(RETURN TO THE TITLE PAGE) HISTORY OF ROSS AND HIGHLAND COUNTIES, OHIO - 415 MADISON. LOCATION AND TOPOGRAPHY. Madison township forms the northeastern corner of Highland county, and is bounded upon the north by Fayette, and on the east by Ross county, the main stream of Paint creek making a natural boundary. Rattlesnake creek is the dividing line between Madison and Fairfield towships upon the west, and between Madison and Paint townships upon the southwest and south. The general shape of Madison is that of a segment of a circle of forty- five degrees, the eastern and northern boundaries meeting at a right angle, and Rattlesnake conforming in its course to the arc described, with Greenfield as the center. Both of the streams flow in channels of considerable depth, and in valleys that are in most places narrow. The tributaries of these streams within the township are comparatively insignificant, and modify only in a small degree the topography of the county. The greater portion of the surface of Madison is what is known as uplands and the surface is for the most part rolling, although there are tracts of considerable size which are nearly level. The surface has nowhere that nature which is properly described as hilly; its more important elevations and excavations having been modified by the mighty forces that were brought to bear upon the floor of the ancient sea by the glaciers, and by the deposit of drift, in various forms. Paint creek flows between walls of solid limestone, which is the underlying formation of the whole expanse of country, and generally unexposed except in the beds and banks of the streams. Madison ranks among the best townships of the county, has an excellent soil and no waste land. The village of Greenfield is beautifully situated upon the west bank of Paint creek, two miles south of the Fayette county line. The land rises by a gentle ascent from the creek to the level plain upon which is the greater portion of the public and private buildings of a town of three thousand inhabitants. The history of Greenfield and that of Madison township are, to a large extent, identical. The early events in the village were the earliest in the township. It was the point where the first settlement was made within the limits of the township, and thus at its beginning it preceded the beginning of the country surrounding, instead of being incidental to the development of the latter, and as it now contains all of the churches and other organized institutions within the township, we give it precedence in the arrangement of this history, and reserve the history of the settlement of the township for the close of the chapter. THE BEGINNING. Early in the spring of 1799, six men crossed Paint creek at what is now the foot of Main street, in Green- 416 - HISTORY OF ROSS AND HIGHLAND COUNTIES, OHIO 1 field village. They were a party of surveyors engaged in laying off the College township road from Athens to Oxford. The party was led by the famous Duncan McArthur, and consisted of William Rodgers (father of Col. Thomas Rodgers), James Manary, Jos. Clark, Thomas McDonald and Michael Thomas. They encamped for the night at a point above Washington street, and, it is said, were considerably annoyed by apprehensions of an attack from some panthers, which they had seen in the immediate vicinity. In the morning McArthur who was habitually an early riser, wandered from the camp in a southeasterly direction, and met an Indian woman who was, with considerable difficulty, carrying a fawn which had not long before been killed. He endeavored to secure by barter a sufficient quantity of the venison to afford his men a breakfast, and the squaw told him by signs that if he would assist her in carrying it to the but where she lived, he might have a liberal portion of the flesh. He threw the fawn across his shoulders, and the woman leading, they proceeded a very short distance through the forest to an Indian wigwam, which stood at a point which can now be designated as the foot of South street, near the wigwam, in a little natural meadow or green field. This circumstance combined with the natural advantages of the site and the beauty of the scene, led McArthur to choose this spot for the location of a town. He was already the owner of the land, having surveyed for himself an extensive tract two years before. Incited by the success of Nathaniel Massie's settlement at Chillicothe, he had for some time been contemplating the establishment of a town, and he then and there selected the site. In the heavy forest which, until then, had never resounded with the stroke of the white man's axe, he laid off a town plat, with wide streets, intersecting at right angles. The town was platted upon a liberal scale, and in the most convenient form. A large lot, south of Main street and east of First street, was set apart for a cemetery and church. Another lot was reserved for the first white child born in the village; still another for the first female child, and ample space provided for the erection of a court house and jail, for McArthur was confident that at no very distant day a new county would be erected, of which Greenfield would be the geographical center and county-seat. And we may remark that it was only by a long series of unexpected events that his hope and the earnest wish of the people of Greenfield was not realized, Highland county was erected in 1805, with New Market as the county-seat, and had there been no change in the location of the seat of justice the chances of the erection of a new county would have remained good, but the removal of the county-seat to Hillsborough was virtually a concession to the people of the northern part of Highland. The erection of Fayette county was another blow to the aspirations of Greenfield, th0ugh it is probable that even after that subdivision had been made, the village might have become the seat of a new county had it not been for the troublesome rivalry, and set opposition of Bainbridge to any movement which tended toward the advancement of its northern neighbor. After the town had been platted it required a name. Whether that which McArthur bestowed was suggested by the appearance of the opening where he found the Indian ponies grazing, is a matter of some doubt. The probability is, however, that it was named after Greenfield, Erie county, Pennsylvania, a village in which McArthur had passed his boyhood days, and where his aged mother was laid away for her last sleep, under the waving willows of the village burying-ground. The town plat of Greenfield was not placed on record until 1802; and by some persons that year has erroneously been supposed the date of the town's beginning. THE FIRST RESIDENT of Greenfield village and Madison township was an eccentric individual, by the name of Job Wright. He was a native of North Carolina, and had emigrated with his father's family to Ross county, and settled at the High Bank, south of Chillicothe; but not liking that locality, he removed to Greenfield while as yet that town had no existence, except upon paper. He made the first improvement upon the site of Greenfield, building a cabin where the Harper house now stands. He was a hair- sieve maker, and as wire-sieves were then unknown, and the coarse corn-meal not very palatable unless separated from the coarser chaff and fragments of hull, he derived quite an income from his trade—sufficient, at least, to provide his wife and children with the necessities of life. Making hair-sieves, however, did not monopolize Job's time or talent. His principal ocupation was fishing, and he followed it with a perseverance and patience worthy of his Biblical protonym, and with a degree of success of which even Isaac Walton might have been proud. His little cabin, on the site of the Harper house, became too public a place to suit Job's fancy, after, a few families had removed to the town plat, and he built another in an isoplated portion, near the bank of Paint creek, and just above his favorite fishing place, which is known to this day as "Job's hole." Job Wright's ungainly figure, as he sat, with rod in hand, on the bank overlooking the creek, was a familiar sight to the early settlers. Beside the eccentricity of Job's habits, his appearance was peculiar. He was red-headed and long-bearded; and it has been further chronicled that he had three thumbs. It was not long before civilization crowded Job farther west. The last that was heard of him was in 1831. He was at that time living upon a small island in Diamond Lake, Cass county, Michigan, where, it is vaguely reported, he died a number of years later. EARLY ARRIVALS. The first permanent residents of Greenfield arrived early in 1800. At that time came John Coffey, Lewis Luteral, Samuel Schooley, Joseph Palmer, James Curry, James Milligan, William Bell, and their families, and commenced building houses and making other improvements. Bell died November 18th of the following year, and was the first person buried in the place except a very young child of John Coffey's. Of the Coffey family, only a grandson, William, remains in the township. HISTORY OF ROSS AND HIGHLAND COUNTIES, OHIO - 417 Lewis Luteral removed from the village soon after 1814, as did also Samuel Schooley. These settlers on the site of Greenfield, were soon followed by Isaac and Randall Death, James Curnmins and Francis Knott. Major James Curry remained but a few years, removing to Union county, where he settled on the banks of Darby creek. He served in the Revolutionary war, being an officer in the Virginia Continental line. During his residence in Ohio he made many friends, was extensively known, and was one of the leading men of the State. He was several times elected to the legislature, and was one of the electors by whom the vote of the State was given to James Monroe in 182o. But to return to that part of his life which belongs to this locality. He built one of the first cabins in Greenfield, near the spring below J. C. Roach's residence, and it was there that his talented son, Otway Curry,* the Ohio poet, was born on the twenty-sixth of March, 1804. The two lots which McArthur set apart when he laid out the town, for the first female and the first male child born in the place, were respectively given to Susan Farmer and Hogshead. The several newcomers had no sooner arrived than they made preparations to secure the comforts of a home, and immediately went to work in the forest to build cabins, and soon the village of Greenfield had an existence otherwise than on paper. The country in every direction was covered with timber, through which the Indians still roamed with almost the same freedom that their ancestors had enjoyed for centuries before the invasion by the whites. They had an encampment a short distance above the embryo village, upon the west bank of Paint creek, and thither the boys and young men resorted very frequently for friendly intercourse. The Indians were peaceable and well disposed, and there is no instance of their having shown any hostile intent at any time, or committing any other than the most trifling depredations. Only once did the whites feel the apprehension of trouble, and that was after the news had spread through the settlements of the base murder of Waw-wil-a-way, the Indian chief, by Wolf, a white man, on the north fork of Paint. But as the cluster of log cabins in the village increased, the country round about was being slowly settled, and, after the development of the latter had been fairly commenced, the population of town and county increased apace, and the village prospered and reaped a benefit from the trade of the settlers, who came in to purchase small necessities for family support, to have blacksmithing done, and to buy spinning-wheels and the other simple implements and tools of domestic and husbandman's use. Village and country were reciprocally advantageous to each other. Each enhanced the desirableness of the other as a place of residence, and while the tradesmen of the village relied very largely upon the pioneer farmers for their support, they afforded the latter an opportunity for purchase and barter, which they were glad to avail themselves of, and the more quick to appre- *A biography of Otway Curry is given in the chapter upon the Press of Ross county. ciate, as they saw the inconvenience to which the isolated settlers at a greater distance from market were subjected. The villagers began at once in the business or trades for which they were best fitted and for which there was the most assurance of support in a frdntier settlement. Joseph Bell started the first blacksmith shop, near where Dr. Newcomer now resides. His brother Charles at frrst worked with him, but he afterwards opened a shop for himself, and continued in that place until 1827, when he sold out and entered the mercantile business, which he followed until his death. Josiah Bell opened a hat shop, but, like his brother, in after years opened a store, and did a general mercantile business. Isaac Death built a house where Willett's blacksmith shop now is, and there followed, for many years, the cooper trade. James Cummins built the log house owned by Elizabeth Holladay, and followed the business of hackle making. John Coffee was the first tavern keeper, and soon had as a rival Francis Knott. Stores were opened the first of any importance by one Kilpatrick, in the "Travelers' Rest;" mill§ and distilleries were built, and by the time the war of 1812 broke out Greenfield was quite a flourishing pioneer hamlet. In the meantime, it had, of course, received many accessions in population, and among the men who came into the community were some who took a very prominent part in its affairs, and gave a powerful impetus to the advancement of local interests. In 1808 George Sanderson and Alexander Morrow, of Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, moved into Greenfield, and the former purchased a large tract of land adjoining the town on the south and west, and at one time he owned nearly all of the in and out lots above Second street, much of which ground he cleared and planted in corn. He built a house near the present residence of R. H. Milller. Had he held the land he would have been one of the richest men in the village by the time of his death—which occurred about 1835—but he lost by flaws in title, and by the dishonesty of various persons, and died a poor man, Mrs, Jane Edwards, aged seventy-one, and the oldest resident of Greenfield born in the town, is one of Sanderson's daughters, as were also Ann, the first wife of Thomas M. Boyd, and Elizabeth, wife of James Collier. In 1814 the settlement was increased by the Boyds and Colliers, who came together from Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, a company of nineteen persons in all. The Colliers settled in Ross county, just opposite Greenfield, and the Boyds in the village. The family consisted of William Boyd and his wife, Anna, and three children—Thomas M., still a resident of the village, then a lad of eleven years; Sarah, and William. About the same time came David Bonner and a number of others. Alexander Elliott and his brother, John, came in 1820, and David Kinkead, one of the early merchants of Chillicothe—father of R. C. Kinkead and Mrs. Frances Dunlap in 1821. It is not our purpose, and, in fact, it is impossible to speak of all of the early residents of the village, but we mention a few of the more noteworthy accessions to the village, at this point in the history, and elsewhere, a num- 53 418 - HISTORY OF ROSS AND HIGHLAND COUNTIES, OHIO. ber of others, who belong to a later period in its history. By 1820 the population had become so large that churches and schools had sprung up, various other institutions indispensable to village life had been brought into existence, a better style of building adopted, and business had not only increased, but as the need of the country had demanded it, new fields had been opened, and better systems of transaction had been adopted. Ginseng, ashes, salts, and skins had given place to real money as a circulating medium, the merchants bought and sold larger amounts of goods, and brought a greater variety from the eastern market. Some 0f the more common luxuries came into demand, in addition to the absolute necessities of life, and, in fact, the pioneer period proper, had been passed, and a new era was dawning upon the Ohio settlements. GREENFIELD'S PROMINENT PIONEER MERCHANTS. In the spring of 1824, Hugh Smart came to Greenfield from Washington county, Pennsylvania, where he was born in the year 1800. Having saved a small sum of money by his industry and economy in Pennsylvania, he was able to begin business for himself on coming west. He immediately opened a store, with William Hibben as partner, and continued in the mercantile and other forms of business until 1860, when his health became too much impaired to allow further activity. Charles Bell began in the mercantile business in 1827, and remained in it until his death. These two, and Joseph Bell, each led long and active careers as merchants, and were the leading business men of the village. For many years Charles Bell and Hugh Smart, regularly once, and sometimes twice a year, made a trip on horseback over the mountains to Philadelphia, where they bought their goods. They carried their money in saddle-bags, and, thus offering a temptation to thieves and highwaymen, annually made their slow and tedious journeys through the sparsely settled country to the eastern market, and yet with all of the perils to which they were exposed, and, in spite of the hardship of this mode of travel, they never met with any serious mishap. The trips occupied six or seven weeks each. Never for a single year did these early merchants fail to make their horseback journey, until the trains of the Baltimore & Ohio railroad first crossed Paint creek. They usually went to Philadelphia, and after purchasing there their bills of dry goods and groceries, returned by way of Pittsburgh, to buy iron, nails, steel, glassware, and other heavy goods. The goods purchased in Philadelphia had to be wagoned through to the Ohio river, and thence boated down to Ripley, from which point they were wagoned to Greenfield. They generally came to hand two or three weeks after Bell and Smart had returned. Great care and prudence were necessary in buying, for the merchant of those times could not supply himself with articles of which he found himself in need, by the simple and easy methods now in vogue, and must needs wait until he could make another trip before he could replenish his stock. It was necessary to buy large quantities of goods, and a great variety. With all of the other disadvantages that these early merchants had to contend, they were also obliged to make larger investments than their successors are, in proportion to the amount of sales, and they could not quickly make a profit and reinvest the proceeds. Year after year the western settlements were provided with the necessities and the comforts of life in this manner, and well did the merchants of early times deserve the moderate fortunes which they earned. Bell and Smart were both remarkable men. Contemporary in their career, engaged in similar business, rivals, yet friendly and much together, they were unlike in most of the leading characteristics. Charles Bell's father, William, as we have heretofore stated, came to Greenfield in 1800, and died in November of the following year. He was a native of England, born May 28, 1763, came to America when a boy, and emigrated to the "High banks," below Chillicothe, in 1798. He was married to his wife, Mary, in New Jersey, and in that State his sons, Joseph and Josiah, were born, the former in 1783 and the latter in 1784. Charles Bell, the youngest son, was born May 5, 1794, in Virginia. He was, consequently, only six years of age when the family came to Greenfield. What schooling he had was obtained at the Hop Run meeting-house, under difficulties, He worked in the blacksmith shop with his brother, nights and mornings, and then mounting a pony, and taking some corn cakes for himself, and hay for the animal, he would ride two miles, tie his horse to a tree, and go to work in earnest at the problems of arithmetic or pore over the pages of a geography or spelling-book. He had only a few months of this kind of schooling, and then was obliged to devote nearly all of his time to his trade. One day, with his brother's apron on, he walked into the store of Joseph Jones, and engaged in a conversation which soon led to a trade, and he bought Jones out before leaving the store. This was his introduction to the mercantile business, and it was in the year 1827. He continued in business for a number of years and then sold out to Robert Buck. He then bought a stone building of Dr. James Roberts, and built the store-room where his son, W. W. Bell carried on business previous to the erection of his present block. He remained in business until near the close of his life. He was a very shrewd business man, and a very active one. He was a natural mathematician, and had that rare combination of intuitive qualities which enabled him to form very correct estimates of the weights of horses and cattle, the amount of material necessary for the construction of a building of given size, or to make any similar judgment. It has been remarked that "he was the town scales of Greenfield." So unerring seems to have been his faculty for this kind of guessing that he was often called upon to decide disputed questions, to assert value, or judge weight. His decisions in these matters were never appealed. He was prudent and frugal, but by no means close or penurious, and he accumulated a large property, being, at the time of his death, undoubtedly the richest man in the village. He was very fond of the society of his friends, was a great hand for simple amusements, and an inveterate joker—ready HISTORY OF ROSS AND HIGHLAND COUNTIES, OHIO - 419 at any time to give or take. He was a keen judge of human nature, and as quick at gauging the mental depth and moral worth of a man as he was of estimating the weight of a load of hay or a horse brought before him by the parties to a trade. Charles Bell was a man who had many peculiar traits—eccentricities—but they did not make up his whole being, they were merely distinguishing marks of a deep, varied nature. His character and reputation were above reproach, he had few, if any, enemies, and few, if any, men have died in the community leaving less unpleasant reflections behind them, or more respect for their memory, than Charles Bell. He was twice married, both times to ladies by the name of Jones, but not related to each other. His first wife, Elizabeth, was a daughter of William Jones, an old settler in Buckskin township, and his second was Nancy, daughter of John Jones, of Hillsborough, one of the early sheriffs of Highland county, and a quite remarkable man. There were four children by each marriage. Mr. Bell died September 27, 1867. His first store was where Kennedy's bakery now is, and the house which he built in 1822 was where Hern's saloon stands. Joseph Bell, the first blacksmith in the village, was for many years a colonel of militia. He moved to Fayette county, where he sold goods for several years. He died there in 1850. His wife was Sarah Young, whose sister Margaret, his brother, Josiah Bell, married. Josiah Bell was a man of sterling worth, and fully merited the esteem in which he was held in the community. He remained in the hatter's trade for many years, and accumulated quite a property. He had six children. His death occurred quite suddenly on the twenty-second of March, 1854. The business career of Hugh Smart equalled, and, judged by some standards, exceeded in successfulness, that of his cotemporary, Charles Bell. In 1826 he began business for himself, and alone in the building on the south side of Main street. From that 'time on he had no partners but his sons. He was married soon after coming to Greenfield, to Elizabeth, daughter of the late Judge Hughes, of Wilmington, Ohio, and himself and wife joined the Baptist church a little while after their union. In 1830 he bought the lot on which the present house of worship stands, and built at his own expense a small frame meeting-house. He was one of the chief supporters of this church during his whole life. In 1835 he was appointed by the legislature one of the associate judges of the court of common pleas of Highland county, but the duties of the office interfered so much with his business that he resigned three year later. In 1840 he built the residence still occupied by his widow. His energies were fully employed in 1845, in the establishment of the Greenfield seminary, with Professor J. G. Blair as principal. The effort made toward the erection of a new county in 1846, was supported by all his influence. Becoming a candidate in 1848, he was elected a State senator by a very large majority. He was a member of the free soil wing of the Democratic party, and he it was who in the memorable session of the legislature for 1848-49, made the nomination of Salmon P. Chase, then a lawyer of some prominence in Cincinnati, for the United States senate. About this time Mr. Smart sold his store and goods to J, P. Leake, esq., with the intention of leaving the place, but after being out of business for a time, and thinking the matter over, he realized that it would be a very hard matter to break his old associations, and he abandoned the idea of leaving Greenfield. About a year later he resumed business, and in 1851 he built the fine three-story brick building on the southeast corner of Main and Washington streets, where his son now does business. Judge Smart was one of the leading spirits in the movement which resulted in the building of the Marietta & Cincinnati railroad through Greenfield, and subscribed liberally to the stock of the company, and frequently advanced large amounts from his private resources to aid the road, as did also several others, all of whom lost the entire amount of their investments. In the year 1860, while attending a Baptist association at Jamestown, Mr. Smart was stricken with palsy, which so impaired his health that he was compelled to retire from active business. A year or two later he had another stroke, from which he never recovered. He died on the eighteenth of September, 1862. BANKING. The Citizens' bank of Greenfield was incorporated by H. L. Dickey, W. W. Caldwell, John H. Sellers, C. W. Price, D. O. Diggs, A. J. Smart, S. Heidingsfeld, and John Fullerton. Its stockholders are: W. W. Caldwell, C. E. Caldwell, C. W. Price, S. Heidingsfeld, Alex. Crawford, Lewis Rowe, Samuel McCray, Fred Parrett, M. A. Smart, Mary Love, H. L. Dickey, John H. Sellers, John Fullerton, George Ireland, M. Todhunter, Andrew Taylor, John J. Bell, Charles Sollars, M. A. Love, Anna D. Parrett, A. J. Smart, D. O. Diggs, W. W. Ballard, Isaac Simpson, Jesse Crawford, Joe Irwin, C. W. Story, A. Nebbergall, Anna Love, M. J. Fellers. Its officers are: W. W. Caldwell, president; D. O. Diggs, vice-president; H. L. Dickey, secretary and treasurer; A. J. Smart, cashier. TAVERNS. The first tavern in Greenfield was kept by John Coffey, who came to the little settlement in 1800. This primitive but genuine Coffey house was built of hewed logs, was two stories in height, twenty-two by thirty feet on the ground. It stood where A. N. Johnson now resides, on the northeast corner of Main and Second streets. The proprietor sold out to Isaac Smith, who continued in the business of tavern keeping for a few years, and then removed to the farm now occupied by William Gustin. Soon after the establishment of the Coffey house, a tavern was built on the opposite side of the street, by one Francis Knott. This house, which stood upon the lot where Judge Norton now resides, was a place of resort for the wayfarer and the stranger for many years, in fact, until the death of the proprietor. Knott was the man who was publicly whipped at the county seat in 1808, a full account of which occurrence appears elsewhere in this volume. He had stolen, somewhere in the vicinity of Leesburgh, two guineas, for which 420 - HISTORY OF ROSS AND HIGHLAND COUNTIES, OHIO. he was arrested, brought before a jury and tried. Conviction followed, and it was a part of the sentence of the court " that he should receive eleven stripes upon the naked back." The sentence was executed by the sheriff in the presence of a crowd of spectators, and the whipping was the first that occurred in the county. It was done in accordance with the old territorial law, framed in 1787, and which stood a blot upon the statutes until 1815, when it was repealed. "The Travelers' Rest" was the poetical title of a tavern built in 1811 and in use for many years. This was the first stone house built in the village, and is now the oldest edifice in the town. It was erected by Noble Crawford, who was for many years its owner. The landlord was also postmaster—the first one appointed for Greenfield, and it was at this old tavern that the villagers used to congregate once a week, on hearing the postboy's horn, to receive their letters and papers from the post. Mail day was an eagerly anticipated event. On that day "The Travelers' Rest" presented an animated appearance. But the house was not empty at other times, and the patronage which it received was ample to sustain it as one of the first class taverns of its time. The house is now the residence of Dr. Joseph McGarraugh. Its stone walls are hidden by a coating of composition, and the old letters of the sign, carved in the stone door copping, are hidden by the upper portion of a modern wooden frame. A man by the name of Chichester, in 1814, put up a house where C. H. Crother's saloon now stands, and for a number of years kept tavern there. A fine two-story porch was the most attractive feature of this hostelry, and was a place of resort for the villagers on summer evenings. Jerry Wilson succeeded Chichester as the proprietor of this house, in 1823, and twelve years later sold out to Rice Vass. He sold to Major Musson, who was landlord until his death, when Vass bought back the property. David Kinkead, father of R. C. Kinkead, the present postmaster of Greenfield, kept hotel, in 1821, just east of the site of Judge Norton's house. He was succeeded by Joseph Lawhead, and he by Samuel Wasson. The Harper house derived its name from Jesse H. Harper, one of the earliest settlers of Fayette county. Jesse H. Harper came to Greenfield, to live, in 1838, beginning business as a tanner. He began hotel keeping on the second of April, 1849, in the frame building in which Dr. McGarraugh now has his office and drug store. This hotel, known as the National house (started in 1845 by Greenup Campbell), Mr. Harper kept for four or five years. The present Harper house, then a private residence, was made a hotel by Dr. M. Dunlap, the owner, and Colonel Jacob Hyer, in 1852. It had, from that time until 1861, about a dozen hosts. The building was purchased by Mr. Harper, March 7, 1861, and he took possession on the 12th. Remaining in active management until July, 1865, he rented the house to Mr. Sherman, who had it until 1867. Mr. Harper then resumed control and associated with himself in the business his son, Charles H. They remained in partnership until 187o, when the senior Mr. Harper retired. Since that time the landlord has been Charles H. Harper. The main building of this hotel was erected, in 1842, by Dr. Dunlap, and the additions made in later years by Jesse H, Harper. The other hotels of Greenfield, all smaller and newer than the Harper house, are the Franklin, Shimp, and Atlantic. MILLS, MANUFACTORIES, ETC. - EARLY AND LATE. In the early days of the settlement of Greenfield there was no mill nearer than Chillicothe. The first that was built in the village was located at the site of the present Greenfield mills. It was a one-story building, about thirty feet square, and built of logs. It was constructed as early as 1802, and by John Kingery. He retained control of the rude, but much prized little mill, for twenty-eight years, selling out in 1830 to Samuel Smith. The old log mill was very different in character and capacity from the present excellent establishments of the town. The mill-stones were made, with a great deal of difficulty, from a couple of native boulders, and still remain near the spot where they were so long in use, curious relics of a past and an outgrown usefulness. When Kingery first started in the business of milling, he ground nothing but corn, but soon after made improvements which enabled him to produce a very fair article of flour, When Smith bought the property, in 1830, Samuel Yohn took charge of the milling, and performed the work until the mill was built by Daniel Leib. Leib began the erection of the present mill, but in 1854, while it was still uncompleted, fell from a beam and was killed. The property after that passed into the hands of several owners, and finally, in 1871, came into the possession of the present proprietor, David Welshimer, who since 1861 had been engaged in the grocery business in Greenfield. From 187r to 1878 he had as a partner J. W. Thurston. Many improvements have been made in the mill by Mr. Welshimer, and he has largely increased his business from year to year. The mill has a capacity for producing forty barrels of flour per day. The principal market is along the line of the Springfield Southern railroad. The Boden & Case mill, just south of the village, was built in 1849 by Robert Knox, and soon afterwards was bought by Alexander Beaty, Stofford Jenkins, George Douglass, and Thomass Dollarheide. Mr. Case, of the firm now running this mill, has been an owner for twelve years, and Mr. Boden has but recently taken an interest in the property. Wool carding was for many years an important industry in the western country. 'This business was begun in Greenfield about 1815 by David Bonner, who came the preceding year from Chillicothe. He built a portion of the old Harper house for a carding factory. The machinery was run by means of a horizontal tread-wheel about thirty or forty feet in diameter, upon which were worked horses, oxen, and sometimes cows. Here was carded the wool brought from the country around Greenfield, and the farmers were saved the trouble and expense of carrying it to Chillicothe, as they had been obliged to do in former years. In 1822 Bonner put up a large HISTORY OF ROSS AND HIGHLAND COUNTIES, OHIO - 421 woolen and cotton factory on Main street. The cotton trade did not amount to much, and Bonner soon ceased to handle it, though he retained the machinery. He did a very good business for a number of years in wool carding, and in 1834 commenced running his machinery by steam. He also put in a small pair of mill-stones to grind corn, and a pair of buhrs to make flour. About the year 1835, other factories having been established in the country, Bonner's business began to decline, and he rented the building and machinery to Charles and James Robinson, two industrious and enterprising gentlemen, who for many years were very prominent business men of Greenfield. They had a good patronage, but at the close of the first year's lease, being unable to effect a satisfactory renewal, they gave up the factory, and bought the lot upon the southwest corner of Main and Fourth streets, and erected upon it a large building, where they carried on the industry of wool carding on a large scale, and very successfully. Bonner's factory was burned in the summer of 1837, and the machinery was all destroyed. He immediately began the erection of the large stone structure now known as the Odd Fellows' building. Business was not long continued in the new factory, and after the machinery had been taken out and removed to some other part of the country the building was sold to the Odd Fellows for five hundred dollars. Bonner continued to reside in Greenfield, and died in 1853. He was a very peculiar man, and there was much said against him. He was very conscientious in enforcing the observance of Sunday, and many travelers upon their way to Chillicothe, or other points, on the Sabbath day, were arrested at his instance. During the first few years following the settlement of Greenfield and the surrounding country, distilling was an important business, Whiskey was not, in those days, the odious article that it now is. Neither was it regarded as a luxury, but as a prime necessity. Almost everybody used it, and there was not the slightest odium attached to its manufacture. Samuel Holladay put up a still-house near the present residence of R, S. Douglass, as early as 1811. A man by the name of Fullerton put up a distillery east of Second street, and north of North street, about the year 1815. After running it for some time he sold out to Samuel Nichols. He was succeeded by Rice Vass, and he, in turn, by Joseph Rodgers. It was finally destroyed by fire, which was supposed to have been caused by an incendiary. The frame building adjoining the Odd Fellows' hall was built by Davis & Moore. It has passed into the hands of many owners, and been used for various purposes, and is now occupied by T. M. Elliott as a sash and door manufactory and planing-mill. He purchased it in the summer of 1878, of Isaiah Case. The planing- mill is run by steam, and gives employment to seven or eight men. The principal market for its manufactures is Greenfield and its immediate vicinity. The quarrying business is extensively carried on in Greenfield by G. F, Rucker & Son. Mr. Rucker came from Cincinnati, where he had been engaged in managing omnibus lines, in the fall of 1854, and bought the quarry which he now operates, from Alfred Lang, who had been its owner but a comparatively short time, and had purchased of Boyd, Ballard and Dollarheide. Mr. Rucker began quarrying immediately on taking possession, and soon after, added to his business in stone, the manufacture of lime. In each of these industries he has since been constantly and very actively engaged. The amount of business done has varied in accordance with the demand in Cincinnati, which has been the principal market, Some years the sales have reached fifty thousand dollars, and as many as a hundred men have been employed. The stone taken from Mr. Rucker's quarries is of good quality for some classes of masonry, although it is used principally for pavements and gutter stone. There is an inexhaustible supply of it in the lands owned by Mr. Rucker, just south of the village. He has eighty- five acres on the Ross county side of Paint creek, and thirteen acres on the Highland county side, nearly all of which is known to contain stone, which can easily be quarried. The homes of the employes in the quarries make of themselves quite a little hamlet. The land which they occupy has been regularly laid out in streets, and in 1860, or the following year, was included in the corporation limits, and recorded as Rucker's addition to Greenfield. Mr. Rucker had, as partners at one time, Messrs. Waddle and Dunlap, and at another, Levi Hyer was associated with him. Mr. Rucker took his son, G. W., into partnership February 1, 1875. BANKING. The first banking business conducted in Greenfield, began on the thirtieth of November, 1859, under the name and style of "Caldwell & Miller's Exchange." The office was located in the second story of the building now occupied by N. Squier, druggist, on Main street, and the safe then used is still in use at the jewelry establishment of A. N. Mackerley. The business was thus continued until the passage of an act by congress allowing the establishment of National banks. The first loan to the United States government in the county, after the breaking out of the war of the Rebellion, was made by this firm, being three thousand dollars in United States bonds bearing seven and three-tenths per cent. interest, the principal and interest payable in gold three years after date. Early application was made by them for a charter for a National bank, as will be seen by its number being '0r, these banks being now numbered by the thousands. The capital stock was fifty thousand dollars. The bank was organized, and began business September 1, 1863. W. W. Caldwell was elected president; R. H. Miller, cashier; and Washington Mains, Samuel Sollars, Reece Jury, W. W. Caldwell, R. H. Miller, Alexander Beatty, and Robert Anderson, directors. Under this management the bank was successfully conducted, complying with the letter of the law in every particular, and which at that time was severe, in that it required the banks to keep in reserve twenty-five per cent. of the deposits and circulation. Thus it had large balances in Cincinnati and New York. March 15, 1866, R. H. Miller, cashier, sold his interest to A. J. Wright, intending 422 - HISTORY OF ROSS AND HIGHLAND COUNTIES, OHIO. to remove south, and shortly afterward W. W. Caldwell sold to the same party. They took in payment for their stock, A. J. Wright's checks on Culver, Penn & Co., New York, he having transferred the bank's balances from Cincinnati, and Third National bank New York, to Culver, Penn & Co., and drew against them for payment of stock, thus purchasing stock in his own name, with the funds of the bank. Shortly after this Culver, Penn & Co. failed, who he had hoped would help him through this transaction. Under his management, he having obtained a controlling interest in the bank, the name was changed to that of the " Bank of Greenfield," which soon afterwards failed, bringing with it great distress in the community, general distrust, and want of confidence in the business circles, the losses falling heavily upon the poorer classes. It is but justice to say that after a lapse of four years, Mr. Wright has issued a circular, proposing to cancel his indebtedness in oil stocks. The "Highland County Bank," of Greenfield, Ohio, was organized May T, 1867, with a capital stock of one hundred thousand dollars. The incorporators were R. H. Miller, F. W, Pierson, Reece Jury, A. J. Smart, E. H. Miller, and W. W. Caldwell, all of whom, by their articles of agreement, were constituted a board of directors, who should approve of bills, notes, and other evidences of debt offered for discount. W. W. Caldwell was chosen president, E. H. Miller, cashier, and F. W. Pierson, assistant cashier. May 2, 1870, Reece Jury was elected president. May 1, 1872, the directory of the bank was changed and a new organization effected. This bank has been in successful operation ever since, with largely increased business, under the management of the present president, Mr. E. H. Miller, and other officers. The banking house is a three-story brick building, situated on Washington street, near Main. Another bank was organized in 1879, called the "Citizens' Bank." The business is conducted in the old First National bank building. Both of these banking houses, when compared with the old pioneer house up-stairs, suggest a very great advancement in this important business, as well as increasing wealth and resources of the place. RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. The first religious organization in Madison township, and the second Presbyterian church in Highland county, was ushered into being in the Rodgers settlement, four miles south of Greenfield, in the year 1810. The Rodgers family came into the country in 1805, and settled on Paint creek, near the mouth of Rattlesnake, forming a nucleus around which grew an interesting community. This neighborhood was settled almost entirely by Presbyterians, who had scarcely provided themselves with shelter before they began preparations for following their favorite mode of worship. Sometime during the year 1806, the Rev. James Hoge, who was afterwards for forty-eight years the pastor of the First Presbyterian church, of Columbus, came into the settlement for the purpose of looking after some lands in which he had an interest, near the mouth of Hardin's creek. He was invited to preach, and a stand was erected in the woods at a fine spring on Rattlesnake creek, on the farm where David Strain first settled, which was a part of the land then owned by Mr. Hoge. The sermon was undoubtedly the first delivered within the township, and the meeting was surely the first step that was taken toward the formation of a church. It is stated in the records of Washington presbytery that on the fourth of October, 1809, "A number of people on the Rattlesnake fork of Paint creek, wishing to be known by the name of the Rocky Spring congregation, petitioned to be taken under our care and receive supplies." John Wilson suggested the name of "Rocky Spring congregation," in memory of a church by that name in Pennsylvania. The church was regularly and fully organized April 10, 1810. The first settled pastor was the Rev. Nicholas Pittenger, from Pennsylvania, and the first elders elected were James Watts, Samuel Strain, George Adair, Samuel McConnell and William Garrett. The Rev. Mr. Pittenger served the congregation from 1810 until some thirteen or fourteen years later, when he left for a few years. He returned to the congregation, spent his last days there, and was buried in the Rocky Spring graveyard in 1833, "His labors," according to the testimony of a venerable elder of the church, "were blessed in the building of a large congregation, which at one time numbered over three hundred communicants." The same person says : "This eminent servant of God was a workman who was neither ashamed nor afraid to preach the truth, and the whole truth, not fearing the consequences, and but few were ever more blessed in their labors." Following is a list of the pastors and supplies who followed Mr. Pittenger, down to the year 1871, when the Rocky Spring church was united to the Second Presby terian church of Greenfield : Samuel D. Hoge, Dyer Burgess, Jacob W. Eastman, Joseph W. Gillespie, S. P. Dunham, R. W. Wilson, E. Grand-Girard, Alexander Leadbetter, and McKnight Williamson. The church building was so injured by storm, March 18, 1876, as to be no longer of any service. THE UNITED PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH of Greenfield had its origin in Buckskin township, Ross county. On the twenty-fifth of July, 1810, the Associate Reform congregations of Chillicothe and Buckskin made out a pastoral call for the Rev. Samuel Crothers, a probationer at that time under the inspection of the presbytery of Kentucky. He was ordained and installed pastor January 31, 1811, with the understanding that he was to preach one-third of his time to the Buckskin congregation. At this time William Smith and Alexander Morrow were trustees; Noble Crawford, collector; and Benjamin McClure, treasurer. Measures were taken in January, 1811, to build a house of worship, and a lot was selected, and bought of David Matthews. A building was erected upon this ground and subsequently the name of the Hop Run church was given to it, from a small stream near at hand. In 1813 Mr. Crothers resigned the pastorate of the Chillicothe church, and gave his whole HISTORY OF ROSS AND HIGHLAND COUNTIES, OHIO - 423 attention to that at Hop Run until 1818, when he removed to Kentucky, and Rev. James Brown became pastor in his place, About the year 1835 a stone church, used later as a school-house, was erected, and the Rev, John Graham was called to the pastorate. He was followed by the Rev. James Arbuthnott, and he, in 1854, by the Rev. Andrew Ritchie. In 1859 the officers of the church were the following: Rev. Andrew Ritchie, pastor ; Alexander Scroggs, Alexander Watt, Thomas Wallace, John Buchanan, Thomas A. Reid, and John W. Beard, elders; A. M. Blain, R. Collier, and Allen Stinson, trustees. In 1865 the Rev. Mr. Ritchie was succeeded, as pastor, by the Rev. R. K. Campbell, who, upon the eleventh of May, 1869, united with the old school Presbyterians, who assumed the name of the Second Presbyterian church of Greenfield. Mr. Campbell carried with him a large part of his old congregation, and the United Presbyterian church which had before his departure one hundred and eight members, was reduced to fifteen. The church had a hard struggle for existence, but succeeded in retaining its organization, and slowly accumulated new strength. It has at the present writing about fifty members. The pulpit is supplied, principally, from the United Presbyterian Theological seminary of Xenia. The officers are: A. M. Blain, Alexander Watt, James Watt, and Thomas A. Reid, elders; Thomas A. Reid, John Stoneburner, and Thomas Blain, trustees. The society now owns the old house of worship of the Second Presbyterian church. THE SECOND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH remained under the charge Rev. R. K. Campbell until October 17, 1870, when he resigned, and was succeeded by Rev. A. B. Brice, D. D., who was pastor until January 1, 1876. From that time the church was without a pastor and it began to decline. It was disbanded November 27, 1879. THE FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. The Rev. Samuel Crothers, formerly pastor of the Hop Run or Buckskin church, while in Kentucky, united with the Presbyterian church. In the spring of 1828, having received a request to return to Ohio, he complied, and on January 24th, organized the First Presbyterian church of Greenfield. It consisted, at the time of its establish-. ment, of sixty communicants, including Mr. Crothers, moderator of the session ; Elijah Kirkpatrick, Wilson Stewart, and Hugh Ghormley, elders; thirty-five persons from the Hop Run church, ten persons admitted on testimonials from the Presbyterian church, and seven on personal examination. In September, of the same year, seventeen additional members were received. Of the seventy-seven persons constituting the church at the close of the year 1820, only four are now living, viz: Mrs. Elizabeth Murray, Mrs. Jane Elliott, Mrs. Sarah Smith, and Mrs. Margery Wilson. The Rev. Mr. Crothers was installed as pastor on the second Saturday of May, 1822, and remained in charge until his death, July 20, 1856, a period of overy thirty- four years, during which time his labors were incessant and invaluable to the church and the community, but of his life and character a complete sketch is elsewhere given in this volume. In the year 1821 a stone meeting-house was built upon the site of the present church, which was erected in 1854. While the first house of worship was in process of construction, the grove, a short distance east of James Robinson's residence, was the scene of the regular Sunday gatherings of the congregation. It has often been remarked by the aged members of the church, that during the entire season, when they met in this grove, their worship was never interrupted by inclement weather. The Rev. John Wiseman, a native of Scotland, became pastor of the First Presbyterian church September 7, 1857, and remained until 1863. He died May 2, 1876, in the seventy-fifth year of his age. The Rev. S. D. Crothers, son of Samuel Crothers, was his successor. He began his ministerial labors December 6, 1863, and was installed as pastor December 3, 1864. He is the present pastor of the church, and has occupied the pulpit continuously from the time of his installation. The church has now about three hundred and and eighty members. Following ar the officers: Robert Templeton, Albert Adams, Samuel Stewart, William M. Ghormley, Rutherford Collier, Peachy Irwin, elders; J. R. Templeton, William A. Douglass, J. C. Duncan, T. M. Elliott, 'F. D. Rodgers, Hugh Ghormley, J. S. Evans J. G. Collier, A. L. Wilson, trustees. THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. Prior to 1822 there was no organized Methodist society in Greenfield village or Madrson township. Services were frequently held, however, the houses of Charles White and a Mr. Mitchell being the places of meeting. Charles White lived upon the farm now owned by William Taylor, and Mr. Mitchell where Martin Devoss now lives. A cabinet shop, which stood on the corner now occupied by the F. M: Robinson house, was also quite frequently used. Among those who formed the first class, were Charles White, class-leader; Thomas Stewart and wife, William Collins and wife, Edgar Mitchell, Cool, Robins, Jennings, Moore, and Jones. The first church was organized by the Rev. Jacob Delay, of the Ohio conference. The first house of worship was of brick. It was never finished on the inside, the walls being left unplastered, and, in 1833, it gave place to a large edifice built of stone. The floor in the aisles and before the pulpit platform was originally made of brick to prevent noise from walking. In 1844, the old flooring was removed and one of the ordinary kind put down. The church which is now in use was built in 1860, after a handsome two-story structure, which stood on the same foundation and which was nearly completed, had been destroyed by a tornado. Since Greenfield charge became a station the following gentlemen have served as pastors: David Reed, 1841; Arza Brown, 1842; Maxwell P. Gaddis, 1843; J. G. Blair, 1844—'45; A. Morrow, 1846; John Dillon, jr., 1847; E. A. Roe, 1848—'49; C. H. Lawton, 1850; M. G. Baker, 1851; J, C. Boutecou, 1852—'53; S. Bennett, 1854—'55; J. J. Hill, 1856; W. J. Quarry, 1857—'58; C. R. Lovell, 1859—'60; G. S. Cowden, 1861—'62; M. Kauffman, 1863—'64; S. Weeks, 1865—'67; L. D. Clayton, 424 - HISTORY OF ROSS AND HIGHLAND COUNTIES, OHIO. 1868—'70; W. Fitzgerald, 1871—'72; F. G. Mitchell, 1873— 75 ; W. T. Fee, 1876; F. Collett, 1877. A Sunday-school was organized at an early date. The records show that, in 1839, the officers and board of managers of the Methodist Episcopal Sunday-school were as follows: Chas. White, president; Robert Buck, vice- president; Joseph Lawhead, John Boyd, John Coyner; W. McDonnell, David Furry, Levi Jennings, L, P. Cool, William Scott, Lyman Daniels, and William Maines, managers; Moses F. Shin and Samuel Mains, superintendents; Daniel Cool, secretary; Lyons Daniels, librarian; John Eckman, treasurer; Marinda Allen, Catharine Cottle, Laura McWert, Martha McWert, Julian Middleton, Julietta Jennings, Eliza Vass, David Furry, William Blair, Albert McWert, Charles Robinson, Samuel Halliday, Josiah Rhodes, Joseph Lawhead, and William Sanford, teachers, The present officers of the Methodist Episcopal church are as follows: James Robinson, J. M. Waddle, G. T. Rucker, S. F. Newcomer, G. B. Anschutz, Joseph Finch, C. C. Norton, E. H. Miller, A. A. Johnson, trustees; S. A. Hitchcock, W. Laughlin, J. G. Lowe, C. Weller, F. Snarlenburger, T. 0. Crawford, H. Milligan. THE BAPTIST CHURCH. A regular Baptist church was organized on the thirty- first of October, 1829. The first members were William Beals, Thomas Berry, Levi Rogers, Phillip Wagner and their wives, and Thomas Smalley. The council by which the church was constituted, consisted of Nathan Corry, Hezekiah Johnson, Jacob Layman and William Baker, elders; and Smith Johnson, Isaac Sperry and Thomas Cloud, deacons. Following is a list of the pastors from the organization of the church: Jacob Layman, L. Freeman, D. K, Brownson, G. 0. Clark, L. Whitney, J. Sargent, Brown, 0. B. Hendricks, A. B. White, J. Chambers and L. T. Griswold. In 1830 Hugh Smart and his wife joined this church. Through the liberality of Mr. Smart, the society was enabled in 1833, to erect a frame building for a house of worship. This stood upon the site of the present stone building which was built in 1840, and remodeled in 1856. The present pastor of this church is the Rev. Smith, and the officers are: J. H. Sellers, Jesse Harper, Jonathan Jones and J. H. Rodgers, deacons; William Beals, clerk. THE AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH was organized in the year 1840, Edward Raines, Thomas Bird and Solomon Turner being the first trustees. Following is a list of the pastors from the beginning down to the present time: M. M. Clark, Walkins Lee, Atchinson, Ish man, Samuel Ratcliffe, Samuel Wells, Watkins Lee, James Paine, William Newman, T. A. Wood, I. Dillon, Cooper, E. Wright, J. Dillon, William Morgan, C. R. Greene, William Davidson, N. Mitchell, E. Cumberland. The first house of worship of this society was a log building, constructed in 1843. The building now in use was purchased from the trustees of the Free Presbyterian church, whet that body was disbanded in 1865. A Sabbath-school was begun in the African Methodist Episcopal church in 1864, C. P. Hackett being the first superintendent. The present officers of the church are as follows : Jefferson Bird, Richard Henderson, C. R. Patterson, Alex. Winfre and Sandy Charlton, trustee; H. T. Gray, secretary; C. P, Hackett and Edward Raines, local preachers. THE FREE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH composed of twenty-one members, was organized in 1848 October 13th, by a committee consisting of Rev. John Rankin, Rev. W. G, Kiphart, and William Keys. James McConnell and William Smith were elected elders. On November 13, 1848, Rev. A. L. Rankin was chosen stated supply for one-half of his time. In 1849 the church building was erected, which is now the property of the African Methodist Episcopal society. Rev. D. M. Moore was called as stated supply in April, 1851, and continued his labors until 1865, when slavery having been abolished, and there being no longer any need of a distinctive "free church," the society was disbanded GERMAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. This denomination effected an organization in 1854. The constituent members of the church were Conard Ruple and wife, Mrs. Louisa Maeder, Stewart Hoffman and wife, and C. Newbeck and wife. In the same year a building was purchased from the school board, and so arranged as to answer the purpose of a meeting-house. It stood upon the same lot that is now occupied by the brick church built in 1873. The following ministers have held the relation of pastors to this church since its organization down to the present writing: G. Ballinger, J. G. Reiber, C. G. Fritschie, E. Wienderlich, J. Phetzing, J. W. Fishback, Conard Bier, George Weideman, Charles Helwig, Charles Lurker, Edward Ulrich, William Ahrens, Louis Dunker, J. W. Fishbach, David Grassle, Otto Wilke, Henry Woerner, J. G. Reiber, Gottlob Heeb, and John Oetjen, present incumbent. The church has now about forty members. The following are the officers for 1827: Tobias Sexaver, Charles Strobel, William Buese, Jacob Ruppel, Christopher Fuchs, trustees; Tobias Sex- aver and William Buese. ST, BONNA'S ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. This church was organized in 1856, and, about the same time, or very soon after, a church building was erected. Father John O'Donahue served as pastor from 1856 to 1859, and was succeeded by Father Michael O'Donahue, who is at present in charge. SHILOH BAPTIST CHURCH was organized July 8, 1866, at which time a council was held, of which Elder J. Powell was moderator, and Elder J. M. Meek, clerk. The church as organized consisted of fourteen members. John Cannon and T. H. Butler were elected as the first trustees. The following persons have served as pastors: John Powell, Benjamin Sailes, Asa Pratt, and Samuel Carr. Walter Shelton is the present pastor. The officers are: E. Steward, William Burns, and T. H. Butler, deacons; George Breckenridge, licentiate; Frank Elkins, Henry Mankins, and W. H. Hack- HISTORY OF ROSS AND HIGHLAND COUNTIES, OHIO - 425 ley, trustees; Harvey Stevens, clerk ; Samuel Cosby, treasurer. The society owns a church building erected in 1874. Prior to the time of building, meetings were held at the school-house in the Smith neighborhood, about three miles northwest of Greenfield. EDUCATIONAL. The first school in Madison township was undoubtedly that which Judge Mooney taught in 1803, in a little log building just outside of the limits of the town plat. In the year 1810 a school-house was built on out-lot number sixteen, near the present residence of F. M. Boyd. It was sixteen feet square, and built of poles or small logs which were covered with rough clapboards. A door was cut through on one side, and a log taken out of each end, that the light might enter. One half of the room was floored with puncheons, and the other half, next to the fire-place, was bare earth. Although a great fire of logs was kept burning in the immense fire-place, it was several times found necessary to give the pupils a long vacation when the coldest weather of winter set in, for the windows were simple openings in the wall, without glass or greased paper. Thomas M. Boyd remembers attending this school in 1816. The fixtures of the school-room, the books and writing paraphernalia were in keeping with the primitive style of the building, Slabs, hewed as smooth as possible and supported upon peg legs, constituted the benches. Upon them sat a dozen or more, simply, and often poorly, dressed children, who obtained there the rudiments of an education, with a thoroughness equal, if not superior, to that of the present era of multiplied advantages. A very good log school-house was built in the graveyard in the year 1815, which was in use until 1837, when it was found inadequate to accommodate the increased number of children in the village and neighborhood. The village was then divided, and two good frame schoolhouses built, which remained in use for many years. GREENFIELD SEMINARY. Prior to 1845 Rev. J. G. Blair taught, very successfully, a select school, and by his superior education and ability as an instructor, awakened a strong interest in educational matters, which led to the establishment of the Greenfield seminary, a school for the youth of both sexes, which for a number of years was largely attended, not only by the young people of the town and immediate vicinity, but by many others who came from a considerable distance, The old deed whch conveyed to the trustees elect of Greenfield seminary the lot upon which the stone building was erected, was dated October 25, 1845. and shows that for the consideration of two hundred and fifty dollars Andrew Pope and his wife, Sarah, did transfer and sell, to Hugh Smart, Clayborn Lea, John Surber, Milton Dunlap, John Boyd, Andrew Kerns and Josiah Bell, trustees, all right, title and interest, in the lot, consisting of one acre of land, situated on the west side of Jefferson street. The seminary building erected upon this lot was a substantial stone structure, and for the time, ample in size. Rev. J. G. Blair was the first instructor in the school, and toward the close of his services was assisted by Rev. Robert W. McFarland, now of Columbus, and a professor in the Ohio State university. Hon. W. D. Henkle, Ph. D., was associated with Mr. Blair, as teacher in the seminary in 1850. Mr. Henkle has been State .commissioner of common schools, was for several years superintendent of the schools of Salem, Columbiana county, Ohio, where he still resides, and is editor of the Ohio Educational Monthly, the National Teacher, and Educational Notes and Queries, journals well known and highly prized by the teachers of this State and others, J. C. Thompson succeeded Mr. Blair, and was at the head of the seminary until it ceased to exist. From various causes the seminary began to decline about 1850, and by 1854 its patronage had been so largely attracted to other schools that it became evident a change must be made in the plan of education. Mr. Thompson, on July 22d of that year, made a proposition to teach the scholars of districts number three and ten; and in the meantime, the people having taken action toward the establishment of public schools and elected local directors, the proposition was accepted. It was arranged that Thompson should receive a salary for his services, to be taken from a tax fund, and in addition thereto, should have the money paid as tuition fees by those pupils whose homes were outside of the village. Mary Dunlap and J. W. Whitney taught the last terms of the two district schools in 1854, Allen Strain, Hugh Smart and Lyman Daniels, who were the local directors in 1853 and 1854, were reelected in the spring of the latter year, as the first board of education. August 12, 1854, work was begun on the seminary building to effect such alterations as were necessary to make it suitable for public school purposes. School was begun that fall, on the graded principle, with J. C. Thompson as superintendent. Mr. Thompson remained in charge of the schools until his death, in February, 1856. He was buried in the old cemetery, and the monument which marks his last resting place, was reared to his memory by the pupils of the school, and the inscription upon it is to that effect. He built, and lived in, the house which is now the residence of Mr. W. W. Caldwell. Upon his death, John E. Chamberlain, of Cincinnati, was chosen as principal, and retained that position until 1860, when he was succeeded by Thomas H. Herdman, who was assisted by Firnin Pierson and Misses A. E. Nickerson, M. E. Cumbeck, Mollie Dunlap and Mary G. Kerns. The board of education at this time consisted of Hugh Smart, Silas Irions and John Boyd. Thomas H. Herdman gave place in October, 1864, to E. E. Brown, now in Cleveland, Ohio, who was in turn succeeded (August, 1866) by J. G. Blair, who remained two years. Mr. Blair was a graduate of Yale, a Methodist minister, and, after leaving Greenfield, became president of the Fairmount Normal school, of West Virginia, and also editor of the West Virginia Educational journal. He died December 22, 1878. His successor in the public schools was Charles W. Cole, a graduate of the Ohio Wesleyan university at Delaware, and now an attorney in Cincin- 54 426 - HISTORY OF ROSS AND HIGHLAND COUNTIES, OHIO. nati. Before completing his second year's service, he went to study law in Cincinnati, and his brother William came to Greenfield to take his place, but, being chosen superintendent of the Wilmington schools, soon left. He has since been superintendent of schools in Lawrence, Kansas, and has held the same position in one of the leading towns of Missouri. He was followed by C. W. Bennett, who began the discharge of his duties as principal in the spring of 1870. He was also a graduate of the Wesleyan college of Delaware. In July, of 1870, he resigned his position to take a professorship in an Indiana college, and his place was filled by J. M. Yarnell, who remained in charge for two years. In 1872 James B. Paine, who graduated at Delaware in 1870, became principal, and remained two years. He was afterwards associate principal with the Rev, W. G. Ward, of Vermillion institute, at Hayesville, near Ashland, Ohio. Still later, he studied law, went to Jackson, Ohio, and entered practice; and is now a member of the legislature. Superintendent Samuel Major, A. M., though born in Scioto county, was brought up in Highland county; graduated from the Ohio Wesleyan university in 1874; was elected that same year to succeed Mr. Paine as superintendent of the Greenfield schools; has been in that position ever since, and is now serving his sixth year, no one else having served so long a time since Mr. Herd- man. In his superintendency, the course of study was gradually raised and the grading perfected, until the high school course was lengthened to four years, founded upon eight years' work in the lower grades. To accomplish this, most of the higher grades had their courses of study raised about a year, so as to make their work and advancement correspond with what is now attained in similar grades in the best public schools of the State. PRESENT CONDITION OF SCHOOLS. The public schools of Greenfield being the only weekday schools maintained in the town, all denominations, all nationalities, all classes, white and black, give them their patronage and support. The school for colored children is separate, but all are under the same management and supervision. The enumeration of youth of school age (from six to twenty-one) is now near seven hundred, about ninety-five of these being colored. The total enrollment for this year (1879-80) will approximate five hundred, about seventy being colored. The white schools are divided into twelve grades which comprise three periods of four years each, usually named primary, grammar, and high school. Any special grade is designated by using the letters D, C, B, or A, in connection with the name denoting the period. Naming the grades thus, and beginning with the lowest and going upward, there are primary D, C, B, and A; grammar D, C, B, and A; and high school D, C, B, and A. The colored school is about the same as an ungraded country school. The pupils are distributed nearly as follows: primary D, seventy-seven; primary C, forty-eight; primary B, fifty-five; primary A, fifty-four; grammar D, forty-three; grammar C, forty; grammar B, thirty-five; grammar A, forty-one; high school D, sixteen; C, eight ; B, eight; A, five; making in the four primary grades, two hundred and thirty-four; the four grammar grades, one hundred and fifty-nine; and the four high school grades, thirty- seven; and a total of five hundred, the colored school numbering seventy. There is one teacher for each grade till the high school is reached. Though the four high school grades are seated in one room they recite to three teachers, the superintendent hearing five classes; the teacher of the high school, nine; and the teacher of grammar A, two. There are, therefore, in all ten teachers besides the superintendent, he spending more than half of his time in teaching, The corps of instruction is, Samuel Major, superintendent; Miss Laura C. McGarraugh, high school; Miss Lou. M. Dunlap, grammar A; Miss Mary Love, grammar B; Miss Addie Roten, grammar C; Miss Lou. W. Langdon, grammar D; Miss Nettie B. Fellers, primary A; Miss Sadie K. Sellers, primary B; Miss Kate Dwyer, primary C; Mrs. Mary A. Dwyer, primary D; Mrs. Hattie A. Minor, colored school. In the eight years below the high school, reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic, geography, grammar, United States history, composition, and declamation are taught; in the high school, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry; English analysis, general History, rhetoric, English literature, mental philosophy, physical geography, natural philosophy, physiology, chemistry, zoology, botany, geology, astronomy; Latin introduction, grammar, reader, Caesar, Sallust, Virgil, Cicero, prose composition; together with exercises weekly in composition and declamation. Pupils going from these schools are enabled to enter the corresponding grades in any public schools in the State, and the requirements for graduation from the Greenfield high school will compare favorably with those made in any of the neighboring towns, and the work done exceeds that required in many high schools of the State. Up to this time (February, 1880) eight classes have graduated. The first was in 1871, and 1872 was the only year since that there has been no class. Thirty- four pupils in all have finished the course and received diplomas; eight boys and twenty-six girls. The board of education at present consists of A. B. Southward, G. F. Rucker, and L. Leib. COLORED SCHOOL. November 1, 1868, the bonds of the Greenfield Union school district were issued to F. and N. McConnell or order to the amount of one thousand dollars for the erection of a school-building for the colored youth of school age in the village. The building was completed soon after the first steps were taken, and has ever since been in use for the purpose originally designed. Samuel F. Morris was the first teacher, a man named Reynolds who was originally employed to take charge of the school, leaving suddenly, for parts unknown. PHYSICIANS. The first physician in Greenfield was Dr. Garvin Johnson. He practiced in the village and surrounding coun- HISTORY OF ROSS AND HIGHLAND COUNTIES, OHIO - 427 try for a number of years, but about 1825 removed to Frankfort, Ross county, where he died. When he came to Greenfield, he boarded with Noble Crawford, whose daughter, Elizabeth, he afterward married. His successors in practice were Drs. Miller and Johnson, each of whom remained but a short time. The latter whose first name was William, was known as Little Doctor Johnson, Dr. Beardsley and several others resided in the town for short periods, but those people who had need of medical treatment, relied for a number of years very largely upon Dr. Mills, of Marshall. Dr. Waugh and Dr. James Robins both settled in the village prior to 1830, the former coming from Hamilton. Waugh left in 1831, and Robins in 1834. Dr. Milton Dunlap, at present in practice, came to Greenfield in 1830, having graduated at the Ohio Medical college of Cincinnati in 1829, and passed one year at Ripley, Ohio. He was born in Brown county in 1807. Dr. Bladen, an Irishman, went into practice about 1833, and remained a short time. Dr. Thomas McGarraugh, who was born in Rockbridge county, Pennsylvania, March 29, 1780, and who settled at Washington Court House, and went into practice in 1814, came to Greenfield in 1836. He remained several years, and then removed to Frankfort, Ross county, from which place he returned to Greenfield, only a short time before his death, which occurred April 8, 1860. He was a graduate of a Philadelphia Medical college, and a man of first-class professional ability. His general education was also very thorough, as may be implied from the fact that before coming to Ohio he was professor of the dead languages in an advanced school in Pittsburgh. He represented Fayette county six years in the legislature, and was an associate judge. A son of this pioneer physician, Dr. Joseph McGarraugh, is now a resident of Greenfield, though not in practice. He followed his profession for a number of years at Martinsburgh, just over the Fayette county line, and practiced five or six years (from 1850) in Lattaville, Ross county. His son, T. S. McGarraugh, is at present one of the physicians of Greenfield, and is engaged also in the drug business. He graduated from the Ohio Medical college, of Cincinnati, in 1874. John Thompson practiced medicine in the village from 1838 to some time in the next year. Dr. Beard opened an office in the town after Dr. Thompson had left, and remained until 1843, or the following year. In 1840 Dr. A. Dunlap came to Greenfield, and went into partnership with his brother Milton, remaining six years. It was during this partnership that the Dunlap brothers performed what was probably the first operation of ovariatomy in the State of Ohio. Dr. A. Dunlap is now in Springfield, Ohio. Dr. Conway began practice in the village about 1842, and left four years later. Dr. S. F. Newcomer, of Maryland, began practice in Greenfield in 1846, and is still one of the resident physicians. About the same time as the above named, came Dr. James Wright, who lived in the town several years, but did not gain a very extensive practice. J. L. Wilson, M, D., has been in constant practice in Greenfield since 1846. He is a son of the old settler, Adam B. Wilson ; was born in the township in 1821; read medicine with Doctors M. and A. Dunlap; obtained his literary education at the Ohio university, at Athens; graduated from the Ohio Medical college, of Cincinnati, and after practicing for several years in Addison, Champaign county, returned to Greenfield, where he has had a large, steadily increasing practice. He is a member of the Highland county and the State medical societies, and has been president of the former. Jephthah Davis, sr., an eclectic and homoeopathic physician came to Greenfield in 1846 or 1847. He remained several years and then went to Circleville, where he died. His son-in-law, Samuel B. Anderson, now in Lawrence, Kansas, was in practice in Greenfield from 1843 to 1868, and was doubtless the first practitioner of the homoeopathic school in the place. Jephthah Davis, jr., a son of the Dr. Davis mentioned at the beginning of this paragraph, was also in practice a number of years, as a partner of his father. Dr. William Strain, who originally studied with Dr. Dunlap, has been in practice in the village for the past twelve years. William H. Wilson began practice in 1865, and for several years was in partnership with his brother, J. L. A Dr. Fellows came to Greenfield, at the close of the war, and had for some time a small and precarious practice. He was shot and killed in a quarrel. Dr. W. L. McCreary has been in practice for the last ten or twelve years, in the village. Dr. I. N. Smith came to this locality in 1876, and was for a time in Dr. Dunlap's office. The youngest physicians of the town are R. L. Dunlap, and Frank L. Wilson. The former graduated at the Ohio Medical college in 1879, and is now in partnership with his father, Dr. Milton Dunlap. Frank L. Wilson graduated from the same college in 1876, and on returning to Greenfield, went into partnership with his father, Dr. J. L. Wilson. POST-OFFICE. Greenfield post-office was the second established in Highland county. It was opened in "The Travelers Rest" tavern in 1810, and Noble Crawford, the landlord, was also postmaster. This house, the oldest in Greenfield, is still in use and occupied by Dr. McGarraugh and family. Isaac Smith succeeded Mr. Crawford as custodian of the mail, and he was followed by Josiah Bell, who held the position until after 1826, when William Barnett was appointed to the office. Soon after Harrison's election, Josiah Bell was replaced in the office, but gave way, after a short period, to William Barnett, whose second term of service continued until his death, in April, 1855. Austin Bush then had the office for a short time, as did also C. W. Buck. The present postmaster, R. C. Kinkead, was appointed in 1861, and has served continuously since that time. The first mail brought to the Greenfield post-office was 428 - HISTORY OF ROSS AND HIGHLAND COUNTIES, OHIO. packed on horseback from Chillicothe, by the old College township road, and came once a week. CORPORATE HISTORY. Municipally, Greenfield came into being in 1841, and in the spring of the following year the first election was held, resulting in the choice of the following officers: Hugh Smart, mayor; Claybourne Lea, John Boyd, Samuel Smith, Charles Robinson, John Eckman, councilmen; James Beard, recorder; Jerry Wetson, marshal, The records of the corporation are very far from being complete, and it is, therefore, impossible to reproduce the names of all the subsequently elected officers. A notable event in the history of the corporation was the election of the "Shanghai Council," which was in authority during the years 1855 and '56. This council was composed of a number of the younger men of the village who, anxious to effect certain municipal reforms, and make various improvements, which were regarded by many of the older citizens as altogether too radical, effected their election by a little political strategy. They had no sooner entered upon the discharge of their official duties than they began to exercise their authority in the matter of street and sidewalk improvements. They sought by every means possible to produce a change for the better in the improvement of the town, and the neat and cleanly aspect of Greenfield at present is perhaps due to their efforts, twenty-five years ago. Up to the time of the "Shanghai Council," the public ground of the town was an unsightly common, unfenced, and covered with a rank growth of weeds. It was used as a camping-ground by gypsies and emigrants, and as a playground for the boys of the village. The lot was fenced in by direction of the council, and made to appear as attractive as possible. It is said that the first improvements in the village made by means of a corporation tax, were brought about and directed by the "Shanghai Council." It was in this body that the building of a town hall was first proposed and discussed—a project which, though much talked of, was not carried out until twenty years later. THE TOWN HALL. After long discussion of the proposition it was finally decided by the people of Greenfield to erect upon the public ground, set apart originally for a court house, a building which should serve them as a place for holding public meetings, and afford a permanent place for the use of the mayor and other corporation officials. The project was entered upon with much opposition from a not inconsiderable element of the people, who were averse to making any increase in the tax levy, but it was, nevertheless, well conceived and thoroughly executed. The people wisely decided to do whatever they undertook, in a superior manner, and, as a result, they built a town hall, of which they are very properly proud. The building is of ample size, two stories in height, and of good architectural proportions. It is of brick, and very substantially built. It contains a large, well appointed hall, with a large stage, suitable for all kinds of public gatherings, which occupies the whole of the second floor, while the first or ground floor, in addition to a large room used as the office of the mayor, has other extensive chambers, one of which is rented to the United States government as a post-office, and the other occupied at present by the publishers of the Highland Chief. The corner-stone of the building was laid, with appropriate ceremonies, on the twenty-fourth of June, 1875, and the town hall was completed in a little more than a year from that date. It was to have been dedicated upon the centennial fourth of July, but the finishing was not sufficiently far advanced and the public ceremony was consequently delayed until August 8, 1876. On the evening of that day a large audience assembled in the hall, and after being called to order by Mayor John Eckman, listened to the addresses and music which composed the programme of dedicatory exercises. Josiah Stevenson, mayor of Hillsborough, was chosen presiding officer for the occasion. The building was then formerly surrendered to the mayor and council as the representative of the people of Greenfield, by E. Dines, the chairman of the building committee, after which an address was delivered by H. L. Dickey, esq., and appropriate remarks made by other gentlemen. The total cost of the building and fixtures was shown to be fifteen thousand four hundred and twenty dollars and ninety-four cents. Its architect was J. T. Cook, of Chillicothe. The stone work was done by G. I. Rucker & Son, and the carpentry by Ira C. Baldwin, while all of the other work, with the exception of some small and unimportant items, was performed by resident mechanics. The following are the present corporation officers of Greenfield : William H. Eckman, mayor; J. C. Strain, clerk; E. H. Miller, treasurer; D. M. Harris, marshal; Robert Buck, street commissioner; James M. Murray, H. C. Maeder, M. A. Squier, C. F. Baldwin, A. B. Southward, and James Robinson, council. OLD RESIDENTS. In the village of Greenfield there are, at the present writing, fourteen persons who, in 1876, might have celebrated the semi-centennial year of their residence in the place, Following are their names : Thomas M. Boyd,. Nelson Bell, A. J. Freshour, R. C. Kinkead, J. P. Morrow, W. W. Bell, Mrs. Hugh Smart, Mrs. John Adams, Mrs. Jane Edwards, Mrs. Dr. M. Dunlap, Mrs, John Perry, Mrs. Hugh Beatty, Mrs. William McMillen and Mrs. R. J. McAlpin. In the year 1876 Mrs, J. D. Hudson, who is still living, though not a resident of Greenfield, was in the village. The oldest person in the village is John Mains. He is now in his ninety-seventh year, and has been a resident of the place for forty-four years. His wife to whom he had been married for seventy-four years, died in 1880, at the age of ninety-two. One of the prominent citizens of Greenfield, and one who has served the village more years than any other man in various municipal offices, is Judge John Eckman. He came to the village in 1835, from Brown county, Ohio, whither he had emigrated from Maryland in 1816. He has four sons, one of whom, William H., is the present mayor of Greenfield. Judge Eckman was born HISTORY OF ROSS AND HIGHLAND COUNTIES, OHIO - 429 in Frederick county, Maryland, July 10, 1802, and is consequently seventy-eight years of age. GROWTH OF THE VILLAGE. The increase in population has been slow and steady. No decade in its history has been noticeably one of growth, but the number of inhabitants has been increased by the arrival of about the same number of people year after year—at first from the earlier States, and later from the surrounding country. Improvement has been made apace with enlargement. The town has had no years of "remarkable activity in building," but the present well- to-do appearance that the town possesses has been the result of a long continued series of simple changes. As old houses have been found inadequate for increased demands of occupancy, or unsightly from the ravages of time, larger and better ones have taken their places. There has been only one exception to this order of things. When the railroad was put in operation, quite an impetus was given to building and other improvements in the southern part of the town, and vicinity of the station, Ground was broken in Greenfield for the construction of the Marietta & Cincinnati railroad, March 2, 1851, Charles White, an old Revolutionary soldier, then in his ninetieth year, lifting the first shovelful. The first regular passenger train passed over the road on the first of May, 1854. The railroad, besides being an advantage to the people of the town, as affording them means of travel east and west, was in some degree a stimulus to business interests. The free turnpike furor in 1869 also led to a slight improvement in the condition of local business affairs. Previous to that time, the bad condition of the earth, or mud roads, at certain seasons of the year, had sometimes deterred people from coming into town, but in 1869 nearly all of the principal roads leading into the village being turnpiked, the difficulty was almost entirely obviated, and the periods of dullness which had formerly occurred in various branches of trade were avoided. EARLY TEMPERANCE REFORM. Greenfield, like most communities, had its early temperance agitations and reforms. The first of any importance was in the.years 1829 and 1830. At that time many of the leading men of the village and its vicinity became interested in a scheme to bring about a popular change of sentiment among the people, and by means of frequent meetings and much moral suasion brought to bear privately upon individuals, a very strong feeling was aroused against the sale and use of liquors. There was also a strong and actively defiant opposition. The men and women who advocated total abstinence principles, did so at the risk of destroying old friendships, making implacable enemies of some of their neighbors, and even brought down upon themselves the wrath of a large class of the population, which was in some cases manifested in acts of a mean and malign nature, as for instance the cutting to pieces of harness and saddles upon horses owned by some of the leaders of the movement. There was a bitterness of feeling engendered by this old time temperance reform to which the chief movers of later agitations have been strangers. Pledges were widely circulated and quite numerously signed in 1829, and two or three years following, Among those who bore the brunt in the struggle to establish a new order of things, were the Rev. Samuel Crothers, who was very radical in nearly all of his opinions of morals, Adam Wilson, the Dickeys—James and William, the Moons and a number of others, who lived in Greenfield or the adjacent country. Following this temperance movement, there were numerous others at different periods. The Washingtonians, for a little while, made quite an excitement, and manufactured some temperance sentiment which was not evanescent. Several organizations came into being, and each had its day, and passed away. For many years there was but little done in advocacy of temperance, and but little discussion of the subject, but at last it was brought again into prominence suddenly, and by a startling event in the village history, one which, at the time, obtained a wide publication, and which was of far too great importance to be now ignored as an item of local history, or passed over in a simple paragraph. The event to which we refer, is THE WOMEN'S RAID UPON THE SALOONS IN 1865. This novel and intensely exciting episode in the history of the village occurred on the afternoon of July T0th. At a casual, and not prearranged, meeting of several well known ladies in Mrs. Love's house, it was decided to have a meeting for the purpose of devising some means of abating or modifying the abuses of the liquor traffic. Several then recent occurrences of evil nature had stirred public feeling to an unusual depth and produced an intense heat of moral ardor. Little more than ten months before—or to be more definite, upon September 3, 1864 —a young man of good character, a resident of Greenfield, William, a son of John S. and Drusilla Blackburn, had been shot and killed in front of Newbeck's saloon. He was passing the door, wholly unconscious of danger, and received a pistol ball in the breast, from the effects of which he died within a few minutes. The shot was fired by some one of a party of drunken brawlers, who were engaged in a general fight within the saloon. It was commonly believed at the time that the shot which killed young Blackburn had been fired by Peter Milner, an opinion, which in the light of subsequent investigation, appeared to be erroneous. But at the time there was aroused a burning and fierce indignation against Milner, and only because of the fact that no leader stepped forward, did he escape a horrible death from violence, to such a fury had the feeling of the community been aroused. The intense heat of the popular feeling died slowly and sullenly away, but there still remained embers that were ready to be fanned to a glow in the breasts of many, and there was a mother's heart from which time could not efface the horrible picture of a son suddenly stricken down in the midst of the vigor and health of his young manhood. Other and later events, scenes of distress and violence, fights, wife-beatings, and their kindred disgraces were as fuel placed upon the embers that re- 430 - HISTORY OF ROSS AND HIGHLAND COUNTIES, OHIO. mained from the blaze of indignation over the tragical death of William Blackburn. This sacrifice of life, and the several lesser wrongs that had been the outgrowth of intemperance, were fresh in the minds of the women who assembled on the tenth day of July, 1865, in the African Methodist Episcopal church, then used as a school-house and as a place for general gatherings of the people. At the meeting, which was attended quite largely by the temperance ladies of the town, remarks were made by several who had been known previously as leaders in the movement, and by some who had not up to that time taken a prominent part in temperance affairs. The almost unanimous feeling was in favor of vigorous, aggressive action towards those who dealt in liquors, and the nature of a resolution which was adopted, tends to show that forcible means were resorted to in case moral suasion, first, and a demand for the suspension of the traffic, second, should prove unavailable. The resolution, which it was agreed should be presented to the dealers, read as follows: “That the ladies of Greenfield are determined to suppress the liquor traffic in their midst. We demand your liquors, and give you fifteen minutes to comply with our request, or abide the consequences." Notwithstanding the spirit of the notice, it is generally regarded as improbable that any violence would have ensued, had it not been for a peculiarly dramatic development, born of the hour and the situation. The ladies upon leaving the church marched in procession, two by two, along the street. There were from seventy to eighty ladies in the procession, and as they came into the business portion of the town not a little curiosity and astonishment was occasioned by their number, the manner of their marching, and the indication of s0me settled purpose, which was expressed in almost every face, from the venerable ladies at the front to the younger ones and the girls who followed them. The curiosity of the merchants and clerks in the stores, and of the few loungers who chanced to be upon the street that rainy afternoon, was, however, soon gratified by the discovery of the object that the women had in view. They had not long to wait. The little procession stopped in front of the drug store of William S. Linn. Here the "fifteen minutes notice" was read, and its demand refused observance. The ladies then marched across the street to Hern & Newbeck's saloon, where they repeated the demand that the liquors should be brought forth, and intimated that if the request was not complied with, the proprietors must look out for the consequences. Here the violence commenced, and here occurred the first destruction of property, made upon the impulse of the moment, which created the most intense local excitement, and became known far and near as the Greenfield women's whiskey raid. The ladies were gathered closely about the front of the saloon, and surrounded by a crowd of men whom the novel appearance of the procession and the consciousness that something unusual was about to occur, had quickly brought together. Suddenly, Mrs. Drusilla Blackburn, becoming intensely agitated, cried out, "Here's where the whiskey was sold that killed my son!" Then the attack was begun, upon the sudden impulse of that passion, and a scene of the wildest confusion and excitement ensued. Mrs. Blackburn and her daughter, followed by a score of other ladies, pushed their way into the saloon, and the crowd gathered closer, filling the space upon the sidewalk which they had vacated. Within, there was a babel of voices and a bedlam of action. No sooner had the ladies obtained entrance to the saloon than hatchets were drawn from their places of hiding, while from without were passed and thrown in axes, adzes, hammers, mallets, and every other kind of implement that could be used for the purpose of destruction. The sound of angry voices raised to the highest pitch of excitement, was mingled with the crash of heavy blows, and the ringing fall of shattered glass. Young girls and old women rolled barrels of whiskey and kegs of beer out into the street, where, under the furious blows fast rained upon them by scores of hands, their contents were soon spilled. Jugs, bottles and flasks were carried out and shattered upon the pavement. The gutters flowed with liquor. So great was the effect of its fumes that some of the women were intoxicated. In the midst of the turmoil and confusion, and at the very height of the excitement, even while it was by many feared that violence to person might result, there were some highly ludicrous occurrences. One man, a son of Erin, shocked at the wanton waste of so much good liquor, caught up in a broken crock at a little fall in the gutter, half a gallon of the mixture, and was about to make away with it to a place of safety. His scheme was frustrated, however, by one of the raiding women who pursued, hatchet in hand, overtook Pat and thoroughly demolished the fragment of the crockery, and spilled its contents. After thoroughly demolishing the barrels, kegs, bottles, and jugs, in Newbeck & Here's saloon, the ladies returned to the drug store of William S. Linn. The proprietor had locked the door and had taken a position in a second-story window, from which he had viewed the destruction that was going on across the street. His drug store was forced open, and the liquors found there were spilled in the same manner as the first. Then other places were visited. The drug stores of Mr. Slagle and Robinson & Norton were taken in the order mentioned. Slagle had just opened, His liquors were emptied out without opposition. Robinson & Norton promised upon the following day to ship their liquors away. The saloon of James Morris was next visited, and the liquor found there summarily consigned to the gutter. At the saloon of Mrs. Weidenour the raiders found a barrel of whiskey skilfully concealed. A board had been placed over the head, and on it was a tablecloth. Upon this improvised center-table was a Bible and hymn book. The whiskey went the way that the rest had gone—down the hill to Paint creek. Six places were visited, in all, three saloons and three drug stores. The day was the most exciting that Greenfield citizens ever knew. There was no stopping the women's work of destruction until their wrath had wreaked itself. The marshal had been informed of the fact that there might be work for him to do that afternoon, and had taken care not to be on hand. Mayor John Eckman read the riot act at an early stage of HISTORY OF ROSS AND HIGHLAND COUNTIES, OHIO - 431 the raid, but it had no effect. It was reported that the ladies had told him of their purpose in the morning, and asked for the use of his office building as a store-room for the liquor which they anticipated would be peaceably handed over to them. He had thought lightly of the matter at the time, and had carelessly remarked that as whiskey was neither good for man or beast, they had better spill it upon mother earth. His suggestion was carried out with a literalness and force that he had not expected, and when he saw the extreme to which the women had gone in the work of destruction, he did his best to check the movement. After the heat engendered by the raid had in a measure passed away, legal prosecution was resorted to on the part of the drug store proprietors and saloon keepers. On the fourteenth of July, William S. Linn filed an affidavit before Wasington Doggett, a justice of the peace of Liberty township (Hillsborough), who issued a warrant for the arrest of a large number of the ladies who were alleged to have taken part in the raid, and of the parties who were responsible for their conduct. The warrant was given to A, Manning, constable, and made returnable at Hillsborough; but, by the efforts of an attorney it was finally allowed to be returnable in Madison township, and the case, in consequence, came before Esquire G. W. Sellers, of Greenfield. The parties arrested were: James Patterson, James Morrow, James Leake, Isaac Eshelman, Frank McConnell, Hugh Beatty, Clayton Haines, Isaac Finch, William Gray, William Logan, Newton Blain, Catharine Caldwell, Elizabeth Wilson, Clara McClelland, Sarah Patton, Mary Cool, Sarah Stewart, Mary Stewart, Mary Byron; Mary Irwin, Elmira Devoss, Eliza Cool, Nancy A. Leake, Letitia Love, Mary Love, Alice Resler, Julia Ware, Ora Altman, Elizabeth Bush, Mary Jane McConnell, Elizabeth Pierson, Sue V. Briggs, Emma Briggs, Ruth Beatty, Catharine Davis, Rebecca Winnegar, Eliza Arnold, Lucretia Devoss, Nancy Sanderson, Jane Mead, Mary H. Burkett, Emily Blain, Letitia McCann, Sallie J. Rodgers, Martha Lines, Margaret Irion, and Mary Fletcher. They were charged with having, on the tenth day of July, 1865, unlawfully, wilfully, and maliciously, destroyed the personal property of William S. Linn to the value of one thousand, one hundred and forty-one dollars. Subpoenas were also issued for a large number of witnesses. On the fifteenth of July the case came on for hearing before Esquire Sellers, under the title of "the State of Ohio vs. William Logan and J. N. Blain." The parties pleaded not guilty, waived examination of witnesses, and asked to be recognized to the court of common pleas of Highland county. Thereupon the defendants were ordered by Esquire Sellers to enter into recognizance for their appearance at the next term of the court of common pleas, which was accordingly done, with the following sureties: Catharine Caldwell, with W. W. Caldwell, as surety in the sum of four hundred dollars; Clayton Haines, with S. W. Allen as his surety, in the sum of three hundred dollars; Mary Fletcher, with Clayton Haines for surety, in the sum of one hundred dollars; Mary Byron, with John Boyd, three hundred dollars, and so on through the entire list, the amount in each case being from one hundred to three hundred dollars. The witnesses went before the grand jury at the next term of co urt but that body refused to find a bill against the ladies, either for riot or the malicious destruction of property. The criminal action having thus failed, the liquor dealers brought civil suit for damages, claiming, as they had a right to under the law of April 1 t, 1857, twice the amount of the actual value of the property destroyed. The civil suit was begun at Hillsborough in January, 1867, before Judge A. Dickey, of the court of common pleas. The plaintiff was William S. Linn, but, although no other names appeared, there were associated with him eleven others, all of whom contributed toward a fund for the payment of the costs of the suit. Some additional persons were made parties to the suit upon the side of the defence, and the list stood as follows: William W. Caldwell and Catharine Caldwell, his wife, Jane Mead, Francis W. McConnell and Mary Jane McConnell, his wife, Firnin Pierson and Elizabeth Pierson, his wife, James P. Leake, Frank Wilson and Elizabeth Wilson, his wife, Robert Byron and Mary Byron, his wife, Elmira Devoss, Thomas Devoss and Louisa Devoss, his wife, Thomas H. Herdman and Anna Herdman, his wife, James Morrow, Hugh Beatty, Clayton Haines and Martha Haines, his wife, Elizabeth Bush, Andrew Rogers and Sallie J, Rogers, his wife, Sue V. Briggs and Mary J. Irwin. Of the gentlemen named, Francis McConnell, Frank Wilson and Clayt0n Haines were prosecuted as active participants, and while the others were sued as being responsible for the conduct of their wives. The ladies, upon their arrival in Hillsborough, were met by a committee of ladies of that town, and, during the progress of the trial, they were entertained by them in a very hospitable manner. The suit, from its novel and sensational character, and the strong and bitter feeling which had been created on both sides, attracted a great amount of attention from the people of Highland county: and was laid before hundreds of thousands of people in the west, through the circulation of the Cincinnati dailies, which contained long accounts, reports of testimony, etc. The attorneys for the plaintiff were Judge Sloane and Messrs. Briggs, Dickey and Steele, and for the defendants, Hon, Mills Gardner, Judge Stanley Matthews, and the then prosecuting attorney of the county, W. H. Irwin, esq., of Greenfield. The trial was long and laborious, carefully and closely contested. Very able and eloquent speeches were made by Stanley Matthews, Judge Briggs and Judge Sloane, and the Hon. Mills Gardner. On the evening of Thursday, January 23, 1867, the jury retired, having been charged by Judge Dickey, and, after eighteen hours' deliberation, returned a verdict of six hundred and twenty-five dollars' damages. The defendants, by their attorneys, filed bills of exceptions, and moved for a new trial, but, before the new trial came on, this case, as well as the others interested, were all settled or compromised by the payment of nominal sums for damages. 432 - HISTORY OF ROSS AND HIGHLAND COUNTIES, OHIO. THE WOMEN'S CRUSADE. The beginning of the women's crusade against liquor was at Hillsborough. The ladies first marched there upon the streets on the twenty-fourth of December, 1873. The next place where this method of suasion was adopted was Washington C. H. Greenfield was the third town in Ohio in which women marched in procession upon the streets and prayed in the saloons. The first meeting of the Greenfield temperance association and ladies' league was held Friday evening, January 9, 1874. The women first visited the saloons upon the thirteenth of January, From that time onward the system was followed with persistency, and the results produced were as favorable as in most localities. An extensive enrollment of those signing the personal pledge was perhaps the most favorable result. Several saloons were closed, and the liquor trade in other places was considerably modified. The proprietors of some saloons were obdurate, and such were visited regularly for a long time, the ladies sitting in an omnibus provided with a small stove, day after day in front of one place. The following is a list of the ladies who Were active in the crusade, or in other words, those who performed the duty of making saloon visits: Susie, Lucina A., Sallie, Bella, Nannie, Maggie and Sadie Adams, Belle Allen, Mrs. S. W. Allen, Fannie Allen, M. E. Anderson, Ruth Beatty, Mary A. Blain, Mrs. L. W. Baldwin, Mattie Bennett, Judith Bonner, Sade C. Boyd, Mary E. Bush, Sallie M. Bush, Allie Bush, Anna Brooks, Sarah Byrn, Mrs. Amy Bush, Anna Blazer, Mary Cope, Mrs. W. W. Caldwell, Belle Cope, M, F. Carr, Hannah Case, Mrs, Milton Dunlap, Kate Dwyer, Louise Devoss, Etta Devoss, Mrs. S. Douglass, Mrs. W. A. Douglass, N. Dunlap, Clara Dwyer, Kate Dwyer, Ella Duncan, Lizzie Deaver, Lou M. Dunlap, Carrie F. Dunlap, Mrs, John Eckman, Anna Eckman, Mrs. C. Edwards, S. O. Evans, Mrs. A. G. Elder, Annie Elder, Josie Elliott, Lizzie Hite, Mrs. Dr. S. Fullers, A. J. Finch, J. F. Franklin, H. W. Freshour, Hannah Finch, Mrs. St. Griswold, Jennie Griffin, Mary Ghormley, Mrs, C. Haines, Carrie Haines, Mrs. J. Hudson, M. A. Irwin, Mrs. W. Irwin, Jennie Irwin, Mrs. A. U. Johnson, Mrs. P. B. Jones, N. A. Jones, Lina Jones, Martha Jones, Mrs. W. P. Laughlin, P. Lindley, Mrs. D. C. Long, Susan Librand, Sarah Leake, Mary Love, Anna Love, Mary H. Leib, Mattie Long, Sallie McGinness, Lizzie Miller, Jane Murray, Mrs. J. L. Metcalf, Mrs. Jane M. Mead, Mrs. E. H. Miller, Mrs. R. H. Miller, S. J. Marland, N. McAlpine, Ruth McAlpine, Mrs. F. G. Mitchell, Mrs. L. S. Mitchell, Clara McKee, Mary Morrow, Mag. McWilliams, Lizzie Murray, N. E. McCoy, Hellen Mead, Abbie T. Marshall, Martha Murray, Mrs. S. L. Mains, Mrs. J. A. McMullen, Esther McElroy, Alice Murray, Mrs. M. A. Middleton, Kate McKee, Mrs. John Nelson, Mrs. F. W. Pierson, Mattie J. Reasoner, Ada. Roten, Phebe Roach, Lizzie Robinson, Margaret Ryder, Ida Robins, Mrs. J, H. Rodgers, Nancy D. Smith, Belle A. Smith, Julia C. Strider, C. R. Smith, Nancy Schrock, Mrs. J. H. Sellers, Mrs. E, Smart, Mrs. D. L. Smart, Mrs. G. W. Sprung, Hattie E. Seagle, Blanch Sellers, Mrs. J. F. Withgott, Frances Walling, Mrs. G. W. Thurston, Mrs. T. F. Wright, Mrs. J. L. Wilson, Mrs. A. J. Wright, Mrs. Emilie Witkie, Mrs. W. H. Wilson, Mrs. John F. Waddle, Mrs. S. E. Young, Mrs. Frances Young. The Murphy temperance movement in Highland county was first organized at Greenfield, and quite a widespread reformation resulted therefrom. THE GREENFIELD DISTRICT FAIR ASSOCIATION. For the past twenty-two years the farmers of Ross, Highland and Fayette counties, for a considerable distance from Greenfield, have maintained an excellent organization for the purpose of holding agricultural fairs, and their exhibitions have been highly creditable to the neighborhood. The Greenfield District Fair association was frrst discussed at a meeting held on the third of July, 1858, and its organization was effected on the thirty-first of the same month. A meeting was held on the seventeenth, at Smart's hall, and the following persons signed the constitution and became members of the association : Thomas Murray, Levi Hyer, James Dean, Thomas R. Job, William A. Roger, Reuben James, A. Ballard, W. W. Ballard, John Boyd, Hugh Smart, L. Leib, Alfred S. Dickey, J. Davis, sr., David Lucas, Isaac James, James Bell, John T. Waddle, Nelson Bell, R. L. Patterson, John Irwin, David Gray, James Scroggs, Morse Anderson, William Mains, George Jury, William Collier, D. J. Davis, jr., T. E. Odell, S. Hyer, J. M. Murray, J. D. Hudson, R. B. Smart, J. S. Wallace, Abram Kelley, Albert Adams, Rutherford Collier, S. C. Murray, W. H. R. Irwin, T. M. Gray, J. H. Rothrock, A. E. Bush, James Gibson, M. McClure, J. H. Thompson, John W. Devoss, J. W. Donahue, John C. Duncan, Henry L. Dickey, Allen Stinson, William Taylor, Robert Bryan, and R. C. Kinkead. The joint stock plan was decided upon as the financial basis of organization, the total amount fixed at six thousand dollars, and the valuation of single shares placed at five hundred dollars. July 31, 1858, the first officers of the association were elected, and the list stood as follows : Thomas Murray, of Ross county, president; Levi Hyer, vice-president; R. C. Kinkead, secretary; S. B. Anderson, of Highland county, treasurer; Albert Adams, of Fayette county, William Collier and Allen Stinson, of Ross county, George Jury and W. H. R. Irwin, of Highland, managers. The first fair was held October 20, 21, and 22, 1858, on grounds rented of R. S. Douglass, and fitted up for the occasion. The total receipts of this exhibition was two thousand two hundred and twenty-six dollars. This was a successful beginning of a long career of constantly increasing prosperity for the association. It was soon discovered that the fair association was not simply an experiment but an assured permanent institution. The same ground upon which the first fair was held, with enough more to make forty acres, was leased on long time, and permanent structures erected thereon, consisting of a domestic exhibition hall, a dining hall, one hundred cattle stalls, two hundred horse stalls, and other necessaries and conveniences. An excellent one-third mile track was laid out, and of late years races have been one of the regular attractions of the fair, and some of the best HISTORY OF ROSS AND HIGHLAND COUNTIES, OHIO - 433 horses in the State have competed there for prizes. The receipts have been as high as three thousand six hundred, four thousand, and even five thousand dollars, at single fairs, and the amount of money given in premiums has increased apace with the increase of patronage, The present officers of the association are the following: W. H. Irwin, of Highland county, president; Amos Putnam, of Ross county, vice-president; Fay Baldwin, treasurer ; W. H. Anderson, secretary (both of Highland county); J. D. Mace, of Ross, Joseph Irwin, P, F. Brady, C. W. Smart, and John Merrill, of Highland county, managers. MASONIC. Greenfield Lodge, No. 318, Free and Accepted Masons, was organized October 20, 1859, with ten members as follows: Silas Irion, James 0. Perry, Thomas Patton, Sanford Bradley, James Kaufman, Horace Strickland, G, W. Smalley, Rev. W. J. Quarry, Charles Robinson, and Dr. William McCollum. The officers for 1880 are: Reuben Newman, W. M.; Samuel Hamilton, S. W.; James Bemer, J. W.; Milton Hughey, secretary; N. Squiers, treasurer; W. F. Galbraith, S. W.; R. M. McElroy, J. W.; W. W. Newman, tyler; Aaron Cox, Joseph Irwin, Fred. Newbeck, stewards, Greenfield Chapter, No. 133, Royal Arch Masons, was organized October 2, 1872, by J, B. Eckman, W. W. Ballard, T. M. Packhard, A. J. Smart, Joseph Fultz, G, W. Pope, W. B. Litler, John Chestnut, and James P. Simpson. Following are the officers for 1880: Joseph Fultz, most excellent high priest; W. F. Galbraith, excellent king; Samuel Heidingsfeld, scribe ; F. C. Sanders, captain of the host; L. F. Anderson, P. S.; John H. Rodgers, royal arch captain; J. G. Newbeck, grand master, third veil; James Bemer, grand master, second veil; Joseph Irwin, grand master, third veil; W. B. Litler, treasurer; R, A. Strider, secretary; John Chestnut, sentinel. Cedar Grove Lodge, No. 17, Free and Accepted Masons, is an organization composed of colored men. The lodge was organized October 13, 1869, and the charter members were: Willis Hackley, D. A. Greene, H. T. Gay, Wesley Raines, Samuel Sloan, Scott Parker, R. B. Nash, C. Hargo, and Anthony Keys. The present officers are: H. T. Gay, W. M.; C. R. Patterson, S. W,; Wesley Raines, J. W..; L. D. Woods, secretary; W. H. Hackley, treasurer; G. M. Hill, S. D.; G. W. Bell, J. D.; Frank Johnson, tyler. INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS. The Odd Fellows of Greenfield form a large and rich organization. They own the large stone building on Main street in which they meet, and both the lodge and encampment are in very prosperous condition. Ringgold Lodge, No. 90, was instituted August 11, 1847, by Grand Master Thomas Spooner, with the following charter members: W. C. Frye, R. C. Kinkead, Nelson Bell, James M. Grove and E. B. Tuttle. The present officers of the lodge are: J. W. Kelsey, N. G,; W. Waddle, V. G.; R. J. McCalpin, secretary; W. H. Anderson, recording secretary; J. D. Mace, treasurer. Highland Encampment, No. 173, was organized June 15, 1874, with W. B, Clark, S. C. Murray, Samuel Hamilton, W. H. Evans, A. G. Binnegar, W. H. Logan and J. M. Elliott as charter members. The encampment is now officered as follows: J. W. Jones, C. P.; J. D. Mace, H. P.; James Murray, S. W.; W. H. Anderson, J. W.; Henry Evans, treasurer; George W. Lefevre, secretary. CEMETERIES. The old Greenfield cemetery consists of one out-lot of four acres, lying upon the west bank of Paint creek, towards the waters of which it slopes. The ground was donated by Duncan McArthur when the town was laid out. The little city of the dead has grown apace with the village of the living. William Bell, who died November 18, 1801, was the first person of adult age buried there. Since then, year by year the grassy mounds and the memorial stones have increased slowly and steadily, as the young and old of Greenfield have been called from life over to the silent majority. Many of the pioneers rest here who toiled and moiled within sight of the little burial place, until, weary and worn, they could work no longer, and laid down the burden. The humble sandstone monuments, with their quaint carvings and the weathered marble slabs, mark the graves of some men whose works are far grander monuments to their memories than any that could be reared with hands. Just a few feet from the rear wall of the church is a plain stone, which bears the name of the venerable preacher, Samuel Crothers, who died July 20, 1856, after almost a half century of usefulness in the community. His tomb is but a few yards from the pulpit where he had so long repeated the words of inspiration, "There is no work, nor device, nor knowledge, nor wisdom, in the grave whither thou goest." There is another old burial place—the Rocky Spring graveyard, in the southern part of the township of Madison—where has been laid away all that was mortal of a score or more of those who were early settlers in the surrounding country. In the village of Greenfield is a newer cemetery, which in accordance with that feeling of tender love and holy veneration for the dead, which is a token of man's finer nature, has been made as expressively beautiful as earthly symbols of heavenly purity and peace can be. A well chosen site—a piece of gently rolling land lying between the road and creek, higher than the former, and sinking by every gradation to the level of the latter, has been tastefully and appropriately laid off, and now, after a dozen years of constant care and improvement, makes one of the most beautiful village cemeteries to be found in the country, The land, a tract of twenty-six acres, was bought of John Anderson and John Sellers, in 1867, by an association, and in the following year was laid out by Mr. Weitz, a landscape gardener and florist of Wilmington. The original cost of the land was about four thousand dollars. Nearly three times that amount has since been expended in beautifying the grounds. A sexton is employed by the year to care for the cemetery ; and to Isaac Finch, the first who performed that service, and Frederick Mark, the present holder of the place, 55 434 - HISTORY OF ROSS AND HIGHLAND COUNTIES, OHIO. much of the credit is due for the excellent appearance of the Greenfield cemetery. SETTLEMENT OF THE TOWNSHIP. Matthew Kilgore made some improvements on what has since been known as the Adam B. Smith farm, as early as 1802, and William Kilbourne on the farm now owned by Samuel Douglass, in 1803. In 1803 came the Ellises, Seth Smith, and the Litlers, settling upon Walnut creek. Smith was a somewhat eccentric old Quaker, who had come into Ohio from Tennessee, as early as 1801, and had located at the falls of Paint until coming into Madison. He lived in this township for a number of years, and then removed to Clarke county, Ohio. The Litlers are still represented in the neighborhood by two grandsons. They were of Quaker stock, and their ancestors came to America in the same ship that brought William Penn. Samuel Litler settled where his grandson, W. B., now lives, coming in the township from Greene county, Tennessee. The family consisted of his wife, Sarah (Stanfield), and two children, John and Thomas. Four others were born after the settlement was made: Seth, Nathan, Elizabeth and Eliza, all long since deceased as well as the first two. John Litler married Nancy, daughter of Samuel McClure, who is still living with her son, J. H., in Fairfield township, and near Centerfield. He (John) died in 1855. Thomas died unmarried. Seth moved at an early date to Illinois. Elizabeth married J. Durnell. Eliza married John Bull, and removed to Shelby county, Ohio. John and Nancy Litler raised a family of nine children, seven of whom are living. They are as follows : Eliza Jane (Barnes) in Indiaea; Thomas J. and Samuel, deceased; Walter B. in Madison township ; Sarah E. (Stanfield), John M. and William, in Indiana; J. H. in Fairfield, and Mary Elizabeth in Clinton county. Samuel Litler, the original pioneer, was born in 1773, and died in 1827. His wife, who was six years his junior, died in 1840. The Rodgers family made the pioneer settlement between the Falls of Paint and Greenfield, settling in 1805, about four miles south of the present village of Greenfield. The party that arrived just before Christmas, in the year 1814, consisted of William Rodgers and his two sons, Thomas and Hamilton, and two men named Doolittle and Thomas. At the mouth of Rattlesnake they were joined by David Hays. Their errand was to divide a survey of two thousand acres of land, known as the George survey, which William Rodgers, Thomas and Doolittle had just purchased at sheriff's sale in Chillicothe. They succeeded in doing this, and the land which fell to William Rodgers, he divided between his sons, Hamilton and Thomas. In August, of 1805, these two men each built a cabin upon their tracts, and at the following December, on returning to the Falls of Paint, they met a company of Virginians, encamped by the ford. John Tudor and Phillip Adair, with their families, gladly accepted the offer of the two cabins as temporary places of shelter. They went there, and soon after, building cabins of their own, became permanent settlers, and soon drew others to the neighborhood. Adair's father, Benjamin, also came to the settlement, and lived and died there. The old Rodgers' house, now the home of the Grimm family was for many years a station on the "underground railroad," and the place in which the freedom seeking darkies were hidden, is still shown to visitors. Isaiah Rowe was in Madison as early as 1804. He and his wife, Eilzabeth (Ralston), came from Tennessee some time in the year mentioned, and located on what has since been known as the Shoemaker farm, near the south end of the township. In the spring of 1805, they moved up to the Aphas Fisher farm, on Walnut creek, and in 1808 removed to the site of Buenna Vista, in Fayette county, where the wife died in 1822, and the husband in 1837. They had eleven children, ten of whom lived to their majority. Samuel, the youngest but one, became a resident of this township in 1834, buying the farm where he has ever since lived. He married Christina Straley, and raised a family of nine children, three of whom, L. S., James F. and Mary (Wheaton), are residents of the township. About 1807 Joseph McKee, who became known as a great hunter, settled on Walnut creek. Samuel Strain came from South Carolina in 1805, and located in Adams county, where he remained, however, only one year. He then removed to Ross county, and, in 1808, to Madison township. He was a Revolutionary soldier; was born in 1762, and died in 1844. He was a cooper by trade, and the first in the township. He settled on four hundred acres of land where A. A. Strain now lives. His son Andrew raised a large family, of whom A. A., S. W., Martha (Hughes), and Sarah (McWilliams), live in this township. Wilson Stewart, and his wife, Mary (Mitchell), came, in 1808, to Ross county, and into Madison township in 1810, settling where John Odell now lives, in the Bibbs survey. He was a soldier in the war of 1812, and a farmer and blacksmith by trade. He came from Huntingdon (now Perry) county, Pennsylvania. By his first wife Wilson Stewart had eight children—Annie, Elizabeth, and Jane, deceased; Sarah (McConnell), in Indiana; William, in Illinois; Samuel, in this township; John, in Illinois, and Wilson, in Iowa. By his second wife, Eleanor Blain, he had two daughters, Mary and Eleanor, both deceased. Thomas Moore, and his wife, Mary Ellis, came from Berkeley county, Virginia, and settled in Fayette county, not far from the line, where he built a mill, long known by his name. Mr. Moore, in 1816, settled in Madison, on the farm now occupied by Dr. Todhunter (on which a small clearing had been made by squatters), where he lived until his death, in 1870. He was born in 1786, and was a soldier in the war of 1812. The children of this early settler were: Eliza (Doggett), Margaret (Todhunter), and Thomas Jefferson, all three living in the township; and four others, all deceased, viz.: Jane G., James Madison, Rebecca Ann, and Mary Isabella. About 1810, Abraham Pope, William Mason, the Jurys and Jobs, settled on Walnut creek, where some of HISTORY OF ROSS AND HIGHLAND COUNTIES, OHIO - 435 their descendants still reside. William Gustin came about the same time, and settled where his son James now lives, and James Gustin settled near the present line of the Sabina pike. Robert Duncan came in as a young man, and settled where his son John is now living. He raised a large family, of whom several live in the township, among them the wife of Joseph Irwin. Matthew Aber and Thomas Carr also came between the years 1810 and 1812. Carr's ford was named after the latter. The former, who was from Pennsylvania, settled where his son William now lives, northwest from Greenfield, and died there in 1859. William Douglass and his wife Mary (Scott) came from Cumberland (now Perry) county, Pennsylvania, in 1810, and settled on a farm of twelve hundred acres below Greenfield, where Samuel Douglass now lives. He was born in 1765, and died in 1853. The children of William Douglass were Robert Scott, John, Watson, William, and David, all deceased; James, Samuel, Alexander and Sarah (Smith), all residents of this township, and Margaret (Gaines) in Cincinnati. David Strain and family came from Abbeville district, South Carolina, to Ross county, in 1808, settling on land now known as the Squire Foster farm. Two years later he came to Madison township, where he died in 1824. He purchased from six to seven hundred acres of land, which he afterward divided among his children. John Caldwell Strain, oldest son of David Strain, was born in South Carolina in 1783, and married Margaret Johnston. He came to Madison township in 1810, and settled where Allen Strain now lives. His wife died in 1845, and in 1847 he married Mrs. Rebecca Bird, of Madison county, Ohio. He lived in Greenfield eight or ten years, and then returned to his farm, living with Allen Strain, where he died in 1877. His family consisted of three sons, Allen, William A., and John Q., and four daughters, Abigail, Nancy, Vina and Margaret, The last two died unmarried. Allen married Eliza J. McMillen; Abigail married James Templin, of Ross county; Nancy married Joseph McCoy ; William A. married Mary J. McMillen; John Q. married Helen B. French. All raised families. John Caldwell Strain, the father of this family, was in the war of 1812. He was an exemplary and wholly admirable man. He was a strong advocate of total abstinence before there was any organized action, and was a pioneer abolitionist and a station agent upon the underground railroad, Charles Hughey was another proneer of 1810. He was born of Irish parents, who emigrated from the county of Donegal, Ireland, to the eastern shore of Maryland, and thence to Pennsylvania. Charles Hughey went to Kentucky, and while there married Nancy Records, and in the year 1803 became a settler on Sunfish creek, in Pike county. He settled on Rattlesnake in 1808, and in 1810 removed to this township, where he died in 1816, leaving a widow and ten children, namely, William, James, Alexander, Josiah R., Nicy, Elizabeth, Jane, Isabella, Susan, and Christina, His daughter Nicy was married to David Strain. William married Ellen Tudor; Elizabeth married Aaron Thurman; Alexander married Esther Tudor; James married a Miss Carson; Jane, a man by the name of Matthew Hopkins; Susan, John Collins; Isabella, Zadoc Jackson; Christina, Joseph Burras; and Josiah R. Hughey married Sarah Parker. All of the marriages were with either the sons or daughters of old settlers. Josiah R. Hughey lived in Madison until his death in 1862. He was for many years a justice of the peace. Charles Hughey, his father, while living in Kentucky, was several times in this -part of the country with Simon Kenton, in pursuit of the Indians. LATER SETTLERS Samuel Houlton and his wife, Rebecca, came into this township, in 1813, and settled where their grandson, Wm. M., now lives. They were originally from Pennsylvania, and had settled, in 1802, at the High Bank, south of Chillicothe. Soon after the above date, the McMullen brothers came. from Pennsylvania—Andrew, James, William, and Robert, and about the same time came John Tudor and James McClellan. A few years later came William Simmons, who settled on the Merchant farm, on Walnut ; Andrew Arnett, from York county, Pennsylvania, who settled where his son, John, now lives; also John Anderson, a carpenter, and William Brooks, from the same county. The latter located on what is now known as the Duffield farm, north of the Centerfield pike. Robert Waddle settled, in 180, on Sugar run, where Albert Adams now lives. The McWilliams came a little earlier than the last mentioned. There were three brothers—Samuel, Joseph, and Philip. Daniel Lumbeck and the Bascombs came about 1816, and located in "Carolina"—the southern part of the township. In 1817, Adam B. Wilson, of North Carolina, settled three miles southeast of Greenfield. He had before been in Chillicothe and in Buckskin township. He married, in 1817, Margery Dean, who is still living, with her son, Cyrus F., just west of Greenfield. They had twelve children, eight of whom are now living: Samuel M., William H., and Cyrus F., in this township; J. L., in Greenfield; Harriet C. (Patterson), in Hillsborough; Sarah A. (Shepherd), in Rockford, Illinois; John C. and E. G., in Iowa. Adam B. Wilson was one of the prominent men of the county in his time. He was a justice of the peace and a man who transacted a large amount of business of all kinds. He was a lieutenant in the war of 1812, and during his life in this township very prominently identified with the anti-slavery movement, He was born in 1790, and died in 1857. Thomas White, a native of Delaware, though for some years a resident of Ross county, came to Madison in 1820. William Irwin and his wife, Margaret McCormick, a native of Ireland, came to America in 1800, and the same year to Buckskin township, where he lived until 1811. He then removed to Paint township (Ross county), and in 1817 came from there to Madison, and located where his son now lives. He died in 1857. He 436 - HISTORY OF ROSS AND HIGHLAND COUNTIES, OHIO. had eleven children, three of whom, John, Margaret (Taylor) and Nancy (McMillen), are still living, the former a resident of this township. Alexander Elliott came to the township in 1820, and lived there until his death, in 1862. He married Jane Adams, who is still living and residing with her son in Greenfield, one of the oldest residents of the village. Her son Milton is engaged in manufacturing, and is elsewhere spoken of. Captain James Anderson and his wife, Margaret Brooks, came from Pennsylvania in 1822. They located at first in Greenfield, and soon after removed to the Worthington farm, in the western part of the township, where they afterwards lived until their death. Captain Anderson, who received his title from his service in the war of 1812, was born in 1791 and died in 1856. He was the father of four children: Samuel and Andrew Jackson (deceased), William, now in Iowa, and Sarah, wife of Robert Worthington, living upon the old place. William Town, now one of the oldest men in the township, has been a resident of the county since 1823, and since 1829 of the farm where he now lives, which he bought of James Hughey. His father, Joseph C. Town, was a native of Massachusetts. At an early day, he emigrated to Pennsylvania, where he married Mary Slocum, sister of Francis Slocum, of the Wyoming massacre fame. He settled in Pickaway county in 1808. He was in the war with the British, and died at Sandusky, in 1815. The son, William, of whom we have spoken, was born September 7, 1799, and married, in 1828, Esther Evans, by whom he had ten children, six of whom are still living, viz.: John C., Milton E., James E., Hugh E., Mary R. S. (Arnett) and Maria J. (Arnett). The first named and the last two are residents of the township. John Griffith came to the township, and located where his son, Henry C., now lives, in r830, having married in Washington county, Pennsylvania, Nancy Crispin. He died in 1877, at the age of seventy-five, and his wife died in 1879. They raised a large family of children, viz: Mary J. (Swift), now in Fayette county; Matilda and Isaac W., both deceased; Montagues, in this township; Keturiah (Worthington), in Fairfield township; B. F., deceased; J, W., in Fayette county; H. C. and Nancy, deceased; Elizabeth in Clinton county; Margaret, deceased, and Henry C., of this township. Rutherford Collier, son of James Collier, one of the earliest settlers in Buckskin township, came to Madison township in 1839. He was born in Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, in 1810. Joseph Irwin, sr., of Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, made purchases of land in this township in 1807, with the intention of emigrating, but he never did so, and the land which the father expected to occupy, after many years, became the home of his sons, Henry Irwin came out in 1844, Edward and Joseph in 1852. The former removed to Buckskin township, and the latter remained. The mother of these three named, came a couple of years later, bringing with her a son and two daughters. CIVIL ORGANIZATION OF THE TOWNSHIP. On the tenth of June, 1810, it was ordered by the commissioners of Highland county, "that there be a township struck off from the northeast corner of the county, by the name of Madison, beginning at the mouth of Rattlesnake fork of Paint creek, thence up the same to the line of Highland county, thence with the line of said county east, to Paint creek, thence with the meanders of said creek to the place of beginning." John Coffey was the first justice of the peace elected in the township. The names of the other officers have been lost to the memory of the oldest inhabitants, and as no records of the early history of the township give them they can not be obtained. At the October election of 1810, Madison township polled forty-seven votes. It is interesting to know by whom they were cast. As the list of voters undoubtedly includes nearly all of then male residents of the township, over twenty-one years of age, we 'give it entire. The poll-book shows the following names: Samuel Strain, Joseph Henderson, James Watts, Wilson Stewart, James Thornton, Joseph Hill, Lewis Luteral, Frederick Grants, Matthew L. Kilgore, William Bidwell, Jacob Jones, Matthew Brown, Francis Knott, Joseph Bell, George Gray, James Aury, Thomas Rodgers, Josiah Bell, James Strain, James Rogers, David Dutton, James Kingery, Demsy Cops, Charles Hughey, William Bacon, Henry Brown, Seph. Fisher, Samuel Hutton, James Fisher, Jephthah Johnson, John Kilbourne, Charles Brown, Samuel Gibson, David Strain, William McMillen, Samuel Kingery, Samuel Holladay, John Fisher, Jacob Kingery, Cornelius Hill, George Sanderson, Alexander Morrow, jr., Alexander Morrow, sr., George Mitchell, John Coffey, John R. Strain, and John Sellers. As we have before stated, the early records of the township have been destroyed. The fact is quaintly stated in the book of records, beginning in 1848, by Thomas L. Day, a somewhat eccentric and humorous gentleman, who for many years filled the place of clerk. He says: "NOTE.—The records of Madison township, previous to 1824, having been kept on loose papers, in a loose way, are among the missing. At that time it entered the noddle of some one (history mentions not his name) to be more particular with the keeping of the affairs of the township." Hence an old ledger was brought into use for preserving the records. Nevertheless, the records are not complete even back to the date at which the good idea entered the "noddle" of that unknown would be benefactor of the historian, and hence the list of township officers cannot be presented to the reader. The following is the list of township officers at present serving: Allen Caldwell, James W. Blain, Jonathan Jones, trustees; W. H. Anderson, clerk; R, J. McAlpin, A. N, Patton, justices of the peace; D. M. Harris, S. E. Brighton, constables; E. H. Miller, treasurer. Township board of education: Allen Caldwell, president; W. H. Anderson, clerk; Henry C. Griffith, John Fullerton, John Johnson, W. E. Walker, James H. Dun, Thomas J. Moon, John Arnett, J. N. McWilliams. 436A - HISTORY OF ROSS AND HIGHLAND COUNTIES, OHIO. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. SAMUEL ROW is one of the substantial, respected citizens of Madison township. His father, Isaiah Row, came to the county of Highland, in 1804, from Tennessee. He settled within the present limits of Madison township, on Rattlesnake creek, and near the site of Rocky Spring church. After spending about a year at this location, he moved to what has since been known as the Aphas Fisher farm, near the mouth of Walnut creek, where he remained until the summer of 1808, when he went to Fayette county and bought a farm, upon which a portion of the village of Buena Vista has since been built. He lived there until his death, on March 3, 1837. He was married in Tennessee, January -, 1794, to Elizabeth Ralston. He was born November 17, 1756, and his wife in 1772. They were the parents of eleven children, ten of whom lived to maturity, viz: James, Ira, Mary (Mrs. William Boxley), Ruth, William, John, Elizabeth (widow of Z. Wiatt, now living in Illinois), Samuel, Sarah (Coleman, now in the west), and Hezekiah, in Fayette county. All are now dead, save Elizabeth, Samuel, Sarah, and Hezekiah. Samuel Row was born May 28, 1808, in Madison township, Highland county, grew up in Fayette county, and lived there until after his marriage. He was joined to Christina Straley, daughter of Christian and Susannah Straley, September 18, 1833. She was born November 17, 1805, and died the nineteenth of September, 185o, after seventeen years of married life. Mr. and Mrs. Row, very soon after their marriage, removed to Madison township, and settled where the aged husband still resides, upon a tract of one hundred acres of land, only eight acres of which were cleared. Nine children were the offspring of their marriage, five of whom died in infancy. The eldest, John Milton, was born June 24th, and died in May, 1865, in North Carolina, whither he had gone with the Twenty-seventh regiment, Ohio volunteer infantry, Mary, the second child (living), married William V. Wheaton, and lives in Madison township, near her father's. Henry, the third child named, died in infancy. Lewis F. shares his home with his father, and James F. lives on a portion of the old farm.. Lewis S. Row has been twice married. His first wife was Rachel, daughter of John and Mary Wheaton. The children by this marriage were five in number, viz: Mary, Minton, John Wheaton, Ettie, and William Isaiah, all of whom are living. The present wife of Mr. Lewis S. Row was Sarah Urania, daughter of David R. and Elizabeth (Wheaton) Pratt. The offspring of this marriage were two children, both of whom are living-Elmer and Edward. WILLIAM M. HOULTON. Samuel and Mary Rebecca Houlton, grandparents of the man whose name heads this sketch, were from Pennsylvania, and settled as early as 18o2, at "the high bank " below. Chillicothe. They remained there until 1813, when they removed to Madison township, Highland county, and purchased the farm now owned by William M. Houlton. They had six children, viz: Matthew K., John, Samuel, Francis, Mary and Rebecca, none of whom are now living, except the last two, both of whom reside in Steuben county, Indiana. Samuel Houlton, father of the subject of our sketch, was born in 181o, and at an early day removed to Steuben county, Indiana, where he died about 1840. He married Hannah Fee, who was born near Gallipolis. After his death the widow married again, and removed to New York State, where her children accompanied her. They were three in number, viz: Mary (Mrs. Perry King), who died some time since in Michigan; William M. and Lucinda (Mrs. Darius Jackman), now a resident of Kansas. William M. Houlton, born September 29, 1837, went to New York State, and in 1857 came to Madison township to reside with his grandmother and his uncle, Matthew K., and upon the death of the latter in 1875, received the farm upon which he resides, and on which he has since built the comfortable home of which a view appears in this work. He has been a continuous resident of the township since 1857, with the exception of four years, during which period he was in the army. His war experience began in April, 1861, when he entered the three months' service as a member of the Twenty-second regiment Ohio volunteer infantry. After serving out the time for which he was engaged, he re-enlisted, and was assigned to the First Virginia cavalry, with which he remained until it was mustered out July 15, 1865. He was a good soldier, and one who was always regarded as fit for any post at which he was placed. One of his deeds of daring was the capturê of the colors from the rebel line in a fortification which the cavalry charged and took. He had three months of suffering in Libby prison and at Belle Isle, which so reduced him that he was sent home for a furlough and with permission to remain as long as he pleased, or to leave the army for good. He returned, however, as soon as able, and again took his place at the front. Mr. Houlton is a Republican, and takes a warm interest in politics. He was married, August 15, 1865, to Eliza L. Wilcox, of Chautauqua county, New York, by whom he has had five children, four of whom are living. Ida, the first-born, died. The others-Samuel, Frank, George and Mary-four as bright, beautiful and healthful children as one would wish to see, are the joy of their parents. JOHN IRWIN. William Irwin and his wife, Margaret McCormick, whom he had then just married, came from Ireland to America in 1798, and after remaining for two years near the seaboard, pushed their way westward, and finally chose a location in Buckskin township, of Ross county. They had only a hundred and fifty dollars, or rather, its equivalent in guineas, when they arrived in the United States, and but little more than that sum when they came to Ohio. Mr. Irwin gave seventy-five dollars for fifty acres of land in Buckskin, and after remaining there until 1811, removed to Paint township, of the same county, and purchased one hundred and seven acres of land for the same amount of money he had expended in his first purchase. In 1817 he removed from Paint to Madison township, Highland county, and this time purchased two hundred and sixty-four acres of land for seventy-five dollars, the same being the farm on which his son John now resides.. He lived upon this farm until his death, in 1857, in the eighty-fourth year of his age, he having been born in 1773. His wife died September 9, 1355. He was a genuine Irishman, energetic, impetuous, and gallant, fond of anecdote and story, witty and rollicking. He was a man at once of excellent character and of very peculiar characteristics. Although he did not accumulate, through his industry, a large property, he still had sufficient to enable him to give each of his children a small farm. He was married in 1798, his wife being, as we have already said, Margaret McCormick. They were the parents of ten children who grew to maturity, and one who died an infant. Their names were Eliza (Mrs. Noah McVey), John, Susan (Mrs. James Gusten), William, Nancy (Mrs. John McMullen), Robert, Sally (Mrs. Patterson Coffee), Alfred, Margaret (Mrs. Simeon Taylor), and Thomas. All are now deceased, except John, Nancy, who resides in Illinois, and Margaret, who lives in Paint township, Ross county. John Irwin was born August 19, 1806, and moved with his father to Madison township when eleven years of age, and has resided in it ever since, upon the same farm. He retains, at almost seventy-five years of age, perfect health and a robustness of constitution, which is probably attributable to the active life he led during his boyhood, and to his rigid adherence to temperance habits in youth, and to total abstinence during the past thirty years. When only a lad he made journeys over the mountains with cattle, walking all the way to Baltimore and back, and often arriving home before the horsemen. He made six or seven of these trips, and was engaged in various other arduous undertakings, besides farming, which became his permanent occupation. He has been all of his life a hard worker, and now, at his advanced age, seems to be mentally and physically capable of more than many men who are a score of years his junior. His habits of industry, coupled with other good traits of character, have won and held fast the universal respect of his townsmen, as has been plainly manifested in various ways. He has been assessor for twenty-six consecutive years; was land appraiser in 1870, and now, in 188o, is reappraising it. He and his wife have been for about thirty years members of the Methodist church. He was married to Hester Limes, who was born in 1814, and is still living. She was a native of Fayette county, and her parents, William and Athaliah Limes, were among its earliest settlers. They have one son, W. H. Irwin, esq., attorney, of Greenfield, born October 12, 1832, whose biography appears elsewhere in this work. THE BOYD FAMILY. The Boyd family, one of the earliest in Greenfield, Madison township, has also been one of the most prominent, and there are few men in the county more widely or better known than its present representative, Thomas M. Boyd. His father, William Boyd, was born October 10, 436B - HISTORY OF ROSS AND HIGHLAND COUNTIES, OHIO 1765, came to Greenfield in 1814, and resided there until his death in 1857. His wife, Anna Murray, to whom he was married in Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, was born May so, 1772, and died in 1821, at the age of forty-nine. William Boyd and wife and their children came to Ohio in a company, consisting, beside themselves, of Mary Gaston, sister of Mrs. Boyd, and widow of Capt. John Gaston, who died in the war of 1812, together with the family of James Collier,—nineteen persons in all. They arrived July 9, 1814, having been six weeks upon the road with three teams of three horses each. William Boyd settled on the farm where William Thompson, his grandson, now lives. He was a carpenter by trade, but united with that occupation, farming, which he followed until his death. He was quite a politician (Democratic), and was one of those who suffered under the sedition law, while Adams was president. The children of William and Anna Boyd were: Thomas M., Sarah J. and William. Thomas M. Boyd was born January 5, 1803, and is still living; located in Greenfield. He has been twice married. His first wife was Ann Sanderson. They were married in 1829, and Mrs. Boyd died in 1866. Mr. Boyd's present wife was Mrs. Ara M. Oliver nee Mount, a daughter of William Mount, one of the early physicians of Cincinnati. By his first wife Mr. Boyd had three children: William J., born February 12, 1831; John G., born April 2, 1832, and James G., born June 26, 1834. Sarah J., sister of Thomas M. Boyd, was born in 1805. She married William W. Thompson, and died in 1867, her husband surviving her a few years. William Boyd was born in 1806. He married Catharine Hicks, and a few years later moved to McDonough county, Illinois, where he is still living. SAMUEL CROTHERS, D. D., was born near Chambersburgh, Franklin county, Pennsylvania, October 22, 1783. His parents were of Scotch-Irish descent. His maternal grandmother lost both her parents at the siege of Londonderry, Ireland, in the year 169o, and afterwards endured many hardships at the hands of the Roman Catholics, in the then unsettled state of the country previous to her marriage and emigration to America. His father served in the army of the Revolution, and was reputed a man of great firmness, and at the same time was noted for his strong sense 'of justice. In 1787 his father moved, with all his family, to the neighborhood of Lexington, Kentucky. He entered Lexington academy in 1798, two years before his father's death. He united with the Associate Reformed Presbyterian church, of Lexington, in the year 1803, and in the following year he placed himself under the care of the Kentucky presbytery of the Associate Reform church. From 1805 to 1809 he was in a theological seminary, at New York, under the care of Dr. John M. Mason, that "prince of American preachers." Returning to Kentucky, he was licensed to preach the Gospel November 9, 1809. The next year he spent in missionary labors in Ohio, Illinois, Tennessee and Kentucky. Four months of this time he labored near Kaskaskia, Illinois. In the fall of 1810 he received and accepted a call from the united congregations of Chillicothe and Hop Run, Ross county, Ohio. He left Chillicothe in March, 1813, and settled in Greenfield, and for the next five years he gave all his labors to the church at Hop Run. On the tenth of April, 1818, he was released from his pastoral charge, and shortly afterwards he removed to Winchester, Kentucky, where he remained for two years, preaching and teaching in an academy. Here he united with the Presbyterian church. A part of his old parishioners wishing also to change their ecclesiastical relations, invited him to return to Greenfield. He accepted their invitation, and on June 24, 1820, the Presbyterian church, of Greenfield, was organized with sixty members. Of this church he was pastor until his death. The whole of his ministry in Greenfield and vicinity covered a period of forty-three years, seven years in the Associate Reformed, and thirty-six years in the Presbyterian church. His abundant labors were not confined to the pulpit and the pastorate. He wrote for the press, taking an active part in those controversies which grew out of slavery and intemperance. The most important of his published works are "The Gospel of the Jubilee" and "The Life of Abraham." His long and useful life closed July 20, 1856, at the residence of his son, John M. Crothers, esq., in Oswego, Illinois. At this time (1880), his venerable widow and four children survive him. For the last sixteen years the church which he organized, and in which he labored so long, has been under the pastoral care of his son, Rev. S. D. Crothers. The life and writings of Rev. Samuel Crothers, D.D., by Rev. Andrew Ritchie, was published in 1857. The late vice- president, Wilson, after reading this work, wrote to a son of Dr. Crothers: " The record of your father and those with whom he so heartily labored in the great cause, is a rich inheritance to those who bear his name and inherit his principles." The following tribute to his memory was paid by his life-long friend and co-laborer, Rev. H. S. Fullerton, of South Salem, Ohio: "As a friend, Dr. Crothers was faithfully confiding and affectionate. As a man, he was frank, generous and accessible even to a a child. They who suppose from his writings that he was harsh and severe, are greatly in error. As a writer, he was neat, concise and vigorous. As a man of intellect, he stood in a very high order. His mind was profound, yet practical; analytic, and yet comprehensive. Few men could compress so much thought in so small a space, and few men had so many thoughts to utter. As a preacher he stood pre-eminent in the esteem of those who could distinguish between matter and manner, substance and sound. There was a wonderful richness in his discourses. The last sentence usually contained a new thought, and it was almost impossible to hear him, even on the most trite subjects without receiving some views which were useful, striking and original. His manner was remarkable for its deep solemnity, and yet very far from being what is usually called eloquent. A facetious clergy. man once told him that his eloquence was like the eloquence of a coffee-mill. But if that which thrills an audience be eloquence, that which rivets their attention and holds it from Sabbath to Sabbath for forty years, then Dr. Crothers was by far the most eloquent speaker the writer ever heard. But his crowning glory as a preacher was that he was most eminently a minister of Christ. It was impossible to hear him without feeling the conviction that his soul basked in the light and drew its life from the cross, and that he esteemed it his great work and highest honor to unfold its glories to his fellow-men. He was an earnest opposer of secret societies, an earnest temperance man, and an earnest anti-slavery man; but he regarded these only as side issues. He never allowed them to turn him aside from the great subject of his ministrations: Christ and him crucified the only hope of a dying world,"