MEET THE AUTHOR, GEORGE DALLAS ALBERT

The author of this book, a lawyer, was born in 1846 at Youngstown, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania where hA was reared, and during his career he lived in Latrobe, several miles from there. He attended the common schools but not college. Reading law with Henry C. Marchand, Esq., he was admitted to the Westmoreland County Bar in 1869. Later he married a lady of quality, as erudite as he was

His health was delicate from his birth to his death on October 13, 1898; thus he could not acquire knowledge and experience through a formal classical education or travel. He did not actively practice law until 1880 and even then because of his health and his diffident nature he shunned court work, maintaining an extensive office practice. Hence he could thoroughly research the law and history and became an excellent counselor and historian.

Thus in this world he could not "mix with action" but he did not "perish with decay." His world was the world of books, so it well can be said of him in the words of Oliver Goldsmith :

"And still they gaz'd and still the wonder grew

That one small head could carry all he knew."

The frailty of Mr. Albert's body was inversely proportionate to the fertility of his mind.

His final fame as a historian recalls someone saying to Napoleon, "You are the creature of fortuitous circumstances," Napoleon replying, "Yes, but I make the circumstances." So with George Dallas Albert.

And he did make the circumstances by writing this book which was published when he was just 36 years of age. As such a comprehensive magnum would require more than a decade of research and writing, he must have begun it in his early 20's. It was the first and is the best history of Westmoreland County. No doubt he wanted its publication to be in 1873, the centenary of the county's beginning, but his thoroughness and perfectionism likely delayed it so that it was published on his second target date, 1882, the 100th anniversary of the burning of Hanna's Town, Westmoreland's first county seat. It probably first was published in s serial in a Latrobe newspaper—THE LATROBE ADVANCE.

Nor was Mr. Albert "crowned before he was king," as said of Mascagni when he composed his "Cavaleria Rusticana," the composer never attaining such heights afterward. Mr. Albert sustained his royalty as a historian as attested by being appointed by Governor Pattison to be one of a commission of five to prepare for publication by the Commonwealth Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania, which was published in 1896 and was republished in 1916. He wrote the second of the two volume work.

In two years after the first printing at the age of fifty-two he died. Albert H. Bell, Esq., with whom Mr. Albert practiced law when he died, writes in his. Memoirs of the Bench and Bar of Westmoreland County, "He was the victim of a malady that saddened his days as it hastened their end."

Calvin E. Pollins, President

Westmoreland County Historical Society

PREFACE.

THE rapidity in which these sheets (equivalent to some four thousand manuscript folios) passed through the press and the hands of the editor precluded that careful and close scrutiny which an ordinary work is in all justice entitled to receive, and this by a proof-reader not perplexed with other business affairs. As a consequence there are some typographical errors and perhaps a few inadvertencies, some of which are apparent to us on a final scrutiny. One misstatement which crept into the body of the work from a broken copy, but which was printed in only a very few of the first of the impressions of this edition before we noticed it, we desire to correct. In that part of the ecclesiastical history it which the history of the Roman Catholic Church is given it is said that the Right Rev. Abbott Wimmer was the first prelate to enter the council hill at the Council of the Vatican, etc., when it should be, as it was intended, he was with thole prelates, etc. The copy was here wrongly read ; hence a discrepancy which we desire to explain. We make this explanation of the correction not with the mere object of righting the misstatement, but from a sense of duty, fully appreciating that no one would be more sensitive to an undue and equivocal exaltation than that right reverened prelate himself.

For minor inaccuracies (such as no book is free from)--- other than misstatements—we do not apologize nor ask for excuses. We believe the body of the work to be essentially free from mistakes in regard to dates and positive averments. Where dates appear that confuse or create doubt, they are found to be verified or corrected in other portions of the history, and ghat by corroborating statements or manifest implication.

In giving copies of old documents and of records they are given literally as they exist and have not been altered in form or phraseology only where it was proper to do so.

G. D. A.

June 17, 1882.

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CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTORY—EARLY PROVINCIAL HISTORY.

Prefatory—Necessity of Preserving the Facts of Local History—Chief Sources of Local History—Written Accounts and Traditions—Penn's Grant—His Policy--Success of His Colony—Alexander Spottswood, Governor of Virginia, wants the British Government to make a Line of Forts along the Western Rivers—The French in Canada—Their Policy towards the Indians—Alienation of the Indians from the English—Indians of Western Pennsylvania confined to their Reservations on the Ohio—The Ohio Company—Rivalry between the Governments of Pennsylvania and Virginia respecting the Indian Trade - 13

CHAPTER II.

THE FRENCH OCCUPANCY OF FORT DUQUESNE.

Conrad Weiser and George Crogan—Weiser's Report on the Tribes about the Ohio—Their Numbers and their Disposition—King Shingass and Queen Alliquippi—Gist's Settlement— George Washington sent by the Governor of Virginia to the Indian Tribes—His First Journey, and the Information he Acquired—The Ohio Company cuts Roads, makes Settlements, erects a Store-House and Fort at Redstone, and takes possession of the Forks of the Ohio River—Its Soldiers and Men are driven away by the French, who erect Fort Duquesne— The Governor of Virginia reinforces Washington, who retires to the Great Meadows, and Fights his First Battle at Fort Necessity—Braddock's Campaign projected - 17

CHAPTER III.

BRADDOCK'S EXPEDITION.

Braddock's Forces at Fort Cumberland—He comes up the Ohio Company's Road, piloted by Washington—Opens the Road to the Youghiogheny, and through our part of Westmoreland to the Monongahela ; after crossing which River the Army, in a Defile on the South Bank above Turtle Creek, is Surprised by the French Canadians and Indians from the Fort—The Number of the Enemy and their Leaders—The Virginians cover the Retreat of the British—Washington carries off the Army—The Route, Courses, and Distances of the March—How the Trail may be found at this Day—Effect of Braddock's Defeat on the Pennsylvania Colonists—The Battle Ground visited by Soldiers under Forbes Three Years after the Battle—The Appearance of the Field - 20

CHAPTER IV.

ARMSTRONG'S EXPEDITION, 1756--BOUQUET AT LIGONIER, 1758.

The Country overrun by Indians and French after Braddock's Defeat—Settlers flee to the East of the Mountains—Forts and Block-Houses on the Pennsylvania Frontier—Cel. John Armstrong's Expedition in 1756 against the Kittanning Town--The town taken and destroyed, and Capt. Jacobs reported killed—The Tramping-Ground of those Warriors—The French and Indian War carried or under William Pitt —John Forbes commands the New Expedition from Philadelphia against Fort Duquesne—His command—Col. Bouquet brings the Vanguard of the Army across Laurel Hill to the Loyalhanna, where he erects a Stockade, and awaits on the rest of the Army under Washing. ton and Forbes, who were to unite at Raystown, or Bedford - 25

CHAPTER V.

FORTIES' EXPEDITION, 1758.

Maj. Grant is sent out from Fort Ligonier to reconnoitre about Fort Duquesne—Number of Men under Grant, and their Route—Their Encampment on the Nine-Mile Run—Their Trail the first Road of the English-speaking People through Westmoreland from Laurel Hill to the Ohio—Grant arrives at the Hill overlooking Fort Duquesne—Is Surrounded and Defeated—Capt. Bullet carries the Remains of the Command back to the Stockade of Ligonier—The French and Indians fill the Woods about Ligonier, and with their united forces attack Bouquet—The Battle lasts nearly all Day, when the Enemy flee off through the Woods—The whole Army under Forbes at Ligonier—Re proposes to advance towards Fort Duquesne—Washington leads the way, and cuts the Old Military or Forbes' Road—Duquesne deserted by the French, and first occupied by the British and Americans—Fort Pitt erected - 28

CHAPTER VI.

FIRST SETTLEMENTS IN WESTMORELAND—BATTLE OF BUSHY RUN, 1763.

Settlers come into Ligonier Valley, about Fort Pitt, and alone; the Old Military Road—Their Isolated Situations, their Squalid Huts, Potato Patches, and First Clearings—Condition of Indian Affairs at the Peace between England and France, 1762 and 1763—Pontiac—Fort Ligonier made a General Depot—Officers Commandant at Fort Ligonier—The Great Uprising of the Northwestern Tribes—Fort Pitt and Fort Ligonier surrounded and cut off from connection with the East—Capt. Ourry and his Men from Bedford come to the relief of Ligonier and hold the Fort—Bouquet marches from the East to the relief of Fort Ligonier and Fort Pitt—The Force with him—Bouquet finds the Frontier overrun and the Inhabitants utterly destitute—He reaches Fort Ligonier (1763)—He strengthens the Poet, and with his Small Army and a Convoy of Pack-Horses proceeds towards Fort Pitt—He is attacked by the Indians under Kyashuta, the Chief of the Senecas, and fights the Battle of Bushy Run—He Defeats and Scatters his Enemy in the most successful Engagement fought with the Hostiles, and carries his Forces and Provisions into Fort Pitt. - 32

CHAPTER VII.

SETTLEMENT FROM 1759 TO 1769.

Misunderstood Boundaries of the Treaty of 1754 (Albany)—Purchase of 1758 and Boundaries thereunder—British Officers give Permits to Settlers after Forbes' Campaign—Pennsylvania will not give Title to Settlers, but passes Laws to keep Settlers off this Territory—Virginia induces Settlers to migrate hither and locate— The Boundary Line between Pennsylvania and Virginia not definitely known—Settlers come into the Country after Poutiac's war (1764)—They locate at Redstone, on the Youghiogheny, at the Forks of that River, and about Pittsburgh, Ligonier, and along the Great Roads—Mason and Dixon's Line run—Proclamation of the Governor of Pennsylvania warning these Settlers off—Rev. John Steele sent to them to explain the Law and request them to remove—They refuse to remove—The " New Purchase," under Treaty of Fort Stanwix, of 1768—List of the Earliest Settlements made in Western Pennsylvania to this date (1768)—Clamoring of Emigrants and New Settlers to have Lands granted them by the Province—Special Land Titles—Penn's Manorial Reservations—The Divesting Act— Preliminaries to the opening of the Land Office —Public Notice of the opening given—Land Office opened for Applications in the New Purchase, April 3, 1769 - 36

CHAPTER VIII.

PREDOMINANT NATIONALITIES OF THE SETTLERS.

"New Purchase" in Cumberland County Territory—The Penns appoint Justices of the Peace for that part of Cumberland County west of Laurel Hill—No evidence of any Authority being exercised by these Magistrates—Bedford County created—Township Divisions of that part of Bedford County which later became Westmoreland—Tax-Rolls for Bedford County—Number of Landholders and of Tenants returned

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6 - CONTENTS.

—The Southwestern Boundary of Bedford County—No Actual Jurisdiction of Bedford County Government tolerated by the Settlers-- First Courts of Bedford—Those in the first Commission —Number of Applications at the opening of the Land Office in 1769—Prominent Men who took up Land at that date—Different Nationalities of the Settlers: Scotch-Irish, Germans, French Huguenots, English-Americans —Localities of their Settlements— Predominant Nationality of Pennsylvania Settlers before the Revolution— Immigration of the Scotch-Irish, particularly that of 1771-73—Their Nativity, and account of their Denization in the North of Ireland—Their Distinct Characteristics—How they were held by Friends and by Defamers—They and the Dutch, bad neighbors—Their Influence in Public Affairs in Western Pennsylvania, and reference therein to the Whiskey Insurrection - 42

CHAPTER IX.

CUSTOMS, MORALS, AND MANNERS PRIOR TO THE ERECTION OF THE COUNTY.

The German Settlers—Whence they Emigrated—In what they Differed from the Scotch-Irish —Their Manners, Habits, etc.—Their Belief in the Supernatural—The Mennonists— Peculiarities of their Religious Belief—Relation of these First Settlers to the Civil Law and Procedure in Courts—The Customs and Laws which they Formulated—Effect of their Religious Belief on their Civil Society—Peculiarity of their Morals blended with their Manners— Southern Portion of the County being rapidly filled up compared with the Northern Portion—Terms of Virginia Titles and terms of Penn's Titles-First Settlements north of the Conemaugh—Early Pittsburgh—Fort Pitt abandoned—Early Efforts of the Settlers to erect a New County after opening of the Pennsylvania Land Office—Bedford County erected. - 47

CHAPTER X.

WESTMORELAND COUNTY ORGANIZED—COURTS ESTABLISHED, ETC.

Justices for Bedford County exercise jurisdiction over the Westmoreland part of the County—Great Distance to the County-Seat—St. Clair as Penn's Agent—Petitions for a New County—Westmoreland County erected by Act of Assembly and organized—Courts authorized and Officers named—List of the County Justices in the first Commission —The first Court—County divided into Townships—The first Grand Jury—Constables and Supervisors appointed and Inn-keepers licensed—The County Offices and Officers—St. Clair the first Prothonotary, etc., and James Brison his Clerk—Huffnagle, St. Clair's Successor, secretes the Records of the County—John Proctor the first Sheriff—Officers returned—Election Districts - 51

CHAPTER XI.

FIRST JAIL—EARLY PUNISHMENTS—SLAVERY IN 1781.

Erection of the Jail at Hanna's—The Pillory—The Whipping-Post—The Stocks—The First Indictment in the Quarter Sessions—James Brig-land and Luke Picket whipped at the Post—Vestiges of English Judicial Process—Elizabeth Smith whipped at the Post and sentenced to Two Years at Hard Labor with an Inhuman Master for Larceny—Flexible Consciences— Slavery and Servitude in the Old Westmoreland —Bill of Sale for a Negro Woman Slave -Extent of Slavery in the County in 1781—Reference to the List of Slaves made out in Pursuance of an Act of Assembly - 67

CHAPTER XII.

OLD HANNASTOWN, THE COUNTY-SEAT.

Trustees appointed to locate a County-Seat—Robert Hanna's Settlement —They fix on Hanna's Town—Difference of Opinion as to the expediency of locating the County-Seat there—Description of tale Old Town—Opposition to its Location by the People of Pittsburgh—Correspondence on the Subject—Reports of the Trustees—Various Acts of Assembly relative thereto—Troubles at the Place in 1774-75 - 61

CHAPTER XIII.

THE BORDER TROUBLES OF 1774 BEGIN.

Virginia claims part of the Territory of Pennsylvania—Dunmore occupies Fort Pitt—The Claims of Virginia and Pennsylvania summarized —Virginia Colonists willing to fight for the Demands of Virginia—Lord Dunmore, Governor of Virginia—England's Colonial Policy—Virginia's relation to the Ministry—Charges against Dunmore—His Character—Real Causes of Dunmore's or Cressap's War of 1774—How the Indians regarded Western Virginia—John Connolly—He takes possession of Fort Pitt— Issues Proclamation—Apprehended by St. Clair, and committed to Jail at Hannastown—He returns to Pittsburgh —Is opposed by Penn's Magistrates—He returns with Authority from Dunmore, and appears with Simon Girty and a Rabble at Hannastown —Refuses to allow the Justices to hold Court—The Justices persist, and hold Court to preserve order till the Lines are adjusted - 63

CHAPTER XIV.

CONNOLLY'S USURPATIONS, INDIAN ALARMS, ETC.

The Pennsylvania Justices further resist Connolly's Usurpation—He sends Three of them in Irons into Virginia—They are released by Dunmore--Commissioners appointed by the Council to visit the House of Burgesses of Virginia—Evil Summer of 1774—Petitions from Early Inhabitants of Westmoreland to Governor Penn—Meeting held at Pittsburgh—The Association first formed—Devereux Smith's Letter to Dr. William Smith—Some acts of Connolly recited— Dunmore opens Offices for the Sale of Land in Pennsylvania Territory—He issues a Proclamation to the People—St. Clair superintends the Military Arrangements—Forts repaired, and list of new ones erected—Rangers organized and posted at various Points—Alarm of the Inhabitants—Many Settlere cross back over the Mountains—They are urged to remain by St. Clair and Others—People of Ligonier Valley gather near the Fort In fear of the Indians crossing the Ohio—Number and Lists of the Slivers of the Petitions to Governor Penn- Hempfield Dutch and Pittsburgh Irish - 66

CHAPTER XV.

DUNMORE'S WAR.

Dunmore's War begun by the Murder of some Friendly Indians, especially Logan's Family— Virginian Army organised—Dunmore at Pittsburgh with Connolly—Great Gathering and Organization of the Indian Tribes—The Campaign of 1774—The Hopes of our People in Col. Lewis—Dunmore and Connolly want to see the Army defeated and the Indians on the Frontiers—Lewis gains the Battle of Point Pleasant—Du n more's Treaty—Indictment: The People vs. Dunmore—Dunmore through Connolly still tyrannizes over the Pennsylvania Settlers, many of whom talk of leaving their Clearings—Condition of the People in 1775—Leaders in Westmoreland in 1775—The Military Spirit - 70

CHAPTER XVI.

WESTMORELAND'S DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 1775.

Congress and Ticonderoga—Westmoreland listening to the Guns at Lexington Common— Meeting held at Pittsburgh and at Hannastown, May 16, 1775—What they said at Pittsburgh—What they did at Hannastown—Westmoreland's Declaration of Independence— Spirit of the Resolutions Adopted—who wrote them—Similarity between the Declaration and the Resolutions In Expression and in Sentiment—The Military idea of Resistance—Observations and Remarks on the Paper —Westmoreland's Great Glory—The Regiment of Associators - 73

CHAPTER XVII.

THE AFFAIRS OF WESTMORELAND ON THE EVE OF THE REVOLUTION.

Public Affairs—Connolly and Dunmore still Scheming—Connolly tries to carry the Pennsylvania and Virginia Officers for the King—His Plan to effect this, and to hold the West for Dunmore—Exeunt Omnes —Boston Harbor closed—Call for a Meeting at the State-House, July 15, 1774—Hanna and Cavett as Deputies—William Thompson on the Committee of Safety—The Associators—Edward Cook and James Perry Delegates to the Convention of 1776 —Special Law allowing Westmoreland Electors to vote for Members of the Convention—The County divided into Two Districts for this Election—One District North and one South of the Youghiogheny—Their Election Officers —Members returned to the Convention of 1776—All Male Inhabitants subject to Military Service, and required to take the Oath of Allegiance—Frame of Government for the State adopted—John Proctor elected first Councilor—Archibald Lochry, the first County Lieutenant, succeeded by Cook and by Col. Campbell—Duties of the County Lieutenant—The West to take care of Itself—British Influence over the Indians—Hatred between the Indians and the Western Virginia Settlers - 76

CONTENTS - 7

CHAPTER XVIII.

WESTMORELAND IN THE REVOLUTION.

First Battalion directed to be raised in Pennsylvania for the United Colonies—Capt. John Nelson's Company from Westmoreland—Ordered to Canada—Services of this Company—Second Pennsylvania Battalion under St. Clair—Capt. William Butler's Company, and Capt. Stephen Bayard's Company—History of the Services of this Battalion in the Expedition into Canada, and in the Retreat to Ticonderoga—The Third Pennsylvania Regiment formed out of Saint Clair's Battalion—Memorial of the Officers of the Third and Ninth Pennsylvania Regiments—Sketch of Capt. James Chrystie, and of Thomas Butler—Pennsylvania Rifle Regiment—Its History—Capt. Joseph Erwin's Company—Their Gallant Services at Long Island—The Company Incorporated into other Commands—State Regiment of Foot—Capt. Carnahan—Capt. Scott's Company—The Second Pennsylvania Regiment—Condition of the Western Frontiers at the Beginning of the Revolution—George Morgan, Indian Agent at Fort Pitt—Eighth Pennsylvania Regiment raised by Authority of Congress—Directed to be raised in Westmoreland and Bedford Counties—Seven Companies raised in Westmoreland —Its Officers—Mustered into Service for the Defense of the Frontiers —They receive Orders from the Board of War to join Washington—Letter from Col. Mackay to President of the Board—Letter from Lient-Col. George Wilson to Col. James Wilson—They set out for New Jersey—Their Terrible March—Their Condition on their Arrival at Headquarters—Hon. T. Pickering's Mention of their Distressful Condition—Change in the Officers -of the Regiment—Return of June, 1777—Different Returns of 1777—Engagements of the Regiment—Their Losses and Casualties—Valley Forge—Regiment ordered to Pittsburgh in 1778—Col. Brodhead, with the Regiment, makes a detour up the West Branch—Remains of the Regiment stationed at Pittsburgh—Extracts from the Order-Book of the Regiment—Morgan's Rifle Regiment— Character and Object of the Organization—Its Officers—Their Services at Saratoga—Col. Richard Butler second in command—Capt. Van Swearingen—First Lieut. Basil Prather—Second Lieut. John Hardin—Anecdote of Van Swearingen—His Subsequent Career—Stony Point—Its Position and Importance—Washington determines to Capture it if possible—Confers with Gen. Wayne—Col. Richard Butler commands one of the Detachments who are detailed for this Service—They carry the Fort at the Point of the Bayonet-- Arthur St. Clair's first Services in the Revolution—Biographical Sketches of Col. .near Mackay—Of Col. Stephen Bayard—Of Lieut.- Col. George Wilson—Of Col. Daniel Brodhead—The Fighting Butlers: Thomas, Sr., Richard, William, Thomas, Jr., Percival—Other Members of the Butler Family—Anecdotes—Col. James Smith—Col John Gibson - 81

CHAPTER XIX.

BORDER WARFARE AND CIVIL DISSENSIONS.

Indians in 1776 and 1777—Effect of Savage Warfare on the Whites—White Renegades and Deserters : Girty, McKee, Elliott—Depravity of some Whites on the Frontier—Murder of Cornstalk—List of Commandants at Fort Pitt—McIntosh's Expedition from Fort Pitt to Beaver—Brodhead's Expedition to Conewago—Other Expeditions from Western Pennsylvania and the West—Clark's Western Expedition and his Westmorelanders—Dates of these Noted Expeditious—Nature of the Indian Warfare in the West—Border Settlement of Westmoreland most Exposed—The County during the Tedious Times divided, one part North and one part South of the Youghiogheny—People along the Youghiogheny acknowledge no Law—Virginia establishes 'three Counties in Southwestern Pennsylvania—Boundaries and County-seats of Monongalia, Ohio, and Yohogania Counties—Extracts from Yohogania County Records—Their first Election—Primitive Court-House and Jail—Curious Fines and Sentences—When their Jurisdiction ended—Boundaries run and Difficulties settled—Mason and Dixon's Line—Limits of the Actual Jurisdiction of Westmoreland County through the Revolutionary War—Dr of the erection of other Counties which have been stricken oil from Westmoreland - 97

CHAPTER XX.

FORTS, BLOCK-HOUSES, AND INCIDENTS OF WARFARE.

Reliance of Westmoreland in her Militia—Her means of defense—Description of the Early Stockades, Forts, Block- Houses—Block-Cabins and Stations—Fort Ligonier and Capt. Shannon and Col. McDowell -Hannastown Stockade—Fort Hand—Fort Reed—Fort Crawford—Fort Shippen, at Capt. Proctor's—Fort Allen—Rugh's Block-House—Kepple's Block-House —Miller's Block-House and Station—Palmer's BlockHouse—Williams' Fort—Fort Waltour—Fort Wallace—Carnahan's Block-House—Barr's Block-House--Shields' Block-House —Miller's Fort on the Sewickley—McDowell's Block-House—Teague Island Fort —Incidents—The Francis Family killed near Waltour's—Attack on Waltour's 'Fort and death of the Old Man Waltour—The wounded Indian who killed Wal tour comes to Fort Pitt—Has his wound dressed—Confesses that he shot Waltour—A Company from about Brush Creek go to the Garrison and demand him, that they may punish him themselves—He is given up to them—He is taken back to Waltour's Fort to be burned at the stake—While they are hunting up a Sheriff and a Jury to hold a mock trial the Indian escapes—He is followed Ninety Miles, and when last heard of had taken to the Allegheny River—Finley's adventure at Fort Wallace - 102

CHAPTER XXI.

FORAYS AND ADVENTURES.

During the Early Part of the Revolutionary War—The Volunteers—. Col. James Smith takes a Detachment up the Allegheny to French Creek or Venango—His Arrangement of the Men while on the March and in their Encampments—His Plan of Fighting the Indians —Brodhead's Expedition to Conewago and Brokenstraw—He cuts off a Party of Forty Indians on their way to the Westmoreland Settlements—Notice of Fort Armstrong, Kittanning—Brodhead sends Capt. Brady into the Seneca Country—Trouble between the Continental Officers and the Militia Officers—Ranging Companies formed during the War by Direction of the State Officials—They are Stationed along the Rivers—Their Officers—Their Manner of Fighting—The Heroic Women of Early Westmoreland : Experience Bozarth, Massy Harbison, Mrs. Margaret Oliver, Mrs. Matthew Jack - 107

CHAPTER XXII

LOWER LIGONIER VALLEY DURING THE REVOLUTION.

Ligonier Valley a Favorite Ground for the Indians, and the First Stopping-Place of the Whites—Privations of the Early Settlers along the Four-Mile Run, Mill Creek, the Old Road, and Indian Creek—Murder of the Campbell Family, and Captivity of Robert Campbell (with curious anecdotes)—He is sold to a British Officer—He is exchanged —Killing of the Old Man Harman and three of his Neighbors—James Flack taken Prisoner—Escapes front Montreal, and comes through the Wilderness by means of a Compass—Charles Clifford taken by Indians in Ambush—His Account of the Manners, Habits, and Ways of Living of the Northern Indians —His Master cures him of a Hurt Foot—Peter Maharg taken by the Same Party—Is made to Run the Gauntlet—Clifford taken to Montreal—Is Exchanged after having been with the Indians nearly Three Years—Comes to the Valley, and Dies at Home—James Clifford and his two Dogs, " Whig" and "Tory" —His adventure with the Indian, whom he shoots—Indians lying it.. wait attack a Party of Five who go to the Fields back of the Fort—They kill Miss Means, Young Means, and Young Reed—Col. McDowell escapee with Miss Reed on his Horse into the Fort—The Bodies of the Others buried by the People of the Fort - 111

CHAPTER XXIII.

UPPER LIGONIER VALLEY DURING THE REVOLUTION.

The Upper Part of Ligonier Valley—Remains of the Old Indian Fort—The Early Settlers here : the Harmans, Gays, and others—Williams' Block-House the Place of Refuge for these Early Settlers—Different Murders and Captures in this Region—Indians capture Andrew and John Harman along the Four-Mile Run—They kill one of a Neighbor's Horses and take Another—

They watch the Cabin and hear the Mother calling the Boys—Carry the Boys towards the North—John Dies—After trying to freeze Andy to Death, and Failing in other ways to kill Him, he at last is trained up with a Chief's Son—He is adopted by that Tribe, the Senecas—Lives with them some Years —Is parted with for a Bottle of Rum to an English Officer—Taken to London as a Servant—After the Peace in 1783 comes Home, after they had long thought him Dead—His Account of their Ways of Farming, of Hunting, and of Fighting, with several Anecdotes of his relating —Capture of Jacob Nicely by the Cornplanters—He is raised and adopted by them—Marries a Squaw and Dies among them—His Father visits him before his Death - 115

8 - CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XXIV.

CAPTAIN BRADY AND HIS EXPLOITS.

Capt. Samuel Brady, the Hero of Western Pennsylvania, is stationed at Pittsburgh In Col. Brodhead's Regiment—When his Family is murdered he swears to wage a War against the Indians long as he lives—He is sent to Sandusky to get Information for the Commander-in-Chief —He gets within sight of the Town and watches the Indians all Day—On his way back he kills a Warrior, and saves Jenny Stupes and her Child —His Companion, the Dutchman Phouts, and his pet Delaware—He and the Dutchman go up the Allegheny to get some News—They follow an Indian Trail—They capture an old Indian who tries to kill Phouts, but who is killed by him—Brady as Captain of the Rangers—Battle of Brady's Bend—Brady kills the Bald Eagle, who had killed his Relatives—Brady watches in the French Creek Country—He and his Men pursue a Returning Party of Indiana—Brady's Leap—He follows up a Party which had entered the Sewickley Settlement—His Men attack a Party of Warriors and rout them—His Adventures with Wetzel and the Spies after the General War, as well as all others which have been substantiated or corroborated by Concurrent Accounts - 118

CHAPTER XXV.

LOCHRY'S EXPEDITION.

The Settlements in 1779 and 1780—Ferocity of the Savages, and Depravity of a Class of Whites—Some Whites from about Hannastown kill Friendly Indians—Kirkpatrick's Cabin attacked by Indians, and therein of the Custom of claiming Scalps—Brodhead ordered to send a Detachment under Maj. Craig from Fort Pitt to reinforce Gen. Clark—Clark's Plan of a Western Campaign—Westmoreland requested to cooperate with Him—Bickerings and Jealousies among the Leaders of the County—Col. Lochry, as County Lieutenant, under Instructions from the Council, raises a force of Volunteers to join with Clark—The Difficulties under which Lochry labored—Clark's Letter to the Officers of Westmoreland, disclosing his Plan of Campaign— Lochry's Friends volunteer—They rendezvous at Carnahan's Block-House—They proceed down the River after Clark to unite with him at WheelingLochry's last Letter—Arriving at Wheeling (Fort Henry), Lochry finds that Clark had gone on down the River—He prepares Boats to follow—Goes to the Mouth of the Kanawha—Capt. Shannon sent forward with a Letter to Clark—He and his Men are captured—The Indians place them on an Island as a Decoy for the other Whites - Lochry's Men land some distance above the Island—Upon landing they are attacked by a large Force of Indians and entirely cut off—Memorial of Two of the Prisoners who were exchanged—Capt. Orr, and his Account of this Expedition—Lieut. Samuel Craig's Narrative of his Captivity—New Volunteers called out towards the end of the Year 1781 - 124

CHAPTER XXVI.

CRAWFORD'S EXPEDITION TO SANDUSKY.

The Moravian Indians—Their Christian Character and their Former History—Their Efforts at Peace-Making between the Whites and Warring Indians—Description of their Villages—Their Unfavorable Location—They are blamed with harboring Hostile Indians—The Whites of the Southwestern Part of Pennsylvania are instigated to Disperse them—They raise a Force of Volunteers for that Purpose—Col. David Williamson in command—Their Route of March— They come upon the Indians by surprise—Represent themselves as Friends—Get possession of their Villages, and begin the destruction of the Houses, and the murder of the Men, Women, and Children—They are taken out, one after another, and with Clubs, Mallets, and Hatchets murdered while they supplicate for mercy—Their Bodies are then burned —Col. Crawford's Expedition later in 1782 to the Sandusky Towns—He is defeated and his Force scattered—He is taken Prisoner and burned at the Stake—Escape of Dr. Knight - 131

CHAPTER XXVII.

CONDITION OF THE PEOPLE IN 1780-81.

Westmoreland County in the Latter Part of the Revolution—Evidences from the Court Records and from Acts of Assembly—The Militia shifted from Place to Place in expectation of Indian Attacks—The Outposts west of Fort Pitt abandoned—Extracts from the Correspondence of Brodhead, Irvine, and Others bearing on the Affairs of the County - 135

CHAPTER XXVIII.

DESTRUCTION OF HANNASTOWN.

Spring of 1782—The Outposts deserted—Condition of the Hannastown Settlement—The People gather near to the Stations and work at Harvest together—A Party go out to take off the Harvest of Michael Huffnagle, north of Hannastown—One of the Reapers, seeing Indians watching from behind Trees, gives the Alarm, and they flee towards the Fort—The Court at Hannastown adjourns without a Crier—Records taken to the Fort—General Jail Delivery—They all gather into the Stockade—Scouts sent out—Brison and Shaw pursued by the Indians—Capt. Matthew Jack comes upon the Indians and escapes from them—He rides round the Country and alarms the People—He saves the Love Family—Indians come to the Town—They hold a Consultation, and are seen to have White Men for Commanders, who are dressed like Indians—They plunder the Houses, fire on the Stockade, and mock at the Inmates—They send out a Party towards Miller's Station—The People gather at Allen's, at Rugh's, at Unity—Settlers gather into the Houses and get down their Rifles—Indians come on to the Mowers in the Meadow at Miller's—The Number and Class of Persons collected there—Women and Children gather into the Miller House—John Brownlee called back from attacking the Indians by his Wife—Gives himself up to the Indians—A Young Man takes Brownlee's Child and runs towards George's—Is pursued by a Pack of Indians and hides in a Rye-Field—Singular Escape of a Babe left on the Ground at the Mercy of the Savages—She is found Sleeping in her own Cot the next Morning—She lives to be Married, and dies in Old Age—The Houses at Hannastown burnt down—Captain Jack is too late to alarm the People at Miller's—The Renegades secure the Inmates of the House—They burn the Houses and shoot down the Cattle —Tie the Hands of the Prisoners and load them with Stolen Goods —Drive the Weeping Women into Captivity—Brownlee carries a Load on his back and has his Little Child on his neck—The Indians recognize Brownlee—One crashes a Tomahawk into his Head and kills his Little Boy, and also a Woman who faints—Affairs about the Fort—Peggy Shaw saves a Little Child—A Ball strikes her in the Breast—The barbarous Medical Treatment she receives while she lingers out her Life—The Two Bodies of Indians unite and go into Camp in the Crabtree Bottom—People collect at the George Farm—At Nightfall a Crowd with Scouts go Armed to assist those in the Fort—They come to the Smouldering Town—Are let into the Stockade and Sound an Alarm—The Indians. listening, are scared, thinking Reinforcements have arrived, and after Midnight they leave for the North—Their Route—They are pursued as far as the Kiskiminetas—The People look out on Deserted Homes—They bury the Dead where they were found —To keep them from Starving the State allows them to draw Rations —What became of the Prisoners—Who the Invaders were and where they came from—Gen. Irvine's Letter to Washington--Singular Account from an Indian after the War of the Party which burnt Hannastown—The Heroes of the " Hannastown War"—The Town after its Destruction - 138

CHAPTER XXIX.

LAST DAYS OF HANNASTOWN—EXECUTION OF MAMACHTAGA.

End of the Revolution—Formation of new Counties, Washington and Fayette—New State Project—Who were at the head of it—Causes of its Inception—Its Prospective Limits—It fails—Act of Congress relative thereto-1783-84—The Last Days of Hannastown—Trial of Mamachtaga, an Indian, for Murder—And also of some other Prisoners at the same Court—He is defended by Brackenridge—The Indian's Deportment—His Opinion of the Court—His Trial—Is found Guilty of Murder, and wishes to be Shot instead of Hanged—The Prisoners in the Jail want him to kill another Prisoner under Sentence of Death—He refuses to do so—The Jailer's Child takes Sick, when Mamachtaga goes out and gets Herbs to cure it—He returns to the Jail, and goes into Voluntary Confinement—The Day of the Execution arrives—A great Crowd of People assemble—The White Man hung, and then Mamachtaga hung—He dies like a Warrior, after having first painted himself for the Occasion - 148

CHAPTER XXX.

THE PIONEERS—THEIR HOUSES, FURNITURE, ETC.

The Pioneers—How the Early Settlers came in—Their Object in Emigrating and in Removing—First Settlers near the Forts—How they Built their Houses—House-Raisings —Appearance of their Cabins outside—How they were Furnished—Home-Made Furniture—Description

CONTENTS - 9

of Ancient Hannastown—The First Frame and Stone Houses in different parts of the County—Dr. Schoepf 's visit to Western Pennsylvania after the War - 153

CHAPTER XXXI.

PRIMITIVE HOUSEKEEPING AND FARMING.

How to commence Housekeeping —Split-Brooms and Gourds—The Spinning-Wheel and Cradle—The Cook-Loft and Stable—Clearing the Forest—Getting to Farming—Resorts and Devices of the Farmer—Wheat lands—Common Crops—Gardening—Rye Coffee—Mrs. St. Clair's Tea-Parties—The Raising of Flax, and a Description of the Process of its Manufacture— Spinning—Tow in Poetry and in Law-Wool-Carding—The First Carding Machines--The old case of McGinnis versus Giger, in the matter of wrongly Dyeing the LinseyWoolsey—Dress of the Common People-Going to Church—Nineteen Grooms married in one Blue Coat at different times—Dress of the Fashionable People—Calico - 157

CHAPTER XXXII.

BEARS, DEER, WOLVES, ETC.

Fruits and Berries—Game—Maple-Sugar and Molasses—Depredations of the Bears—How they were trapped and killed—Mitchell shoots a Bear on a Sunday—Wolves, and Adventures with them—Moorhead and Kelly—Christian Shockey attacked at Night by Wolves, climbs a Tree and awaits till Morning—Premium for Wolf-Scalps—Deer-Hunting Venison used instead of Beef—Squirrels—Birds and Wild Fowl—Pests of the Farmer—Game Laws, and Premiums offered by Law at Different Times for destroying Animals and Birds—Farming the Chief Dependence and Occupation of the People—How Farming in General was carried on - 162

CHAPTER XXXIII.

SALT, WHISKEY, EARLY MILLS, AND FURNACES.

Some of their Chief Wants—Salt—First brought from the East, then from Big Beaver, Kentucky, Onondaga—Prices—Methods of bringing it over the Mountains—Its Discovery on the Sewickley and on the Conemaugh—Process of its First Manufacture—Reduction in Price—Scarceness of Money—The Rates as fixed by some of the Early Courts —Prices of other Commodities—

Cheapness of Land—Paying their Preachers and Taxes—Rates allowed per Bushel for Wheat, Rye, and Oats—Whiskey-Stills—Manufacture of Whiskey—What they kept in their Stores or Shope—Manner of doing Business—Whiskey the Medium of Exchange—Its Universal Use—Exported and Imported—Tub and Grist-Mills—List of First Mills in the County— Iron-Turnbull Marmie's Foundry and Furnace—The Westmoreland Furnace—Gen. St. Clair builds Hermitage Furnace—Mount Hope and Rosa Furnaces—John Henry Hopkins—The Baldwin Furnace—Other Furnaces—Axe and Nail Manufacture, etc. - 166

CHAPTER XXXIV.

PRIMITIVE ROADS AND METHODS OF TRANSPORTATION.

Something on Roads in Great Britain, and of Indian Trails in America—Knowledge displayed by the Indians in their Selection of Routes—Their Manner of Traveling—Of their Trails East and West,, North and South—The Routes of the First Whites westward of the Mountains—Indian Remains along these Routes in Westmoreland, and Memorials of their Presence in Names of Streams, Hills, etc.—Nemacolin's Path—The Catawba War Trail—The Kittanning and Juniata Paths—The different Termini of the Aboriginal Paths—Of the Indian Villages and Abiding-Places here—The Ohio Company's Road—Braddock's Road—Burd's Road—The National Road—Forbes' Road—Old State Road—Chartered Turnpike—Old Military Roads—Method of Transportation used in the Armies—Want of Roads to the First Settlers—First Road Petitions, 1773—Difficulty in getting to Mill—Importance of keeping the Public Roads in Repair—Manner of Travel and Method of transporting Merchandise on these Roads—PackHorses and Pack-Saddles—What a Pack-Saddle is—Rates for carrying —Remarks on one of the "Lost Arts"—How they went to War, to the Assembly, to the East for Goods, and a Courting - 176

CHAPTER XXXV.

TURNPIKES—CONESTOGA WAGONS—PIONEER INNS.

The State assists in making Roads—The Old Pennsylvania State Road—Its Course through the County—The Villages built along it—Conestoga Wagons and Hacks—First Load of Merchandise hauled across the Mountains—How long they were in bringing it--Cost of carrying —First Mails from Pittsburgh East and West—How Papers and the Mails were delivered—First Carriages and Carioles—The Pleasure at Traveling in these Contrivances—The Felgar Road—The Jones' Mill Road—The Harrisburg and Pittsburgh Turnpike Company Incorporated— The Northern Turnpike—The State appropriates money to the Southern Route—Progress of the Undertaking—Its completion:-- Public-Houses—Their Great Number along the Turnpikes and in the Villages—They become Famous in their way—The Old Class of Innkeepers—The Good Cheer and the Solid Comforts they offered Travelers—Homer gives some Hints as to their Signs—The Sceptre departed from Israel—Regrets of a Certain Class that Railroads have ever been built - 181

CHAPTER XXXVI.

THE LAST OF THE BORDER COMMOTIONS.

New Boundaries of the Purchase of 1784—Emigrition of Westmorelanders—Harmar's Campaign—His Defeat—St. Clair, Governor of the Northwest Territory—His Campaign mid Defeat—Indians attack Frontier Settlers of Pennsylvania—Condition and Extent of the Frontier of Weetmoreland and Allegheny—Unprepared state of the Inhabitants—Westmoreland Militia—The Prominent Men of that Period—The State organizes Rifle Ranges—Appropriations for the Western Counties by Act of Assembly—Government of the United States called on for help—It responds and enlists Men—Correspondence from and between Officers and Military Men relative to the state of Affairs, and giving statements at length of Indian Depredations—Particular Incidents—Capture of Charles Mitchell, murder of his Mother, and an account of his Captivity with the Cornplanters—The Episode of Capt. Sloan, Wallace, Hunt, and Knott, in their Tour of Observation in the Western County—Sloan in command of Fort Hamilton—His able and successful Defense of that Post—Presque Isle—The laying out of the Town and of the Road along the Allegheny River resisted by the Indians at the instance of the British in Canada—The State takes Active Measures to enforce the Laws—Militia called out from Westmoreland and the other Counties for this Service—Last of the Indian Troubles in Westmoreland - 187

CHAPTER XXXVII.

THE WHISKEY INSURRECTION.

Excise—Hatred of the Scotch and Irish for the Law—Inequality of the Tax—Effort made by the State to Collect the State Excise in 1785— " The Devil" comes for Collector Graham at Greensburg— Act of Congress levying a Tax on Distilled Spirits—Regulations made for its Collection—First Meeting in Opposition to the Law—Johnson, the Collector for Allegheny and Washington, tarred and feathered—No Place for Officers to be had in Westmoreland and Washington in 1792 —Office opened at Greensburg and abandoned—Meeting held at Pittsburgh in 1792—President Washington issues a Proclamation—Wells, Collector for Fayette and Westmoreland, attacked in his House—He opens an Office in Philip Reagan's House in 1794—His Son and Reagan fortify the Premises—They are besieged by a Large Party—They capitulate—Capt. Webster, Excise Officer for Somerset, taken and compelled to give up his Commission—Government Officers serve Process upon Delinquent Distillers—Neville and the Marshal driven away after serving the Writ on one Miller, near Peters Creek—A Party demand the surrender of Neville's Papers—Neville's House defended by a Party of United States Soldiers, who Fire upon the Mob—Their Commander, Macfarlane, is killed—The Excitement increases—Gathering of the Rabble and Militia at Braddock's Field—They want to attack and burn out the Government Officers and the Friends of Law—Brackenridge prevails upon them to cross the River—The next Day they disperse—Volunteers and Regulars called out by the President—Commissioners appointed to go to the Scene of the Trouble—The Army at Carlisle—Commissioners appointed by the Delegates at Parkinson's Ferry confer with the President—Commissioners on both sides hold a Conference—Committees meet at Redstoue—The Committee pass a resolve to take the sense of the People on the question of submission to the Laws upon the Terms proposed by the United States Commissioners—The Returns Unsatisfactory—The President orders the Army over the Mountains—Change in the Sentiments of the People—Meetings held all over the Country—Report of the Meeting held at Greensburg—Resolutions—The People subscribe anew to the Tests—The Army withdrawn— Trial of the Offenders—Effects of the Insurrection on Westmoreland—Biographical Sketches of Participants and Documents bearing on the Insurrection - 196

10 - CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XXXVIII.

WILLIAM FINDLEY.

William Findley, the First Member of Congress from Westmoreland—His Colleague in the Commission to the President of the United States at the Time of the Whiskey Insurrection, David Redick—His Account of his Early Life and his Motives in settling in Pennsylvania—His Settlement in the Octorara Settlement and his Efforts to remove the Obligations of the Scotch Covenanters in Matters Civil—His Early Advantages—Hie Opinions on Slavery—Elected Member of the Assembly, of the Council of Censors, Member of the Constitutional Convention of 1790, and Member of Congress—" Modern Chivalry" and Findley Caricatured—His Views on the Federal Constitution—His Answer to Rev. Samuel B. Wylie's Strictures on the American Constitutions—His Account of the Publication and Statements of his " History of the Insurrection"—Antagonism of Brackenridge and Findley—Their Political Opposition and Personal Dislikes of each other—Findley's Contributions to the Register—His Shrewdness and Sagacity as a Politician—Debasement of the Politics of that Day—Instances of Personal and Party Abuse—Other work of Findley—His Industry—His Resldence—Its Location—His Death and Grave—His Appearance and Dress—His Neighbors—His Family—His identification with the Whiskey Insurrection, and the important part he acted in it - 207

CHAPTER XXXIX.

ARTHUR ST. CLAIR.

Nativity and Birth—History of his Family in Scotland—Is sent to College, and thence to London to study Medicine—Enters the British Army as an Ensign—Comes to America in the French and Indian War —Serves under Wolfe in Canada—Marries in Boston—Appears in Western Pennsylvania—Commands at Fort Ligonier—Appointed to Office in Bedford County under the Proprietary Government and in Westmoreland County—Takes an active part in the Border Troubles with Virginia, and in Dunmore's War—Agent of the Penns—Accompanies the Congressional Committee to Fort Pitt, 1775—Resolutions of May 16, 1776, at Hannastown —The Associators—Plan to go against Detroit—Takes part with the Colonies in the Revolutionary War—Appointed and Commissioned Colonel in Pennsylvania Service—Sent to Canada—At Three Rivers—Services in Canada—Joins Washington —His Services in the Jersey Campaign of 1776—Is sent to Command at Ticonderoga—Campaigu of 1777—Burgoyne's Advance—Surrender of Ticonderoga—Court of Inquiry—St. Clair at Yorktown—And with Greene—Enters Civil Life—Member of the Council of Censors—Member of Continental Congress—Elected its President—Erection and Organization of the Northwestern Territory—Appointed its Governor—Enters upon his Duties as Governor—Indian War—Made Major-General and Commander-in-Chief of the American Army—Expedition against the Miami Indians—Account of the Battle and Defeat —His Politics—His Duties as Governor—Is Removed from Office—Returns to Ligonier Valley—His Residence—His Financial Embarrassment—Its Causes—Treatment of the Government in regard to these Claims—Is sold out by the Sheriff—Removes from his Home—His Last Days—His Death, Funeral, and Monument —Chattering over his Grave—Observations on his Character and Misfortunes - 213

CHAPTER XL.

WAR OF EIGHTEEN-TWELVE.

Causes of the War—Congress declares War with Great Britain—Governor Snyder issues a Proclamation, and directs the Organization of the Pennsylvania Militia—Officers and Arrangement of the Westmoreland Militia under this Plan—British and Indians appear in force on opposite side of Lake Erie—Fears of an Invasion of Northwestern Pennsylvania from Canada—Militia from Western parts of the State ordered to Assemble at Erie—Oliver Hazard Perry—Capt. Bird and his Ballad—Condition of Affairs on the Northwestern Frontiers at the Breaking out of the War—Troubles with the Indians—Gen. Hull, Governor of Michigan Territory, invades Canada—Surrender of Detroit—The whole West in Arms—Army of the Northwest organized under Gen. Harrison—John B. Alexander and the Rifle Company of Westmoreland—Correspondence between Alexander and the Military Authorities—The Rifles offer their Services to the Government of the United States—They are accepted and Ordered to March—List of Officers and Men—Capt. Joseph Markle's Company of Horse—Muster Roll of Capt. Markle's Company—These Volunteers attached to the Detachment sent to the Mississinewa Towns—Object of the Expedition —Its entire Success, and the Gallantry of the Westmorelanders—Capt. Alexander detailed on Special Duty—Promoted to rank of Major—Winter Campaign of 1813—Fort Meigs—Gallant Conduct of Maj. Alexander and the Pennsylvania Volunteers at Fort Meigs—Opposed to Tecumseh —Termination of the Siege—Conduct of the Westmorelanders mentioned by Gen. Harrison in General Orders to the whole Army—Maj. Crogan at Upper Sandusky—Orders discharging the Rifles, and Commendatory thanks of the General - 226

CHAPTER LXI.

ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY.

The Presbyterian Church—Reformed Church—Greensburg Seminary—Evangelical Lutheran Church—Ministers of the Early Lutheran Church—United Presbyterian Church—Methodists —Early Methodism in Greensburg and Vicinity—United Brethren—The Mennonites and their Early Settlement—Baptist Church—Mount Pleasant Institute—Roman Catholic Church—Catholicity in Western Pennsylvania - 233

CHAPTER XLII.

THE PRESS AND LITERATURE.

The " Pittsburgh Gazette"—" Farmer's Register," the First Paper printed in Greensburg—" The Greensburg and Indiana Register"—The" Westmoreland and Indiana Register"—" The Westmoreland Republican and Farmer's Chronicle" —" Greensburg Democrat" —" Republican and Democrat"—" Westmoreland Democrat"—The "Greensburg Gazette"—" Greensburg Gazette and Farmer's and Mechanick's Register"—(And again) "The Greensburgh Gazette"—" The Westmoreland Intelligencer"—" The Sentinel"--The "American Herald" —" The Tribune"— " Tribune and Herald" — "The Pennsylvania Argue" Frank Cowan's Paper"—" The Democratic Times"—" The National Issue"—" The News"—" The Greensburg Press"—" The Evening Press"—German Newspapers: "The Star of the West"—" The Westmoreland News"—" The Ligonier Free Press" alias " The Valley Democrat"—Mount Pleasant " Literary Gazette"—" Latrobe Inquirer"— "Latrobe Advance"—" The Reveille"—The "Irwin Spray"— " The Irwin Chronicle"—The West Newton " Weekly Cycle"—" The West Newton Press"—" The Scottdale Tribune"—The " Miner's Record"— Odditiee—Observations— Extracts —Literature — Dr. Frank Cowan's Publications - 279

CHAPTER XLIII.

THE LEGAL PROFESSION.

Provincial Courts—The County Justices—Distinction of President Judge —William Crawford, the First Presiding Judge—Judge John Moore—Increase in Legal Business—Difference in Practice—First Regular Attorneys—Characteristics of the Early Practice—Judge H. H. Brackenridge—James Roes John Woods—Steel Semple—Henry Baldwin —William Wilkins—Legal Ability of the Early Practitioners—The Bench—Judge Addison—Judicial Forms, etc.—Judge John Young—Judge Thomas White—Judge J. M. Burrell—Judge J. C. Knox—Judge Joseph Buffington—Judge James A. Logan—Judge James A. Hunter —John Byers Alexander—Alexander William Foster—The Hanging of Evans—James Findlay—

Richard Coulter—John F. Beaver—Albert G. Marchand—Henry D. Foster—A. A. Stewart—H. C. Marchand—Joseph H. Kuhns—James C. Clarke—John Latta—Roll of Attorneys - 293

CHAPTER XLIV.

THE MEDICAL PROFESSION.

The Profession in the Early Days of the Province and State, and in Westmoreland— Quackery—Dr. James Postlethwaite—John Ormsby, M.D.—Dr. Alfred T. King—Dr. David Alter—The Westmoreland Medical Association and Society—List of Enrolled Practitioners—Dr Henry G. Lomison—Dr. David Alter—Dr. James A. Fulton—Dr. J. Q. Robinson—Dr. W. J. Kline—Dr. J. T. Kreppe—Dr. J. D. Milligan - 344

CHAPTER XLV.

COMMON SCHOOLS.

Condition of Early Instruction in the Early Province and State—Mr. Somerville's School at Greensburg—Country Schools—First Institutes — The Superintendency and the Opinion of the last Generation touching it—First Country Schools in the North of tile County—List of County Superintendents: J. S. Walthour, H. M. Jones, J. Silliman, J. R. Spiegel—Present Status of the Common Schools—The County Institute of 1882 - 371

CONTENTS - 11

CHAPTER XLVI.

MEXICO.

Public Excitement on Declaration of War, May 13, 1846—Military Spirit—Companies in Greensburg—Promptness of the Young Men of Westmoreland in responding to the Call for Volunteers—" Westmoreland Guards"—Roll—Affairs about Greensburg before their Departure —The Company's Place in the Army—Account of the War in Mexico, and Particulars of the Campaign of Gen. Scott's Army—Services of the Second Regiment and the "Guards" from Vera Cruz to Mexico—Honors paid the Company on its Return—Sketches of Capt. Simon H. Drum, Lieut. Richard Johnston, Andrew Ross, and other Members of the Company—Casualties and Deaths—Roll of the Company when discharged - 382

CHAPTER XLVII.

WESTMORELAND IN THE CIVIL WAR.

The Call to Arms—The Response from Westmoreland—The Eleventh Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers—History of its Colors—Biographical Sketch of Capt. E. H. Gay—The Fourteenth Regiment—The Twenty-eighth Regiment—The Fortieth Regiment (" Eleventh Reserve")—Forty-first Regiment (" Twelfth Reserve")—The Fifty-third Regiment—Sixty-fourth Regiment (Fourth Cavalry)—Seventy-fourth Regiment— Eighty-fourth Regiment—One Hundredth Regiment (" The Round-Head Regiment")—The One Hundred and Fifth Regiment—One Hundred and Thirty-fifth Regiment (Nine Months' Service)—One Hundred and Sixty-eighth Regiment (Drafted Militia)—; Two Hundred and Sixth Regiment (One Year's Service)—Two Hundred and Eleventh Regiment (One Year's Service)—Two Hundred and Twelfth (Sixth Artillery) Regiment—The Militia of 1862—Militia of 1863—Colored Troops, etc, - 388

CHAPTER XLVIII.

CANALS AND RAILROADS.

Remarks on the subject of Transportation—How it was regarded in Pennsylvania—Canals in Pennsylvania—Public Works of the State—First Canal-Boat west of the Mountains— Advantages of the Canal here—Dickens' account of Canal-Boating along the ConemaughSteam Railways—The First Railroads in Pennsylvania—A Continuous Line through the State projected—It is finally Constructed—Stations and Distances—Western Pennsylvania Railroad—Pittsburgh and Connellsville Railroad—Southwest Pennsylvania Railway 400

CHAPTER XLIX.

COKE.

Features of the Coke Region—Connellsville Coke Region—Pioneers in the Coke Business—Description of the Coal Business—The Properties of Coked Coal—Questions of Cost—Other Veins of Coal within the Connellsville Region—Growth of the Coke Industry—Statistics—Mount Pleasant Region—Moorewood Mines—Coke Crushing—Standard Mines —Other Companies about Mount Pleasant—East Huntingdon Township Region —Scottdale Iron-Works—Scottdale Coke Region—At Stonersville—Latrobe Region—The Monastery Coke-Works—Latrobe Works—Soxman's Works—Loyalhanna Works—Ridgeview Works—St. Clair Works—Millwood Works—Irwin Region—Westmoreland Coal Company—Penn Gas-Coal Company—Sewickley Region—Cokeville Region - 403

CHAPTER L.

CIVIL HISTORY, STATISTICS, AND MISCELLANEOUS.

Changes in the Territorial Limits of Westmoreland prior to the erection of Washington and Fayette Counties—Purchase of 1784, and changes in Township and County Lines subsequent thereto—Mississinawa Township—Election Districts, 1881—Tables of Population—List of Judges, Associates, Justices, and County Officers—County Expenses —Big Frost of 1859— Centennials of 1873 and 1875—Resolutions of 1876 - 414

CHAPTER LI.

COUNTY BUILDINGS.

Acts relating to County Buildings—The Old Court-House—Present Court-House—Sheriff's House and County Jail—Poor-House, now County Home—Tables of Expenditures, etc., for County Home—The Cattle Show— Wool-Growers' Association—Westmoreland County Agricultural Society - 426

CHAPTER LII.

NOMENCLATURE - 432

CHAPTER LIII.

SPECIAL BIOGRAPHIES

John Covode—Alexander Johnston—William Freame Johnston—John White Geary—Hon. James Keenan—Richard Coulter Drum—Commodore John Bonnett Marchand—Dr. Joseph Meredith Toner - 436

APPENDICES - 447

BOROUGHS AND TOWNSHIPS.