.'' and well sustain it. Two or three campaign papers which have not been mentioned above, have also been in publication during elections. afterwards subsiding. Of these the principal one was the Log. Cabin, published from the Gazette office, during the fall of 1840. LITERARY MEN AND WOMEN OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY.—Lancaster has contained a large number of literary characters, though none of them can claim a very extensive authorship. Honorable. Thomas Ewing was the author of some very able state papers. which were printed in the journals. Ile also left some very meritorious letters, which may vet appear. HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 173 A. P. Miller, who resided in Lancaster. acquired a reputation for poetical genius, hut he and his poems have disappeared from the galaxy. Judge Philadelph Van Trump was a fine writer, but left nothing but a few addresses in print. Mrs. A. H. Devoling in 1860 produced a neat little volume of poems. many of which were considered beautiful. The little book was well received, and found ready sale. Besides this book, various New. Year, addresses, epitaphs. and obituary poems have been written by her, which displayed more than ordinary talent as an authoress. John Garaghty, a former member of the Lancaster bar, hut now 'a resident of Iowa, wrote a number of poems that would 'have lion' ored men or world-wide fame, but he was unpretentious and neglected his talent. Walter Applegate, a young surgeon, was said to be a natural poet. R. E. H. Levering, deceased, deserved better the reputation of a rhymster than poet. A few of his efforts were of sufficient merit to have at least entitled him to an humble place among the literati. Rev. Lowry, for eight years pastor of Lancaster Presbyterian Church, was a theological author of fine ability. He produced several volumes on various theological topics that found ready sale. Judge Silas H. Wright, who has been on the Common Pleas bench fifteen years, possesses literary ability, although be has not yet acquitted himself in the work of authorship. His caste is decidedly political. His centennial oration, delivered July 4th, 1876, and afterwards published, was a master effort that commanded great praise both from the press and the public. John Wright, son of Judge Wright, as a journalist gives promise of fine literary ability. Dr. H. Scott, as a pioneer sketcher, has acquired merited notoriety, he having lived on the frontier during the pioneer age. His series of over one hundred numbers, entitled '' Pioneer Life in the West Sixty Years Ago," were published in the Lancaster Gazette, a few years since, continuing through more than two years, and were much sought after. He is the author of a manuscript on pioneer history ; also a three hundred page history of Fairfield county. William Duke was a Lancaster boy of unrecognized talent. He is now in the employ of the Government, at Washington, as a writer of agricultural history and its general literature. In this he has acquired considerable distinction. . Horace P. Biddle, now known as Judge Biddle, of Logansport, Indiana, was formerly a citizen of Lancaster, where he studied the profession of law. with Hocking H. Hunter. He possessed' considerable poetical talent. His first published work was a small volume entitled Poems ;'' his second, "Glories of the World ;" his third, " American Boyhood ;" his fourth, Amatories," followed by " Elements of Knowedge." Amatories" is a partial work gotten up especially for private distribution, there being not over one dozen copies published. It is a quarto volume, bound in most elaborate style in Turkey morocco. 174 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. Dr. John Williams, A. M., as an author stood almost unique. He was the author or but two published works, his first being " The Readable Dictionary ; or Topical and Synonymic Lexicon." This work was first published by M. C. Lilly, of Columbus Ohio, in 186o. This work was wholly original, both in design and general plan, containing a wonderful scope of subjects. Some idea of the work will be obtained from the following ; The word " light," for instance, is given—then every word used in the English language, no matter what its derivation, that relates to the subject of light in even the most remote degree, follows, with its definition, until the theme is exhausted. This continues through many thousand subjects. There probably has never been a book published, in any language, that contained an equal or approximate amount of useful knowledge. His other production was the " Parser," a small work on grammar, which was claimed to be a valuable acquisition to school text-books.- At his death he left an unfinished work on geometry, which has been pronounced by geometricians as far ahead of any work that has ever appeared, and doubts have been expressed as to whether a man could be found capable of carrying out the doctor's plans, judging from the axioms and principles laid clown. Professor E. B. Andrews was the author of scientific works, particularly on geology, minerology, archaeology, paleontology. He was for several years Assistant State Geologist for Ohio, and his works. found in the State Geological Reports, are regarded as very valuable. He also left at his death, in the fall of 1881, some unfinished works, one of which was in press at the time of his death. His manuscript will probably yet be published. General Sanderson prepared "Notes on the Early Settlement of Fairfield county," which was published in pamphlet form, in 1849-50 by Thomas Wetzler. The pamphlet was liberally distributed about the city and county thirty years ago, and now it has become of inestimable worth. James Towson, in 1850 or about that time, published a map of of Fairfield county by townships. Sixteen years later, 1866, Ezra Hannum, county surveyor, likewise published a map of the county by townships. In about 1845, W. S. Beaty published a volume on domestic animals and agriculture, chiefly a compilation. The Ewing Memorial, published in 1873, is a neat and handsome bound volume of two hundred and ninety pages, chiefly contributions by the family and friends. Miss Bina Pearce, as "Frank Briarwood," a native of Lancaster, as a writer of romance has shown fine ability. Her style is smooth, agreeable, and free from a redundancy of verbiage. Miss Pearce's first effort was an attractive little volume entitled "Mabel Clifton" published by a Philadelphia house. The work met with a flattering reception by the reading public. She has been a contributor to the Toledo Blade and Cincinnati. Commercial. She is also the authoress of a farce in one act, that has been praised by the lovers of plays. The, title of the piece is "Miss Louring's Holiday," or "The Wrong Man." Her last work, "Woodland Priory," is about to go to press. HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 175 CHAPTER XXV. MEDICAL AND DENTAL PROFESSIONS OF LANCASTER. MEDICAL PROFESSION OF LANCASTER.-Dr. John Shawk was the first physician who came to Lancaster. He arrived from Lexington, Kentucky, in the . spring of 18oi, over Zane's trace from Limestone (Maysville), at-a time when there were less than half a dozen cabins on the entire. route, with the exception of the small settlement at Chillicothe. Lancaster had just been platted and the first lots sold the previous November. It was at that time a patch of woods, with a few small log cabins scattered about. Dr. Shawk purchased two lots fronting on Main street, and after hiring Mr. Gaster to clear off the ground and inclose it with a rail fence, he returned to Lexington. In the spring of 18o6 he returned with his family and commenced the practice of medicine at a point exactly where the Hocking canal crosses Main street, and in a building erected by one Doctor Irvin, who seems to have come to the place IMF during his five years absence. In this building Dr. Shawk lived and practiced his profession for a time, and then he removed it to his lots further up Main street, where to this day it constitutes a part of Shawk's row, but so covered in and modernized as not to be seen. The building was removed up the present Main street on rollers, after opening a way for its passage by cutting away the trees and grubbing up the stumps. One half of the original Shawk block is now the property of Dr. Charles Shawk, who resides in it, a happy bachelor of eighty years. He is the second son of Dr. John M. Shawk, and the only living member of the family. Dr. John M. Shawk lived to a venerable old age. and died at his house in Lancaster, in the year 1846. No data can be found to show when other early physicians came to Lancaster, how long they remained, or when they died. And there is not a soul living in the place to-day who could, from recollection, tell one word about them, beyond the fact that they lived in Lancaster, and passed away. The very best then that' can be done is to write their names. with an approximation to their times. Of the very earliest physicians who are known to have practiced in the place, Dr. Irvin was probably the first, for he was on the ground and built a house between 18ot and 18o6. Following him, and up to about 187o, those named below have practiced medicine in Lancaster, nearly in the order in which their names stand. Dr. John M. Shawk, Dr. Carr, Dr. Wilcox, Dr. Florence, Dr. Depee, Dr. Clark, Dr. James White, Dr. Robert McNeill, Dr. Wolfley, Dr. M. Z. Kreider, Dr. John M. Bigelow, Dr. Wilson, Dr. H. H. Wait, Dr. Paul Carpenter, Dr. George Boerstler Dr. Tom 0. Edwards, Dr. Saxe, Dr. George K. Miller, Dr. Goucher, Dr. Brecker, Dr. M. Effinger, Dr. Lynch, Dr. Andrew Davidson, Dr. P. M. Wagenhals, Dr. John W. 176 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. Lewis, Dr. Turner, Dr. Elmer Jackson, Dr. G. Miese. Dr. George W. Boerstler, Dr. Frampton, Dr. 0. E. Davis, Dr. Lawson, Dr. Kinsman, Dr. Goss. Dr. Flowers, Dr. John Nourse, Dr. Harmon,•Dr. Myres, Dr. Shrader, Dr. Charles Shawk, Dr. Lorenzo D. Rush, Dr. Joseph Beek, Dr. Tom 0. Edwards, Jr.. Dr. Willage, Dr. Hershberger, Dr. J. Kells. There have been. from time to time, transient men, who remained too short a time to entitle them to a place in the list of Lancaster's physicians. Of those named, w ho remain in the practice in the fall of 1881, are Dr. Charles Shaw k, Dr. M. Effinger, Dr. G. Mierse, Dr. George W. Boerstler. Dr. J. M. Lewis, Dr. Turner. Dr. Goss. Dr. Flowers, Dr. Kells, Dr. Harmon. and Dr. Hershberger. Those w ho have moved ed aw at anti are known to be fixing, are Dr. 0. E. Davis, Dr. Shrader, Dr. Frampton, Dr. Kinsman, Dr. Tom 0. Edwards, Jr. Dr. A. Davidson purchased the drug store of Geo. Kauffman, on Main street, some years ago, and retired from the active practice. Those who are known to have deceased previous to 1881 are Dr. John M. Shawk, Dr. Irvin, Dr. Carr, Dr. Wilcox, Dr. Florence, Dr. Robert McNeill, Dr. James White. Dr. M. Z. Kreider, Dr. Clark, Dr. H. H. Wait, Dr. Depee, Dr. Wolflev, Dr. John M. Bigelow, Dr. Paul Carpenter, Dr. Wilson, Dr Saxe, lir. Goucher, Dr. Brecker, Dr. Geo. W. Boerstler. Dr. Tom 0 Edw aid,. Dr. P. M. Wagenhals, Dr. Gee K. Miller, 1)r. Daw son, Dr. Jacob Myers, Dr. D. D. Rush, Dr. Joseph Beck. About 1839 and 1840. the medical board of Lancaster was one of the most eminent in the State. It then consisted of the following members : Dr. Paul Carpenter, Dr. John M. Bigelow. Dr. James White, Dr. M. Z. Kreider, Dr. H. H. Dr. George W. Boerstler, Dr. Tom O. Edwards, Dr. Geo. K. Miller. Of these eight gentlemen, not one lived to see the first day of January, 1881. The profession, practicing in Lancaster at the beginning of 1881, were: Dr. M. Effinger, Dr. F. Flowers. Dr. Harmon, Dr. Turner, Dr. E. Jackson, Dr. Joseph Kells. Dr. J. W. Lew is, Dr. John Nourse, Dr. G. Miese, Dr. Goss, and Dr. Geo. W. Boerstler. Dr. Hide came up from .Logan, and practiced in Lancaster one Year, perhaps a little more, and then settled in Pleasantville in the earty part of 188i. Lancaster has furnished a few men eminent for their surgical skill. Among those who have distinguished themselves in the use of the knife and saw, it is probably right to mention M. Z. Kreider first. He was a bold, fearless, and successful operator, and in his prime performed some operations that would have done credit to Sir Astley Cooper, Dudley, or any cotemporary man. But his fondness for the knife, and skill in its use, were supposed, sometimes, to overrule safe surgical judgments. Among his successful operations may be mentioned the removal of the lower jaw in two cases, for the cure of osteosurcoma, and the excision' of the thyroid gland for the cure of bronchocele, or goiter. This operation he performed successfully on a Philadelphia gentleman, after the case had been declined by eminent men of the sea- HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 177 board cities, and of New Orleans. The operation was performed at the Shaeffer House, in Lancaster. some time previous to 1840. The patient had abandoned all hope. and was on his way home from New Orleans to close up his affairs. Dr. Tom O. Edwards was skillful, and performed some tine operations. His son Tom 0. Edwards. Jr.; distinguished himself in surgical ability when a very young man. Dr. P. Carpenter was also a successful operator in difficult and complicated cases. There were two Homoeopathic physicians, Drs. Barlow and Babcock, whose names should have been written in the previous lists. These gentlemen practiced their professions in Lancaster during a number of years between 1850 and 187o, but some time after went away. Dr. Silas Hedges was a physician of Lancaster who merits historical mention. He died about 1868. He was in the army as surgeon about two years. Drs. Long, 61ther. and son, came to Lancaster about the year 1874 and remained some three years, They had a good share of practice. DENTAL PROFESSION.—Previous to 1841 there was no settled dentist in Lancaster. For many years before, transient operators visited the place. stopping from a few weeks to a few months. Little attention was paid to the care of the teeth during the first forty years of the history of the place, and the science and art of the profession were both in a. crude state. In April. 1839, Dr. H. Scott came to Lancaster and remained part of the year. In the summer of 1840, Dr. William Ide, of Boston, came and remained six months. Dr. Scott returned in April, 1841. and made a permanent settlement, and was the first resident dentist of the town. He practiced his profession continuously about lofty years in Lancaster. The next dentist to settle in the place was Dr. Hartupee. He came about 1845, and continued three years. Dr. Switzer had a dental office in Lancaster about one year,' between 1845 and 185o. Jacob Feemen opened an office in 1858, and at the end of about two years sold out to Dr. Von Bonhorst. Dr. Hammel removed from Xenia and settled in Lancaster in the spring of 1859, and practiced his profession to within a few months of his death, which occurred in January, 1863. Dr. Frank Carpenter was an operator on the teeth, more or less, from 1842 to about 1845. Dr. H. L. Crider began the practice of dentistry in Lancaster about the year 1850, and still continues to occupy the same rooms in the Giesy block, on Main street. Dr. Von Bonhorst succeeded Dr. Feemen about 1860, and still remains in business. Dr. Palmeter settled in Lancaster in 1872, or about that time, and still continues to practice in the same rooms, on Broadway. Dr. Thomas was a partner with Dr. Crider during some two or three years. In the fall of 1880, he was compelled, from declining health, to abandon the office and retire to the country. During about forty-two years the business of dentistry has grown wonderfully. There are four or five establishments in the city, and four principal operators, all doing well. Of the five dentists of the city, including Dr. Thomas, temporarily retired, two are graduates of dental colleges ; Dr. J. C. Scott graduated from the Ohio College of Dental Surgery, in March, 1873, and Dr. David S. Thomas graduated from the Philadelphia College in March, 1876. 23 178 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. CHAPTER XXVI. SECRET ORDERS OF LANCASTER—THE TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT. FREE MASONRY.-Extract of a letter from Hon. Wm. J. Reese, Past Worthy Grand Master " The Masonic fraternity obtained a formal and recognized status in Lancaster at an early period. December 15, 1820, Lancaster Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons was constituted, under charter from the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Ohio, with James Wilson for its Worthy Master, Charles R. Sherman, first Senior Warden, and Jacob D. Detrich, first Junior Warden." The Lancaster Chapter of Royal Arch Masons was organized by the authority of the M. E. Grand Royal Arch Chapter of Ohio, January 12, 1826, with Charles R. Sherman as First High Priest. The Lancaster Council, No. 3, of Royal Select Masons, was organized January I 1, 1828, by John Barker, as Sovereign Grand Inspector of the Supreme Council of the 33d degree. The Lancaster Commandery of Knights Templar, No. 7, was orstituted December 16, 1837, under warrant of the Grand Encampment of the United States. W. J. Reese was constituted first Grand Master ; George Sanderson, first Generalissimo, and Joseph Greet, first Captain General. It meets every second Tuesday of the month. The Lancaster Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons, at its first constitution, in December, 1820, numbered fifty-seven members. In the summer of 1881 its number was one hundred and fifty. Its regular meeting nights are on the first and third Tuesdays of each month. DAUGHTERS OF REBECCA.-The membership of this order numbers about ninety persons, of both sexes. Their meetings are held on the second Wednesday of each month. The order was first instituted in Lancaster in 1879. KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS.—Mount Pleasant Lodge, No. 48, of the Knights of Pythias, was instituted in Lancaster February 20, 1873. The charter members were twenty-seven, viz : Henry B. Gray, J. H. Heed, Leo Billhorn, R. R. Pierce, John A. Heim J. A. Richards, C. A. Sco- ville, William Ditto, George Heilbron R. M. Wiley, J. A. Bartholo- mew, U. C. Rudolph, H. Getz, C. H. 'Towson, W. W. Obough, O. S. Stoneburner Noble Gates, T. C. Ochs, J. Billhorn, H. Borneman, F. Etzel, J. D. Widner      W. F. Getz, M. H. Harps, S. H. Steck, A. Deitz, C. Bartholomew. Average number of members about two hundred. The stated meetings of the lodge are held on Friday night of each week. KNIGHTS OF HONOR.—The order. of the Knights of Honor, Columbia Lodge, No. 27, of Lancaster was instituted September 9th, 1874, by the following initial members : John W. Faringer, John C. Tuthill, John C. Hite, J. M. Sutphen, A. M. Beery, Wm. B. MacCracken, HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 179 Wallace W. Hite, William Bush, Dr. George Boerstler, J. D. Allen, Robert Durane, Henry- B. Peters, Solomon Weaver, M. A. Philips. In March, 1877, the lodge contained fifty-four members. Their regular meetings take place on the evening of the first and third Thursday of each month. ODD FELLOWSHIP.—The order of Independent Odd Fellows was introduced into Lancaster in February, 1838 by Jacob Holt. On the night of the eighth day' of that month, a lodge was instituted, with the following initial members, viz., Jacob Holt, R. R. Bauer, R. Timber, Jacob Grubb, George H. Arnold and R. P. Hazlett. The title they assumed was Charity Lodge, No. 7. The lodge meets regularly very Monday evening. They now number over two hundred members. On the 2nd of June, 1847, the second lodge was initiated in Lancaster, under the name of Alpine Lodge, and was numbered 566. The organization was by Joseph Dowdal, P. G., Representative and Special Deputy. There were fifty charter members, as follows : R. G. Sugart, P. G., B. F. Reinmund, P. G., A. Brenneman, P. G. H. J. Reinmund, P. G., J. C. Hite, P. G., Thomas H. Hall, George M. Bell, George W. Boerstler, T. H. Dolson, L. Kissner, T. Reap, Lewis Boyer, Abe Myers, Charles Elliot, C. F. Ochs, Leo Bilhorn, John A. Heim, Allen Titler, Jacob Heimbarger, Simpson Sturgeon, J. E. Hall, George A. Bryant, John McKown, henry Borneman, E. W. Dannels, P. G., H. C. Outcalt, P. G., H. B. Smith, P. G.. VV-. W. Davis, M. S. Harps, William Kooken, J. M. Sutphen, William Strayer, William Ditto, D. W. Boyer B. Sowders, R. J. Harris, William Dennis, John Billhorn, W. W. Walker, Christ. Gaiser, Stoneburner, G. H. Smith, A. M. Beery, J. K. Davis, A. W. Swartz, William F. Getz, James Wilson, John W. Farringer, P. G., William Downs, P. G. The Alpine Lodge meets every Tuesday night. The Hocking Encampment of Odd Fellows, No. 28, was instituted December 4, 1847. The encampment meets each second and fourth Thursday of the month. The present membership is over wo hundred. The charter members were seven in number : Jacob Holt, James W. Pratt, B. F. Brannon,, Thomas Hyde, Josiah Wilson, Joseph C. Kinkead, William Baker. ST. JOSEPH'S BENEVOLENT ASSOCIATION, CATHOLIC BROTHERHOOD. The brotherhood was constituted on the second of July, 1861, with a large membership. The officers of the association are : L. C. Butch, President ; George E. Blaire, Vice President ; Gerhardt Miller, Treasurer ; John Weigle, Recording Secretary ; Charles F. Fuchs, Corresponding Secretary ; Leo. Noles, Messenger ; Thomas 0. Connor, Banner Bearer ; Charles Baumeister. Joseph Kurtzman and John Bletzacker, Committee to visit the sick. KNIGHTS OF ST. GEORGE.—This is also a Catholic order, the principles and objects of which are benevolence and charity and the promotion of Christian life. The. order was first organized in Lancaster, Nov. 2, 1875, with the following constituent members, numbering thirty-one Edward Seiple, Geo. Brown, John Hamburger, Michael Steck, 180 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. Edward Binninger, Bernard Craumer, Bernard Bartles, F. A. Buechler, Hugh Owens, Maxirnillian Guiana, Jerry Anglim, Frank Oger, Gustave A. Hamburger, Anthony Evarst, Joseph Hamberger, Amos Shreller, John D. Binninger, Daniel McShane, John Bonner. MiChael Oger, John Baumeister, Paul Evarst, Charles Ruforth, John Bletzaker, John McShane, Andrew Keiser, John Kooney, Cornelius Comedy, William Donnelly, Anthony Ritter, Frank Steck. The civil officers are as follows : Rev. Father SchMidt, Honorary President ; Frank Oger, President ; Anthony Evarst, Vice President; Charles Baumeister, Corresponding Secretary ; J. H. hamburger, Recording. Secretary ; John D. Binninger, Treasurer ; Jerry Anglim, Messenger. The military officers are Joseph Hamburger, Captain ; Michael Oger, Lieutenant ; John Baumeister, Orderly Sergeant. KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN, CATHOLIC.--This association effected its organization on June 20, 1886. Its objects and aims are to promote charity, assist members in sickness and advancer re cause of religion among its members. TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT—The first temperance movement, of which record has been preserved. is that wherein the citizens of the little log cabin village devised and carried out the plan of condemning intoxicated men to dig up a stump in the street, or receive personal chastisement on the bare back ; and to use General Sander-sons own words, "The result was that after several offenders had expiated their crimes, dram drinking ceased, and for a time all became a. sober, temperate and happy people." In subsequent years and up to 1840-2:, frequent temperance waves struck the community. Under their influence various forms of temperance societies were organized, always' on the moral suasion plan, but always of temporary and brief continuance. In all these Movements a majority of the leading spirits were women. But there was never such a preponderance of the popular sentiment as to overcome the opposition and the excitement was short lived. In some instances church people objected to their minister preaching temperance, or in any way bringing the question into the pulpit. Business men as a rule either ignored the matter, or opposed it. In 1842 the Washingtonian movement came up, first in the Methodist church, led by prominent men and women. They proposed to persuade men not to drink ; they proposed to stoop down into the gutter and lift the drunkard to his feet and take him by the band and call him brother, and heal him by the law of brotherly love and regard, by causing him to feel that be was a brother and an equal. This promised to be a good work, but the leaders in the movement, in their zeal, drew drafts that they were not qualified to honor. They had not realized that in the social scale they could neither raise the debased man to their level, nor come down to his. The scheme failed and the gap Was widened. Washingtonianism in Lancaster had but a brief career, lasting less than one year. Following was a paralysis of several years, when the order of Sons of Temperance Sprang up. Its career was between 1845-48. Two lodges were organized, a large number becoming members. The pro- HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 181 jectors were sober men, and the order became widely popular, and many drinking men came in. The obligation was very stringent, embracing even the prohibition of cider. Its very stringency was a prime element in its dissolution. Internal disturbing elements arose, but as the institution was a secret order, these are not matters of public his-. tory. Suffice it to say the order dissolved in less than two years. Next came the Woman's Crusade, the active campaign of which continued about three months. In this movement the leading ladies of Lancaster were engaged. Their first appearance on the streets was on a Saturday, when the city was crowded with people from the country. It was in the month of February, and the weather was mild and genial. They came out about fifty strong, and as they marched down Main street, on the north side, they halted in front of every drinking-place, ;Ind, after singing a hymn, all kneeled on the pavement, and remained in that position while two or three prayers were offered. In this movement Protestants, Catholics, and non-professors all engaged. First, a committee was sent in to ask of the proprietor permission to enter and hold their services: In some instances they were invited in and treated with courtesy, but when entrance was denied the services were held on the pavement. During the whole course of the campaign they were, with two or three exceptions, treated respectfully by the liquor-sellers. In the exceptional cases there was a rudeness that came nigh proving disastrous to the shop-keepers by calling to the defence of the women even rough men, who were unfriendly to the crusade. The effect on the Thousands who witnessed the daily processions was magical. The finest and most wealthy ladies of the city marched in the processions in their finest attire, and kneeled in the snow, or on the wet and dirty pavement. Large numbers came in from the country to witness the strange spectacle, even from considerable distances. The crusaders, within a short time, numbered more than two hundred, and were organized in two divisions. They appeared every day, regardless of the condition of the weather, the respective divisions occupying different streets. Their marches were in double file, slow and silent, and therefore the more imposing. The effect on the traffic was not very apparent, and, So far as was known, not more than two or three establishments were closed under the influence. The object of the crusade was the ultimate suppression of the sale of intoxicating drinks within the incorporated limits of Lancaster. With the masses it was popular in the out start, both from principle and novelty, but it was not backed up by the presence and purses of leading men. After the excitement began to die away the crusade began to languish, and, at the end of about three months, the crusaders ceased to appear on the streets. Weekly prayer-meetings, however, were continued in one of the churches, about one year after which the woman's crusade passed into history, with little hope of a resurrection. It is written as : crusade against whisky." and will long be remembered in Lancaster and Fairfield county ; and though not a success, it received the hearty approval of a large proportion of the people in town and In the latter part of February or early part of March, 1876, the in the 182 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. Murphy movement was opened at the city hall, under flattering circumstances. Popular speakers were introduced from abroad, and the meetings, were opened with wonderful zeal and enthusiasm. The large city hall was nightly packed to the door ; nor did the excitement show signs of abatement before the close of the fifth week. Clergymen of nearly all denominations were in nightly attendance on the platform. Fresh speakers from other cities were invited, and came frequently duringthe progress of the meetings. A fine organ, and a strong band of singers made up from the choirs of the city, added greatly to the attrac- tion. "With charity for all and malice toward none" enthused the people, and they crowded to the secretary's table, at every invitation, and signed the pledge, "God helping me." Among those signing, from first to last, it was estimated that there were over three hundred drinking men. Many of the reformed men took the field at once, and made speeches in the villages and country places of the county, some going to other parts of the State. In all, the list of signers exceeded twenty-three hundred, including most of the boys at the Reform Farm. The Murphy excitement waned, and the ebullition of the popular enthusiasm; in seeking its wonted equilibrium, went as far below its normal standard as it had been raised above during the five and more weeks of excitement. Inside of three months after the close of the nightly meetings, at the city hall one hundred persons could not have been drummed into the hall to hear any man make a temperance speech. Even the clergy, and others who had taken leading parts, had too much to occupy their attention even to come to the hall. Some of them did not want to hear any thing more of temperance. Of the three hundred and more drinking men who had signed the Murphy pledge, but few kept it to the end of the year. But notwithstanding these incomprehensible reactionary movements, there has, at all times, been a large and thoroughly respectable temperance element among Lancasters population, an honest and reliable temperance element, outspoken, and ready to act at any time and in any way that meets their views. All temperance movements of Lancaster have been, in some way, based on moral suasion. Any measure looking towards legal prohibition, or political temperance, has had few advocates. The Catholic Church has its own temperance measures, which, for the most part, have been imperiously enforced, as far as possible. They are not exclusively of the moral suasion kind, but in part authoritative. By this combination of motive the Catholic Church has probably accomplished more among its own people than all other temperance measures ever started in Lancaster. The first active measures started in that Church, in Lancaster, was under the pastorate of the Rev. Father Young, in 1842, and was maintained for some time. The obligation was known as the Father Matthew pledge ; and, while to sign it was the voluntary act of the individual, the Church punished drunkenness by methods of its own. Immediately after the close of the War of the Rebellion, a number of gentlemen, mostly professional men of the city, mutually associated themselves together for the purpose of a temperance league. Some of them were drinkers. The city hall was secured, and meetings were HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 183 held once each week throughout the entire winter. Scores of earnest speeches were delivered to full houses. No pledge was offered, the reliance being on individual moral courage and manhood. The winter passed away, the meetings ceased, and the speeches, with their influence, if any there was, fell-into the drifting sands of the ages, no more to be recognized by living generations. The Good Templars, Daughters of Rebecca, and all other secret orders, of Lancaster, make temperance a cardinal principle. The good they have done, or may do, will inure to community. Perhaps it should be recorded that the absolute failure of all the temperance efforts of the people of Lancaster to accomplish the end sought is wholly due to the want of concert of action in one direction. 184 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. CHAPTER XXVII. THE CITY'S GAS-WORKS AND WATER-WORKS, AND SOMETHING ABOUT FIRES. The Lancaster Gas-light and Coke Company was formed in 1855. The list of names of subscribers to the capital stock of the Organization was headed as follows : " LANCASTER, November 2, 1855. " We, the undersigned, do hereby declare our purpose to associate and combine together for the purpose of forming a joint company that shall be known as the Lancaster Gas-light and Coke Company ; and do hereby subscribe to the capital stock the several sums affixed to our respective signatures, and agree to pay the same at such times and to such persons as the stockholders may appoint for that purpose : "Martin & Co., $1,000; B. F. Reinmund, $600 ; Daniel Sifford, $500 ; S. Beery, $500; J. C. Kinkead, $500; James Gates, $600 ; G. S. Ekert, $500; Work & Son, $500; George Kauffman, $500 ; Thomas Sturgeon, $500 ; White & Latta, $300 ; John Effinger, $2oo ; J. C. Smith, $500 ; Emanuel Giesy, $200 ; John Work, $300 ; John M. Giesy, $500 ; Daniel Giesy, $200 ; Theodore Talmage, $100 ; John T. Brazee, $500 ; John Lyons, $500 ; Henry Orman, $100; W. P. Creed, $500; Mrs. J. D. Martin, $300 ; John D. Matt, $100 ; R. T. Coverdale, $11,000. Total, $21,000." The journal of the first meeting of the new corporation is here subjoined : " LANCASTER, November 13. 1855. "A meeting of the stockholders of the Lancaster Gas-light and Coke Company being called at the hotel of F. A. Schaeffer, Esq,., this evening for the purpose of preliminary organization, on motion of J. D. Martin, Esq., James Gates was nominated and unanimously elected chairman of the meeting, after which J. C. Kinkead was chosen secretary. " After some general remarks by Mr. Martin, and the reading of the articles of association, fixing the capital stock of the company at $25,000. Mr. Sifford offered the following resolution : " Resolved,. That the capital stock of this company be increased to $30,000. " After some discussion, the resolution was, by leave, withdrawn. On motion the articles of association were unanimously accepted. The stockholders then subscribed their names, severally, to the said document. " On motion J. C. Kinkead was appointed treasurer pro tem. On motion Messrs. Coverdale, Sturgeon and Kauffman were appointed a committee to select a suitable location for the erection of the necessary buildings. " On motion the meeting adjourned." HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 185 The next meeting of the company was held at the same place a month later, and the journal reads as follows : " LANCASTER, December 14, 1855. “In accordance with a notice published in the Lancaster Gazette and American Democrat, from November 14, 1855, to the present date, the stock holders of the Lancaster Gas-light and Coke Company meet at the hotel of F. A Schaffer, Esq.; for the purpose of organizing the company by electing a board of directors. “On motion H. D. Martin was called to the chair. " On motion the shares of stock were fixed at one hundred dollars each, by unanimous consent. " On motion of D. Sifford. Esq., the stockholders then went into an election of five directors. Pending the election, it was agreed that a A majority of the whole vote be necessary to elect. " The chair then appointed Messrs. Work and Giesy tellers, to receive the vote, which, having been attended to by them, the following was the result : " John T. Brazee, 130 votes ; Thomas Sturgeon, 98 votes ; J. D. Martin, 92 votes ; Daniel Sifford, 78 votes ; and George Kauffman, 7o votes. Mr. Kauffman having one vote less than a majority of all the votes cast, he was thereupon unanimously elected by all the stockholders present, making the board complete. " The chair then appointed the following named gentlemen as a committee to draft a contract to be agreed upon with Mr. R. T. Covet-dale, for the erection and building of the gas works, laying down of pipes, etc., viz. : P. B. Ewing, Daniel Sifford, and John T. Brazee ; when, no other business being before the meeting, it adjourned." The next record is as follows : " LANCASTER, December 17, 1855. " At a meeting of the directors of the Lancaster Gas-light and Coke Company, held this evening at the hotel of F. A. Schaffer, for the purpose of organizing the board, John T. Brazee being in the chair, Daniel Sifford and John D. Martin were placed in nomination as candidates for the presiding of the board, when, after the ballot had been taken, it appeared that D. Siftbrd had three and J. D. Martin two votes, whereupon, D. Siflbrd having a majority, he was declared duly elected. "The chair appointed J. D. Martin a committee to draft by-laws for the company. Adjourned, to meet in two weeks." At the following meeting J. C. Kinkead was elected permanent secretary, when the company was fully organized. A contract was closed with R. T. Coverdale for the building of the gas works, including the laying of the main pipes. Mr. Coverdale at once commenced the work with a large force of men, and on the fourth of July, 1855, the city was first lighted with gas. The site of the gas works is on the west bank of the canal, opposite the foot of Chestnut street. For a number of years after the completion of the gas works, the price of gas was four dollars per thousand. It, soon declined to three dollars and seventy-five cents, and has. since declined to its present rate—three dollars per thousand. The original mains were laid in Main street, from the canal to a Point three hundred yards east of the hill ; on Broadway, from the 24 186 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. railroad north to Mulberry street ; on Wheeling, from Columbus to High street ; on High, from Wheeling to Chestnut. All the hotels, public buildings and churches are lighted with gas, and many private residences. The street mains have also been greatly extended beyond their first limits. The capital stock of the company has been increased to, $50,000, chiefly from the earnings of the first investment. The stock has commanded a premium most of the time since the organization of the company, and semi-annual dividends of from eight to ten per cent. per annum were declared for many years. Two or three years since, a new gas receiver was built by the company, at a cost of four thousand dollars. WATER WORKS.—Lancaster passed the bucket-line era many years ago, and attained the dignity of possessing two or three fire engines, worked and moved by hand. These were employed until 1867, when a steam fire engine was purchased, at a cost of $7,600, including hose and fixtures. This was used four or five years, when the city exchanged it for two smaller ones, paying a difference of $5,500. Up to this tithe, the water for extinguishing fires was drawn from the canal, four or five cisterns on Main and High streets, and from wells and cisterns. In 1877 the city built a brick engine house on the canal, at the foot of Chestnut street, and placed therein an engine and pumping machinery. From this house mains were laid up Chestnut street to Columbus, north on Columbus to Main, east on Main to High, and south on High to the old cemetery lot on the hill, where the standing pipe was afterwards placed. Plugs tapped this main at convenient points. Other mains have since been laid. The stand-pipe referred to was erected by the Motherwell brothers, in January, 1879. This pipe, which is built of boiler iron, stands seventy-six feet above the ground, is eighteen feet in diameter, and will hold something over 2,200 barrels. The cost of the stationary engine and pumps, a quantity of hose, the mains and plugs, was $4,500; that of the standing pipe was $5,000, which includes the main connecting it with the engine house. In 1881 the city built an engine and hose house near the stand-pipe. It is built of brick, and is two stories high, the second floor being designed for a fireman's hall. Lastly, a large well was placed opposite the west end of Wheeling street, which is fed by springs and supposed to be inexhaustible. It. is twelve feet in diameter, and about the same in depth. A new engine of 15o horse-power is planted on the canal. This places the fire department of Lancaster at an advantage not excelled by any town of its size in the state in combatting a fire. FIRES.—The first fire worthy of mention which occurred in Lancaster, was the burning of Peter Reber's horse-power mill in 1821. The buildings occupied the present site of the Presbyterian Church, North Broadway. The fire was caused by a stroke of lightning, which also killed two oxen used on the tread-mill. The fire was extinguished by employing a bucket line between the burning building and a muddy pond situated near the present residence of C. F. Rainey. Tradition has it that a misunderstanding which came to blows arose between Adam Weaver and Thomas Ewing, concerning the management of the bucket line. HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 187 The next large fire was in 1826, and entirely consumed a two-story frame building on the northwest corner of Columbus and Chestnut streets, owned by John Shure. The corner now belongs to the heirs of Stephen Smith. In 1832 the plow factory and blacksmith shop of Robert 0. Claspill was totally destroyed by fire. It stood on the ground now occupied by the English Lutheran church. A large hotel which occupied the site of the Talmadge House of to-day, and belonged to John Noble, was burned in 1833, together with the stables attached. Gotleib Steinman was keeping the hotel at the time. Very little insurance. St. Peter's German Lutheran church was burned in February, 1840. It stood on the east bank of the canal, in the northwest part of the city. The church records were destroyed by the tire. In August. 1853, a large steam flouring mill standing on the west bank of the canal; between Main and Chestnut streets, the property of Daring & Company, of Chillicothe, was totally burned, only the books being saved. There was a large amount of wheat and flour on hand, which was all lost. The mill and machinery were valued at $15,000. The fire originated in the roof of the engine house, situated on the west side of the building. The mill was partially insured. Between 1850 and 1860 the rear part of D. Talmadge's residence, Columbus street, together with the stables on the west side of the grounds, were burned. There was a heavy loss of personal property. Partial insurance. In the fall of 1856 the two-story frame dwelling of John Effinger, north side of Main street, was destroyed by fire at night. Little of the furniture saved. No insurance. About 1856 the Mitholl House stables were burned, involving considerable loss. The Green block, with several adjoining buildings, occupying the northwest corner of Main street and the public square, were burned about 1857. The fire broke out in the middle of the night, starting in a small shed in the rear, where oysters were being cooked. This was the most extensive fire in the history of Lancaster. Six buildings were destroyed, and a large amount of merchandise, together with books and records. Fourteen firms were thrown out of business. The insurance was very light. Between the years 1860 and 1870, the buggy and carriage factory of Giesy brothers, on Main street, near the canal, was burned, with heavy loss, partially insured. Several adjoining buildings were burned at the same time. In August, 1870, three stables on Center alley, belonging to Charles F, Shaffer, J. D. Jackson and H. Scott were burned, causing a loss of about $500. Not insured. In September 1870 there were two extensive and disastrous fires. The first included the lumber yard and the machine shops of H. Orman & Sons and the large warehouse of Reber and Kutz. The lumber Yard and machine shop stood on the east bank of the canal, be, tween Wheeling and Mulberry streets, The warehouse was on the 188 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. bank of the canal near the corner of Wheeling street, and contained about eight thousand bushels of wheat, which was nearly a total loss. The warehouse was partially insured. The loss on the lumber yard and machine shops was $10,000, uninsured. Within ten days after the above, the large barn in the rear of the Schaeffer Hotel took fire in the haymow and the flames spread till the Schaeffer and Talmadge House barns with contents, the Baptist church which took fire from the rear, together with a row of one-story wooden buildings fronting on Broadway and known as "Rat Den Row," were totally consumed. All the buildings being of wood, the work of destruction was soon complete. Partial insurance on some of the property. The large steam tannery, known as Irvin's tannery, situated near the canal, in the southeast part of the city, was burned early on the morning of January 19, 1873. There was a heavy stock ot finished and unfinished leather in the building, oil, and a large number of tools used in the business, and a large amount of .tanbark. The loss was $4o,000. No insurance. The old Smith & Arney foundry on the south side of Columbus street, at the south end of Broadway was burned in the spring of 1879 together with a number of adjacent buildings. The foundry building had stood for more than fifty years, and contained an engine and other machinery, not then in use. Loss about $5,000. Not insured. In May, 1879 the dwelling of Joseph Mergin was burned about two o'clock in the morning, and Mr. Mergin's eight-year-old daughter, Agnes, was smothered to death and her body partially burned. The other members of the family barely escaped with their lives. The contents of the dwelling were a total loss. No insurance. The large ice-house of T. Sturgeon on the bank of the reservoir was burned in the spring of 1880. Logs $ 1,000, uninsured. The Bent Wood Works of Niel, Tippett'& Co., situated at the railroad crossing, south end of Maple street, were totally burned in February, 1881.. The establishment had been located in that place less than a year, and the buildings were new. Nothing was saved, Loss about $4o.000, about half insured. HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 189 CHAPTER XXVIII. A RESUME OF LANCASTER BUSINESS INTERESTS. In 1799 James Converse brought nearly a canal boat-load of merchandise to Hunter's settlement before mentioned, from Marietta by way of the Ohio and Hocking Rivers. He opened out the stock, which consisted of dry goods and groceries, in a log cabin at Hunter's. settlement. 'He displayed his goods on stumps and limbs of trees before the door, as well as in the corners of the cabin. It is probable though not certain, that Converse's cabin store was on the present site of Lancaster, for he appears as a merchant of Lancaster after the organization of the village. The territory he supplied was necessarily large, for in 1799 there were not more than fifty families in the entire county. William and Christian King and Frederick A. Foster were the first to begin business as dry goods merchants after Lancaster was organized as a village. Mr. Foster died in 1880, having been engaged in the retail imp dry goods trade the greater part of his life. Besides the three before mentioned, the following were selling goods in Lancaster in 181o: Nathaniel Cushing, on what is still known as Connell's corner ; Samuel F. McCracken, on the Jacob Green corner ; Archibald Carnahan, near the present site of the First National Bank, and John Creed, where Binninger's jewelry store is at present ; Andrew Crochet had a store where the Giesy Block stands, and Rudolph Pitcher also sold dry goods. Following these, prior to 1825, were Jacob Green, John Black, Samuel Rogers, Jesse Beecher, Elnathan Schofield, Thomas Cushing, and Connell, Robert Smith, and Ainsworth and Willock. Until thirty years ago the "dry goods" stores were groceries as well ; and previous to 1830 they were regular junk-shops and the proprietors made no pretense of adhering to one line of goods. They kept agricultural implements, castings, harness and saddlery furnishings, carpenter's, cooper's and blacksmith's tools. patent medicines, (lye stuffs and whisky. In 1824, George Kauffman from Baltimbre opened the first drug store in a small frame building on Main street, where now stands the Foster block. He continued in business here till his death in 1866, when Davidson and 13razee succeeded him. The senior partner of this firm still conducts the business. About 1833 two Frenchmen, Dumont and Dippe, started a second drug store but soon retired from the business. In 1838 Joseph Bury and George W. Beck opened a stock of goods in this line on the northwest corner of Center alley and Main street. Their successors have been G. W. Beck, Slocum & Hunter, James White, Slocum & White, and Beecher White. Other druggists now in business are George G. Beck, Daniel Sifford, Gardner & Jewett and Edward Slocum. The first attempt at a special line of goods in the hardware line was 190 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. that of Christian King, established in 1829. This stock was not in a room set apart especially for the purpose but was kept on one side of what had been a general store, the opposite side being filled, as usual, with a mixture of .dry goods and groceries. In 1839 Philip Bope opened a hardware and iron store as an exclusive branch of trade. Mr. Bope took John C. Weaver into the business a few months after opening, and they continued together for some time as Bope & Weaver. Mr. Weaver afterwards sold out and Mr. Bope remained in the business alone until 1854. In the meantime Mr. Weaver opened another hardware store which he first ran alone, then took in partners, and finally sold out to White,. Effing & Latta. The establishment was afterwards owned by Weaver & Mithoff, and is .now in the hands of Hanson & Martens, on the south side of Main street, at the mouth of Shawk's alley. On the opposite side of the street is the hardware store of McCracken and Winter, (formerly owned by William B. McCracken) which had been in existence a number of years. John Connell went into the 'hardware business about the same time as Mr. Bobe, continued for three or four years and then retired ; and about the beginning of 1881, Weigle and Frich, formerly clerks in the house of Hanson & Martens, opened a new hardware store in the Mithoff block. About 1841 the grocery business began to be recognized as a separate department of trade. Previously the grocery business had always been accompanied by whisky hut when the popular voice began to proclaim against the sale of alcoholic beverages, it was for many reasons desirable to place the two apart. At present there are not less than twenty large establishments in Lancaster which supply only such goods as belong to the legitimate grocery trade. The first book-store Lancaster ever had was started by Levi Anderson about 1835, but being in advance of the times, it could not command a sufficient trade to thrive arid was soon closed. In 1839 Messrs. Hopkins & Lymons, of Boston, opened a stock of books in connection with jewelry and musical instruments. They remained in business only about two years and then returned to Boston. Early in the decade following 1840 W. S. Beaty set up as a dealer in books and stationery, continuing several years. Since the opening of Beaty's store, the following firms have been engaged in the book business : Benjamin Connell, Percival & Van Fossen, John L. Tuthill, John Searls, M. Lehman, A. Brennemen and J. C. Tuthill. There are now two large book-stores in Lancaster. In 1841 two young men, Frost and Durbin, came to Lancaster from the east with a stock of boots and shoes, and located in Green's block. Before that time the local shoemakers did all the work to order except ladies' morocco shoes and the commonest and cheapest stogas, which were to be had at the dry goods store of the day. In 1881 it took six large retail stores to supply Lancaster and the country adjacent with foot-wear. CARRIAGE AND BUGGY SHOPS.—There are now establishments in Lancaster devoted to the manufacture of light road vehicles. The amount of work they turn out is largely in excess of what the number of men employed could have accomplished when the business was first open- • ed in this county, because of the large amount of material which comes HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 191 nearly, if not quite ready for putting together, such as bodies, bolts, wheels and springs. The first carriage shop in Lancaster was started about 1850. THE LUMBER TRADE.—The foreign lumber trade of this county began in 1836, with the opening of the Hocking canal. Philip Bennedrum was the first lumber merchant. He has been followed by William P. Card, Vorgs Brothers, Orman Brothers. George Carter, Simeon Denten and Daniel Sifford, Jr. Carpentering is conducted in a much more expeditious manner now than formerly, because nearly all the doors, sash, blinds, siding and shingles used are prepared by machinery. Since the lumber trade has been actively engaged in, the following have been the principal master builders of Lancaster: Vorgs Brothers, Orman Brothers, Simeon Denter, and Mr. Hyle. BUILDERS IN BRICK AND STONE.—David Cowden and Mr. Stahl have been the most extensive builders in brick, which they also manufactured. Messrs. Blaire and Boumeister have been largely engaged in putting up stone work. IRON FOUNDRIES.—The first iron foundry started in Lancaster was by Joel Smith, about 1830. John Arney became connected with the establishment as a partner in 1840; and a number of years later he bought the entire business. The business was afterwards suspended. The foundry was located at the south end of Broadway. in 1879 the buildings were destroyed by fire, together with considerable machinery. In 1840 Gilbert Devol built a foundry on the west side of the canal a a few rods south of the Main street crossing. A Mr. Swartz became associated with him as partner, and the firm continued in active business for thirty years. William Pursell finally bought the property, and changed it into a manufactory of agricultural implements. About 185o George Ritter started an iron foundry on the east bank of the canal, in the northwestern part of the city, and did a thriving business for some years. At length he sold out to the Cooper brothers, who commenced the manufacture of wheat drills. Mr. William Pursell, who bought out the Devol foundry, together with his sons. continued to manufacture wheat drills and several smaller farming implements until his death. The sons who inherited his business kept it among them until 1869, when Frederick and Samuel Whiley came into the firm, bringing a large capital, by reason of which the business was greatly enlarged and continued as the " Eagle Works,- by which it is now known. The Eagle Works now employ ninety men, and turn out grain drills, feed cutters, corn planters,corn shelters, horse powers and several other articles in large numbers. The Hocking Valley Manufacturing Company went into operation in 1869. They occupy the old starch factory building on the bank of the canal, in the southwestern part of the city. The company employ about ninety men in the manufacture of agricultural implements. The trustees of the company. are . Theodore Mithoff, G. A. Mithoff, H. A. Mithoff, E. B. Cartmell and Thomas Mithoff. Up to 1878 Messrs. Neil, Tippett and Killion, proprietors of the " Bent Wood Works," were doing business at Junction City, Perry : county. In November of that year the shops burned down, with a net 192 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. loss of $10,000. They concluded to re-establish their business, but this time fixed on Lancaster as a more desirable locality than the one that had been the seat of their operations. In the spring of 1879 they occupied the large warehouse on the canal bank, at the railroad crossing, and the same year purchased ground and erected buildings near the crossing of the Hocking Valley and Muskingum Valley Railroads. These were soon ready for use, and here they planted their business. In January, 1881, the new establishment was burned down and the proprietors sustained a loss of $20,000, over the insurance. They rebuilt the works in May following, and now employ about one hundred and twenty-five men, or one-third more than in the first new shops built by them in this city. The works turn out the running gears fir buggies and carriages in large quantities. RAILROAD SHOPS.-The Cincinnati and Muskingum Valley Railroad located its shops here in 1857, on the identical spot where old Tarhetown stood, long before the white race entered the Hocking valley. These shops employ ninety men. and do the repairing for this division of the road. Since their establishment they have built seven locomotives, six passenger coaches and a large number of freight cars, which are now in use on the road. MECHANICS.-Mr. Matlack and William Bodenheimer were engaged in making spinning-wheels in Lancaster at an early day. Matlack's shop was at the foot of Main street. Mr. Spogle also made spinning-wheels. He occupied part of the shop of Henry Myers. cabinet maker. The structure was of logs, and stood on West Main street a little west of the site of the American hold. From 1817 to 1820 William Tong had a shop about where Metzaker's furniture store stands at the present tune. He made chairs and spinning-wheels. In 1820 Jacob Grubb bought the business and continued it at-the same stand. William Duffield, carpenter, built the first house in Lancaster, on the spot now occupied by the new court house. Christian Weaver, carpenter, occupied the lot where Mrs. M. Z. Kreider now lives, on East Main street. John Fogelsang, blacksmith, had a shop where Mr. John D. Martin now lives. John Leonard, James Weakly and William Latimore worked at carpentering, and John K. Myers and Samuel Blazell at blacksmithing, at a very early day. Henry Johns hadra carpenter shop on Chestnut street, where the late Dr. Paul Carpenter lived. John Leonard, Inman Baker and Thomas Dawlin carried on carpentering on the ground occupied by Bauman's hotel, Main street. Before 182o, Samuel Effinger had a tin-shop where the First National Bank is. on Main street. Scipio Smith, colored, carried on the tinning business about the same time. Thomas Sturgeon, silversmith, had a shop in Sturgeon's row, east side of the square, and on the north side of Main street. John Townsend, silversmith, had a shop on Main street near the canal, before 182o. James Gates succeeded Sturgeon in business. As early as 1815, Jacob Embich, John Stallsmith and John Napkin, shoemakers, were working at their trades. Joseph Work was in the retail boot and shoe business in 1827, and where Mrs. John Work now lives, on Chestnut street, there was a tailor shop. About the same time John Beeman and Colonel George Seits, gunsmiths, had their shop on Main street, about where Dr. Shawk's office is ; and Samuel B. HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 193 Thompson, George W. Claspill, John Gibbs and William Bodenheimer began gunsmithing about 1826. Robert R. Claspill, plownaker, came to Lancaster in 1825. Robert 0. Claspill was in the same easiness on the present site of the English Lutheran church, Columbus ;treet. Col. Samuel Blazer, first introduced patent scales in Lancaster n 1825. John Shure, baker, kept a house in Lancaster in 1812, and was ilso working at his trade. Among others who followed the latter trade it an early period were David Ketner, Hiram Hanson, Gottleib Steinman and John W. Geisy. BANKS.—The question of a bank in Lancaster took active form in 1815, when the business men of the place asked the Legislature for a charter. The act chartering the Lancaster Bank was passed the next session, and provided for a capital stock of $250,000. The company was formed and the stock subscribed, and in the summer of 1816 the bank was put in operation. Elnathan Schofield was elected president, and Michael Garaghty, cashier. Mr. Schofield resigned at the end of one year, when John Creed was elected to the vacancy, and retained the position until the bank was closed in 1842. Mr. Garaghty was the only cashier the bank ever had. He died in May, 1841, and his son, Charles F., filled the place until the hank was closed. The Lancaster Batik conducted a general banking business for twenty-six years, and closed up all its affairs about the end of the year 1843, without causing the loss of a dollar. The bank was made the agent of the State in disbursing the 'moneys set aside for public works—particularly in the construction of the Ohio Canal—millions of dollars passed through its hands. The money crisis that began in 1837 raised the cry of " bank reform" all over the country, and the feeling became such that it was decided not to attempt a renewal of the charter which now neared its expiration. The bank, therefore, suspended specie payment and went into assignment, with Hocking H. Hunter, Joseph Stukey and Frederick A. Foster as assignees. All the liabilities of the institution were canceled at par, and outstanding bills redeemed by exchanging for them the notes of other solvent banks. Jacob Green entered into an agreement to redeem the remnant of the bills still out for $4,000. which he carried out, and the amount then came out even. Unsigned bills representing a million and a half were found in the bank. These were burned by George Kauffman and Frederick A. Foster, to whom they were turned over by the assignees. When the Lancaster Bank was thus closed, there were two or three years (luring which Lancaster had no bank. This inconvenience was partially- abated by the firm of Boving & Grand, wholesale grocers, who sold eastern exchanges to accommodate business men. The Hocking Valley Branch of the State Bank of Ohio was organized in 1847, with a capital stock of $100,000. It was located in the old stone building on Main street, and was in part the successor of the Lancaster Bank. Darius Talmadge was elected president, and Chas. F. Garaghty, cashier. The bank did a successful and general business until 1865, when the stockholders decided to accept the provisions of Congress, for the organization of National banks. For the purpose of changing the State Branch to a National bank, Darius Talmadge, J. R. Mumaugh and M. Effinger, assumed the stock of the State Bank, 25 194 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. and successfully closed up its affairs. Darius Talmadge was its president during its entire existence ; Charles F. Garaghty was cashier one Year, dating from its organization ; William Slade was elected in 1848, served two years, and was succeeded by M. A. Daugherty, who retain-the place till 1855. Charles F. Garaghty was then elected the second time, serving till 1859 ; then Henry V. Weakly was elected cashier and remained with the bank in that capacity till 1865, when the institution was closed. Immediately following the winding up of the affairs of the State Branch, the Hocking Valley National Bank sprang into existence. Darius Talmadge was the first president, and Henry V. Weakly, cashier. At the end of the first year Weekly was succeeded by John W. Farringer, who has remained cashier ever since. In 1869 Mr. Talmadge withdrew, and G. A. Mithoff became president. At the same time the capital of the bank was contracted from $100,000 to $8o,000. Mr. Mithoff is still president. The Fairfield County Savings Bank, was a small private institution, with a capital stock of $25,000. It was incorporated in 1851, and its place of business was the corner room on the first floor of Green's block, (afterwards burned) northwest corner of Main street and the public square. It did a profitable business for five or six years, the duration of its charter, when it suspended.. It was a popular and useful institution, having the confidence of the business men. Jacob Green was its president, and continued in that capacity till his death, when John C. Weaver succeeded and remained till the bank was closed. Charles F. Garaghty was its first cashier, followed by M. Worthington. The Exchange Bank was instituted in 1854, by John D. Martin, P. B. Ewing and Samuel Shambaugh. Six months after the opening of the bank, Mr. Shambaugh died, after which the bank was continued by the surviving partners till 1864, when it was changed to the First National Bank of Lancaster, Ohio, John D. Martin, president, and Chas. F. Garaghty, cashier. Two years after, Mr. Garaghty was succeeded by George W. Beck, who still holds the position. When first started the capital of this bank was $5o,000. Subsequently William Rippy came in as a partner, when the capital was increased to $6o,000. After remaining about two years Mr. Rippy withdrew, the other partners buying his interest. This bank enjoys an enviable reputation, and withstood all the financial troubles of the country, though at times obliged to sustain heavy runs, particularly in 1877. It carried a surplus fund of $12,000 at all times. In 1879, its closed its business, surrendered its charter, and assumed the name of the Bank of Lancaster, under which name it is now doing business, with the confidence of the public. The Commercial Bank of Lancaster went into operation in December, 1872, as a private bank, owned by A. Cochran. In June, 1873, S. J. Wright became a partner buying one-half of the stock. In February Mr. Wright purchased Mr. Cochran's interest and conducted the bank alone, until the institution was merged into the Fairfield County Bank, with a paid up capital of $50,000, several partners coming in with the new arrangement and increase of capital. The first officers were : Wesley J. Peters, president ; S. J. Wright, cashier. Mr. HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 195 Wright subsequently went Out, and others have since had the place. The present president and cashier are, respectively, Fred. Whiley and H. J. Reinmund. The bank of Garaghty and Hunter was a private institution, and was opened in the fall of 1867, with an nominal capital of $50,000. Charles F. Garaghty was president and William Noble cashier. It had the public confidence for four or five years, doing a general banking business. Suspicions of its safety were common, however, during 1873, in the fall of which year it went into assignment, with J. R. Mumaugh and William Noble, as assignees. Assets, $60,000, some of which were of doubtful value ; liabilities $110,000. When the assets were all collected and disbursed to the creditors about forty-one per cent. on the dollar was realized. HOTELS :—The history of Lancaster hotels begin properly with the Sturgeon House. Thomas Sturgeon, one of the earliest settlers, opened a tavern in 1803, as nearly as can be ascertained, which he kept open to the public, until his death, twenty years later. It was for some time the only house of public entertainment in the village, and the place which is now known as Lotta's corner. The next hotel which is definitely recorded, was opened in 1809 and kept by John Shure. It was situated on the south side of West Main street, between Arnold's corner and the American Hotel. It was torn down in 1881 and a brick building erected On the site. To his business as landlord Mr. Shure added that of baker. It is probably that in 1810 there Was a log tavern on the south side of Wheeling street, west of MacCracken's alley. Few persons now living, have any recollection of such a building, and among the few there is quite a difference of opinion as to its location, some asserting that it was on the north side of the street.. It is reasonably certain that its site was as first given. The "William Tell" was first kept by' Frederick Snider. It has passed through many hands, but its external appearance has not been changed materially in fifty years, and it is now known as the Betz House. The "Penn Manor," adjoining the Betz House on the west, is a two-story brick hotel, and was first opened by Mr. Wetzel, about 1855. It has also had several proprietors. The present Bauman House was opened by Christian Neibling as the American Hotel. It stands on the south side of Main street, nearly opposite the Betz House. The Swan Hotel was established about 1820, on the southeast corner of Main and Columbus streets, its first proprietor being Gottleib Steinman. It changed hands several times and in 1861-2 Theodore Mifhoff became its owner. He enlarged and remodeled it, and changed its name to that of Mithoff House, which it still retains. On what 1s now known as the Schaffer corner, John Swoyer kept a tavern previous to 181o. Frederick A. Schaffer succeeded him, and under the latter management the place became widely known as the Schaffer House. It was closed as a hotel about 1858, and the building was remodeled into a business house. The present Talmadge House, adjoining the Schaffer block on the west, has long been a place of public entertainment. Its first proprietor was John Noble. This place was always the stopping place of the through stages. About 1832 Gottleib Steinman took possession as and in 1833 the entire block, including stables and other out- 196 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. buildings, burned to the ground. It was immediately rebuilt as the "Phoenix Hotel" by which name it was known for several years. Several proprietors succeeded Steinman, and finally Darius Talmadge bought the property and rechristened it the Talmadge House. It has been changed and improved. The Broadway Hotel was started about 1830, by Kimble Hall. It has changed hands several times, and is still open. It is situated near the railroad crossing, at the south end of Broadway. The Black Horse was a tavern kept by one Zimmerman at an early day. It had several proprietors, among them Emel Jeffries and Allen House. The buildings belonging to it have since been converted to other uses. Its site was on Main street, east of the hill. A small tavern was kept by Mr. Winegardner, on North Columbus street for several years. It was closed about the year 1852. There were two houses of entertainment on the east side of Columbus street, between Main and Wheeling streets, in 1839. kept by two men named Myers. One of these places is still open, and known as the Farmers' Hotel. The other is on the corner of Wheeling and Columbus, and is used as a residence and a meat shop. The house now kept by Jacob Bauman. East Lancaster, was long known as Bish's Tavern, because for many years controlled by Martin Bish. A small tavern which stood near the canal and kept by Ferdinand Wagner, was purchased by the Muskingum Valley Railroad Co.. and torn down in 1852, as it stood exactly in the centre of the proposed road. The property now spoken of as the "Stanberry property," situated on Main street, and used as a furniture store, immediately east of the Stone Bank, was built by Gottleib Steinman for a hotel, and kept by him as such for several years. Jacob Beck, father of George Beck, once kept a tavern on the lot now occupied by A. Beery's residence. John W. Giesv began tavern keeping in Lancaster between 1810 and 1820. His house stood on the site of Philip Bauman's new block, west of the Hocking Valley Bank. Mr. Giesy removed to his farm, south of town, more than twenty years ago, when the house was closed to the public. Thomas Flicker kept a tavern on the ground occupied by the Hibernian block, on Main street. Ile left it and moved to the country about 1835. The signs of those early day caravans would afford a good deal of amusement to-day. if they could be represented, with their multiplicity of devices, some of which. to a modern student, would possess nothing indicative of the industry of which they were the exponents. INVENTORS.—From time to time Fairfield county has furnished inventors of a high order. Many implements and machinery have been invented, modeled and patented, some of which have found recognition and gone into general use ; others, perhaps equally valuable have failed for want of enterprise, or from antagonism of opposing interests. Some of Fairfield's best, inventions have been crowded out by others, of probably less merit. through lack of energy and capital to bring them into appreciable recognition. John S. Sneider has been a successful inventor. In 1856 he obtained a patent for a head block tiff saw mills, that was adopted and brought into general use. throughout Ohio. Michigan and the Western States. It was a source of revenue to the inventor. Mr. Sneider also patented what he styled a self-saying broad cast HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY - 197 plow in 1859: and in 1875 a cistern filter, which has been adopted in Lancaster. with great satisfaction. In March. 1881. John Wolfe obtained a patent for a hand corn shelter, of his own invention. which he is putting up and selling. It is composed entirely of iron. and is of simple construction. Mr. Woile is by profession a surveyor and by no means a practical mechanic. George Lutz. in the year 18;4. obtained a patent for a steam boiler guage. that was pronounced a great discovery, and as possessing superior advantages over anything then in use for the same purpose. What its ultimate fate was. is not known to the compiler. He likewise secured, in the following year. a patent for the invention of a police nippers, which went into general use. Mr. Lutz is a mechanic in iron and brass work. Anthony Zink is by trade a wagon maker. In 187o he obtained a patent on a self acting wagon brake. He also invented several other ingenious contrivances. Herman Peter, gunsmith, has a patent for a new breach loading gun. that loads at the breach or muzzle, at pleasure. He has besides, a patent on a ramrod for the same gun. He also invented in connection with William Klinfr, a patent hung and spile. There were, however, two other parties who contributed to this discovery. Jesse Bowen possesses probably the widest range of inventive genius of any man in the county. He is a man of over seventy years. A number of years since he obtained patents on two cider presses, a washing machine, and double belt power. In 1876, a patent was issued to him for a grain and grass seed separator. But his most ingenious and probably most useful invention, is that of a spring bed bottom, for which he secured a patent right in March. 1880. Dr. Paul Carpenter; now deceased, invented a car coupler that was patented in 1858. Various tests were made of its safety and adaptation, and arrangements were on foot for its general adoption in the south, when the war broke out. It is said to be in use on some of the south- ern Robert Gates is a musician of rare genius, especially in the complicated intricacies of the combinations of sound, and the transposition of keys. Wind instruments are his specialties. he invented an improve: ment on brass horns, which he called " division of the octave by major thirds," an achievement, it is claimed, never reached before on that class of instruments. It was patented in 1872. A few years since, a young man, then residing in Lancaster, invented and put in model form a machine designed for cutting and shocking corn by horse power. It was on exhibition for some time ; good mechanics prophesied its success, but the inventor and model disappeared. Lancaster. probably. never contained a greater genius than David Williams. He was a mechanic in wood, and a pattern maker. Bitt there was nothing he could not do. either in wood or metal. Such was his genius, that the belief obtained that he could make his own tools. and then make a•watch. or sewing machine. He made a full set of artificial teeth for a lady of Lancaster. The teeth were mounted on gold plates, and proved an entire success to the close of the lady's life. It 198 - HISTORY OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. was his first trial, and he had never had either instruction or experience. But beyond this he never accomplished much. He finally lost his mind, and was taken to an asylum, and shortly afterwards died. Lancaster, as well as other parts of the county, has been distinguished for its musical talent. Space will not permit the mention of deserving names to much extent. The Schneider family seem to have been born musicians, to which has been added tine culture. Charles Schneider, the father, is a German who has devoted his life to the culture of music, and to teaching. Every member of his family has fine musical talent, as well as execution.. Caroline, as a pianist, has few equals. She has made the tour of Europe, and received the admiration of its finest talent. James Gates, a silversmith, perhaps, for fineness of ear and critical ability, deserved mention among the first in his day. Robert Gates, his son, is a fine critic, and writes music fluently. He is master of all wind instruments. Dr. G. Miesse, is a composer, and teaches on the piano and organ, as well as a fine performer and critic. Ezra W. Wolfe took to music naturally, and for twenty years and upwards, has been an organizer and teacher of bands. He was leader of a band of his own training through the Rebellion. Among the list of musicians of the city and the county are the Germans, as a rule. Some of the finest bands have been composed largely of Germans. Professor William Goetz is a teacher and organist. Goetz's orchestra furnishes the music for parties and special occasions. Lancaster has also one well trained band, that ordinarily, during the summer and fall months, gives weekly serenades. Lancaster has furnished a due proportion of vocalists. . Among those who have attracted the popular attention of Lancaster's own citizens, may be mentioned William Rising, Miss Sallie Reber, Miss Essie Wyncoop, Mr. Halderman and a few others. The Lilly family were natural musicians ; but there arose among them one musical prodigy, in the person of little Eddie, son of Thomas Lilly. He played music to the astonishment of everybody before he knew his letters, or a note. PART IV. TOWNSHIP HISTORIES OF FAIRFIELD COUNTY. TOWNSHIP HISTORIES CHAPTER XXIX. AMANDA TOWNSHIP. Amanda township lies in the southwest part of Fairfield county. It is bounded on the north by Bloom township, on the east by Hocking, on the south by Clear Creek and on the west by Pickaway county. Its area is thirty-six square miles, comprising township thirteen, range twenty. The land is generally gently rolling. Clear Creek is the principal stream, traversing the township from north to south by a somewhat circuitous course. Walnut Creek and Turkey Run, flowing west, with their tributaries drain the western part of the township. "Muddy Prairie," about one-half mile in width and three in length, in the southeast corner of the township, was a tract of country, which, in early clays, could be shaken perceptibly for rods around by treading heavily upon the ground. It was low and marshy and covered with peat. In early times there was great danger of miring in crossing it, but it has been drained by heavy tiling, and now produces excellent crops. Another small body of land, about sixty acres, in the southwest quarter of section twenty, on account of its peculiar " shaking " qualities was called " Shaking Prairie." Deer could not cross it in pioneer times, but it too has yielded to agricultural 'purposes, under an improved system of drainage. The soil of this township is very fertile ; it is partly clay, and partly a rich black loam. Fruits, vegetables and cereals of all kinds, produce a general yield. Except a! few patches of ground along Clear Creek, the entire township was forested at the coming of the first settlers, with a mingled growth of sugar, walnut, ash, oak, cherry, hickory and other varieties of timber. In the southern part of the township, Frederick Leathers, a Virginian, is regarded as the first settler. He settled in the vicinity of Amanda and kept one of the first taverns in the county, and the first in this township. It was located on the old Chillicothe road, about one hundred yards east of the village. It was a large two-story log structure, and a famous resort in early times. A still-house was operated on the premises, which supplied the beverage in universal demand at that time. It was the aim of Leathers to make his tavern a central point, and for that purpose he succeeded in establishing three or four public roads which crossed or terminated at his place. These roads were afterwards changed. This tavern was sold to Isaac Griffith, who remained in possession for many years. It burned to the ground about 1858.